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:HWKDQN:RUNLQJIRU:DWHUIRUIXQGLQJWKLVZRUN0U'HUHN0DODQ'HSDUWPHQWRI:DWHU$IIDLUV DQG )RUHVWU\ 3URI 'DYH 5LFKDUGVRQ 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 6WHOOHQERVFK DQG 0U $QGUHZ :DQQHQEXUJK :RUNLQJ IRU :DWHU 3URJUDPPH PDGH YDOXDEOH LQSXWV LQ WKHLU FDSDFLW\ DV PHPEHUV RI WKLV SURMHFW¶VUHIHUHQFHJURXS 7KH IROORZLQJ H[SHUWV DUH WKDQNHG IRU WKHLU HQWKXVLDVWLF SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LQ WZR ZRUNVKRSV DLPHG DW DVVHVVLQJSULRULWLHVLQWKHI\QERVELRPH7RQ\*RUGRQ)LRQD,PSVRQ'HUHN0DODQ5XKYHQH0LOHV $DGLHOD0RHUDW*X\3DOPHU/HLJK3RWWHU3URI'DYH5LFKDUGVRQ'U1~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p. vii The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa Contents ([HFXWLYH6XPPDU\ LL $FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV YLL &RQWHQWVYLLL )LJXUHV [ 7DEOHV [L ,1752'8&7,21 0(7+2'6 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 3 3 3 3 5(68/76)257+()<1%26%,20( 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Selection of biomes Selection of invasive alien plant species within biomes Selection of priority areas within biomes Process used to prioritize species and areas Species selected in the fynbos biome Agreed criteria for the assessment of species Prioritization of species in the fynbos biome Primary catchments selected in the fynbos biome Agreed criteria for assessment of primary catchments in the fynbos biome Prioritization of primary catchments in the fynbos biome 5 6 7 9 10 12 5(68/76)257+(*5$66/$1'%,20( 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 14 15 16 17 18 20 Species selected in the grassland biome Agreed criteria for the assessment of species Prioritization of species in the grassland biome Primary catchments selected in the grassland biome Agreed criteria for assessment of primary catchments in the grassland biome Prioritization of primary catchments in the grassland biome 5(68/76)257+(02,676$9$11$%,20( 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 22 23 24 25 26 27 Species selected in the moist savanna biome Agreed criteria for the assessment of species Prioritization of species in the moist savanna biome Primary catchments selected in the moist savanna biome Agreed criteria for assessment of primary catchments in the moist savanna biome Prioritization of primary catchments in the moist savanna biome 5(68/76)257+($5,'6$9$11$%,20( 6.1 6.2 6.3 28 28 29 Species selected in the arid savanna biome Agreed criteria for the assessment of species Prioritization of species in the arid savanna biome p. viii The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa 6.4 6.5 6.6 Primary catchments selected in the arid savanna biome Agreed criteria for assessment of primary catchments in the arid savanna biome Prioritization of primary catchments in the arid savanna biome 29 30 31 68&&8/(17$1'1$0$.$522%,20(6 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10 33 33 34 36 37 38 39 39 40 41 General approach Species selected in the karoo biomes Agreed criteria for the assessment of species Prioritization of species for the two karoo biomes Primary catchments selected in the succulent karoo biome Agreed criteria for the assessment of primary catchments in the succulent karoo biome Prioritization of primary catchments in the succulent karoo biome Primary catchments selected in the Nama karoo biome Agreed criteria for the assessment of primary catchments in the Nama karoo biome Prioritization of primary catchments in the Nama karoo biome &21&/86,216$1'5(&200(1'$7,216 8.1 8.2 8.3 43 46 47 Current budget allocations according to identified priorities Approaches adopted Recommendations 5()(5(1&(6 p. ix The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa Figures Figure 1. The relative importance and final ranking of invasive alien plant species in the fynbos biome. __________________________________________________________9 Figure 2. The correspondence of the fynbos biome (shaded) with primary catchment boundaries.___________________________________________________________10 Figure 3. The relative importance and final ranking of primary catchments in the fynbos biome._______________________________________________________________13 Figure 4. The relative importance and final ranking of invasive alien plants in the grassland biome. ______________________________________________________17 Figure 5. The correspondence of the grassland biome (shaded) with primary catchment boundaries.___________________________________________________________18 Figure 6. The relative importance and final ranking of primary catchments in the grassland biome. ______________________________________________________20 Figure 7. The relative importance and final ranking of invasive alien plant species in the moist savanna biome. __________________________________________________24 Figure 8. The correspondence of the moist savanna biome (shaded) with primary catchment boundaries. __________________________________________________25 Figure 9. The relative importance and final ranking of primary catchments in the moist savanna biome. _______________________________________________________27 Figure 10. The relative importance and final ranking of invasive alien plants in the arid savanna biome. _______________________________________________________29 Figure 11. The correspondence of the arid savanna biome (shaded) with primary catchment boundaries. __________________________________________________30 Figure 12. The relative importance and final ranking of primary catchments in the arid savanna biome. _______________________________________________________31 Figure 13. The relative importance and final ranking of invasive alien plant species in the Nama and succulent karoo biomes.________________________________________37 Figure 14. The correspondence of the succulent karoo biome (shaded) with primary catchment boundaries. __________________________________________________38 Figure 15. The relative importance and final ranking of primary catchments in the succulent karoo biome.