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Study Guide and Reinforcement
Student Edition
in8.msscience.com
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Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United
States Copyright Act, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any
means, or stored in a database retrieval system, without prior written permission of the publisher.
Send all inquiries to:
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
8787 Orion Place
Columbus, OH 43240
ISBN 0-07-867054-3
Printed in the United States of America
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Table of Contents
Chapter 1: The Nature of Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Chapter 2: Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Chapter 3: Inside the Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Chapter 4: States of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Chapter 5: The Periodic Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
Chapter 6: Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonds. . . . . . . . . . .17
Chapter 7: Chemical Reactions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
Chapter 8: Newton’s Laws of Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
Chapter 9: Thermal Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
Chapter 10: Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
Chapter 11: Magnetism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
Chapter 12: Plate Tectonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
Chapter 13: Earthquakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
Chapter 14: Volcanoes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Chapter 15: The Solar System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
Chapter 16: The Role of Genes in Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51
Chapter 17: Adaptations Over Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
Chapter 18: Ecosystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
Chapter 19: The Nonliving Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
Chapter 20: Our Impact on Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
Chapter 21: Our Impact on Water and Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69
iii
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Name
Date
1
Study Guide
Class
How Science Works
Chapter
1
Directions: Using the terms, complete the summary statements below.
archaeologist
pottery
archaeology
science
cultural remains
technology
1. The use of knowledge gained through science to make new products or tools which people
can use is referred to as ____________________.
2. A scientist that studies past civilizations and their cultural remains is a(n)
____________________.
3. The process of looking at and studying things in the world in order to gain knowledge is
commonly referred to as____________________.
4. Artifacts, such as tools, weapons, rock drawings, buildings, or pottery left behind, are
considered ____________________.
5. The study of cultural remains of ancient humans is the science of ____________________.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Directions: Discuss the two main branches of archaeology and give an example of each.
6. Branch of archaeology:
Example:
7. Branch of archaeology:
Example:
Directions: Answer the question below.
8. Explain why it is important to give each artifact a number and list its location and orientation
in the soil before removing it and taking it to the lab for further chemical analysis.
Directions: Define the term science and give a real-world example of how you use science every day.
9. Science:
Example:
The Nature of Science
1
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Name
2
Date
Study Guide
Class
Scientific Problem Solving
Chapter
1
Directions: List the basic steps used to solve scientific problems.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
To determine which of three types of batteries last the longest, Laura used three identical flashlights, put one type of battery in each, turned them on simultaneously, and timed how long each
flashlight remained lit. Use Laura’s experiment to answer these questions.
7. What are the independent variables?
8. What are the dependent variables?
10. What are the controls?
11. How could Laura make sure her conclusions were valid?
12. If one of the flashlights went off after only one minute, what would you conclude?
13. Wallace hypothesized that batteries will last longer if he plays his boom box at low rather than
high volume. Describe how he could test his hypothesis.
2 The Nature of Science
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
9. What are the constants?
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Name
Date
1
Study Guide
Class
Description and
Measurement
Chapter
2
Directions: Use the word bank to fill in the blanks in the summary statements.
accuracy
decimal places
far
long
much
measurement
precision
(1)____________________ is a way to describe the world with numbers. It can tell you how
(2)____________________, how (3)____________________, or how
(4)____________________, by measuring time, distance, and mass.
(5)____________________ is a description of how close measurements are to each other. It
can also be used to describe the number of (6)____________________ a number has.
(7)____________________ is a description of how close a measurement is to the true value.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Directions: Decide whether the number in column A or column B answers each question below and write the
letter in the blank provided.
A
B
8.
the more accurate number, if the actual
value is 10.21 g
10.201
10.19
9.
the more precise number, if the actual
value is 10.21 g
10.201
10.19
10.
the more accurate number, if the actual
value is 750 m
740.3
747
11.
the more precise number, if the actual
value is 750 m
740.3
747
12.
the number 11.289, rounded to the
tenths place
11.2
11.3
13.
the number 12.4446, rounded to the
hundredths place
12.45
12.44
14.
the number 879,642 rounded to the
hundreds place
879,600
879,000
15.
the number of significant digits in
1280003
4
7
16.
the number of significant digits in 454.00
5
3
17.
the number of significant digits in
0.00002405
8
4
Answer
Measurement
3
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Name
2
Date
Study Guide
Class
SI Units
Chapter
2
Directions: Complete the chart by filling in the SI unit and the tool you would use for each measurement.
Measurement
Unit
Tool
1. mass of rock
2. your body temperature
3. volume of a plastic block
4. length of your
classroom
5. how much water a
tablespoon holds
6. how long between
blinks of your eyes
Directions: Convert each of the following SI measures.
7. 64 km = ____________________ m
9. 897 mm = ____________________ cm
10. 0.25 L = ____________________ mL
Directions: Use the following information to answer the questions below.
A train travels at the rate of 120 km per hour.
11. What is its speed in meters per second?
12. What is its speed in meters per minute? Show your work in the space below.
4 Measurement
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
8. 373 g = ____________________ kg
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Name
Date
3
Study Guide
Class
Drawings, Tables, and Graphs
Chapter
2
Directions: Match the information in Column I with the best way to display it from Column II. Write the letter of
the correct term in the blank at the left. A letter may be used more than once.
Column I
1. view of Earth from space
2. amount of rainfall in an area each month for a year
Column II
a. bar graph
b. circle graph
3. how the constellations change position over several hours
4. percents of the most abundant metals in Earth’s crust
5. percents of the different gases in the atmosphere on Mars
6. how far a hurricane moves each hour
c. drawing
d. line graph
e. movie
7. structure of the human ear
8. daily high and low tide times for a week
9. how a sound wave travels through the air
f. photograph
g. table
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Directions: Use the paragraph below to complete question 10.
Some animals can live much longer than others. For example, both the golden eagle and the
blue whale have a maximum life span of more than 80 years, while a guppy’s maximum life span is
only 5 years. A giant spider may live 20 years, a lobster 50 years, and a crocodile may live 60 years.
10. Make a chart and draw a graph to display the data given in the paragraph.
Measurement
5
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Name
Date
1
Study Guide
Class
Models of the Atom
Chapter
3
Directions: Match the terms in the word bank with the descriptions below.
alpha particle
anode
cathode
electrode
electron
electron cloud
matter
element
gold foil experiment
waves
neutron
1. led to the development of the idea of an atomic nucleus
2. a particle that does not respond to magnets
3. cathode ray
4. a way to understand unpredictable electrons
5. the kind of particle Rutherford used to shoot through gold foil
6. matter made of atoms of only one kind
7. where electrons travel
8. a piece of metal that can conduct electricity
9. an electrode with a positive charge
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
10. an electrode with a negative charge
11. what a chemist studies
Directions: Number the following events in the development of atomic theory in the order they happened. The
first step in the sequence has been numbered for you.
12.
Veering alpha particles led Rutherford to think up the idea of a nucleus.
Bohr proved that electrons might be in energy levels.
1
Early philosophers believed that there would be very small particles that could not be
divided, and they named these particles atoms.
Neutrons were discovered.
Thomson proved that the rays in Crooke’s tube were affected by a magnet.
Directions: List Dalton’s four ideas about matter.
13.
