Last update to this document: 07/14/16
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Sample 1
Sample 2
Sample 3
Sample 1
Sample 2
Sample 3
Cronbach’s Alpha
.92
.91
.93
Scale Mean
3.46
2.32
3.52
Average Inter-item Correlation
.45
.38
.48
Scale Variance
1.76
.1.27 1.87
Number of Items
12
12
12
Scale Standard Deviation
1.33
1.13
CFSA-v5 Global Score**
All correlations are statistically
significant at p<.000
0.25
CFSA-v5 Global Score*
1.37
0.30
DDS Total Score***
0.34
DDS Total Score**
0.19
DDS Total Score*
0.23
PHQ-9 Total Score***
0.38
PCL-5 Total Score***
0.44
PCL-C Total Score*
0.40
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
*Based on Sample 1 data (N=592), **Based on Sample 2 data (N=1799), ***Based on Sample 3 data (N=991)
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
Sample 1 (N=592)
Corrections Staff (all types)
Sample 3 (N=991)
Security Staff (Only)
Sample 2 (N=1799)
Corrections Staff (all types)
Frequencies Expressed as Percentages
1.4
3.6
0.4
3.7
4.2
13.2
16
0.9
13.3
14
2.4
2.6
6.7
9.8
1.9
5.8
4
1.3
3.1
17.2
29.2
18.3
6.8
5.8
1.4
3.8
2.9
8.3
16.1
7.2
15.5
18.6
28.7
3
9.3
16.7
12.6
16.5
12.1
12.1
9.9
12.7
10.1
3.8
1.3
3.1
4.1
3.5
10.8
11.6
18.1
19.5
7.6
25.8
11.2
7.7
8.8
68.8
70.5
65.1
59
49.2
5.7
11.2
7.1
65.3
60.3
47.4
46
39.2
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q5
Never
Once
2-3 Times
Q7
Q8
4-6 Times
Q6
7-9 Times
32.2
29.6
Q9
Q10
10+ Times
Q11
Q12
THE VIOLENCE, INJURY, AND DEATH EXPOSURE SCALE™
Copyright Michael D. Denhof, PhD and Caterina G. Spinaris, PhD
Instructions: Read each question below and indicate the most accurate answer for you from among the choices. Answer the questions in
terms of what has been true during your work activity in your occupational work role or setting.
How many times have you been physically assaulted or injured due to the violent behavior of another person or group?
Q1
○ Never
○ Once
○ 2-3 Times ○ 4-6 Times ○ 7-9 Times ○ 10+ Times
How many times has another person or group attempted (but failed) to physically harm you?
Q2
○ Never
○ Once
○ 2-3 Times ○ 4-6 Times ○ 7-9 Times ○ 10+ Times
How many times have you been threatened with violence or death by another person or group?
Q3
○ Never
Q4
○ Once
○ 2-3 Times ○ 4-6 Times ○ 7-9 Times ○ 10+ Times
How many times have you witnessed someone being physically injured by another person or group or through self-injury?
○ Never
○ Once
○ 2-3 Times ○ 4-6 Times ○ 7-9 Times ○ 10+ Times
How many times have you witnessed a failed attempt by a person or group to physically harm someone?
Q5
○ Never
○ Once
○ 2-3 Times ○ 4-6 Times ○ 7-9 Times ○ 10+ Times
How many times have you witnessed a person or group directing a threat of violence or death at someone other than you?
Q6
○ Never
○ Once
○ 2-3 Times ○ 4-6 Times ○ 7-9 Times ○ 10+ Times
How many times have you witnessed a death, including death by suicide?
Q7
○ Never
○ Once
○ 2-3 Times ○ 4-6 Times ○ 7-9 Times ○ 10+ Times
How many times have you witnessed suicide attempts that did not result in death?
Q8
○ Never
○ Once
○ 2-3 Times ○ 4-6 Times ○ 7-9 Times ○ 10+ Times
How many times have you learned about suicides or suicide attempts, without witnessing them directly?
Q9
○ Never
Q 10
○ 2-3 Times ○ 4-6 Times ○ 7-9 Times ○ 10+ Times
How many times have you learned about someone being threatened with harm by another person or group, without
witnessing it directly?
○ Never
Q 11
○ Once
○ Once
○ 2-3 Times ○ 4-6 Times ○ 7-9 Times ○ 10+ Times
How many times have you learned about someone being physically harmed through self-injury or by another person
or group, without witnessing it directly?
○ Never
○ Once
○ 2-3 Times ○ 4-6 Times ○ 7-9 Times ○ 10+ Times
How many times have you heard learned about a death without witnessing it directly?
Q 12
○ Never
○ Once
○ 2-3 Times ○ 4-6 Times ○ 7-9 Times ○ 10+ Times
How many times have you learned about an attempted murder without witnessing it directly?
Q 13
○ Never
○ Once
○ 2-3 Times ○ 4-6 Times ○ 7-9 Times ○ 10+ Times
THE VIOLENCE, INJURY, AND DEATH EXPOSURE SCALE™ -v2
Copyright Michael D. Denhof, PhD and Caterina G. Spinaris, PhD
Response-to-Numeric Score Conversion Key
Average Score-to-Interpretive Category Conversion
Copyright © 2014-2016 Michael D. Denhof , PhD and Caterina G. Spinaris, PhD. The VIDES-v2 and its scoring system can be freely used in the Public Domain for noncommercial purposes only. It may be photocopied for paper and pencil administration or hosted for computer based and/or online administration under the condition that its
form not be altered (e.g., instructions, item wording and item order must remain as is) and the authors and copyright holders must be referenced in any and all publications of
research utilizing the VIDES. Use of the VIDES outside of the stated guidelines represents a copyright and terms of use violation.