Appendix C
8 Chapter 1 • Keys to the Study of Chemistry
Equilibrium Constants for Selected Substances*
Dissociation (Ionization) Constants (Ka) of Selected Acids
Name and Formula
Acetic acid
CH3COOH
Lewis Structure†
H
H
O
C
C
Ka2
Ka3
1.831025
H
O
H
H
Acetylsalicylic acid
CH3COOC6H4COOH
Ka1
H
H
O
C
C
C
C
C
C
O
H
C
O
O
H
C
C
3.631024
H
H
H
Adipic acid
HOOC(CH2)4COOH
H
O
O
H
H
H
H
O
C
C
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
O
H
3.831025
3.831026
631023
1.131027
1.031025
5310212
O
Arsenic acid
H3AsO4
H
O
As
O
O
H
H
H
O
C
H
H
O
H
C
C
H
H
H
Benzoic acid
C6H5COOH
3310212
H
C
C
O
O
H
O
C
C
H
O
C
O
Ascorbic acid
H2C6H6O6
H
C
C
C
C
O
H
6.331025
C
H
H
O
Carbonic acid
H2CO3
Chloroacetic acid
ClCH2COOH
Chlorous acid
HClO2
H
Cl
O
C
O
H
O
C
C
O
Cl
O
H
H
4.531027
4.7310211
1.431023
H
H
O
1.131022
*All values at 298 K, except for acetylsalicylic acid, which is at 37ºC (310 K) in 0.15 M NaCl.
†
Acidic (ionizable) proton(s) shown in red. Structures have lowest formal charges. Benzene rings show one resonance form.
(continued)
A-8
siL02656_apA-D_A-1_A-14.indd 8
12/9/10 8:28:17 AM
Appendix C • Equilibrium Constants for Selected Substances A-9
Dissociation (Ionization) Constants (Ka) of Selected Acids
Name and Formula
Lewis Structure†
Ka1
Ka2
7.431024
1.731025
Ka3
H
Citric acid
HOOCCH2C(OH)(COOH)CH2COOH
H
O
O
H
O
H
O
C
C
C
C
C
C
H
O
O
H
H
O
H
4.031027
O
Formic acid
HCOOH
Glyceric acid
HOCH2CH(OH)COOH
Glycolic acid
HOCH2COOH
Glyoxylic acid
HC(O)COOH
Hydrocyanic acid
HCN
Hydrofluoric acid
HF
Hydrosulfuric acid
H 2S
Hypobromous acid
HBrO
Hypochlorous acid
HClO
Hypoiodous acid
HIO
H
H
H
C
O
O
1.831024
O
H
H
H
O
C
C
C
H
O
H
H
O
C
C
O
O
H
O
H
H
2.931024
1.531024
H
H
O
O
C
C
H
C
N
H
F
H
S
H
931028
H
O
Br
2.331029
H
O
Cl
2.931028
H
O
I
2.3310211
3.5 31024
6.2310210
6.831024
1310217
O
Iodic acid
HIO3
Lactic acid
CH3CH(OH)COOH
H
H
O
I
O
H
H
O
C
C
C
H
O
H
O
H
1.431024
H
H
Maleic acid
HOOCCH CHCOOH
1.631021
C
C
O
C
C
O
H
O
O
H
1.231022
4.731027
(continued )
siL02656_apA-D_A-1_A-14.indd 9
12/9/10 8:28:18 AM
A-10 Appendix C • Equilibrium Constants for Selected Substances
Dissociation (Ionization) Constants (Ka) of Selected Acids (continued )
Name and Formula
Malonic acid
HOOCCH2COOH
Nitrous acid
HNO2
Oxalic acid
HOOCCOOH
Lewis Structure†
H
O
O
H
O
C
C
C
H
H
O
O
N
O
O
O
C
C
1.431023
2.031026
Ka3
H
O
H
5.631022
O
H
1.0310210
H
O
C
C
5.431025
H
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
C
C
H
7.131024
C
C
H
Phenylacetic acid
C6H5CH2COOH
H
Ka2
H
H
Phenol
C6H5OH
O
Ka1
C
C
C
C
H
O
H
4.931025
H
H
O
Phosphoric acid
H3PO4
H
P
O
O
H
P
O
H
O
H
H
H
O
C
C
C
H
H
H
O
O
C
C
O
H
7.231023
6.331028
331022
1.731027
4.2310213
O
Phosphorous acid
HPO(OH)2
Propanoic acid
CH3CH2COOH
Pyruvic acid
CH3C(O)COOH
Succinic acid
HOOCCH2CH2COOH