Inside the Atom
7
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Name
2
Date
Study Guide
Class
The Nucleus
Chapter
3
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
1. What does the atomic number of an element refer to?
2. Define isotopes.
3. What is the strong nuclear force?
4. Name two types of transmutations.
5. Explain what happens during transmutation.
6. What is radioactive decay?
7. Describe an alpha particle.
9. What is meant by the half-life of a radioactive isotope?
10. Why are nuclear waste products a problem?
11. Why are tracer elements important?
Directions: Identify each statement as true or false. Rewrite the false statements to make them correct.
12. Radioactive isotopes used for medical purposes should have long half-lives.
13. Scientists can use particle accelerators to create new elements.
14. Archaeologists can estimate the age of any ancient artifact with carbon dating.
15. The half-life of a radioactive isotope decreases as the isotope decays.
8 Inside the Atom
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
8. Describe a beta particle.
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Name
Date
1
Study Guide
Class
Matter
Chapter
4
Directions: Unscramble the words in parentheses to fill in this section summary.
(1)____________________ (tramet) is anything that takes up space and has mass. The four
states of matter are (2)____________________ (dlois), (3)____________________ (quildi),
(4)____________________ (sga), and (5)____________________ (slampa). All matter is made
of (6)____________________. (sartpicle). In a liquid, the particles are moving
(7)____________________ (strafe) than they do in a solid, but (8)____________________.
(lowsre) than they do in a gas. Particles in a gas have more (9)____________________ (ygreen)
than particles in a solid or liquid. Honey and tar have higher (10)____________________
(sssiecitivo) than water because they are slower to flow. The attractive forces of water molecules
for each other creates (11)____________________ (rufaces) ____________________ (stenino)
that allows needles to float and water striders to walk on water. Because of surface tension, water
droplets are (12)____________________ (dorun). A liquid takes the
(13)____________________ (heaps) of its container, but a gas (14)____________________
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
(lifsl) its container completely.
Directions: Explain what is needed for plasma to exist, and where it can be found.
15.
Directions: List three amorphous solids
16.
Directions: List five crystalline solids.
17.
States of Matter
9
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Name
Date
2
Class
Changes of State
Study Guide
Chapter
4
Directions: Write the word that best describes each process illustrated below.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Heat added
Graph A
Heat added
Graph B
5. Which graph shows the melting of a crystalline solid? Explain your reasoning.
6. What type of solid does the other graph show? Explain.
10 States of Matter
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Temperature ˚C
Temperature ˚C
Directions: Use the graphs below to answer the questions that follow.
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Name
3
Date
Class
Behavior of Fluids
Study Guide
Chapter
4
Directions: Use the clues below to complete the crossword puzzle.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
8
Across
2. The amount of force applied per unit of area
3. It is nearly impossible to ______ solids and liquids.
5. Pascal’s principal says that pressure applied to a confined ______ transmits unchanged
throughout the ______.
7. One of the factors affecting density
8. An increase in ______ results in an increase in pressure.
Down
1. As _____ pressure decreases, boiling points of liquids becomes lower.
2. The pressure produced by a force of one Newton per square meter of surface area is one ______.
4. The ______ force determines whether or not an object will float.
6. Mass divided by volume
States of Matter
11
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Name
Date
1
Study Guide
Class
Introduction to the
Periodic Table
Chapter
5
Directions: Match the terms from the word bank with the descriptions below.
7
17
18
55
atomic mass
Au
copper, tin, and iron
gold and silver
group
Mendeleev
mercury
boron
metals
Moseley
Mt
nonmetals
periodic
representative elements
transition elements
1. a man who accurately predicted the properties of gallium, scandium,
and germanium
2. the number of columns in the periodic table
3. a man who arranged the elements according to their atomic number
4. elements in groups 3-12
5. the number of elements named by 1830
6. a brittle element that conducts electricity
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
7. metals for weapons
8. a metal named for the shining dawn
9. the number of nonmetals
10. the group of elements that contains those that are most important for
life
11. a group that includes metals, metalloids, and nonmetals
12. the property of atoms first used to arrange them into a periodic table
13. a metal named for scientist Lise Meitner
14. a metal that is not a solid
15. a pattern that repeats over and over is this
16. elements that are reflective, ductile, malleable, and conducts heat and
electricity
17. metals for jewelry
18. the number of rows, or periods, in the modern periodic table
19. elements that share this have similar chemical properties
The Periodic Table
13
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Name
2
Date
Study Guide
Class
Representative Elements
Chapter
5
Directions: In the sentences below, a code letter has been substituted for each letter of the alphabet. To find out
what the sentences say, use the following key to decode them. In the key, the code letters are shown directly below
the alphabet letter they stand for. Write the correct letter above each code letter, then read the sentences aloud.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
C F K L P T X A V M O D R Z I U E G W N Y B Q H S J
________________
N A P
________________
C G P
________________
KC D D P L
________________
C D O C D V
________________.
R P N C D W
2. ________________ 2 ________________
XG I Y U
P D P R P Z N W
________________
C G P
________________
KC D D P L
________________
P C G N A
________________.
R P N C DW
3. ________________ 1 ________________ 2 ________________
PHKPUN
TIG
ASLGIXPZ
________________
XG I Y U W
________________
N A P
________________
C D O C D V Z P
________________
C Z L
________________
C G P
________________
W I D V L
________________.
R P N C DW
4. ________________
N A P
________________
I N A P G
________________
XG I Y U W
________________
R C S
________________
K I Z N C V Z
________________,
R P N C D W
__________________, ________________
Z I Z R P N C D W
C Z L
___________________.
R P N C D D I V LW
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
5. Diamonds and graphite are two forms of what nonmetal?
6. What is ammonia made of and what are some of its uses?
7. Why is ozone an important form of oxygen?
8. What do halogens all have in common?
9. What do the noble gases have in common?
14 The Periodic Table
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. ________________ 1 ________________
XG I Y U
P D P R P Z N W
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Name
Date
3
Study Guide
Class
Transition Elements
Chapter
5
Directions: Complete the following sentences using the correct terms.
1. All transition elements are ____________________.
2. The iron triad are elements that have ____________________ properties.
3. Many of the heavy metals are ____________________ to living things.
4. ____________________ has the highest melting point of any metal.
5. ____________________ has the lowest melting point of any metal.
6. The ____________________ group are often used for electrodes or catalysts because they do
not combine easily with other elements.
7. Another name for ____________________ is the rare earths.
8. The ____________________ are soft metals that can be cut with a knife.
9. All of the actinides are ____________________.
10. All but three of the actinides are ____________________.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Directions: Match the use in the second column to the element in the first column. Write the correct letter in the
space provided.
Element
Use
11. iron
a. filament of lightbulbs
12. silver
b. electrodes
13. mercury
c. used as a fuel in nuclear power plants
14. chromium
d. principal ingredient in misch metal
15. americium
e. used to kill cancer cells
16. tungsten
f. a necessary part of hemoglobin
17. platinum
g. thermometers
18. californium
h. brightly colored paint
19. plutonium
i. fill cavities
20. cerium
j. smoke detectors
The Periodic Table
15
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Name
Date
1
Study Guide
Class
Why do atoms combine?
