September 1998
Ref : 1998-514-0004
.....................................................................................................................
Thermal Generating Plant (100 MW+)
Availability and unavailability factors
1998
(Data 1994-1996)
.....................................................................................................................
Joint UNIPEDE/WEC Committee on
Availability of Thermal Generating Plant
UNIPEDE Network of Experts for Statistics
.....................................................................................................................
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THERMAL GENERATING PLANT (100 MW +)
AVAILABILITY AND UNAVAILABILITY FACTORS - 1998
CENTRALES THERMIQUES CLASSIQUES ET NUCLÉAIRES (PLUS DE
100 MW) TAUX DE DISPONIBILITÉ ET D’INDISPONIBILITÉ - 1998
GLORIAN D.
Electricité de France, France
SPIEGELBERG PLANER R.
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
September 1998
SUMMARY
This is the 7th edition of the Joint UNIPEDE/WEC Committee’s report on Thermal
Generating Plant (100MW +) Availability and Unavailability Factors.
Results are presented of a survey undertaken every three years on the availability and
unavailability of both fossil fired and nuclear power plants worldwide. This report summarises
the answers to the questionnaire for conventional units sent out at the end of 1997. The
information for nuclear power plants comes from the International Atomic Energy Agency
(IAEA), in Vienna, through its Power Reactor Information System (PRIS) database.
For fossil-fuel thermal generating units, statistics are presented by region, unit sizes and classes
of fuel (year 1994 to 1996).
For nuclear thermal generating units availability and unavailability data are presented by type
of reactor; by region, by year, cumulative results since commercial operation and for the last
three years (1994 to 1996).
The report analyses the overall performance of both types of unit: fossil-fuel and nuclear
generating units.
For fossil-fuel units the lesson learnt through this survey which covers some 40 countries are
consistent with those presented in the 1995 report. For the period 1994-1996, they reveal a
further 1% improvement in plant availability (steam turbines compared with the period 19911993). This improvement is almost solely due to a reduction in unplanned unavailability. This
clearly demonstrates the better usage of planned outages and improved preventive
maintenance practices.
The world average energy availability factor for nuclear power plants has steadily increased
from approximately 70% in 1989 to the current value which is above 78%, with some utilities
achieving significantly higher values. Nuclear plant operators are achieving high availability
through integrated programmes including personnel training, quality assurance, improved
maintenance planning, as well as through technological advances in plant components and
systems, and in inspection and maintenance techniques. International co-operation is playing a
key role in this success. The survey results by age and by type of reactor are consistent with
the results presented in the 1995 report.
RESUME
Cette étude constitue la septième édition du rapport du comité mixte UNIPEDE/CME sur les
performances de disponibilité des centrales thermiques (100MW+).
Ce rapport présente les résultats d’une étude réalisée tous les trois ans sur la disponibilité et
l’indisponibilité des centrales nucléaires et des centrales à combustibles fossiles dans le monde.
Cette édition résume les réponses apportées au questionnaire sur les installations
conventionnelles diffusé fin 1997. Les informations concernant les centrales nucléaires sont
fournies par l’Agence Internationale de l’Energie Atomique (AIEA) à Vienne, grâce à sa base
de données PRIS (Système d’Information sur l’Electricité Nucléaire).
Pour les installations à combustibles fossiles, les données sont présentées par région du monde,
par taille et par type de combustible, pour les taux annuels de disponibilité et d’indisponibilité
concernant les années 1994 à 1996.
Pour les installations nucléaires, les données sont présentées par type de réacteur, par région,
par année, en résultats cumulés depuis la mise en service industriel de chaque tranche, et pour
les trois années de 1994 à 1996.
Le rapport analyse les performances globales des deux catégories de centrales.
Cette étude couvre les installations thermiques à combustibles fossiles de quelques 40 pays.