H
H
H
O
H
1.331025
C
O
H
2.831023
O
H
H
O
C
C
C
C
H
H
O
O
H
H
O
6.231025
2.331026
H
Very large
1.031022
H
1.431022
6.531028
O
H
O
Sulfuric acid
H2SO4
H
O
S
O
O
Sulfurous acid
H2SO3
H
O
S
(continued)
siL02656_apA-D_A-1_A-14.indd 10
12/9/10 8:28:18 AM
Appendix C • Equilibrium Constants for Selected Substances A-11
Dissociation (Ionization) Constants (Kb) of Selected Amine Bases
Lewis Structure†
Name and Formula
Ammonia
NH3
N
H
H
H
C
C
H
C
C
C
C
H
Ethanolamine
HOCH2CH2NH2
Ethylamine
CH3CH2NH2
Ethylenediamine
H2NCH2CH2NH2
H
H
H
H
4.0310210
H
H
H
H
C
C
H
H
H
Dimethylamine
(CH3)2NH
N
H
H
Diethylamine
(CH3CH2)2NH
Kb2
1.7631025
H
H
Aniline
C6H5NH2
Kb1
H
H
N
C
C
H
H
H
H
8.631024
H
C
N
C
H
H
H
H
H
O
C
C
N
H
H
H
H
5.931024
H
H
H
C
C
N
H
H
H
H
H
N
C
C
N
H
H
H
H
C
N
H
H
H
H
3.231025
4.331024
H
8.531025
7.131028
H
Methylamine
CH3NH2
tert-Butylamine
(CH3)3CNH2
H
H
4.431024
H H
N
H H
C
C
C
H H
C
H H
H
4.831024
H
H H
H
Piperidine
C5H10NH
C
H
N
C
H
C
H
n-Propylamine
CH3CH2CH2NH2
†
H
H
C
1.331023
H
C
H H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
N
H
H
H
H
H
Blue type indicates the basic nitrogen and its lone pair.
siL02656_apA-D_A-1_A-14.indd 11
3.531024
(continued )
12/9/10 8:28:19 AM
A-12 Appendix C • Equilibrium Constants for Selected Substances
Dissociation (Ionization) Constants (Kb) of Selected Amine Bases
(continued )
Lewis Structure†
Name and Formula
Isopropylamine
(CH3)2CHNH2
1,3-Propylenediamine
H2NCH2CH2CH2NH2
H
H
H H
N
H H
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
N
C
C
C
N
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
H
3.031026
1.731029
N
C
H
Triethylamine
(CH3CH2)3N
3.131024
H
H
C
Pyridine
C5H5N
Kb2
4.731024
H
H
H
Kb1
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
N
C
C
H
H H
C
HH
H
H
C
H
5.231024
H
H
H
Trimethylamine
(CH3)3N
H
H
C
N
C
H H
C
HH
6.331025
H
H
Dissociation (Ionization) Constants
(Ka) of Some Hydrated Metal Ions
Formation Constants (Kf)
of Some Complex Ions
Free
Ion
Complex Ion
Kf
Ag(CN)2
Ag(NH3)21
Ag(S2O3)232
AlF632
Al(OH)42
Be(OH)422
CdI422
Co(OH)422
Cr(OH)42
Cu(NH3)421
Fe(CN)642
Fe(CN)632
Hg(CN)422
Ni(NH3)621
Pb(OH)32
Sn(OH)32
Zn(CN)422
Zn(NH3)421
Zn(OH)422
3.031020
1.73107
4.731013
4 31019
3 31033
4 31018
1 3106
5 3109
8.031029
5.631011
3 31035
4.031043
9.331038
2.03108
8 31013
3 31025
4.231019
7.83108
3 31015
31
Fe
Sn21
Cr31
Al31
Cu21
Pb21
Zn21
Co21
Ni21
siL02656_apA-D_A-1_A-14.indd 12
Hydrated Ion
Fe(H2O)631(aq)
Sn(H2O)621(aq)
Cr(H2O)631(aq)
Al(H2O)631(aq)
Cu(H2O)621(aq)
Pb(H2O)621(aq)
Zn(H2O)621(aq)
Co(H2O)621(aq)
Ni(H2O)621(aq)
Ka
2
6310
431024
131024
131025
331028
331028
131029
2310210
1310210
23
12/9/10 8:28:20 AM
Appendix C • Equilibrium Constants for Selected Substances A-13
Solubility-Product Constants (Ksp) of Slightly Soluble Ionic Compounds