Chapter
6
Directions: Match the term from the word bank with each phrase below.
alkali metals
charged
chemical bond
down
electron cloud
electron dot diagram
empty space
first
fourth
halogens
neutral
noble gases
nucleus
proton
stable
up
1. the energy level that can hold only 2 electrons
2. what an atom will be if it has a different number of protons and electrons
3. the energy level that can hold 32 electrons
4. what an atom may be if it has a different number of protons and electrons
5. the group that needs one more electron to fill its outer energy level
6. an area of space around the nucleus where electrons are likely to be
7. the group that has one electron in its outer level
8. the area where protons and neutrons can be found
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
9. the force that holds atoms together
10. the most stable group on the periodic table
11. what makes up most of an atom
12. the particle that must be present in the same number as electrons in a
neutral atom
13. the reactivities of alkali metals increase as you go this direction in the
group
14. the reactivities of noble gases increase as you go this direction in the
group
15. a handy way to represent the outer electrons of an atom
16. atoms join with each other to become more like this
Directions: Explain why, even though electrons closer to the nucleus have a lower energy than electrons further
away from the nucleus, it takes more energy to remove the electrons closer to the nucleus.
17.
Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonds
17
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Name
2
Date
Class
How Elements Bond
Study Guide
Chapter
6
Directions: Correctly complete the following paragraphs using terms from the list below. Some terms may not
be used, and some terms may be used more than once.
electrons
molecules
random
nonpolar
losing
protons
gains
ions
neutral
loses
positive
gaining
regular
polar
covalent
negative
ionic
sharing
Elements in Group 1 become more stable by 1. ____________________ an electron. These
elements form 2. ____________________ ions because they have more 3. ____________________
than 4. ____________________. Chlorine readily 5. ____________________ an electron, forming
a 6. ____________________ ion. The attraction between sodium ions and chlorine ions forms
7. ____________________ bonds. In sodium chloride, the ions are lined up in a
8. ____________________ pattern.
Unlike sodium and chlorine, some atoms become more stable by sharing
11. ____________________. The bonds in a molecule of oxygen are 12. ____________________
13. ____________________ bonds, while the bonds in a molecule of water are
14. ____________________ 15. ____________________ bonds.
Directions: Next to each formula, write the number of atoms of each element found in one unit of the compound.
16. potassium iodide, KI
17. sodium sulfide, Na2S
18. silicon dioxide, SiO2
19. carbonic acid, H2CO3
Directions: Complete the following activity.
20. Hydrogen combines with sulfur much like hydrogen combines with oxygen. Draw an electron
dot diagram showing hydrogen combined with sulfur and write the chemical formula below.
18 Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonds
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
9. ____________________, forming 10. ____________________ rather than charged
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Name
Date
1
Study Guide
Class
Chemical Formulas and
Equations
Chapter
7
Directions: Use the terms from the word bank to fill in the blanks in front of the correct phrases below.
balanced
bubbles
chemical reaction
conservation of mass
endothermic
exothermic
iron oxide
precipitate
products
reactants
silver sulfide
subscripts
1. substances that are about to take part in a chemical reaction
2. the numbers in a chemical formula that tell you the ratio of atoms in a
compound
3. the law Lavoisier devised, that says that matter is neither created nor
destroyed during a reaction
4. tarnish on silver
5. what you call a chemical equation when it is written with the same
number of each type of atom on both sides
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6. the process of changing some substances into other substances
7. a reaction that releases heat to its surroundings. Energy appears on the
products side of the equation.
8. a sign that a gas has been produced
9. rust
10. the substances that are formed by a chemical reaction
11. a reaction that absorbs heat. Energy appears on the left side of the
equation.
12. a solid formed in a reaction by mixing two solutions
Directions: List four ways you can detect a chemical reaction.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Chemical Reactions
19
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Name
Date
2
Class
Rates of Chemical Reactions
Study Guide
Chapter
7
Directions: Use the clues to complete the puzzle.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
10
11
Across
Down
2. It speeds up a reaction but is not permanently changed
1. Amount of substance present in a certain
volume
3. It slows down a chemical reaction
4. They are broken before a chemical
reaction takes place
7. The minimum amount of energy needed
to start any reaction (2 words)
9. By decreasing this, you can speed up a
chemical reaction (2 words)
10. Increasing this speeds up most chemical
reactions
11. Enzymes that break down proteins
20 Chemical Reactions
5. Measure of how fast a reaction occurs
(two words)
6. These must be strong in order to cause a
chemical change to take place
8. Catalysts at work in the body
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
9
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Name
Date
1
Study Guide
Class
Motion
Chapter
8
Directions: Fill in the chart with information from the chapter.
Definition
1.
distance
2.
displacement
3.
constant speed
4.
instantaneous speed
5.
velocity
6.
reference point
7.
acceleration
Does it
depend on
direction?
Formula to
Calculate (if
There Is One)
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Directions: List three ways that the velocity of a car can change.
8.
9.
10.
Directions: Explain how the velocity of an object could change while its speed stayed the same.
11.
Directions: Explain how the displacement of an object could be zero while the distance it traveled was 150 m.
12.
Directions: Explain how you could use pictures from a security camera to determine if an object had been
moved from one hour to the next, using a tree as a reference point.
13.
Newton’s Laws of Motion
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Date
Class
Newton’s First Law
Study Guide
Chapter
8
Directions: In question 1, below, a code letter has been substituted for each letter of the alphabet. To find what
the sentence says, use the following key to decode it. In the key, the code letters are shown directly below the
alphabet letter they stand for. Write the correct letter directly above each code letter, then read the sentence.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
X M J W T A O U R V G Q D
Z
B Y
I
E P N H C
S
L F K
1.
X
M B W F
C T G B J R N F
A B E J T
E T D X R Z P
H Z G T P P
X J N P
B Z
X N
X Z
J B Z P N X Z N
H Z M X G X Z J T W
R N
2. Which law of motion does the above sentence state?
3. What is a force?
4. Is it possible for an object not to be in motion and still have forces acting on it? Explain.
5. What is inertia? How are mass and inertia related?
22 Newton’s Laws of Motion
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
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Class
Newton’s Second Law
Chapter
8
Directions: Circle the term in parentheses that best completes the statement.
1. Gravity is a (force, mass, distance).
2. The friction involved in a wagon moving down a hill is (static, sliding, rolling) friction.
3. As the force acting on you increases, your acceleration (increases, decreases, remains the same).
4. The unit of force is the (meter, hertz, newton).
5. If you go to the moon, your mass (increases, decreases, remains the same).
6. As you glide across a frozen pond, (static, sliding, rolling) friction is acting on your skates.
7. If there is no change in force as you increase the mass a truck is carrying, its acceleration
(increases, decreases, remains the same).
8. An ant falling from the roof of a house lands unharmed because of (gravity, static friction,
air resistance).
Directions: If the following statements are true, write true. If the statements are false, replace the term or
phrase in italics to make the statement true.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
9. If you go to the moon, your weight would stay the same.
10. Given the same force, a baseball will accelerate faster than a tennis ball.
11. The force always acting on everything on Earth is gravity.
12. Rolling friction keeps a wagon from rolling until it is pushed.
Directions: Solve the following problems in the spaces provided.
13. A force of 40 N is exerted on a 10-kg box. What is the box’s acceleration?
14. What unbalanced force is required to accelerate a 1,500 kg-race car at 3.0 m/s2?
15. If a student has a mass of 90 kg, what is the student’s weight?
Newton’s Laws of Motion
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Class
Newton’s Third Law
Chapter
8
Directions: Study the drawing below of a boy holding a bucket and answer questions 1 through 4.