__________________________________________________________39 Figure 16. The correspondence of the Nama karoo biome (shaded) with primary catchment boundaries. _________________________________________________40 Figure 17. The relative importance and final ranking of primary catchments in the Nama karoo biome.__________________________________________________________42 Figure 18. Annual budgets of Working for Water in 13 primary catchments in the fynbos biome in relation to priorities identified in this study. ___________________________43 Figure 19. Annual budgets of Working for Water in nine primary catchments in the grassland biome in relation to priorities identified in this study. ___________________44 Figure 20. Annual budgets of the Working for Water in eight primary catchments in the moist savanna biome in relation to priorities identified in this study. _______________44 Figure 21. Annual budgets of the Working for Water in two primary catchments in the arid savanna biome in relation to priorities identified in this study. ____________________45 p. x The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa Figure 22. Annual budgets of the Working for Water in three primary catchments in the succulent karoo biome in relation to priorities identified in this study. ______________45 Figure 23. Annual budgets of the Working for Water in five primary catchments in the Nama karoo biome in relation to priorities identified in this study. _________________46 Tables Table 1. The 23 invasive alien plant taxa selected for prioritization in the fynbos biome. _______5 Table 2. Nested criteria identified as significant for the purposes of prioritizing invasive alien plant species in the fynbos biome with regard to their impact on the integrity of fynbos ecosystems. Higher-level criteria are divided into sub-criteria, and the relative weightings are given for each. ________________________________7 Table 3. Criteria and associated basis of comparison between species used in the comparison of invasive alien plants in the fynbos biome. ________________________7 Table 4. The 13 primary catchments used as a basis for the prioritization of areas for the control of invasive alien plant species in the fynbos biome. ______________________9 Table 5. Nested criteria identified as significant for the purposes of prioritizing primary catchments in the fynbos biome with regard to focusing scarce resources so as to obtain maximum benefit. Higher-level criteria are divided into sub-criteria, and the relative weightings are given for each.___________________________________12 Table 6. Criteria and associated basis of comparison between primary catchments used in the comparison of areas in the fynbos biome. ______________________________12 Table 7. The 17 invasive alien plant taxa selected for prioritization in the grassland biome._______________________________________________________________14 Table 8. Nested criteria identified as significant for the purposes of prioritizing invasive alien plant species in the grassland biome with regard to their impact on the integrity of grassland ecosystems. Higher-level criteria are divided into subcriteria, and the relative weightings are given for each. _________________________16 Table 9. Criteria and associated basis of comparison between species used in the comparison of invasive alien plants in the grassland biome. _____________________16 Table 10. The nine primary cachment areas used as a basis for the prioritization of areas for the control of invasive alien plant species in the grassland biome. _____________17 Table 11. Nested criteria identified as significant for the purposes of prioritizing primary catchments in the grassland biome with regard to focusing scarce resources so as to obtain maximum benefit. Higher-level criteria are divided into sub-criteria, and the relative weightings are given for each. _______________________________20 Table 12. Values used for different criteria in the comparison of primary catchments in the grassland biome. ______________________________________________________21 Table 13. The 15 invasive alien plant taxa selected for prioritization in the moist savanna biome._______________________________________________________________22 Table 14. Nested criteria identified as significant for the purposes of prioritizing invasive alien plant species in the moist savanna biome with regard to their impact on the integrity of moist savanna ecosystems. Higher-level criteria are divided into sub-criteria, and the relative weightings are given for each. _____________________23 Table 15. Criteria and associated basis of comparison between species used in the comparison of invasive alien plants in the moist savanna biome. _________________24 p. xi The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa Table 16. The eight primary catchments used as a basis for the prioritization of areas for the control of invasive alien plant species in the moist savanna biome. ____________25 Table 17. Nested criteria identified as significant for the purposes of prioritizing primary catchments in the moist savanna biome with regard to focusing scarce resources so as to obtain maximum benefit. Higher-level criteria are divided into sub-criteria, and the relative weightings are given for each. _____________________26 Table 18. Values used for different criteria in the comparison of primary catchments in the moist savanna biome. __________________________________________________27 Table 19. The eight invasive alien plant taxa selected for prioritization in the arid savanna biome._______________________________________________________________28 Table 20. Nested criteria identified as significant for the purposes of prioritizing invasive alien plant species in the arid savanna biome with regard to their impact on the integrity of arid savanna ecosystems. Higher-level criteria are divided into subcriteria, and the relative weightings are given for each. _________________________29 Table 21. The two primary cachments used as a basis for the prioritization of areas for the control of invasive alien plant species in the arid savanna biome. ________________30 Table 22. Nested criteria identified as significant for the purposes of prioritizing primary catchments in the arid savanna biome with regard to focusing scarce resources so as to obtain maximum benefit. Higher-level criteria are divided into subcriteria, and the relative weightings are given for each. _________________________31 Table 23. Values used for different criteria in the comparison of primary catchments in the arid savanna biome. ____________________________________________________32 Table 24. The 18 invasive alien plant taxa selected for prioritization in the Nama and succulent karoo biomes. Some taxa include several species.