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3. Using Graphic Aids
Diagrams, graphs and tables are called graphic aids. Each of these graphic aids serves a different
purpose. All, however, can help provide information and supply additional facts about the topic
Diagrams
A diagram is a drawing that shows how something works or how its parts are positioned.
How to Use a Diagram
› Study labels and captions.
› Find out how parts of the object relate to one another and to the whole.
Examples
▲
Buy second home
in countryside
▼
Frustration with
cars and city life
Visit at weekends
▲
▼
Traffic jams
This diagram shows the situation found most in the developed countries.
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Exercise 3.1
A. Look at the diagram of the skeleton of a frog. Read the following statements and write T in the blank
if the statement is true and write F if it is false.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
The frog has two tail pillars.
The frog has two ankle bones on each foot.
The frogûs breastbone is smaller than its skull.
The frogûs arm bones are the humber and vertebrae.
The frog has only one foot bone.
The tail pillar is longer than the radio - ulna.
The femur connects the knee to the ankle bone.
B. Study the diagram of a clock radio and choose the best alternative to complete each sentence.
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1. To turn the radion on, you would raise the ..........
a volume control
c function control
b AM/FM knob
d tuner knob
2. To change from AM to FM, you would turn the ..........
a tuner knob
c AM/FM knob
b volume control
d sleep switch
3. To lower the volume, you would turn the ..........
a function control clockwise
b function control counterclockwise
c volume control clockwise
d volume control counterclockwise
4. To change the clock to allow for daylight saving time, you would turn the ..........
a seconds indicator
c funtion control
b alarm indicator
d time setting
5. The alarm indicator shows what time the unit will ..........
a swith off automatically
c stop working automatically
b swith on automatically
d ring up automatically
6. To set the alarm to ring at six oûclock, turn the .......... until the number six appears.
a time setting
c sleep switch
b alarm setting
d funtion control
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Tables
Tables use rows and columns to list information in a particular order.
How to use a Table
› Examine title and column headings carefully.
› Study captions.
› Create sentences to explain numbers to yourself.
› Compare numbers in the columns and state how they are related, Which are bigger?
Which are smaller?
Examples
NUMBER OF TRAINEES
1st January to 3rd May, 1996
Type of Course
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
Typists
Secretaries
Translaters
Guides
30
10
8
-
32
12
-
45
15
10
15
28
15
12
15
35
13
10
15
Total
48
44
85
70
73
Exercise 3.2
Read the following tables and find the best alternative to answer each question.
A.
Who are the Poor in the United States?
Group
Proporttion
of the poor, %
Under 16 years old
16 to 65 years old
Over 65 years old
1 to 2 member families
3 to 4 member families
Families with 5 or more members
Whites
Blacks
Hispanic
Families with male heads of household
Families with female heads of household
21
65
12
58
31
11
69
28
16
48
52
Note : Percentages in the racial and ethnic category exceed 100 percent, since Hispanic people can be of any race.
Sourse : Bureau of the Census, 1987 d : 433-436
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1. What does this table show?
a the poor groups in each society
b the proportion of the poor in four categories
c the proportion of the poor in each group
d the poor groups in the United States
2. Which age group has the largest number of poor people?
a 16 to 65 years old
c over 16 years old
b under 16 years old
d over 65 years old
3. What size of families has the largest proportion of poor people?
a 1 to 2 member families
c 3 to 4 member families
b 2 to 3 member families
d families with 5 or more members
4. Which racial group has the least number of poor people?
a Whites
c Hispanic
b Blacks
d Blacks and Hispanic
5. Who is the head of the household in most poor families?
a an old person
b a male
c a female
d a child
B.