1. Identify two pairs of action-reaction forces
involving the bucket.
2. What are the balanced forces acting on the
bucket?
3. What happens if the hand-on-bucket force increases? Explain.
Directions: Find the mistakes in the statements below. Rewrite each statement correctly on the lines provided.
5. An action-reaction force pair acts on the same body.
6. When action-reaction force pairs come into being, the action force is created first.
7. Action-reaction forces always act in the same direction.
8. Forces act in unequal but opposite pairs.
24 Newton’s Laws of Motion
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. What could you do to increase the Earth-on-bucket force?
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1
Class
Temperature and
Thermal Energy
Study Guide
Chapter
9
Directions: Unscramble the words to fill in the blanks in the summary statements.
(1)____________________ (rateeputerm) is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the
(2)____________________ (oeeuscllm) in a substance. As the temperature increases, the molecules have more (3)____________________ (tiencikt greeny), and are moving
(4)____________________ (reastf). For most materials, as the temperature increases, the molecules in the material move (5)____________________ (feathrr) apart, causing the material to
(6)____________________ (pandex). When the material cools, its molecules move more
(7)____________________ (yowlls) and the material (8)____________________ (strancoct). For
the same temperature increase, (9)____________________ (udsiqli) usually expand more than
(10)____________________ (dlsois). On the (11)____________________ (iueslcs) temperature
scale, the (12)____________________ (bilingo) point of water is 100° C and the
(13)____________________ (zengerif) point of water is 0° C. The (14)____________________
(metlahr ygeren) of an object is the sum of the (15)____________________ (nkctei) and
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
(16)____________________ (lontpetia) energy of all the molecules in the object.
Directions: Use the terms from the word bank to complete the section summary.
greater
height
increases
kelvin
more
temperature
thermal energy
A practical way to measure (17)____________________ is to use a thermometer. One type of
thermometer contains a liquid that expands as its temperature (18)____________________, so
that the (19)____________________ of the liquid in the tube depends on the temperature. On
the (20)____________________ temperature scale, the lowest possible temperature is 0 K. If two
glasses of water at the same temperature are poured into a container, the
(21)____________________ of the water in the container is (22)____________________ than
the thermal energy of the water in either glass, because there are (23)____________________
molecules of water in the container.
Thermal Energy
25
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Date
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Class
Heat
Chapter
9
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
1. How is heat related to thermal energy? Can an object contain heat?
2. Explain how convection could be used to heat a room with a hot radiator on one side of
the room.
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the terms that best complete the statements.
3. Heat always moves from a(n) ____________________ object to a(n) ____________________
object.
4. When two objects are in contact, heat is best transferred by ____________________.
5. Heat is transferred by conduction when ____________________ moving molecules bump into
____________________ moving molecules and transfer ____________________ energy.
7. Radiation transfers thermal energy by ____________________.
8. Heat is transferred in gases or liquids primarily by ____________________.
Directions: Correctly complete each sentence by underlining the best of the three choices in parentheses.
9. A small pan of water at 50°C is brought into contact with a larger pan of water at 50°C. Heat is
transferred (from the large pan to the small pan, from the small pan to the large pan, not at all).
10. Convection involves (molecules moving, molecules colliding, electromagnetic waves).
11. Metals are good (reservoirs, insulators, conductors) because they transfer heat easily.
12. Cooking tools often have plastic handles because plastic is a good (conductor, insulator, reservoir)
of heat.
13. A measure of how well a substance absorbs heat is its (equivalent heat, calorie content,
specific heat).
14. Heat transfer by (convection, radiation, conduction) occurs when energy is transferred by
electromagnetic waves.
26 Thermal Energy
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6. The heat from an electric space heater is transferred to you by ____________________.
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Class
Engines and Refrigerators
Chapter
9
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
1. What is a heat engine?
2. In a car with a four-cycle engine, why is it an advantage to have at least four cylinders?
3. In nature heat only moves from a hotter object to a cooler object. How is it possible for a heat
pump to remove heat from a cold object and add it to a hotter object?
Directions: Identify each statement as true or false. If it is false, change the italicized term to make the
statement true.
4. In an air conditioner heat from inside the house is absorbed by coolant within pipes.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
5. If you let the air out of a bicycle tire, the valve becomes cold. This is because when a
gas under pressure expands, it releases energy to the environment.
6. When a heat pump is used for heating, it removes heat from the cold air outside and
adds heat to the warm air inside.
7. A diesel engine does not use spark plugs.
8. An engine that uses the process of burning fuel within the engine is called a(n) internal
combustion engine.
9. A heat engine is any device that converts thermal energy into kinetic energy.
10. In internal combustion engines, fuel burns in a combustion chamber inside the engine.
Thermal Energy
27
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1
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Class
Electric Charge
Chapter
10
Directions: Unscramble the terms to fill in the blanks in the summary paragraphs.
When an atom gains electrons, it gains a (1)____________________ (venagtie) charge. When
an atom loses electrons, it becomes (2)____________________ (soipviet). When many electrons
move from one solid object to another, the charge created is called (3)____________________
(actsti). Unlike electrons, (4)____________________ (roptnos) usually do not move from one
object to another. However, in (5)____________________ (loustinos) both are positive and negative. (6)____________________ (snio), such as sodium and (7)____________________
(drochlie), can move. This enables (8)____________________ (never) impulses to be transmitted.
Directions: List the four steps that use ions to transmit nerve impulses.
9.
10.
11.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
12.
Directions: Match the terms from the word bank with the correct phrases below.
conductor
electric discharge
electric field
electric field lines
electric force
induced charge
insulator
13. something charged objects exert on each other, that depends on the
amount of charge on each object and the distance between them
14. something that causes two charged balloons to repel each other without
touching
15. lines that are drawn away from a positive charge and toward a negative
charge
16. a material in which electrons can not move easily, such as glass and
plastic
17. a material in which electrons can move easily, such as gold and copper
18. electric charge moves quickly from one location to another, as in a
lightning strike
19. using Earth as a conductor to avoid lightning damage
20. separation of positive and negative charges due to an electric field
Electricity
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2
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Class
Electric Current
Chapter
10
Directions: Complete the paragraphs using the terms listed below.
chemical reactions
resistance
negative
ohms
volts
positive
V
electric potential energy
electric current
circuit
Life as we know it would be impossible without electricity. Think of the number of electrical
devices we rely on every day: lights, refrigerators, computers, televisions, flashlights, car headlights,
watches–the list is endless. All of these devices, and countless others, need a constant, steady
source of electrical energy. This steady source of electrical energy comes from a(n)
1. _______________________, which is the steady flow of electrons through a conductor.
This steady flow of electricity requires a closed path, or 2. _______________________,
through which to flow. Its basic elements are a conductor, such as wire, through which electrons
flow and a source of electrons, such as a battery.
Negatively charged electrons “seek out” positively charged electrons to recombine. This can
only happen if they travel through the circuit. In a circuit, the electrons flow from the
3. _______________________ end to the 4. _______________________ end.
A familiar source of electrons in electric circuits is a battery. The total stored electrical energy
in a battery—the energy available to do work—is called 5. _______________________. This
energy is measured in units called 6. _______________________, which is abbreviated
7. _______________________. Batteries rely on 8. _______________________ to separate positive and negative electrical charges. When the negative and positive ends of the charges are connected by a conductor, a circuit forms and the electrical energy is available to do work.