____________________34 Table 25. Criteria and nested sub-criteria used in assessing the significance of the impacts of invasive alien plant species in the Nama and succulent karoo biomes on the integrity of karoo ecosystems. The relative weightings are given for each criterion and sub-criterion based on pairwise comparisons. _____________________35 Table 26. The three primary catchments used as a basis for the prioritization of areas for the control of invasive alien plant species in the succulent karoo biome. ___________37 Table 27. Nested criteria identified as significant for the purposes of prioritizing primary catchments in the succulent karoo biome with regard to focusing scarce resources so as to obtain maximum benefit. Higher-level criteria are divided into sub-criteria, and the relative weightings are given for each. _____________________39 Table 28. The five primary catchments used for prioritising areas for the control of invasive alien plant species in the Nama karoo biome. _________________________40 Table 29. Nested criteria identified as significant for the purposes of prioritizing primary catchments in the Nama karoo biome. Higher-level criteria are divided into subcriteria, and the relative weightings are given for each. _________________________41 p. xii The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa 1. 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RI WKH I\QERV ELRPH 7KHVH DUH WKH ³IXWXUH´ SUREOHPVSHFLHV:HXVHGDVDWKUHVKROGIRUVHOHFWLQJVSHFLHVIRULQFOXVLRQLQWKHIXWXUHOLVW DQGQRWDVLQWKHFDVHRIWKHSUHVHQWOLVWJLYHQWKHJUHDWHUGHJUHHRIXQFHUWDLQW\LQYROYHG 7KLV OLVW ZDV XVHG DV D VWDUWLQJ SRLQW IRU GLVFXVVLRQ ZLWK D JURXS RI H[SHUWV DQG PRGLILHG DFFRUGLQJO\GXULQJZRUNVKRSV 2.3 Selection of priority areas within biomes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rocess used to prioritize species and areas :HXVHGWKH$QDO\WLF+LHUDUFK\3URFHVV$+3WRIDFLOLWDWHDSURFHVVRISULRULWL]DWLRQ6DDW\ $+3 LV D PXOWLSOH FULWHULD GHFLVLRQPDNLQJ WRRO IRU VHWWLQJ SULRULWLHV ZKHQ ERWK TXDOLWDWLYH DQG TXDQWLWDWLYHDVSHFWVRIDGHFLVLRQQHHGWREHFRQVLGHUHGDQGIRUDFKLHYLQJJURXSFRQVHQVXV7KH WHFKQLTXHZDVGHYHORSHGLQWKH¶VE\'U7KRPDV6DDW\DPDWKHPDWLFLDQDQGHQDEOHVXVHUV WRGHDOZLWKWKHLQWXLWLYHWKHUDWLRQDODQGWKHLUUDWLRQDODQGZLWKULVNDQGXQFHUWDLQW\LQFRPSOH[ VHWWLQJV 7KH SULRULWL]DWLRQ RI DOLHQ LQYDVLYH DOLHQ SODQWV LQYROYHV WKH DVVHVVPHQW RI TXDQWLILDEOH DQG VXEMHFWLYH FULWHULD ZKLFK DUH QRW QRUPDOO\ GLUHFWO\ FRPSDUDEOH $ ZD\ RI GHDOLQJ ZLWK WKLV p. 3 The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa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p. 4 The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa 3. 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The 23 invasive alien plant taxa selected for prioritization in the fynbos biome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p. 5 The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa 3.2 Agreed criteria for the assessment of species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³YDOXHDGGHG´ SURGXFWV IRU H[DPSOH RUQDPHQWDO FDUYLQJV DQG IXUQLWXUH WKDW KDYH VRPH YDOXH 2YHUDOO WKH H[SHUW JURXS UDWHG WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI WKHVH DWWULEXWHV DV RI WKH WRWDO ZHLJKW p. 6 The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa Table 2. Nested criteria identified as significant for the purposes of prioritizing invasive alien plant species in the fynbos biome with regard to their impact on the integrity of fynbos ecosystems. Higher-level criteria are divided into sub-criteria, and the relative weightings are given for each. &ULWHULRQ ,PSDFWVRQHFRV\VWHPVHUYLFHV ,PSDFWRQELRGLYHUVLW\ ,PSDFWRQILUHKD]DUG /DFNRIEHQHILWV 7RWDOV :HLJKWLQJ DVVLJQHG 6XEFULWHULRQ ,PSDFWRQZDWHUUHVRXUFHV ,PSDFWRQKDUYHVWHGSURGXFWV ,PSDFWRQELRGLYHUVLW\ ,PSDFWRQILUHKD]DUG 3ROOLQDWLRQVHUYLFHV )LUHZRRG 9DOXHDGGHGSURGXFWV :HLJKWLQJ DVVLJQHG 3.3 Prioritization of species in the fynbos biome ,QRUGHUWRUDQNWKHLQYDVLYHDOLHQSODQWVSHFLHVLQWHUPVRIWKHLURYHUDOOLPSDFWWKH$+3SURFHVV UHTXLUHVWKDWHDFKLQYDVLYHDOLHQSODQWVSHFLHVEHFRPSDUHGWRHDFKRWKHUVSHFLHVZLWKUHJDUGWR HDFKRIWKHFULWHULD7KHEDVLVIRUFRPSDULVRQVLVVKRZQLQ7DEOH([SHUWHYDOXDWRUVZHUHDVNHG WRFRQVLGHUWKHVHFULWHULDWDNLQJLQWRDFFRXQWWKHVSHFLHV¶FXUUHQWGLVWULEXWLRQDFURVVWKHELRPHDV ZHOODVLWVSRWHQWLDOGLVWULEXWLRQLQIXWXUH Table 3. 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The relative importance and final ranking of invasive alien plant species in the fynbos biome. 3.4 Primary catchments selected in the fynbos biome $ WRWDO RI SULPDU\ FDWFKPHQWV IDOO SDUWLDOO\ ZLWKLQ WKH I\QERV ELRPH LI WKH VSOLWWLQJ RI SULPDU\ FDWFKPHQW * LV WDNHQ LQWR DFFRXQW 7DEOH :H VSOLW SULPDU\ FDWFKPHQW * LQWR WZR SDUWV * FRPSULVHVULYHUVIORZLQJWRWKHQRUWKDQGZHVWHVVHQWLDOO\WKH%HUJ5LYHUFDWFKPHQWDQG*WKH ULYHUVIORZLQJWRWKHVRXWKDQGHDVWVHH)LJXUH)RUWKHSXUSRVHVRIFRPSDULVRQZHVHOHFWHG RQO\ WKRVH TXDWHUQDU\ FDWFKPHQWV ZLWKLQ HDFK SULPDU\ FDWFKPHQW WKDW IHOO FRPSOHWHO\ RU SDUWLDOO\ ZLWKLQWKHI\QERVELRPH Table 4. The 13 primary catchments used as a basis for the prioritization of areas for the control of invasive alien plant species in the fynbos biome. 