Ses conclusions sont conformes à celles du rapport 1995. Pour la période 1994-1996, elles
révèlent une amélioration de 1% de la disponibilité des centrales (par comparaison à la période
1991-1993). Cette amélioration est presque uniquement due à la réduction des indisponibilités
non programmées. Ceci démontre clairement les progrès réalisés, notamment dans le
développement de méthodes élaborées de maintenance préventive.
Les performances de disponibilité des installations nucléaires se sont globalement améliorées
depuis environ 70% en 1989 jusqu’à plus de 78% actuellement, certains exploitants parvenant
à des résultats encore significativement meilleurs. Ces bonnes performances de disponibilité
sont obtenues dans le cadre de programmes intégrés conjuguant formation des personnels,
assurance qualité, programmation efficace de la maintenance, utilisation de techniques
modernes pour les matériels et systèmes des centrales, et pour l’inspection et la maintenance.
La coopération internationale est un facteur clé de cette réussite. Les résultats de performance
par âge et par type de réacteur sont homogènes à ceux présentés dans le rapport 1995.
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 1
2. DEFINITIONS, TERMINOLOGY.................................................................................... 1
3. ORGANIZATION OF THIS REPORT ............................................................................. 3
4. FOSSIL-FUEL THERMAL GENERATING UNITS (STEAM TURBINE) ...................... 4
4.1 ANNUAL UNAVAILABILITY FACTORS FOR 1994 TO 1996................................ 6
4.2 AVAILABILITY ACCORDING TO UNIT AGE ....................................................... 9
4.3 CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................................ 9
5. NUCLEAR POWER GENERATING UNITS. .................................................................10
5.1 NUCLEAR POWER INFORMATION AT THE IAEA .............................................10
5.1.1 The Power Reactor Information System (PRIS)................................................10
5.1.2 Uses of PRIS....................................................................................................10
5.2 STATUS OF NUCLEAR POWER WORLDWIDE [2] ..............................................11
5.3 WORLD PERFORMANCE BASED ON AVAILABILITY AND
UNAVAILABILITY.................................................................................................13
5.3.1 Approach used for the Availability Analysis ......................................................13
5.3.2 Sustained Improvement in Plant Performance Worldwide .................................14
5.4 CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................................................17
6. CONCLUSIONS..............................................................................................................18
7. LIST OF COUNTRIES PROVIDING INFORMATION ON NUCLEAR POWER TO
IAEA-PRIS, AND ON FOSSIL THERMAL GENERATING UNITS FOR THE
PURPOSES OF THE PRESENT PAPER ........................................................................19
7.1 NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS ..................................................................................19
7.2 FOSSIL-FIRED THERMAL GENERATING UNITS ...............................................19
8. REFERENCES.................................................................................................................19
APPENDIX C - Fossil-fuel Thermal Generating Units (Conventional Plants)
APPENDIX N - Nuclear Thermal Generating Units
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4-1
Table 4-2
Table 4-3
Table 5-1
Energy Availability Factors - Steam Turbines - 1994 to 1996
Energy Availability and Unavailability Factors - Steam Turbines - 1994 to 1996
Steam Turbines, Cumulative Energy Availability Factor
Nuclear Power Reactors in Operation and Under Construction, 31 Dec. 1997
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 4-1
Figure 4-2
Figure 4-3
Figure 5-1
Figure 5-2
Figure 5-3
Figure 5-4
Fuel Types
Class of Capacity
Energy Availability and Unavailability Factors, Steam Turbines, (1994-1996)
World Energy Availability Factors
Distribution of Reactors with High Availability Factor
Average Availability and Unavailability Factors (1988-90, 1991-93, 1994-95)
Availability and Unavailability Factors by Reactor Type (1994-96)
1. INTRODUCTION
The availability of a power plant and the causes of unavailability constitute performance
indicators which are indispensable for assessing services rendered by this plant to its customer,
the national power network.
With a view to promoting implementation international feedback systems for in operation
nuclear and fossil-fired power plants, the Joint UNIPEDE/WEC Committee on the
Performance of Thermal Generating Plant initiated several years ago the collection of
statistical data from WEC member countries.