However, the electrons don’t flow completely freely through the circuit. Depending on the
material used for the conductor, the electrons have more or less difficulty flowing. The measure of
how difficult it is for electrons to flow through a circuit is called 9. _______________________.
This is measured in units called 10. _______________________.
30 Electricity
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
An electric current carries energy that comes from separating positive and negative charges.
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3
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Electric Circuits
Class
Chapter
10
Directions: Use the terms and statements from the list below to complete the table.
kilowatt
amount of electric energy used by a device
series: a circuit that has only one path for the electric current to follow
series circuit
Ohm’s law
power = current ✕ voltage
parallel: a circuit that has more than one path for the electric current to follow
kW
watt
voltage = current ✕ resistance
parallel circuit
V=I✕R
W
P=I✕V
Important Facts About Electric Circuits
1. There is a relationship among voltage, current, and resistance in an electric circuit.
a. Name of law:
b. Expression of law:
c. Equation:
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2. There are two types of electric circuits.
a. Two types of circuits:
(1)
(2)
b. Definitions of these circuits:
(1)
(2)
3. The electrical power of a circuit can be measured.
a. Definition of electrical power:
b. Unit of electrical power:
(1) Name:
(2) Abbreviation:
(3) Term for 1000 units:
(4) Abbreviation for 1000 units:
c. Determining the electrical
power of a circuit:
(1) Expression:
(2) Formula:
Electricity
31
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1
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Class
What is magnetism?
Chapter
11
Directions: You have two bar magnets. Describe or draw different arrangements of the two magnets to make
the magnets behave as described.
What the magnets will do
1.
2.
3.
Diagram or Description
repel, end on
1.
2.
3.
4.
attract, end on
attract, side by side
5.
4.
repel, side by side
6.
Directions: Use the words from the word bank to fill in the blanks in the summary paragraph below.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
away
charged
domains
magnets
iron
magnetosphere
rocks
north
outer
toward
south
stronger
Magnetic field lines begin at a magnet’s (7)____________________ pole and end at the
(8)____________________ pole. Field lines that curve (9)____________________ each other
show attraction. Field lines that curve (10)____________________ from each other show repulsion. When the field is (11)____________________, the lines will be closer together.
The atoms of magnetic materials behave like tiny (12)____________________. Magnetic materials such as (13)____________________ contain groups of atoms called magnetic
(14)____________________ in which the magnetic fields of the atoms in the group point in the
same direction. Earth is surrounded by a magnetic field that is thought to be produced by the movement of molten iron in Earth’s (15)____________________ core. Earth’s magnetic field affects a
region of space called the (16)____________________ that deflects most of the
(17)____________________ particles that come from the Sun. The magnetism of some ancient
(18)____________________ contains a record of the direction of Earth’s magnetic field and how it
has changed over time.
Magnetism
33
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2
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Class
Electricity and Magnetism
Chapter
11
Directions: Use the figures below to answer questions 1 through 5.
A
B
1. In figure A, when electrons move in the coiled wire what is produced?
2. In figure A, if you changed the direction of electron flow by switching the connections to the
battery, what would happen?
3. In figure A, if an iron bar were inserted into the wire coil, what would happen to the iron bar?
5. In figure B, if you repeatedly moved a bar magnet in and out of the wire coil, what would be
produced? What is this process called?
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
6. What is the function of an electric motor in terms of electric power and motion?
7. Briefly explain how an electric motor works.
8. What is the function of an electric generator in terms of electric power and motion?
9. Briefly explain how an electric generator works.
34 Magnetism
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. Suppose you wrapped an iron bar with wire and connected the ends of the wire to a battery.
What is this device called? What would happen to this device if you disconnected the battery?
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1
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Continental Drift
Class
Chapter
12
Directions: In the space provided, briefly discuss Pangaea and continental drift and the scientific clues that support Alfred Wegener’s theory.
1. Pangaea:
2. Continental drift:
3. Puzzle-like fit clues:
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. Fossil clues:
5. Plant clues:
6. Climate clues:
7. Rock clues:
8. New ideas about continental drift developed through advanced technology. One new explanation for how the continents could drift is _________________________________________.
Plate Tectonics
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Class
Seafloor Spreading
Chapter
12
Directions: Find the mistakes in the statements below. Rewrite each statement correctly on the lines provided.
1. During the 1940s and 1950s, scientists began using radar on moving ships to map large areas
of the ocean floor in detail.
2. The youngest rocks are found far from the mid-ocean ridges.
3. The scientist Henry Hess invented echo-sounding devices for mapping the ocean floor.
4. As the seafloor spreads apart, hot saltwater moves upward and flows from the cracks.
6. The research ship Glomar Challenger was equipped with a drilling rig that records magnetic data.
7. Rocks on the seafloor are much older than many continental rocks.
8. When plates collide, the denser plate will ride over the less-dense plate.
9. Earth’s magnetic field has always run from the north pole to the south pole.
10. The magnetic alignment in rocks on the ocean floor always runs from the north pole to the
south pole.
36 Plate Tectonics
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
5. As the new seafloor moves away from the ridge and becomes hotter, it moves upward and
forms still higher ridges.
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3
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Class
Theory of Plate Tectonics
Chapter
12
Directions: Use the following words to fill in the blanks below.
asthenosphere
convection
lithosphere
plate tectonics
plates
1. The theory of ____________________ states that Earth’s crust and upper mantle are broken
into sections.
2. These sections, called ____________________, are composed of the crust and a part of the
upper mantle.
3. The crust and upper mantle together are called the ____________________.
4. Beneath this layer is the plasticlike ____________________.
5. Scientists suggest that differences in density cause hot, plasticlike rock to be forced upward
toward the surface, cool, and sink. This cycle is called a ____________________ current.
Directions: Four diagrams are shown in the table below. Label and describe each diagram in the space provided
in order to complete the table.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Diagram
Type of boundary and
motion at boundary
Diagram
6.
8.
7.
9.
Type of boundary and
motion at boundary
Plate Tectonics
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Date
1
Class
Forces Inside Earth
Study Guide
Chapter
13
Directions: Write the correct term on the line in front of its definition.
compression
earthquake
elastic deformation
elastic limit
fault
normal fault
reverse fault
plate movement
shear
strike-slip fault
tension
Definition
1. force that squeezes rocks together
2. vibrations produced by the breaking of rock
3. rocks bent and stretched out of shape by force
4. constant motion of plates
5. surface along which rocks move when they pass their elastic limit and
break
6. forces on either side of fault cause rocks to slide past each other
7. limit to how far rocks can bend and stretch
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
8. force that pulls rocks apart
9. rocks on either side of the fault move past each other without much
upward or downward movement
10. results from tension, pulling rock apart; where the rock above the fault
surface drops in relation to rock below the fault surface
11. results from compression forces squeezing rocks together; rock above
the fault surface is forced up and over rock below the fault surface
Directions: Number the following events about seismic pressure in the order in which they happen. The first
step in the sequence has been numbered for you.
12. Seismic Pressure
an earthquake results
1
rough edges catch due to friction, temporarily halting movement along a fault
stress causes the rocks to bend and change shape
rocks bend beyond their elastic limit, break, move along the fault, and return to their
original shape
forces keep driving the rocks to move and pressure builds
Earthquakes
39
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Features of Earthquakes
Study Guide
Chapter
13
Directions: The graph below shows travel time in minutes and distance traveled for primary and secondary
waves. Primary and secondary waves start at the same time but do not travel at the same speed. Study the
graph. Use the graph to help answer the questions that follow.