3ULPDU\FDWFKPHQWGHVLJQDWLRQ ' 1 0 3 4 *±6RXWK ( ) 3ULPDU\FDWFKPHQWQDPH 2UDQJH6DN5LYHU 6XQGD\V 6ZDUWNRSVDQG3RUW(OL]DEHWK .DULHJD&RZLH *UHDW)LVK .RJHOEHUJWR$JXOKDV 2OLIDQWV'RULQJ 1DPDTXDODQG p. 9 The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa *±1RUWK + - . / %HUJFRDVWDOSODLQ %UHHGH *RXULW] 2XWHQLTXDFRDVW *DPWRRVDQG.RXJD N Or an g e Riv er Primary Catchments Fynbos Biome 100 0 100 200 Kilometers ) Beaufort West ( 9 4 / - * 3 Cape Town 1 + . 0 * Port Elizabeth Cape Agulhas Figure 2. The correspondence of the fynbos biome (shaded) with primary catchment boundaries. Letters indicate primary catchment names. 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Nested criteria identified as significant for the purposes of prioritizing primary catchments in the fynbos biome with regard to focusing scarce resources so as to obtain maximum benefit. Higher-level criteria are divided into sub-criteria, and the relative weightings are given for each. &ULWHULRQ 9DOXHRIWKHODQG :HLJKWLQJ DVVLJQHG 3UHVHQFHRISULRULW\LQYDVLYHDOLHQ SODQWV 7KHQHHGIRUVRFLRHFRQRPLF GHYHORSPHQW 7RWDOV 6XEFULWHULRQ 9DOXHIRUZDWHU 9DOXHIRUKDUYHVWHGSURGXFWV &RQVHUYDWLRQLPSRUWDQFH &XUUHQWLPSDFWRILQYDVLYHDOLHQSODQWV 3RWHQWLDOLPSDFWVRILQYDVLYHDOLHQ SODQWV 7KHQHHGIRUVKRUWWHUPMREFUHDWLRQ 7KHRSSRUWXQLWLHVIRUVWDIIH[LWLQJWKH SURJUDPPHWRILQGDOWHUQDWLYH HPSOR\PHQW :HLJKWLQJ DVVLJQHG 3.6 Prioritization of primary catchments in the fynbos biome ,QRUGHUWRUDQNWKHSULPDU\FDWFKPHQWVLQWHUPVRIWKHLURYHUDOOSULRULW\$+3UHTXLUHVWKDWHDFK DUHDEHFRPSDUHGWRHDFKRWKHUDUHDZLWKUHJDUGWRHDFKRIWKHFULWHULD7KHEDVLVIRUFRPSDULVRQV LVVKRZQLQ7DEOH Table 6. 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The relative importance and final ranking of primary catchments in the fynbos biome. p. 13 The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa 4. Results for the grassland biome 4.1 Species selected in the grassland biome 2XU DSSURDFK LQLWLDOO\ LGHQWLILHG LQYDVLYH DOLHQ SODQW VSHFLHV WUHHV VKUXEV KHUEV JUDVVVXFFXOHQWVDQGDQQXDODVLPSRUWDQWLQWKHJUDVVODQGELRPH2IWKHVHVSHFLHVZHUH VHHQ DV SUREOHPV FXUUHQWO\ DQG PRUH ZHUH QRW FXUUHQWO\ D SUREOHP EXW FRXOG SRWHQWLDOO\ EHFRPH D SUREOHP LQ IXWXUH 6HYHQ RI WKH VSHFLHV WKDW FXUUHQWO\ RFFXS\ ! 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Nested criteria identified as significant for the purposes of prioritizing invasive alien plant species in the grassland biome with regard to their impact on the integrity of grassland ecosystems. Higher-level criteria are divided into sub-criteria, and the relative weightings are given for each. &ULWHULRQ ,PSDFWVRQHFRV\VWHPVHUYLFHV ,PSDFWRQELRGLYHUVLW\ ,PSDFWRQILUHKD]DUG /DFNRIEHQHILWV 7RWDOV :HLJKWLQJ DVVLJQHG 6XEFULWHULRQ ,PSDFWRQZDWHUUHVRXUFHV ,PSDFWRQJUD]LQJDQGKDUYHVWHG SURGXFWV ,PSDFWRQELRGLYHUVLW\ ,PSDFWRQILUHKD]DUG /DFNRIEHQHILWV :HLJKWLQJ DVVLJQHG 4.3 Prioritization of species in the grassland biome ,QRUGHUWRUDQNWKHLQYDVLYHDOLHQSODQWVSHFLHVLQWHUPVRIWKHLURYHUDOOLPSDFWWKH$+3SURFHVV UHTXLUHVWKDWHDFKLQYDVLYHDOLHQSODQWVSHFLHVEHFRPSDUHGWRHDFKRWKHUVSHFLHVZLWKUHJDUGWR HDFK RI WKH FULWHULD 7KH EDVLV IRU FRPSDULVRQV LV VKRZQ LQ 7DEOH 7KH H[SHUW HYDOXDWRUV ZHUH DVNHG WR FRQVLGHU WKHVH FULWHULD WDNLQJ LQWR DFFRXQW WKH VSHFLHV¶ FXUUHQW GLVWULEXWLRQ DFURVV WKH ELRPHDVZHOODVLWVSRWHQWLDOGLVWULEXWLRQLQIXWXUH Table 9. 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The relative importance and final ranking of invasive alien plants in the grassland biome. Acacia mearnsii, A. dealbata and decurrens were treated as one taxon for the purposes of this study. 4.4 Primary catchments selected in the grassland biome $ WRWDO RI SULPDU\ FDWFKPHQWV IDOO SDUWLDOO\ ZLWKLQ WKH JUDVVODQG ELRPH )LJXUH 3ULPDU\ FDWFKPHQWV $ 1 4 DQG 5 ZHUH H[FOXGHG EHFDXVH JUDVVODQGV RQO\ RFFXS\ D VPDOO SURSRUWLRQ RI WKHVH SULPDU\ FDWFKPHQWV OHDYLQJ QLQH SULPDU\ FDWFKPHQWV LQ RXU DQDO\VLV 7DEOH )RU WKH SXUSRVHVRIFRPSDULVRQZHVHOHFWHGRQO\WKRVHTXDWHUQDU\FDWFKPHQWVZLWKLQHDFKRIWKHVHQLQH SULPDU\FDWFKPHQWVWKDWIHOOFRPSOHWHO\RUSDUWLDOO\ZLWKLQWKHJUDVVODQGELRPH)LJXUH Table 10. The nine primary catchments used as a basis for the prioritization of areas for the control of invasive alien plant species in the grassland biome. 3ULPDU\FDWFKPHQWGHVLJQDWLRQ % & ' 6 7 8 9 : ; 3ULPDU\FDWFKPHQWQDPH 2OLIDQWV 9DDO 2UDQJH *UHDW.HL 8P]LPYXEX 8PJHQL 7XJHOD 3RQJROR ,QNRPDWL p. 17 The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa % $ ; Johannesburg 9 & : Bethlehem 9 9 Bloemfontein 9 8 9 Durban ' 7 N 9 Primary Catchments Grassland Biome 100 0 100 4 200 Kilometers 1 6 Mhtata 5 Figure 5. The correspondence of the grassland biome (shaded) with primary catchment boundaries. 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Nested criteria identified as significant for the purposes of prioritizing primary catchments in the grassland biome with regard to focusing scarce resources so as to obtain maximum benefit. Higher-level criteria are divided into subcriteria, and the relative weightings are given for each. &ULWHULRQ 9DOXHRIWKHODQGDVDZDWHU FDWFKPHQW 9DOXHRIWKHODQGIRUFRQVHUYDWLRQ 9DOXHRIWKHODQGIRUOLYHVWRFN SURGXFWLRQ 3UHVHQFHRISULRULW\LQYDVLYHDOLHQ SODQWV 3UHVHQFHRISULRULW\SRYHUW\QRGHV &DSDFLW\WRKROGRQWRJDLQVUHDOLVHG DIWHULQLWLDOFOHDULQJRIDOLHQSODQWV 7RWDOV :HLJKWLQJ DVVLJQHG 6XEFULWHULRQ :HLJKWLQJ DVVLJQHG 5HODWLYHLPSRUWDQFHDVDZDWHU SURGXFWLRQDUHD 5HODWLYHGHJUHHRIZDWHUVWUHVV 1RQH 1RQH 1RQH 1RQH 1RQH 4.6 Prioritization of primary catchments in the grassland biome 7KH9DDOFDWFKPHQWHPHUJHGDVWKHKLJKHVWSULRULW\IROORZLQJWKHDVVHVVPHQWSURFHVV)LJXUH 7KH IDFWRUV WKDW FRQWULEXWHG VWURQJO\ WR WKH SULRULW\ RI WKH 9DDO ZHUH D YHU\ KLJK SRWHQWLDO IRU OLYHVWRFNSURGXFWLRQDQGDKLJKYDOXHRIWKHODQGIRUFRQVHUYDWLRQWKHFDWFKPHQWKDVDJUHDWGHDO RI HQGDQJHUHG KDELWDWV RXWVLGH RI IRUPDO FRQVHUYDWLRQ DUHDV 7KH 2OLIDQWV DQG ,QNRPDWL FDWFKPHQWVZHUHDVVLJQHGKLJKSULRULWLHVEHFDXVHRIWKHODUJHDUHDVLQIHVWHGZLWKSULRULW\LQYDVLYH DOLHQSODQWVSHFLHV7KHH[SHUWJURXSWKDWVHOHFWHGWKHZHLJKWLQJIRUFULWHULDLQWKHJUDVVODQGVJDYH D JUHDW GHDO RI ZHLJKW WR WKH FDSDFLW\ WR KROG RQWR JDLQV DIWHU LQLWLDO FOHDULQJ RI LQYDVLYH DOLHQ SODQWV DQG WKLV IDFWRU DOVR FRQWULEXWHG VLJQLILFDQWO\ WR WKH KLJK SULRULW\ IRU WKH WRS WKUHH FDWFKPHQWV ,W PXVW EH VWUHVVHG KRZHYHU WKDW