Results are presented of a survey undertaken every three years since 1980 on the availability
and unavailability of both fossil-fired and nuclear power plants worldwide. This report
summarises the answers to the questionnaire for conventional units sent out at the end of
1997. The information for nuclear power plants comes from the IAEA (International Atomic
Energy Agency), in Vienna, through its PRIS (Power Reactor Information System) database.
It should be noted that remarks accompanying certain results presented in this report only
concern the technical behaviour of the plants. This behaviour must be considered in its
economic context to be well understood: on one hand, the balance sheet for services rendered
as against initial outlay for the plant, and on the other hand, plant utilization, in the context
specific to each utility and each country.
2. DEFINITIONS, TERMINOLOGY
The Joint UNIPEDE/WEC Committee has explained in detail in the document “Availability
and unavailability factors of thermal power plants - Definitions and methods of calculation”
(1), published in 1991, the basic reference values which it recommends for application in this
field. This issue updated the previous one, published in 1977, used for preparation of the
statistical data collection until the Montreal Congress, September 1989.
Some of the definitions and terminology presented in these successive issues have been
modified. Thus, the maximum capacity of a fossil-fuel or nuclear power plant is the maximum
power that could be maintained or is authorized to be maintained throughout a period of
continuous operation. It is specified that this value must remain constant for a given unit
unless, following permanent modification or a new permanent authorization, the plant
management decides to amend the original value.
The unavailable capacity is the difference between the maximum capacity and the available
capacity (maximum power at which the unit can be operated under the prevailing conditions).
The energy unavailability factor over a specified period is defined as the ratio of the energy
that could have been produced during this period by a capacity equal to the unavailable
capacity, and the energy that could have been produced during the same period by the
maximum capacity.
In the statistics presented for the conventional thermal plants, the energy unavailability factor
is denoted by G (total energy unavailability factor) and comprises the unavailability factor due
to planned maintenance work, G1 and the unavailability factor due to all other reasons, G2,
with G1 + G2 = G. The energy availability factor, F, is equal to 100-G (in%).
1
Unavailability is classified as planned if it is foreseen well in advance, generally at the time
when the annual overhaul program is established, and if the beginning of the unavailability
period can largely be controlled and deferred by management. All other unavailability is
classified as unplanned.
In the statistics presented for nuclear power plants, the following terminology is used: EUF for
Energy Unavailability Factor, PUF for Planned Unavailability Factor, UUF for Unplanned
Unavailability Factor ( due to causes internal and external to the plant), and EAF for Energy
Availability Factor.
For the nuclear statistics, energy losses are considered to be planned if they are scheduled at
least four weeks in advance, generally at the time when the annual overhaul, refuelling or
maintenance programme is established. The unplanned unavailability takes into account all
unavailability which are not scheduled at least four weeks in advance. It includes unplanned
shutdowns, unplanned outage extensions or unplanned reductions due to causes under the
management control or due to constraints beyond the control of the plant management (e.g.:
due to external causes).
Among the indicators widely used in the electricity generation industry, it may be useful to
recall the definition of the generation load factor. The load factor is the ratio between the
energy that a power plant has produced during the period considered and the energy that it
could have produced at maximum capacity under continuous operation during the whole of
that period. The load factor is appropriate as a performance indicator for power plants as long
as they are used exclusively for base load operation. It is clear that the load factor is not an
efficient performance indicator for plants which are operated in a load follow mode.
However, in view of the efforts to achieve international harmonization of statistical data, and
subsequent to the discussions in the UNIPEDE/WEC Joint Committee, certain changes or
adaptations have been recommended.
Among the most significant of these developments are the following key points, which refer to
fossil-fuel power plants only.
1)
While remaining within the reasonable limits of an international survey, a more detailed
statistical document has been requested covering the power range and type, as well as
fuels used, for the installations surveyed. This more detailed approach, which was
considered extremely useful given the present context, has however revealed certain
negative effects in terms of the actual results of the enquiry. In most cases, it proved
impossible to use previously obtained results (i.e. these for the period up to 1988).
