Chapter 2-1 and 2-2 Guide: Nature of Matter and Properties of Water
Name_______________________________________________________
1. Use the term Atom, Element, or Compound to match the following statements.
_______a. made of 2 or more elements, chemically bonded, in a specific ratio of elements
_______b. smallest, most basic particles of matter
_______c. made of one type of atom
_______d. made of protons, neutrons, and electrons
_______e. basic building blocks of matter
_______f. made of billions of atoms of the same type
2. Similarities and Differences between atoms of the different elements: Complete the following circling
the basic term.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
Every atoms of hydrogen has the (same or different) number of protons.
Every atom of carbon has the (same or different) number of protons and electrons.
Carbon and hydrogen have the (same or different)numbers of protons, electrons, and neutrons.
Each element on the periodic table has (a unique or same) number of protons, electrons, and
neutrons.
Protons are (negatively or positively) charges particles.
Electrons are (negatively or positively) charges particles.
(Electrons, Protons, or Neutrons) form chemical bonds and are found outside of the nucleus.
(Electrons, Protons, or Neutrons) are found in the nucleus of an atom.
3. Drawing the model of an atom:
Follow the example below to draw a model of the following elements. Complete the chart using the
periodic table found in the appendix in the back your textbook or online text to determine the atomic
number or mass number for each element:
4.
a. What is chemical bond?______________________________________________________________
b. Ionic bonds are formed when electrons are ____________________________or _____________________.
c. Covalent bonds are formed when electrons are _________________________________.
d. Which bond is stronger? Ionic or covalent?
5. Ions from atoms. Read page 37 and study figure 2-4 in the text.
a. Ions form when an atom ____________________or _________________________an electron.
b. Atoms that loose electrons become (positively or negatively charged) because they are losing (negative or
positive) charges.
c. Atoms that gain an electron become (positively or negatively charged).
Study the diagram below of how sodium atoms and chlorine atoms become sodium and chloride ion. Then answer
the questions:
d. Which of the atoms had an extra space to fill its outer shell to receive an electron?_____________________
e. What type of bond was formed when the sodium and chlorine become ions?__________________________
f.
Were the sodium and chlorine atoms stable before they bonded?_______Why?_______________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
g. Put the correct charge (+ or -) on each of the ions to show that they gained or lost electrons.
Sodium_________Na
Chlorine______Cl
The Water Molecule
6. Draw a diagram of a water molecule below and label the charged parts.
a.How does the polar nature of water cause it to dissolve positive or negative ions when dissolved in water?
Solutions and Suspensions
7. Complete the table
Substance
Definition
Physical combination of two or more substances
Solute
Example(s)
Cinnamon sugar
Salt in saltwater
Mixture of water and nondissolved substance
Solution
Acids, Bases, and pH
8. What makes pure water neutral?
9. What does the pH scale measure?
Blood
10. On the pH scale, indicate which direction is increasingly acidic and which is increasingly basic.
11. Identify two solutions that have more H+ ions than OH– ions.
12. Identify two solutions that have more OH– ions than H+ ions.
13. How would you buffer a solution that has a pH of 12?
Apply the Big idea
14. Why are buffers important to living things?