WKH DOORFDWLRQ RI ZHLJKWLQJV IRU WKLV IDFWRU ZHUH QRWVXSSRUWHGE\UREXVWGDWD7KHZHLJKWLQJVIRUWKHGLIIHUHQWFULWHULDDUHVKRZQLQ7DEOH C - Vaal B - Olifants X = Nkomati U = Umgeni T = Umzimvubu D - Orange V = Tugela W = Pongolo S = Gt Kei .205 .142 .141 .134 .104 .086 .085 .075 .028 Figure 6. The relative importance and final ranking of primary catchments in the grassland biome. p. 20 The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa Table 12. Values used for different criteria in the comparison of primary catchments in the grassland biome. &ULWHULRQ 9DOXHRIWKHODQGIRUZDWHUSURGXFWLRQ±UXQRII YROXPHVPLOOLRQVRIP\U 9DOXHRIWKHODQGIRUZDWHUSURGXFWLRQ± UDQNLQJRIUHODWLYHZDWHUVWUHVV $UHDRISULRULW\FRQVHUYDWLRQLPSRUWDQFHNP 9DOXHRIODQGIRUOLYHVWRFNSURGXFWLRQ HVWLPDWHGOLYHVWRFNXQLWV[ 6FRUHIRUSUHVHQFHRISULRULW\LQYDVLYHDOLHQ SODQWVSHFLHV 1XPEHURIUXUDOSRYHUW\QRGHV &DSDFLW\WRKROGRQWRJDLQV % & 3ULPDU\FDWFKPHQW ' 6 7 8 9 : ; " " " " " " " p. 21 " " The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa 5. Results for the moist savanna biome 5.1 Species selected in the moist savanna biome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¶V ZDWWOH $JDYH DPHULFDQD $PHULFDQ DJDYH &XVFXWD FDPSHVWULV FRPPRQ GRGGHU (FKLQRSVLV VSDFKLDQD WRUFK FDFWXV ,SRPRHD LQGLFD PRUQLQJ JORU\ 0DFIDG\HQD XQJXLVFDWL FDW¶V FODZ FUHHSHU 1LFRWLDQD JODXFD ZLOG WREDFFR 3UXQXV SHUVLFDSHDFK 6RODQXPPDXULWLDQXPEXJZHHG 6RODQXPVHDIRUWKLDQXP3RWDWRFUHHSHUDQG ;DQWKLXP VWUXPDULXP ODUJH FRFNOHEXU ,Q DGGLWLRQ WZR RWKHU LQYDGHUV 3URVRSLV JODQGXORVD PHVTXLWH DQG 5RELQLD SVHXGRDFDFLD EODFN ORFXVW ZHUH UHPRYHG EXW LQFOXGHG DV LPSRUWDQW LQYDGHUVLQWKHDULGVDYDQQD7KHH[SHUWJURXSDOVRDGGHGIRXUWD[DWRWKHOLVW &HUHXVMDPDFDUX 4XHHQ RI WKH QLJKW 3DUWKHQLXP K\VWHURSKRUXV 3DUWKHQLXP 3HUHVNLD DFXOHDWD %DUEDGRV JRRVHEHUU\ DQG 6FKLQXV WHUHELQWKLIROLXV %UD]LOLDQ SHSSHU WUHH ,W ZDV DOVR GHFLGHG WR FRPELQH WKHWZRSLQHVDQGWZR 6HQQDVSHFLHVDQGWRWUHDWWKHPDVDVLQJOHWD[RQ7KHILQDOOLVWWKHUHIRUH FRQWDLQHGDOLHQSODQWWD[DVSHFLHVRUJURXSVRIVSHFLHV7DEOH Table 13. The 15 invasive alien plant taxa selected for prioritization in the moist savanna biome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p. 22 The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa 3VLGLXPJXDMDYD*XDYD 6HQQDVSS3HDQXWEXWWHUFDVVLDDQGRWKHUV 6FKLQXVWHUHELQWKLIROLXV%UD]LOLDQSHSSHUWUHH 6PDOOHYHUJUHHQWUHH 6RIWO\ZRRGHGVKUXEV 0HGLXPHYHUJUHHQWUHH %RWK %RWK $GGHG 5.2 Agreed criteria for the assessment of species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±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able 14. Nested criteria identified as significant for the purposes of prioritizing invasive alien plant species in the moist savanna biome with regard to their impact on the integrity of moist savanna ecosystems. Higher-level criteria are divided into sub-criteria, and the relative weightings are given for each. &ULWHULRQ ,PSDFWVRQHFRV\VWHPVHUYLFHV :HLJKWLQJ DVVLJQHG 6XEFULWHULRQ ,PSDFWRQELRGLYHUVLW\ ,PSDFWRQTXDOLW\DQGTXDQWLW\RI ZDWHUUHVRXUFHV /RVVRIJUD]LQJEURZVLQJDQG KDUYHVWHGSURGXFWV 1RQH /DFNRIEHQHILWV ,QFUHDVHGILUHKD]DUG 7RWDOV 1RQH 1RQH :HLJKWLQJ DVVLJQHG p. 23 The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa 5.3 Prioritization of species in the moist savanna biome ,QRUGHUWRUDQNWKHLQYDVLYHDOLHQSODQWVSHFLHVLQWHUPVRIWKHLURYHUDOOLPSDFWWKH$+3SURFHVV UHTXLUHVWKDWHDFKLQYDVLYHDOLHQSODQWVSHFLHVEHFRPSDUHGWRHDFKRWKHUVSHFLHVZLWKUHJDUGWR HDFKRIWKHFULWHULD7KHEDVLVIRUFRPSDULVRQVLVVKRZQLQ7DEOH7KHH[SHUWHYDOXDWRUVZHUH DVNHG WR FRQVLGHU WKHVH FULWHULD WDNLQJ LQWR DFFRXQW WKH VSHFLHV¶ FXUUHQW GLVWULEXWLRQ DFURVV WKH ELRPHDVZHOODVLWVSRWHQWLDOGLVWULEXWLRQLQIXWXUH Table 15. Criteria and associated basis of comparison between species used in the comparison of invasive alien plants in the moist savanna biome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hromoleana odorata Lantana camara .162 .150 Psidium gaujava Parthenium hysterophorus Melia azedarach Cereus jamacaru Schinus terebinthifolius Jacaranda mimosifolia Pinus spp. .100 .084 .075 .057 .055 .049 .045 Acacia mearnsii Pereskia aculeata Caesalpinia decapeta Cestrum laevigatum Arundo donax Senna spp. .042 .041 .040 .040 .030 .028 Figure 7. The relative importance and final ranking of invasive alien plant species in the moist savanna biome. p. 24 The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa 5.4 Primary catchments selected in the moist savanna biome $WRWDORISULPDU\FDWFKPHQWVIDOOSDUWLDOO\ZLWKLQWKHPRLVWVDYDQQDELRPH)LJXUH3ULPDU\ FDWFKPHQWV 3 4 5 6 DQG 7 ZHUH H[FOXGHG EHFDXVH PRLVW VDYDQQDV RQO\ RFFXS\ D VPDOO SURSRUWLRQRIWKHVHSULPDU\FDWFKPHQWV3ULPDU\FDWFKPHQW;ZDVLQDGYHUWHQWO\RPLWWHGOHDYLQJ SULPDU\FDWFKPHQWVLQRXUDQDO\VLV7DEOH)RUWKHSXUSRVHVRIFRPSDULVRQZHVHOHFWHGRQO\ WKRVHTXDWHUQDU\FDWFKPHQWVZLWKLQHDFKRIWKHILQDOVHWRISULPDU\FDWFKPHQWVWKDWIHOOFRPSOHWHO\ RUSDUWLDOO\ZLWKLQWKHPRLVWVDYDQQDELRPH7DEOH Table 16. The eight primary catchments used as a basis for the prioritization of areas for the control of invasive alien plant species in the moist savanna biome. 3ULPDU\FDWFKPHQWGHVLJQDWLRQ $ % 3 5 6 8 9 : 3ULPDU\FDWFKPHQWQDPH /LPSRSR 2OLIDQWV .DULHJD&RZLH .HLVNDPPD%XIIDOR *UHDW.HL 8PJHQL 7XJHOD 3RQJROR Polokwane $ $ 9 % % Pretoria 9 Nelspruit ; 9 ; & : 9 9 9 Bloemfontein : Empangeni 9 8 9 8 Durban ' N 7 7 9 3ULPDU\&DWFKPHQWV 6DYDQQD%LRPH0RLVW 100 0 100 4 6 Mhtata 6 4 200 Kilometers 5 9 East London Figure 8. The correspondence of the moist savanna biome (shaded) with primary catchment boundaries. Letters indicate primary catchment names (see Table 16). p. 25 The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa 5.5 Agreed criteria for assessment of primary catchments in the moist savanna biome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able 17. Nested criteria identified as significant for the purposes of prioritizing primary catchments in the moist savanna biome with regard to focusing scarce resources so as to obtain maximum benefit. Higher-level criteria are divided into sub-criteria, and the relative weightings are given for each. &ULWHULRQ 9DOXHRIWKHODQGDVDZDWHUFDWFKPHQW 9DOXHRIWKHODQGIRUFRQVHUYDWLRQ 