Name, Formula
Carbonates
Barium carbonate, BaCO3
Cadmium carbonate, CdCO3
Calcium carbonate, CaCO3
Cobalt(II) carbonate, CoCO3
Copper(II) carbonate, CuCO3
Lead(II) carbonate, PbCO3
Magnesium carbonate, MgCO3
Mercury(I) carbonate, Hg2CO3
Nickel(II) carbonate, NiCO3
Strontium carbonate, SrCO3
Zinc carbonate, ZnCO3
Chromates
Barium chromate, BaCrO4
Calcium chromate, CaCrO4
Lead(II) chromate, PbCrO4
Silver chromate, Ag2CrO4
Cyanides
Mercury(I) cyanide, Hg2(CN)2
Silver cyanide, AgCN
Halides
Fluorides
Barium fluoride, BaF2
Calcium fluoride, CaF2
Lead(II) fluoride, PbF2
Magnesium fluoride, MgF2
Strontium fluoride, SrF2
Chlorides
Copper(I) chloride, CuCl
Lead(II) chloride, PbCl2
Silver chloride, AgCl
Bromides
Copper(I) bromide, CuBr
Silver bromide, AgBr
Iodides
Copper(I) iodide, CuI
Lead(II) iodide, PbI2
Mercury(I) iodide, Hg2I2
Silver iodide, AgI
Hydroxides
Aluminum hydroxide, Al(OH)3
Cadmium hydroxide, Cd(OH)2
Calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2
siL02656_apA-D_A-1_A-14.indd 13
Ksp
Name, Formula
2.0310
1.8310214
3.331029
1.0310210
3.0310212
7.4310214
3.531028
8.9310217
1.331027
5.4310210
1.0310210
29
2.1310210
1.031028
2.3310213
2.6310212
5.0310240
2.2310216
1.5310
3.2310211
3.631028
7.431029
2.631029
26
1.931027
1.731025
1.8310210
5 31029
5.0310213
1 310212
7.931029
4.7310229
8.3310217
3 310234
7.2310215
6.531026
Cobalt(II) hydroxide, Co(OH)2
Copper(II) hydroxide, Cu(OH)2
Iron(II) hydroxide, Fe(OH)2
Iron(III) hydroxide, Fe(OH)3
Magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2
Manganese(II) hydroxide, Mn(OH)2
Nickel(II) hydroxide, Ni(OH)2
Zinc hydroxide, Zn(OH)2
Iodates
Barium iodate, Ba(IO3)2
Calcium iodate, Ca(IO3)2
Lead(II) iodate, Pb(IO3)2
Silver iodate, AgIO3
Strontium iodate, Sr(IO3)2
Zinc iodate, Zn(IO3)2
Oxalates
Barium oxalate dihydrate, BaC2O42H2O
Calcium oxalate monohydrate, CaC2O4H2O
Strontium oxalate monohydrate,
SrC2O4H2O
Phosphates
Calcium phosphate, Ca3(PO4)2
Magnesium phosphate, Mg3(PO4)2
Silver phosphate, Ag3PO4
Sulfates
Barium sulfate, BaSO4
Calcium sulfate, CaSO4
Lead(II) sulfate, PbSO4
Radium sulfate, RaSO4
Silver sulfate, Ag2SO4
Strontium sulfate, SrSO4
Sulfides
Cadmium sulfide, CdS
Copper(II) sulfide, CuS
Iron(II) sulfide, FeS
Lead(II) sulfide, PbS
Manganese(II) sulfide, MnS
Mercury(II) sulfide, HgS
Nickel(II) sulfide, NiS
Silver sulfide, Ag2S
Tin(II) sulfide, SnS
Zinc sulfide, ZnS
Ksp
1.3310215
2.2310220
4.1310215
1.6310239
6.3310210
1.6310213
6.0310216
3.0310216
1.531029
7.131027
2.5310213
3.131028
3.331027
3.931026
1.131027
2.331029
5.631028
1.2310229
5.2310224
2.6310218
1.1310210
2.431025
1.631028
2.0310211
1.531025
3.231027
1.0310224
8.0310234
8.0310216
3.0310225
3.0310211
2.0310250
3.0310216
8.0310248
1.3310223
2.0310222
12/9/10 8:28:20 AM