Also, some countries had difficulty in tracing former statistical data relating to plant
availability and unavailability, particularly for the diagonal tables, and were able to
provide only limited information, which was not always in the required form.
Nevertheless, this manner of organizing information should become more stable in the
future, which would encourage WEC member countries to join this system both in
greater numbers and with more commitment, and naturally to refer to it for all
international analyses.
2)
The calculation of availability and unavailability factors loses its meaning when the
installations concerned operate at peak load. Thus, a fossil-fuel plant operating at peak
2
load for a limited number of hours during the year, while in reserve status for the
remainder of the time (outside of planned annual maintenance shutdowns), would show
an availability level on the order of 100%, which could not be justified by the real
situation.
Therefore, it was requested that, whenever possible, this type of installation should not
be included in statistics and that when the utilization factor (during availability) is less
than 40% such facilities will be excluded.
While this rule may have been fully respected as compared with previous enquiries
which did not encompass these factors, a logical consequence of this process is a
reduction in the calculated availability factor, since these high-availability units, that are
not often in demand, “disappear” from the statistics.
This process, which has become necessary to improve the validity and relevance of
statistical analyses, may, however, have had a negative effect on those responsible for
collecting data in various countries, owing to its “novelty factor”. These calculation
rules must henceforth be considered standard and their use should be encouraged
within the framework of the WEC survey.
3)
In addition to the usual written questionnaire comprising “annual” and “diagonal”
tables, a statistics software package has been developed and made available to WEC
member countries and is designed to substitute for the written questionnaire. This
software, called LASCAR for Local Availability Statistics Collecting and Reporting,
was used for the first time in 1991/92, for the preparation of the Madrid WEC
Congress triennial report (1992).
The majority of countries which replied to the latest survey used the LASCAR
software. Easy to use and ensuring very fast processing, LASCAR significantly
enhances international exchanges. Supported by advanced data collection and
processing tools, this international feedback system should be of interest to increasing
numbers of WEC member countries. It will also contribute to enhancing both the areas
concerned and the comparison techniques used for performance statistics.
Efforts will be stepped up to encourage participants to reply using only the LASCAR
program. In addition, statistical data from some countries (Mostly West European
countries) was retrieved from the UNIPEDE (International Union of Producers and
Distributors of Electrical Energy) database relating to the performance of thermal
plants. A specific tool retrieved the useful information from this database, to translate it
into a LASCAR format, to made it directly usable for the purpose of the present study.
This process was adopted to prevent any duplication of international activities in the
same fields, assuming there is very high consistency between the two systems
(terminology, definitions, performance indicators,...) for WEC and for UNIPEDE.
3. ORGANIZATION OF THIS REPORT
Section 4 of this report covers fossil-fuel (conventional) power plants. Based on information
submitted by WEC countries and compiled using the LASCAR software, it comprises a
3
summary of results from 1994 to 1996 in the form of annual tables, along with performance on
an age basis (per operating year) in the form of diagonal tables.
This section provides a large amount of statistical information, which must be interpreted
bearing in mind the very wide variety of equipment, and the considerable differences in
operation and utilisation, in addition to the above-mentioned economic considerations.
Some countries, which participated in the 1995 enquiry, were unable, for various reasons, to
participate in the 1998 inquiry. In addition, some countries had problems in adopting the
proposed organizational method for collecting statistics, particularly as regards the diagonal
tables, resulting in partial, incomplete answers, sometimes of no use whatsoever (differences in
definitions, lack of data, etc.).
For the first time, statistical data for Japan is included in the results presented. This data has
been supplied in the diagonal tables for every year since 1979. Given the large number of
fossil-fuel (conventional) power plants in Japan and the behavioural characteristics of the
country's power plants in general, the results for Japan are presented both for the individual
country and as representative of a region of the world.
China has also expressed its intent to participate in the survey by the Joint UNIPEDE-WEC
Committee. For specific reasons, only data for Hong Kong has been included in the current
study. The results for Chinese power plants (annual tables, 1994 to 1996) are included in this
report (see § 4.1).