9DOXHRIWKHODQGIRUOLYHVWRFN SURGXFWLRQ 3UHVHQFHRISULRULW\LQYDVLYHDOLHQSODQWV 3UHVHQFHRISULRULW\SRYHUW\QRGHV &DSDFLW\WRKROGRQWRJDLQVUHDOLVHG DIWHULQLWLDOFOHDULQJ 7RWDOV :HLJKWLQJ DVVLJQHG 6XEFULWHULRQ :HLJKWLQJ DVVLJQHG 5HODWLYHLPSRUWDQFHDVDZDWHU SURGXFWLRQDUHD 5HODWLYHGHJUHHRIZDWHUVWUHVV 1RQH 1RQH 1RQH 1RQH 1RQH p. 26 The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa 5.6 Prioritization of primary catchments in the moist savanna biome 7KH 8PJHQL DQG 2OLIDQWV FDWFKPHQWV HPHUJHG DV WKH KLJKHVW SULRULWLHV IROORZLQJ WKH DVVHVVPHQW SURFHVV)LJXUH7KHIDFWRUVWKDWFRQWULEXWHGVWURQJO\WRWKHSULRULW\RIWKH8PJHQLLQFOXGHGD UHODWLYHO\KLJKZDWHUUXQRIIDKLJKGHJUHHRILQYDVLRQE\SULRULW\DOLHQVSHFLHVDQGDKLJKFDSDFLW\ WRKROGRQWRJDLQVPDGHE\FOHDULQJRSHUDWLRQV7DEOH,QWKHFDVHRIWKH2OLIDQWVFDWFKPHQW DQXQXVXDOO\KLJKDUHDRISULRULW\FRQVHUYDWLRQYDOXHFRPELQHGZLWKDKLJKGHJUHHRILQYDVLRQE\ SULRULW\DOLHQVSHFLHVFRQWULEXWHGWRWKHKLJKUDQNLQJRIWKLVFDWFKPHQWDUHD U - Umgeni B - Olifants W - Pongolo A - Limpopo S - Great Kei R - Keiskamma - Buffalo V - Tugela P - Kariega - Cowie .216 .207 .162 .138 .090 .078 .072 .038 Figure 9. The relative importance and final ranking of primary catchments in the moist savanna biome. Table 18. Values used for different criteria in the comparison of primary catchments in the moist savanna biome. &ULWHULRQ 9DOXHRIWKHODQGIRUZDWHUSURGXFWLRQ±UXQRIIYROXPHV PLOOLRQVRIP\U 9DOXHRIWKHODQGIRUZDWHUSURGXFWLRQ±VWUHVV $UHDRISULRULW\FRQVHUYDWLRQLPSRUWDQFHNP 9DOXHRIODQGIRUOLYHVWRFNSURGXFWLRQHVWLPDWHGOLYHVWRFN XQLWV[ 6FRUHIRUSUHVHQFHRISULRULW\LQYDVLYHDOLHQSODQWVSHFLHV 1XPEHURIUXUDOSRYHUW\QRGHV (VWLPDWHGFDSDFLW\WRKROGRQWRJDLQV 3ULPDU\FDWFKPHQW $ % 3 5 6 8 9 : " " " " " " " " p. 27 The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa 6. Results for the arid savanna biome 6.1 Species selected in the arid savanna biome $GHVFULSWLRQRIWKHUDWLRQDOIRUGLYLGLQJWKHVDYDQQDELRPHLQWRDULGDQGPRLVWVDYDQQDVLVJLYHQLQ VHFWLRQ 7KH HLJKW VSHFLHV VHOHFWHG E\ WKH H[SHUW JURXS DV LPSRUWDQW DOLHQ LQYDVLYH SODQWV LQ WKHDULGVDYDQQDELRPH7DEOHZHUHDVXEVHWRI VSHFLHVLGHQWLILHGDVLPSRUWDQWLQWKHHQWLUH VDYDQQDELRPH7KH\LQFOXGHGILYHWUHHVSHFLHVWZRVXFFXOHQWVSHFLHVDQGRQHJUDVVVSHFLHV Table 19. The eight invasive alien plant taxa selected for prioritization in the arid savanna biome. 6SHFLHV $UXQGRGRQD[*LDQWUHHG &HUHXVMDPDFDUX4XHHQRIWKHQLJKW 0HOLDD]HGDUDFK3HUVLDQOLODF 2SXQWLDVSS 3RSXOXV[FDQHVFHQV*UH\SRSODUV 3URVRSLV[JODQGXORVD0HVTXLWH 5RELQLDSVHXGRDFDFLD%ODFNORFXVW 6FKLQXVPROOH3HSSHUWUHH /LIHIRUP 7DOOJUDVV 6XFFXOHQW 7UHH 6XFFXOHQW 7UHH 7UHH 7UHH 7UHH 6.2 Agreed criteria for the assessment of species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p. 28 The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa Table 20. Nested criteria identified as significant for the purposes of prioritizing invasive alien plant species in the arid savanna biome with regard to their impact on the integrity of arid savanna ecosystems. Higher-level criteria are divided into subcriteria, and the relative weightings are given for each. &ULWHULRQ :HLJKWLQJ DVVLJQHG ,PSDFWVRQHFRV\VWHPVHUYLFHV ,PSDFWRQELRGLYHUVLW\ /DFNRIEHQHILWV 7RWDOV 6XEFULWHULRQ ,PSDFWRQZDWHUUHVRXUFHV ,PSDFWRQJUD]LQJDQGKDUYHVWHG SURGXFWV ,PSDFWRQELRGLYHUVLW\ :HLJKWLQJ DVVLJQHG /DFNRIEHQHILWV 6.3 Prioritization of species in the arid savanna biome ,Q DULG VDYDQQD DUHDV WKH H[SHUW JURXS LGHQWLILHG PHVTXLWH 3URVRSLV JODQGXORVD DV WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW LQYDVLYH VSHFLHV E\ D FRQVLGHUDEOH PDUJLQ )LJXUH 7KLV ZDV EHFDXVH RI WKH ZLGHVSUHDGGLVWULEXWLRQRIWKHVSHFLHVDORQJGU\ULYHUFRXUVHVZKHUHLWKDVDVLJQLILFDQWLPSDFWRQ ZDWHU UHVRXUFHV ELRGLYHUVLW\ DQG JUD]LQJ UHVRXUFHV 7KH UHPDLQLQJ VSHFLHV ZHUH DVVLJQHG D URXJKO\HTXDOEXWOHVVHUGHJUHHRILPSRUWDQFH Prosposis glandulosa Populus x canescens Schinus molle Cereus jamacaru Melia azedarach Cacti without bio-control Robinia pseudacacia Arundo donax .286 .123 .122 .100 .096 .096 .094 .083 Figure 10. The relative importance and final ranking of invasive alien plants in the arid savanna biome. 6.4 Primary catchments selected in the arid savanna biome 7KHUH DUH RQO\ WZR SULPDU\ FDWFKPHQWV WKDW IDOO ZLWKLQ WKH DULG VDYDQQD ELRPH LQ 6RXWK $IULFD 7DEOH)RUWKHSXUSRVHVRIFRPSDULVRQZHVHOHFWHGRQO\WKRVHTXDWHUQDU\FDWFKPHQWVZLWKLQ HDFKSULPDU\FDWFKPHQWWKDWIHOOFRPSOHWHO\RUSDUWLDOO\ZLWKLQWKHDULGVDYDQQDELRPH)LJXUH p. 29 The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa Table 21. The two primary cachments used as a basis for the prioritization of areas for the control of invasive alien plant species in the arid savanna biome. 3ULPDU\FDWFKPHQWGHVLJQDWLRQ & ' 3ULPDU\FDWFKPHQWQDPH 9DDO 2UDQJH Botswana $ $ Mafikeng 9 Namibia 9 Vryburg Kuruman 9 & & ' 9 Upington 9 N Kimberley Primary Catchments Savanna Biome - Dry ' 100 0 100 200 Kilometers Figure 11. The correspondence of the arid savanna biome (shaded) with primary catchment boundaries. Letters indicate primary catchment names (see Table 19). 6.5 Agreed criteria for assessment of primary catchments in the arid savanna biome 6L[PDMRUFULWHULDZHUHLGHQWLILHGDVDEDVLVIRUWKHSULRULWL]DWLRQRISULPDU\FDWFKPHQWVLQWKHDULG VDYDQQD ELRPH 7DEOH 2I WKHVH WKH FULWHULRQ UHODWLQJ WR WKH YDOXH RI WKH ODQG DV D ZDWHU FDWFKPHQWZDVVXEGLYLGHG 7KH YDOXH RI WKH ODQG IRU ZDWHU SURGXFWLRQ ZDV UDQNHG E\ D JURXS RI WKH H[SHUWV EDVHG RQ WKH UHODWLYHPHDQDQQXDOUDLQIDOOLQWKHSULPDU\FDWFKPHQW:DWHUVWUHVVZDVGHILQHGDVWKHGLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQZDWHUDYDLODELOLW\ DQGUHTXLUHPHQWVIRUWKH\HDUYDQ:LOJHQ HWDO3ULPDU\ FDWFKPHQWVZLWKDKLJKHUGHJUHHRIZDWHUVWUHVVZHUHJLYHQDKLJKHUSULRULW\ p. 30 The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa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able 22. Nested criteria identified as significant for the purposes of prioritizing primary catchments in the arid savanna biome with regard to focusing scarce resources so as to obtain maximum benefit. Higher-level criteria are divided into subcriteria, and the relative weightings are given for each. &ULWHULRQ 9DOXHRIWKHODQGIRUZDWHUSURGXFWLRQ 9DOXHRIWKHODQGLQWHUPVRI FRQVHUYDWLRQLPSRUWDQFH 