24
Secondary wave
22
20
Travel time (min)
18
16
Primary wave
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10
Distance traveled (1,000 km units)
2. How long does it take for a secondary wave to travel 2,000 km?
3. How far does a secondary wave travel in 10 min?
4. How far does a primary wave travel in 10 min?
5. What happens to the time difference between primary and secondary waves as the distance
traveled gets longer?
6. Suppose a primary and secondary wave both travel a distance of 4,000 km before they are
picked up by a seismograph. Which wave will arrive first?
7. How much time lag at 4,000 km will there be between these two waves?
8. Suppose both a primary and secondary wave start together and travel for 5 min. Which wave
will travel farther?
40 Earthquakes
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. How long does it take for a primary wave to travel 2,000 km?
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People and Earthquakes
Chapter
13
Directions: In the space provided, write R if the description refers to the Richter scale and M if it refers to the
modified Mercalli scale.
1. based on the height of the lines traced by a seismograph
2. describes the strength of an earthquake
3. describes the amount of damage an earthquake causes
4. an earthquake with an intensity of VII
5. an earthquake with a magnitude of 8.5
Directions: Write true if the statement is true. If the statement is false, rewrite the word or words in italics to
make the statement true.
6. The paper record of a seismic event is called a seismograph.
7. Far from shore, a large ship might ride over a seismic sea wave
without anyone noticing it.
8. A seismogram consists of a rotating drum of paper and a
pendulum with an attached pen.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
9. An intensity-XII earthquake would cause little destruction.
10. For safety’s sake, people who live in earthquake regions should
build their houses on loose soils.
11. When liquefaction occurs, the soil becomes more liquid and
buildings can sink into it and collapse.
12. A seismic sea wave and a tsunami are the same thing.
13. The water along a shoreline may flow toward the sea just before
a tsunami crashes on shore.
14. In some new buildings made of steel plates and rubber parts,
the steel acts like a cushion to absorb earthquakes.
15. One way to make your home earthquake-safe is to place heavy
objects on high shelves so they won’t fall on you.
Earthquakes
41
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1
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Class
Volcanoes and Earth’s
Moving Plates
Chapter
14
Directions: Use the word bank provided to complete the following summary paragraph.
acid rain
falling ash
igneous rock
lava flow
magma
plates
pyroclastic flow
rise
vent
volcano
volcanologists
Earth’s crust is formed from (1)____________________ that are constantly moving. Pressure
between these shifting plates causes rock deep within Earth to melt, forming liquid rock called
(2)____________________. Because it is less dense than the surrounding rock, this molten rock
begins to (3)____________________ to the surface and escape through a
(4)____________________. As the lava cools, it builds up in layers which become
(5)____________________. Spewing gases, ash, and lava around the opening creates a
(6)____________________.
Volcanoes can have dramatic effects on people’s lives and their property. Volcanic ash and
debris may pour down a mountain side as (7)____________________ crushing crops, villages,
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
forests, and wildlife. (8)____________________ forms when gases mix with water vapor raining
down and killing plants. Entire villages may be buried below (9)____________________ as in
Herculaneum. A (10)____________________ destroys everything in its path. These eruptions can
be violent and unpredictable, but volcano scientists, also known as (11)____________________,
still find them beautiful, exciting, and intriguing to study.
Directions: Complete the summary chart of volcanoes’ characteristics. (Hint: Refer to Figure 6-8 for additional
help.)
Cause of
Volcano
Activity Taking Place
Characteristics
12.
divergent plate
boundary
rifts—long,
deep cracks
13.
convergent
plate boundary
one plate moves
under another
14.
Real-World
Example
Soufriere Hills,
Montserrat
occurs in the
middle of plate
Volcanoes
43
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Class
Types of Volcanoes
Chapter
14
Directions: Identify each form of volcano and then fill in the chart with the appropriate information about
each form.
Lava flows
Tephra
Lava flows
Figure 3
Figure 2
Form of volcano
Type of Magma
Tephra
Shape of Volcano
Materials in Volcano
1.
3.
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
4. What is the relationship between the amount of gases in magma and the explosiveness of a
volcanic eruption?
5. What is the relationship between the silica content of magma and the explosiveness of a
volcanic eruption?
44 Volcanoes
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2.
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Date
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Class
Igneous Rock Features
Chapter
14
Directions: Identify each volcanic feature shown in the figure. Describe how it is formed.
4.
6.
2.
3.
5.
1.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Volcanoes
45
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Name
Date
1
Class
The Solar System
Study Guide
Chapter
15
Directions: List the historical models and astronomical ideas of the solar system by completing the study chart
below.
Model
1.
(also known as the
geocentric model)
Supporter of the Model
Key Ideas
early Greek
astronomers
2a.
Moon revolved around Earth, all
planets revolved around the Sun
in circular orbits
2b.
(also known as the
heliocentric model)
Johannes Kepler
3.
Modern View of
Solar System
current understanding
Directions: List the planets of our solar system in order. (Hint: refer to Figure 1 in the text for additional help.)
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
12.
11.
10.
9.
8.
7.
6.
5.
4.
Sun
Directions: Describe the four steps that help explain how the solar system may have formed. (Hint: refer to
Figure 3 in the text for additional help.)
13.
14.
15.
16.
The Solar System
47
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Date
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Class
The Inner Planets
Chapter
15
Directions: Write the names of the inner planets as headings in the chart in the order of their position from the
Sun. Then fill in the chart using information from your textbook.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
Size and
composition
Temperatures
Surface
features
Moons
(number/
names)
23.
Space
probes
48 The Solar System
24.
25.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Atmosphere
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Date
Class
The Outer Planets
Study Guide
Chapter
15
Directions: List the outer planets across the top of the chart in the order of their usual position from the Sun.
Then fill in the chart using information from your textbook.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
from Eighth from
) ( Sun ) (NinthSunfrom)
(FifthSunfrom) (SixthSunfrom) (Seventh
Sun
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
Size and
Composition
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Atmosphere
Below the
Atmosphere
Notable
Features
Moons
(number/
names)
Space
Probes
The Solar System
49
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4
Date
Class
Other Objects in the Solar
System
Study Guide
Chapter
15
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
1. What is the Oort Cloud, and where is it located?
2. What is an asteroid, and where are most asteroids located?
Directions: Identify Figure 1 and its parts, then answer the question that follows.
3. Figure 1:
Figure 1
A.
C
B.
B
C.
A
Directions: Identify the parts of Figure 2, then answer the question that follows.
5. A.
B.
Earth's
atmosphere
Figure 2
A
Earth's
atmosphere
C.
Earth's
atmosphere
B
C
Earth
6. What two space objects produce meteorites?
50 The Solar System
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. How does a comet begin and end?
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1
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Class
Continuing Life
Chapter
16
Directions: Write the correct term from the word bank next to its definition.
asexual reproduction
cigarette smoking
cloning
DNA
fertilization
meiosis
mitosis
sexual reproduction
tadpole
1. division of the nucleus into two identical nuclei
2. a new organism is produced from the DNA of two cells
3. life stage will grow into an adult frog
4. hereditary material that controls how offspring will look and function
5. reproduction by one organism
6. growing a plant from a cutting of a leaf to make an identical plant
7. nucleus divides twice to form four sex cells
8. a factor that may deform and decrease the number of sperm made by
a male
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
9. the joining of an egg and sperm to form a new organism
Directions: Number the following steps of cell division in the order they happen. The first step in the sequence
has been numbered for you.