Section 5 of this report deals with nuclear plants. It was prepared by the International Atomic
Energy Agency (IAEA), which supplied data relating to nuclear power plants through its PRIS
(Power Reactor Information System) database.
Information and data on nuclear reactors in the world has being collected by the IAEA
practically since its establishment. Starting in 1970, operating experience data in addition to
basic information and design data was collected and published in annual reports. In order to
facilitate the analysis of power plant performance as well as to produce relevant publications,
all previously collected data were computerised in 1980, and the Power Reactor Information
System (PRIS) was implemented. Since then, PRIS has been continuously updated and
improved and it now constitutes the most complete data bank on nuclear power reactors in the
world. It has been widely used and it constitutes an essential source of information on nuclear
power to all those concerned.
As regards the general organization of this report, some important figures are provided for the
relevant text. Detailed statistics, graphs and tables are given in the appendices, referred to in
the text as Appendices C1, C2 and Appendices N1, N2, etc (with ‘C’ for conventional and ‘N’
for nuclear).
4. FOSSIL-FUEL THERMAL GENERATING UNITS (STEAM TURBINE)
This section covers fossil-fuel (conventional) thermal units (steam turbine) and provides results
obtained from replies to the survey sent to various countries, for the years 1994 to 1996
presented in the form of annual tables. Results are also presented on an age basis (per
operating year) in the form of diagonal tables, with data collection starting in 1958. The first
4
year of “age” is, in these tables, the first full calendar year following the date of commercial
operation.
Availability and unavailability statistics are only provided for steam turbines.
Three basic fuel types are described, which can be represented as follows:
Fossil
fuels
Solid
fuels
Coal
(excl. lignite
& others)
Liquid &
gaseous fuels
Lignite
& others
Liquid
fuels
Figure 4-1
Gaseous
fuels
Fuel Types
Class capacity is as described in figure 4-2.
Steam Turbine
>100 MW
100 to
199 MW
200 to
399 MW
400 to
599 MW
> 600
MW
200to
299 MW
300 to
399 MW
600 to
799 MW
800 to
999 MW
Figure 4-2
Class of Capacity
The following major regions have been identified:
-
Western Europe
North America (United States and Canada)
Japan
Other countries
« World » is the total for all the regions.
5
> 1000
MW
4.1
ANNUAL UNAVAILABILITY FACTORS FOR 1994 TO 1996
These factors are given in Appendices C1 to C16. They differentiate between loss of
availability due to planned maintenance programs (G1), and loss of availability due to all other
reasons, the sum of both factors being the total unavailability factor G = G1 + G2. Thus, the
energy availability factor, F, is equal to 100 - G (in %).
For steam turbine units, the results obtained for the above four main regions fall within the
following ranges:
Table 4-1 Energy Availability Factors - Steam Turbines - 1994 to 1996
F(%)
World
North America
Western
Europe
Japan
Other
All fuels
82.2
(2190)
82.0
(1127)
84.0
(392)
81.2
(144)
82.0
(528)
Solid fuels
82.6
(1350)
82.4
(742)
84.3
(233)
-
-
81.9
(358)
Liquid and
Gaseous
fuels
81.6
(813)
81.2
(385)
83.4
(159)
80.8
(127)
82.3
(142)
NB: The number in parentheses refers to the total number of units in the sample (average, over three
years, 1994 to 1996).
The size effects is presented in the following table (all fuels, for all countries).
Table 4-2 Energy Availability and Unavailability Factors - Steam Turbines - 1994 to 1996
Capacity (MW)
(%)
(all sizes)
100/199
200/299
300/399
400/599
600/799
800/999
F
82.2
84.0
81.1
81.0
82.2
83.2
84.7
G1
12.4
10.5
13.3
13.5
12.1
11.8
10.5
G2
5.4
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.7
5.0
4.8
N
2190
656
435
416
395
219
45
N = number of units, average over three years, 1994 to 1996.