9DOXHRIWKHODQGIRUOLYHVWRFN SURGXFWLRQ 3UHVHQFHRISULRULW\LQYDVLYHDOLHQ SODQWV 3UHVHQFHRISULRULW\SRYHUW\QRGHV &DSDFLW\WRKROGRQWRJDLQVUHDOLVHG DIWHULQLWLDOFOHDULQJ 7RWDOV :HLJKWLQJ DVVLJQHG 6XEFULWHULRQ :HLJKWLQJ DVVLJQHG :DWHUSURGXFWLRQDUHD :DWHUVWUHVVHGDUHD 1RQH 1RQH 1RQH 1RQH 1RQH 6.6 Prioritization of primary catchments in the arid savanna biome 2QO\ WZR SULPDU\ FDWFKPHQWV RFFXUUHG LQ WKH DULG VDYDQQD ELRPH DQG RXU DSSURDFK GLG QRW LGHQWLI\DQ\VLJQLILFDQWIDFWRUVWKDWZRXOGVHSDUDWHWKHVHFDWFKPHQWV7DEOH$VDUHVXOWERWK SULPDU\FDWFKPHQWVDUHDSSUR[LPDWHO\HTXDOLQSULRULW\)LJXUH C - Vaal D - Orange .502 .498 Figure 12. The relative importance and final ranking of primary catchments in the arid savanna biome. p. 31 The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa Table 23. Values used for different criteria in the comparison of primary catchments in the arid savanna biome. &ULWHULRQ 9DOXHRIWKHODQGIRUZDWHUSURGXFWLRQ±UXQRIIYROXPHVPLOOLRQVRIP\U 9DOXHRIZDWHU±UHODWLYHGHJUHHRIVWUHVV $UHDRISULRULW\FRQVHUYDWLRQLPSRUWDQFHNP 9DOXHRIODQGIRUOLYHVWRFNSURGXFWLRQHVWLPDWHGOLYHVWRFNXQLWV[ 3UHVHQFHRISULRULW\VSHFLHVOXPSHGSUHVHQWDQGIXWXUH±PDNHQRWHLQUHSRUW 1XPEHURIUXUDOSRYHUW\QRGHV 5HODWLYHFDSDFLW\WRKROGRQWRJDLQV 3ULPDU\ FDWFKPHQW & ' p. 32 The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa 7. Succulent and Nama karoo biomes 7.1 General approach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pecies selected in the karoo biomes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p. 33 The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa HPHUJLQJ LQYDGHUV WKH ODWWHU SUREDEO\ EHLQJ ZLGHVSUHDG EXW ODUJHO\ XQQRWLFHG XQWLO UHFHQWO\ 'HEELH6KDUSSHUVRQDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQ Table 24. The 18 invasive alien plant taxa selected for prioritization in the Nama and succulent karoo biomes. Some taxa include several species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¶VEXVK 7DPDUL[UDPRVLVVLPDSLQNWDPDULVN ;DQWKLXPVSLQRVXPERHWHERV 1DPDRUVXFFXOHQW NDURR )\QERVWUDQVLWLRQ %RWK<HV 6XFFXOHQW<HV 6XFFXOHQW %RWK &XUUHQW RUIXWXUH WKUHDW" %RWK %RWK %RWK %RWK %RWK %RWK 1DPD %RWK<HV %RWK<HV %RWK )XWXUH %RWK %RWK %RWK 6XFFXOHQW<HV %RWK %RWK<HV 1DPD<HV )XWXUH )XWXUH %RWK<HV %RWK %RWK 1DPD %RWK %RWK %RWK %RWK %RWK<HV %RWK %RWK %RWK 7.3 Agreed criteria for the assessment of species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p. 34 The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa Table 25. Criteria and nested sub-criteria used in assessing the significance of the impacts of invasive alien plant species in the Nama and succulent karoo biomes on the integrity of karoo ecosystems. 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The relative importance and final ranking of invasive alien plant species in the Nama and succulent karoo biomes 7.5 Primary catchments selected in the succulent karoo biome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able 26. The three primary catchments used as a basis for the prioritization of areas for the control of invasive alien plant species in the succulent karoo biome. 3ULPDU\FDWFKPHQWGHVLJQDWLRQ ( ) - 3ULPDU\FDWFKPHQWQDPH 1DPDTXDODQG 2OLIDQWVDQG'RULQJ *RXULW] p. 37 The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa Namibia 9 Port Nolloth Springbok 9 ) ' Calvinia Van Rhynsdorp 9 9 ( Beaufort West 9 N - * Primary Catchments Succulent Karoo Biome 80 0 80 Kilometers Worcester Oudtshoorn 9 9 + Figure 14. . The correspondence of the succulent karoo biome (shaded) with primary catchment boundaries. Letters indicate primary catchment names (see Table 26). 7.6 Agreed criteria for the assessment of primary catchments in the succulent karoo biome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p. 38 The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa Table 27. Nested criteria identified as significant for the purposes of prioritizing primary catchments in the succulent karoo biome with regard to focusing scarce resources so as to obtain maximum benefit. Higher-level criteria are divided into sub-criteria, and the relative weightings are given for each. &ULWHULRQ 5HWDLQLQWHJULW\RIWKHZDWHUUHVRXUFH :HLJKWLQJ DVVLJQHG 3UHVHQFHRISULRULW\LQYDVLYHDOLHQ SODQWV 0D[LPLVHVRFLRHFRQRPLFEHQHILWV 7RWDOV 6XEFULWHULRQ 5HWDLQIUHVKVXUIDFHZDWHUV\VWHPV 5HWDLQEUDNZDWHUV\VWHPV 5HWDLQJURXQGZDWHUV\VWHPV 3URWHFWELRGLYHUVLW\ &XUUHQWLPSDFW 3RWHQWLDOLPSDFW 6KRUWWHUPMREFUHDWLRQ 2SSRUWXQLWLHVIRUIXWXUHMREV :HLJKWLQJ DVVLJQHG 7.7 Prioritization of primary catchments in the succulent karoo biome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ouritz E - Olifants/Doring (Succulent) F - Namaqualand (Succulent) .387 .348 .264 Figure 15. The relative importance and final ranking of primary catchments in the succulent karoo biome. 7.8 Primary catchments selected in the Nama karoo biome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p. 39 The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa Table 28. The five primary catchments used as a basis for the prioritization of areas for the control of invasive alien plant species in the Nama karoo biome. 3ULPDU\FDWFKPHQWGHVLJQDWLRQ ' ' - / 1 3ULPDU\FDWFKPHQWQDPH 2UDQJH2QJHUV%UDNDQG6HHNRHLULYHUV 2UDQJH6DNDQG+DUWHEHHVULYHUV *RXULW] *DPWRRV 6XQGD\V Namibia & Upington Kimberley 9 9 9 9 Prieska Trompsburg Springbok 9 ' ) De Aar 9 Carnarvon 9 ( 9 Cradock 9 9 Beaufort West N 9 Prince Albert Primary Catchments Nama Karoo Biome 100 / - 0 4 Graaff Reinet 1 9 3 Willowmore 100 Kilometers Figure 16. The correspondence of the Nama karoo biome (shaded) with primary catchment boundaries. Letters indicate primary catchment names (see Table 28). 