TIMETABLE
TO HARRISON, DOEVILLE, AND WAYNE CITY
Kirkwood
AM
12:35
3:38
5:40
7:36
8:02
9:10
11:40
1:00
3:00
5:05
7:22
9:20
10:40
11:20
PM
Leave
Arrive
Green- Miles Harrison Doeville Montwood Harbour
gomery
AM
AM
AM
AM
AM
12:39
12:44
1:13
1:33
3:42
3:47
4:16
4:36
5:44
5:49
6:20
6:46
7:44
8:21
8:40
8:45
7:42
7:48
8:06
8:12
8:45
9:11
9:10
9:14
9:19
9:48
10:07
11:44
11:50
12:22
12:41
12:43
1:05
1:11
1:43
2:03
3:09
3:38
3:58
5:09
5:15
5:47
6:06
7:31
7:36
8:08
8:28
9:29
10:00
10:19
10:49
11:22
11:42
11:25
11:30
12:00
12:19
PM
PM
MID
AM
AM
Wayne
City
AM
1:33
4:35
6:38
8:44
8:32
9:04
10:08
12:42
2:03
3:58
6:11
8:29
10:20
11:45
12:20
AM
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B
B
B
AO
BO
C
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
A
B
C
O
REFERENCE NOTES
Passengers to Wayne City transfer at Harrison.
Passengers to Doeville transfer at Harrison.
Passengers to Wayne City and Doeville transfer at Harrison.
Passengers to Montgomery transfer at Harrison.
1. What time does the 10:00 P.M. train from Harrison arrive in Montgomery?
a 10:19 p.m.
c 10:21 p.m.
b 10:20 p.m.
d I doesnût stop in Montgomery
2. What is the first stop of the 7:48 A.M. train from Miles Harbor?
a Harrison
b Doeville
c Wayne City
d Montgomery
3. If you want to be in Wayne City by 8:30 a.m., what train will you take from Miles Harbour?
a 7:36 p.m.
b 7:31 p.m.
c 8:11 p.m.
d 8:15 p.m.
4. If you want to go to Doeville from Kirkwood, what is the earliest train you can take without having
to trasfer?
a 7:36 a.m.
b 8:02 a.m.
c 9:10 a.m.
d 11:40 a.m.
5. If you take the 9:19 a.m. train from Miles Harbour to Doeville, which of the following do you
have to do?
a transfer at Harrison
b transfer at Montgomery
c stay on the same train until it reaches Doeville
d stay on the same train until it reaches Wayne City
6. Which of the following stops is not made by the 3:00 p.m. train from Kirkwood?
a Harrison
c Greenwood
b Miles Harbour
d Doeville
7. Suppose you live in Miles Harbour. You have to meet your friend in Wayne City at 4:00 p.m.
Which of the following trains will you take?
a 1:11 p.m.
c 3:38 p.m.
b 3:58 p.m.
d 3:09 p.m.
8. Suppose you miss the 8:45 a.m. train from Harrison. How long will you have to wait for the next train?
a about half an hour
b about an hour
c about an hour and a half
d about two hours
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C. (¢âÕ Õ∫§—¥‡≈◊Õ°‡¢â“»÷°…“„π ∂“∫—πÕÿ¥¡»÷°…“ ∑∫«ß¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬ ‡¡◊ËÕ«—π∑’Ë 10 μÿ≈“§¡ 2541)
Consolidated Electric Company Employeesûs Lenght of Service
Year of Service
Under 5
5 to 10
10 to 15
15 to 20
20 to 30
30 or more
Total as of December 31
Number of Employees
1,989
1,590
1,275
784
931
1,294
7,863
Percentage of Total
25
20
16
10
12
17
100 percent
1. The data here is presented in the form of a ..........
a bar graph
c table
b pie chart
d diagram
2. .......... of the employees have less than five years of service.
a A quater
c A third
b Half
d Most
3. About .......... of the staff have been with the company for more than ten but less than thirty years.
a half
c one-third
b one-fourth
d More than half
4. The smallest number of employees has been with the company for years.
a 5 to 10
c 15 to 20
b 10 to 15
d 20 to 30
5. The main purpose of the information here is to ..........
a prove how many people have been working in the company
b compare the age of employees with their length of service
c comment on the figures of the companyûs employees
d show how long the employees of the company have been working
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Graphs
Graphs present information statistically visually with lines, bars or circles so that number relations
are clear.