10.
duplicated chromosomes become visible through a microscope
the cell divides into two new cells
each duplicated chromosome pair separates
1
chromosomes in the nucleus are duplicated
duplicated chromosome pairs line up along the middle of the cell
individual chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell
Directions: List two similarities and three differences between meiosis and mitosis in human cells. Use the
information in Table 1 to help you.
Similarities
Differences
The Role of Genes in Inheritance
51
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2
Date
Study Guide
Genetics—The Study
of Inheritance
Class
Chapter
16
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
1. What is the passing of traits from parents to offspring?
2. Why is it likely that you look like your parents?
3. What is each gene of a gene pair called?
4. What are the differences between pure and hybrid genes?
5. Why are two recessive alleles needed for a recessive trait to be shown?
7. To produce a beneficial version of a trait in an animal, what type of process is used?
8. What is the name of the science that studies which traits are passed from parents to offspring?
9. In human reproduction, at which point are traits passed from parent to offspring?
10. What functions of cells can be affected by a mutation?
52 The Role of Genes in Inheritance
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6. Give an example of a trait that is determined by multiple alleles.
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Date
1
Study Guide
Class
Ideas About Evolution
Chapter
17
Directions: Complete the chart below about evolution.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Term
1.
adaptation
2.
evolution
3.
geographic isolation
4.
gradualism
5.
mutation
6.
natural selection
7.
population
8.
punctuated
equilibrium
9.
species
10.
Definition of Term
Real-World Example
variation
Directions: Discuss the scientific ideas of Jean Baptiste de Lamarck and Charles Darwin and the scientific
evidence to support each hypothesis.
11. Lamarck:
Scientific evidence:
12. Darwin:
Scientific evidence:
Adaptations Over Time
53
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Date
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Clues About Evolution
Class
Chapter
17
Directions: Complete the following sentences using the correct terms.
1. Relative dating provides a(n) ________________________ of the age of a rock layer or fossil.
2. Fossils provide direct evidence that ________________________ has occurred on Earth.
3. Scientists find clues about evolution from studying ________________________, the molecule
that controls heredity and directs the development of every organism.
4. The flipper of a whale, wing of a bat, leg of a frog, and arm of a human are all examples
of ________________________ structures.
5. The human appendix, which seems to have no function, is a(n)
________________________ structure.
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
6. In which type of rock are most fossils found?
8. Why is the fossil record not complete?
9. List other evidence of evolution.
10. Does radiometric dating produce exact results? Why or why not?
54 Adaptations Over Time
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
7. What two methods are used to determine the age of a rock or fossil?
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Class
The Evolution of Primates
Chapter
17
Directions: In the table below list three physical characteristics that all primates share. Then describe how each
of these characteristics functions or how each is adaptive.
Characteristic
Function/Adaptation
1.
2.
3.
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. How do hominids differ from apes?
5. In what ways do Australopithecus and Homo habilis differ?
6. What traits did the early humans, Neanderthals, and Cro-Magnons share?
7. What social behaviors do we share with Cro-Magnon humans?
Adaptations Over Time
55
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1
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Class
How Ecosystems Change
Chapter
18
Directions: Use the terms provided to complete the following summary.
birds
grasses
mammals
plants
succession
climax community
human
mosses
primary succession
trees
drought
insects
organic matter
secondary succession
fire
lichens
pioneer species
seeds
Gradual change in the types of species that live in an area is called (1)____________________.
The first species to inhabit an area, the (2)____________________, must be able to survive
(3)____________________, extreme heat and cold, and other harsh conditions. These are usually
(4)____________________. The succession that begins in a place previously without plants is
referred to as (5)____________________. As the first species of (6)____________________
arrive, and erosion takes place, the rock begins to break down into smaller pieces. As these organisms die, they add (7)____________________ to the rock. Plants, such as
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
(8)____________________ and ferns grow in the new soil. The soil layer thickens, and
(9)____________________, wildflowers, and other plants take over. Eventually, the organic
buildup is enough to support shrubs and (10)____________________. At the same time, small
birds, (11)____________________, and (12)____________________ have begun to move in.
Occasionally, natural or (13)____________________ activity causes a change in the environment. These might include (14)____________________, avalanche, lumbering, or construction.
Succession that begins in a place that already has soil and was once the home of living organisms
is called (15)____________________. After a fire, the bare soil is exposed, but it already contains
the (16)____________________ of weeds, grasses, and trees. Wind and
(17)____________________ deposit more seeds and growth begins very quickly. It may take hundreds or thousands of years for the community to become relatively stable and to develop into a
(18)____________________.
Ecosystems
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2
Date
Study Guide
Biomes
Class
Chapter
18
Directions: Complete the table below using information in your textbook.
Biome
Climate
Dominant plants
Characteristic
animals
1. Tundra
2. Taiga
4. Temperate
rain forest
5. Tropical
rain
forest
6. Desert
7. Grassland
58 Ecosystems
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3. Temperate
deciduous
forest
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Date
Study Guide
Class
Aquatic Ecosystems
Chapter
18
Directions: Describe two life zones in the ocean and how organisms are affected by the conditions in each zone.
1.
2.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
3. The illustrations above show two types of freshwater ecosystems. Which supports more
species and why?
4. What is an estuary and why is it important to marine organisms?
5. Why are wetlands protected in most areas?
6. How do coral reefs form? What makes them vulnerable to environmental stress?
Ecosystems
59
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1
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Class
Abiotic Factors
Chapter
19
Directions: Write the correct term on the line in front of its definition.
abiotic
elevation
temperature
atmosphere
humus
timberline
biotic
soil
water
climate
sunlight
wind
1. decaying matter found in soil
2. layer of air that surrounds Earth
3. the elevation above which trees cannot grow
4. degree of hotness or coldness measured on a scale
5. features of environment that are alive or were once alive
6. inorganic compound needed for life processes
7. nonliving, physical features of an environment
8. air currents caused by heat from the Sun that warms the air
9. distance above sea level
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
10. energy source for almost all life on Earth
11. average weather conditions in an area over time
12. mixture of mineral and rock particles, remains of dead organisms,
water, air, bacteria, fungi, insects, and worms
Directions: List the six abiotic factors and how each affects the organisms that live in the environment.
Abiotic Factor
Effect on Organisms in the Environment
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
The Nonliving Environment
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Date
2
Study Guide
Class
Cycles in Nature
Chapter
19
Directions: Match the term in Column II with the description in Column I. Write the letter of the correct term in
the blank at the left. All terms may not be used.
Column II
1. photosynthesis is part of this continuous movement
a. nitrogen cycle
2. gas removed from the air during photosynthesis
b. evaporation
3. element that helps plants grow
c. carbon dioxide
4. process that changes nitrogen gas into compound
plants can use
d. water cycle
e. respiration
5. process of water changing from a gas to a liquid
f. nitrogen
6. transfer of nitrogen from air to soil to organism,
and back to air or soil
g. condensation
h. carbon cycle
7. process of water changing from a liquid to a gas
i. transpiration
8. continuous movement of water from Earth’s surface to
the air, and back to Earth’s surface
j. nitrogen fixation
Directions: Match the cause in the first column with the effect in the second column. Write the letter of the
correct effect in the blank at the left. An effect may have more than one cause.