7.9 Agreed criteria for the assessment of primary catchments in the Nama karoo biome 7KH UHDFKHV RI WKH 2UDQJH 5LYHU LWVHOI ZHUH JURXSHG ZLWK WKH WULEXWDULHV ' IURP .DNDPDV WR DERXW%HWKXOLHLQWKHVRXWKHUQ)UHH6WDWHDQG'IURP.DNDPDVWRWKHULYHUPRXWK7KHHDVWHUQ VHFWLRQ'LQFOXGHVWKH8SLQJWRQDUHDZLWKLWVH[WHQVLYHDUHDVRILUULJDWHGDJULFXOWXUH7KHDUHD DOVRKDVWKHKLJKHVWSRWHQWLDOIRUMREVZKLFKLQIOXHQFHGWKHZHLJKWLQJJLYHQWRWKLVVXEFDWFKPHQW IRUVRFLRHFRQRPLFEHQHILWV7DEOH7KHJUHDWHVWZHLJKWZDVJLYHQWRWKHSURWHFWLRQRIZDWHU UHVRXUFHV ZLWK JURXQGZDWHU JHWWLQJ PRUH WKDQ KDOI WKH ZHLJKW RI WKH VXEFULWHULD 7KLV LV EHFDXVH JURXQGZDWHU LV FULWLFDO IRU WKH JUD]LQJ LQGXVWU\ ZKLFK LV WKH PDLQ DJULFXOWXUDO SUDFWLFH LQ WHUPV RI WKH DUHD WKDW LV IDUPHG *URXQGZDWHU LV DOVR YHU\ LPSRUWDQW IRU PRVW WRZQV DQG WKH RQO\ ZDWHU VRXUFH IRU PDQ\ RI WKHP 7KH KLJK LPSDFW LQYDVLYH DOLHQ SODQWV p. 40 The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa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able 29. Nested criteria identified as significant for the purposes of prioritizing primary catchments in the Nama karoo biome with regard to focusing scarce resources so as to obtain maximum benefit. Higher-level criteria are divided into subcriteria, and the relative weightings are given for each. &ULWHULRQ 5HWDLQLQWHJULW\RIWKHZDWHUUHVRXUFH DQGELRGLYHUVLW\ :HLJKWLQJ DVVLJQHG 0DLQWDLQDJULFXOWXUDOSRWHQWLDOLQ GU\ODQGV 3UHVHQFHRISULRULW\LQYDVLYHDOLHQ SODQWV 0D[LPLVHVRFLRHFRQRPLFEHQHILWV 7RWDOV 6XEFULWHULRQ 5HWDLQSHUPDQHQWDQGVHDVRQDO VXUIDFHZDWHU 5HWDLQJURXQGZDWHUV\VWHPV 3URWHFWELRGLYHUVLW\ 1RQH :HLJKWLQJ DVVLJQHG &XUUHQWLPSDFW 3RWHQWLDOLPSDFW 6KRUWWHUPMREFUHDWLRQ 2SSRUWXQLWLHVIRUIXWXUHMREV 7.10 Prioritization of primary catchments in the Nama karoo biome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p. 41 The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa D2 - Ongers / Brak / Seekoei D1 - Sakrivier / Hartebees (Nama) N - Sundays (Nama) L - Gamtoos (Nama) J - Gouritz .341 .223 .199 .139 .099 Figure 17. The relative importance and final ranking of primary catchments in the Nama karoo biome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p. 42 The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa 8. Conclusions and recommendations 8.1 Current budget allocations according to identified priorities :HREWDLQHGGDWDRQWKHEXGJHWDOORFDWLRQVIRUSURMHFWVLQWKH:RUNLQJIRU:DWHUSURJUDPPHIRU WKHILQDQFLDO\HDUIURP0U$QGUHZ:DQQHQEHUJ7KHGDWDLQFOXGHGDQDQQXDOEXGJHWDQG WKHJHRJUDSKLF FRRUGLQDWHVRIHDFKSURMHFW :HRYHUOD\HGWKHVHGDWDRQWKHELRPHDQGSULPDU\ FDWFKPHQW GDWD OD\HUV WR GHULYH LQIRUPDWLRQ RQ WKH EXGJHWV DOORFDWHG WR ELRPHV ZLWKLQ SULPDU\ FDWFKPHQWV &XUUHQWH[SHQGLWXUHRIWKH:RUNLQJIRU:DWHUSURJUDPPHLQWKHI\QERVELRPHLVHVVHQWLDOO\LQOLQH ZLWKWKHSULRULWLHVLGHQWLILHGKHUH)LJXUH,IDQ\WKLQJVSHQGLQJFRXOGEHLQFUHDVHGLQSULPDU\ FDWFKPHQW + %UHHGH 5LYHU SULRULW\ DQG EXGJHW 5 PLOOLRQ DQG GHFUHDVHG LQ SULPDU\ FDWFKPHQW.*DUGHQ5RXWHSULRULW\EXGJHWPLOOLRQ Figure 18. Annual budgets of Working for Water in 13 primary catchments in the fynbos biome in relation to priorities identified in this study. Note that primary catchment G is spilt into two parts: G1= rivers flowing to the north and west and G2 =rivers flowing to the south and east (see Figure 2). &XUUHQWH[SHQGLWXUHRIWKH:RUNLQJIRU:DWHUSURJUDPPHLQWKHJUDVVODQGELRPHLQGLFDWHWKDWWKH DPRXQWVEXGJHWHGIRUHDFKSULPDU\FDWFKPHQWDUHLQOLQHZLWKWKHSULRULWLHVLGHQWLILHGKHUH)LJXUH ZLWKWZRH[FHSWLRQV7KH8P]LPYXEXFDWFKPHQWSULPDU\FDWFKPHQW7UHFHLYHVDEXGJHWRI 5 PLOOLRQ DQG KDV D SULRULW\ RI LQGLFDWLQJ WKDW WRR PXFK IXQGLQJ LV JRLQJ LQWR WKLV SDUWLFXODUFDWFKPHQW2QWKHRWKHUKDQGWKH,QNRPDWLFDWFKPHQWSULPDU\FDWFKPHQW;UHFHLYHV RQO\5PLOOLRQGHVSLWHDSULRULW\RILQGLFDWLQJWKDWPRUHIXQGLQJZRXOGEHDSSURSULDWHLQ WKLVDUHD p. 43 The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa Figure 19. Annual budgets of Working for Water in nine primary catchments in the grassland biome in relation to priorities identified in this study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igure 20. Annual budgets of the Working for Water in eight primary catchments in the moist savanna biome in relation to priorities identified in this study. p. 44 The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa 7KH RQO\ WZR SULPDU\ FDWFKPHQWV LQ WKH DULG VDYDQQD ELRPH ZHUH DOORFDWHG WKH VDPH OHYHO RI SULRULW\ 7KHVH WZR FDWFKPHQWV DOVR UHFHLYH VLPLODU DQQXDO EXGJHWV )LJXUH LQGLFDWLQJ WKDW EXGJHWDOORFDWLRQVDUHDSSURSULDWH Figure 21. Annual budgets of the Working for Water in two primary catchments in the arid savanna biome in relation to priorities identified in this study. &XUUHQWO\ WKH :RUNLQJ IRU :DWHU SURJUDPPH RQO\ DOORFDWHV IXQGLQJ WR RQH RI WKH WKUHH SULPDU\ FDWFKPHQWVLQWKHVXFFXOHQWNDURRELRPH)LJXUH7KHIDFWWKDWWKHSURJUDPPHDSSHDUVWREH WRWDOO\LQDFWLYHLQWKHKLJKHVWSULRULW\FDWFKPHQWSULPDU\FDWFKPHQW-*RXULW]VXJJHVWVWKDWDQG DSSURSULDWHSRUWLRQRIWKHDYDLODEOHIXQGVVKRXOGEHUHDOORFDWHGWRWKDWFDWFKPHQW Figure 22. Annual budgets of the Working for Water in three primary catchments in the succulent karoo biome in relation to priorities identified in this study. p. 45 The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa &XUUHQWH[SHQGLWXUHRIWKH:RUNLQJIRU:DWHUSURJUDPPHLQWKH1DPDNDURRLVHVVHQWLDOO\LQOLQH ZLWKWKHSULRULWLHVLGHQWLILHGKHUH)LJXUH+RZHYHULWGRHVDSSHDUWKDWIXQGVPD\KDYHEHHQ RYHUDOORFDWHGWRSULPDU\FDWFKPHQW-WKH*RXULW]ZKLFKKDVDQDQQXDOEXGJHWRIPLOOLRQEXW KDVWKHORZHVWSULRULW\ Figure 23. Annual budgets of the Working for Water in five primary catchments in the Nama karoo biome in relation to priorities identified in this study. Note that primary catchment D is spilt into two parts: D1= Ongers, Brak and Seekoei rivers and D2 = Sak and Hartebees rivers (see Section 7.8). 8.2 Approaches adopted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¶VDFWLYLWLHVDQGFRQVHTXHQWO\IRUWKHPRUHHIIHFWLYHDQG HIILFLHQWLQYHVWPHQWRILWVIXQGVDQGWKHDFKLHYHPHQWRILWVRYHUDOOJRDOV p. 46 The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa 8.3 Recommendations 7KLV VWXG\ KDV EHHQ VXFFHVVIXO LQ GHYHORSLQJ D SUHOLPLQDU\ DSSURDFK WR WKH SULRULWL]DWLRQ RI ERWK VSHFLHVDQGDUHDVIRUFRQWURORSHUDWLRQV+RZHYHUDQXPEHURIIROORZXSDFWLRQVZLOOEHQHHGHGLI WKLVDSSURDFKLVWRGHOLYHULWVIXOOSRWHQWLDOLQWHUPVRIKHOSLQJWKH:RUNLQJIRU:DWHUSURJUDPPHWR LPSURYHLWVRSHUDWLRQVDQGLWVLPSDFW:LWKWKLVLQPLQGZHUHFRPPHQGWKHIROORZLQJ 7KDWWKHXVHRI$+3EHDGRSWHGE\:RUNLQJIRU:DWHU¶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p. 47 The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa 9. 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