How to use graphs
› Study labels and captions carefully.
› Determine why certain visuals are smaller or larger than others.
For example, why is one bar smaller than another?
Why is one piece of circle (or pie) larger than another?
Example
Number of houses built by H.E. Co.
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
year
The graph above shows the number of houses built by the Housing Estate Co. during a 5-years period.
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Exercise 3.3
A. Study the following circle graph and choose the best alternative to answer each question.
DAILY BREAD PRODUCTION AT P.E. BAKERY
French bread 25 kgs
rolls 100 kgs
other 25 kgs
rye bread 75 kgs
white bread 200 kgs
Italian bread 25 kgs
whole wheat bread 50 kgs
1. How much bread is baked at P.E. Bakery each day?
a 400 kgs
c 550 kgs
b 500 kgs
d 600 kgs
2. What kind of bread is baked most each day?
a rolls
c white bread
b whole wheat bread
d French bread
3. What kinds of bread are produced in equal amounts?
a French and Italian bread
b whole wheat and rye bread
c rolls and rye bread
d white and rye bread
4. Which of the following is true?
a More rye bread is baked daily than white bread.
b Rye and whole wheat bread are produced in equal amounts.
c This graph shows that sales of whole wheat bread are increasing.
d Pumpernickle bread may be included in the production.
5. What is the percentage of whole wheat bread baked each day?
a 5%
b 7.5%
c 10%
d 15%
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B. Sally decided to put herself on a trial budget for the mounth of May. Her estimated and actual
expenses are shown on the following graph. Study it and choose the best alternative to answer each
question.
1. What expense did Sally underestimated?
a recreation
b telephone
c electricity
d gasoline
2. What expense did Sally overestimate the most?
a gasoline
b telephone
c food
d electricity
3. On what expense did Sally spend the same amount of money?
a electricity
b gasoline
c food
d recreation
4. What was Sallyûs greatest expense during May?
a gasoline
b electricity
d recreation
c food
5. On which times did Sally spend less than she expected?
a food and electricity
b telephone and recreation
c electricity, telephone and gasoline
d electricity and recreation
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C. (¢âÕ Õ∫§—¥‡≈◊Õ°‡¢â“»÷°…“„π ∂“∫—πÕÿ¥¡»÷°…“ ∑∫«ß¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬ ‡¡◊ËÕ«—π∑’Ë 10 μÿ≈“§¡ 2541)
The graph above shows the birth rate and death rate in Bangkok from 1984 to 1991. The death
rate was 1 in 1989 while it was at a high in 1984. Since 1989 it has risen 2 , and we can infer that
it probably rose a little more in 1992. The birth rate 3 steadily from 1984 to 1986 before going up to
24.55 4 , and it then stayed fairly 5 for another year.
1. a
b
lower
lowest
c little
d least
2. a
b
slightly
suddenly
c ever
d up
3. a
b
dropped
reduced
c cut
d failed
4. a
b
in two years
the year before
c the year after next
d the following year
5. a
b
steady
average
c regular
d calm
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D. (¢âÕ Õ∫§—¥‡≈◊Õ°‡¢â“»÷°…“„π ∂“∫—πÕÿ¥¡»÷°…“ ∑∫«ß¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬ ‡¡◊ËÕ«—π∑’Ë 15 ¡’π“§¡ 2542)
These charts compare the working backgrounds of the 100 students entering the MBA program
in 1996 and 1997. The number of students with financial backgrounds 1 . Those with manufacturing
experience 2 those with experience in service industries in 1996, but 3 in 1997. While the number with
manufacturing backgrounds 4 , the number with service backgrounds 5 1997.
1. a
b
increased slightly
showed significant change
c remained the same
d was much lower
2. a
b
outnumbered
outweighed
c overcame
d overstimated
3. a
b
their experience was changed
this situation was reversed
c there were just as many
d more were accepted
4. a
b
increased by only one
grew from 32 to 41
c dropped to 26
d fell by nine
5. a
b
rose to 40 in
decreased to 26 after
c stayed steady throughout
d doubled between 1996 and
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