9. water vapor condenses
a. soil infertility
10. fossil fuels burn
b. precipitation
11. forests are cut down
c. increase of carbon dioxide
in the air
12. clouds become large and heavy
13. nitrogen removed when harvesting crops
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
14. What are the three primary steps of the water cycle?
15. Explain the importance of nitrogen to living things.
62 The Nonliving Environment
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Column I
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3
Date
Study Guide
Class
Energy Flow
Directions: Complete the following sentences using the terms listed below.
chemosynthesis
producers
consumers
photosynthesis
Chapter
19
energy pyramid
food web
1. The production of energy-rich food molecules from chemicals is called ____________________.
2. A diagram that shows all the possible feeding, or energy transfer, relationships in a
community is called a(n) ____________________.
3. A food chain begins with ____________________.
4. ____________________ make up the second and higher steps in a food chain.
5. A diagram that shows the comparative amount of energy at each feeding level is called
a(n) ____________________.
6. The production of energy-rich sugar molecules using light energy is called ____________________.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Directions: The steps in the following food chains are out of order. Put them in the correct order by numbering
them using 1 as the producer level. Place the number of the step in the blank at the left.
7. ______ a. hawk
8. ______ a. tiger
______ b. grain
______ b. grass
______ b. hawk
______ b. grass
______ c. mouse
______ c. deer
______ c. grouse
______ c. bear
______ d. snake
9. ______ a. grasses
10. ______ a. marmot
______ d. insects
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
11. In the above food chains, what do all the first-step organisms have in common?
Second-step organisms?
12. Explain why an energy pyramid is in the shape of a pyramid.
The Nonliving Environment
63
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1
Study Guide
Class
Population Impact on
the Environment
Chapter
20
Directions: Use the word bank provided to complete the summary paragraph about population growth.
better nutrition
carrying capacity
clean water
increased rapidly
modern medicine
population
population explosion
size
The human population has (1)____________________ in recent history. Scientists refer to this as
a(n) (2)____________________. Scientists study all the individuals of one species that occupy a
particular area and define this as a (3)____________________. They look for the factors that affect
population size and growth. They study a specific environment to determine the largest number of
individuals that environment can support—referred to as the (4)____________________. Population (5)____________________ depends on the available resources and how they are used. The
human population has increased rapidly because people are living longer due to
(6)____________________, (7)____________________, and (8)____________________.
Directions: Describe how each activity below affects the environment.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
9. Using electricity:
10. Burning fossil fuels:
11. Using water:
12. Eating food:
13. Using pesticides and herbicides:
14. Using plastic:
15. Using paper:
16. Mining resources (metals or gems):
Our Impact on Land
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2
Date
Study Guide
Class
Using Land
Chapter
20
Directions: Decide which of the following effects on the environment are due to natural causes and which are
due to the actions of people. Write natural if the cause is natural. Write people if the cause is people.
1. Fires are set by lightning in a national forest.
2. Groundwater near a sanitary landfill that is close to a school is
found to be radioactive.
3. An earthquake causes damage in some homes.
4. Increasing amounts of herbicides and pesticides are found in rivers
and groundwater.
5. A woodland area in Pennsylvania is torn up for coal mining.
6. Topsoil becomes dust and is blown from farms in a midwestern state.
7. A beach is eroded by high waves.
8. The landfills in a large city are overflowing, and the city wants to
ship its garbage to a landfill on an island south of the United States.
9. A small country can no longer feed its growing population.
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
11. Write the number of the first item above that you decided was due to people. What would you
want to be sure of first if you were called in to solve the problem?
12. Write the number of the last item above that you decided was due to people. What would you
recommend to the people in that area?
13. Which effects might be due to farming methods?
14. Which effects could be lessened if most people practiced conservation by reusing and
recycling materials? Explain your answers.
66 Our Impact on Land
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
10. Some suburbs cannot find landfill room for the grass clippings and
leaves collected.
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3
Date
Study Guide
Conserving Resources
Class
Chapter
20
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
1. What is a recyclable object?
2. Give three reasons why paper should be recycled.
3. Why should aluminum be recycled?
4. How do container laws encourage recycling?
5. How much does recycling reduce the amount of trash a person generates in a lifetime?
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6. List two ways governments encourage recycling.
7. List three ways you can reduce your consumption of materials at school and at home.
8. Do you think governments should require recycling? Why or why not?
Our Impact on Land
67
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Name
Date
1
Study Guide
Class
Water Pollution
Chapter
21
Directions: Write the correct term on the line next to its definition.
fertilizers
metal pollutants
gas and oil pollutants
nonpoint source pollution
sediment
hazardous waste
pesticides
sewage
heat pollutants
point source pollution
1. mercury, lead, nickel, and cadmium used in mining and processing
2. human waste, household detergents, chemicals contaminating water
3. chemicals used to kill insects and weeds may run off into streams
4. chemicals containing nitrogen and phosphorus used to help plants
grow
5. pollution that enters water from a specific location, such as drains and
ditches
6. the largest source of U.S. pollution, contains rock fragments, mineral
grains, soil erosion
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
7. contains less oxygen than cool water; may kill fish and other organisms
8. paint, motor oil, gasoline, and batteries—waste collected by government officials
9. pollution enters water from large areas such as lawns, construction
sites, and roads
10. run-off from roads or boat and tanker leaks that causes unsafe lakes
and groundwater
Directions: Sequence the following events in the order in which they occur. The first has been numbered for you.
(Hint: Refer to Figure 3 in your text for additional help.)
11. Death of a Pond
lack of oxygen causes fish and other organisms to die
algae living in the water use lawn chemicals to grow and multiply quickly
oxygen is used up rapidly when algae die and decompose
1
human applies fertilizer rich in nitrogen and phosphorus to lawn or farmland
lakes and ponds become choked with algae overgrowth
rain washes chemicals into ponds, streams and rivers
Our Impact on Water and Air
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2
Study Guide
Class
Air Pollution
Chapter
21
Directions: Use the clues below to complete the crossword puzzle.
2
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Across
Down
1. Type of alternative power that uses the sun
3. Used in smokestacks to reduce air pollution
6. Colorless, odorless gas that replaces oxygen
in the blood (2 words)
9. Pollutants from air conditioners and
refrigerators (abbreviation)
11. Landforms and temperature inversions
are _____ conditions that contribute to
air pollution.
13. The Montreal Protocol has been signed by
184 different ______.
14. Passed in 1990 to attack problems of
automobile exhaust, factory pollution,
destruction of the ozone, and acid rain
(3 words)
15. Type of smog formed from fossil fuel
pollutants with the aid of light
2. Substances with a pH lower than 7
4. Combination of smoke and fog
5. ______ from buses and trucks contains
particulate matter.
7. The burning of ______ for energy adds
polluting chemicals to the air. (2 words)
8. Pollutant created when sulfur dioxide
from coal-burning power plants combines
with moisture in the air to form sulfuric
acid (2 words)
10. Measures whether a substance is an acid
or a base
12. Breathing ozone and other smog
damages people’s lungs, making them
more susceptible to pneumonia
and ______.
70 Our Impact on Water and Air
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