To facilitate understanding of the trends identified over the three years, 1994-1996, a broad
overview of the situation is given, together with trends in the form of a graph, Figure 4-3,
where:
- X is the value of G2, unplanned unavailability (three-year average)
- Y is the value of G1, planned unavailability ( three-year average).
6
g1 planned UEF (%)
15
80%
14
81%
13
82%
94/96 world (+JP)
86/90 world (-JP)
83%
12
9 1 / 9 3 w orld (-JP)
94/96 world (-JP)
11
84%
10
85%
5
84%
83%
82%
81%
80%
6
7
8
9
10
g2 unplanned UEF (%)
Figure 4-3 Energy Availability and Unavailability Factors (1994 - 1996), compared to
1991-1993 and 1986-1990.
The value of F (energy availability factor) appears behind on this graph, since F = 100 - (G1 +
G2), in %. Given this overall presentation, it is easier to determine the general trend for F and
the respective roles of G1 (planned) and G2 (unplanned and other) in this change. In other
terms, assuming that the volume of maintenance can be represented approximately by the level
G1, the level G2, also approximately, can represent the “quality” of this maintenance
(maintenance perfectly adapted - no unplanned outages or unavailability, resulting in
G2 = 0%).
The distribution for G1 and G2 for the world is given in the Figure 4-3, for the three periods
1994-1996, 1991-1993 (Tokyo Congress), and 1986-1990 (Madrid Congress).
As regards the averages observed over this three-year period (1994-1996), the most obvious
conclusions to be drawn form these statistics (cf. tables in Appendices C1 to C15) are as
follows (for steam turbines):
- The average energy availability factor (worldwide, all unit sizes, all fuel types)
totalled 82.2% (2,190 units, 734,000 MW), as compared to 81.2% average for the
1991 to 1993 period (1877 units, 600,000 MW), and 79.5% average for the 1986
to 1990 period (5 years, 1786 units, 550,000 MW). Depending on the size, all
associated values fall between 81% and 84.7% (78.8% and 81.1% for the 1986 to
1990 period, 79.3% and 84% for the 1991 to 1993 period). The planned
unavailability loss factor is 12.4%, and the unplanned unavailability loss factor is
5.4% on a worldwide average.
Compared to the previous period 1991 to 1993, the G1 factor is very much the
same (12.4 for 12.3) ; improvement came from G2 (5.4 for 6.6%).
7
- The size effect does not appear very significant. This is true regardless of the fuels
used and of the regions in question.
- On a regional basis, G1 is lower in Europe (all fuels), at 10.6% (10.4 for the.91-93
period), and higher in North America, at 11.7% (12.7 for the 91-93 period).
However, given a value of G2 in Western Europe of 5.4% and 6.3% in North
America, the level for “other countries” is G1 = 12.7%, G2 = 5.3%.
- Compared with previous surveys, but consistent with the previous report (Tokyo
Congress) the results obtained are also found to be inverted, depending on the type
of fuel used: 1.0% availability in favour of solid fuels (1.2% for the 91-93 period),
obtained on the basis of a reduced planned unavailability loss factor for this fuel
type (11.4 for solid fuels, 14% for liquid and gaseous fuels), and, as regards
unplanned unavailability loss (other causes) an advantage on the G2 factor for
liquid and gaseous fuels (G1=4.4%, and 6.0% for solid fuels). The way these units
are operated (base load, or intermediate load) is possibly the main explanatory
factor for this.
For Japan, data on availability and unavailability has been included in the current study. F is
81.2% for the period 1994-1996 (144 units, 77,700 MW) with G1 = 17.7% and G2=1.1%. It
is noteworthy that the global availability performance of conventional thermal units in Japan is
very similar to that for the rest of the world (i.e., excluding Japan), for which F = 82.3%.
However, this figure was obtained in a completely different manner for the balance between
G1/G2:
1994-1996
G1
G2
F
World (exc. Japan)
11.8
5.9
82.3
Japan
17.7
1.1
81.2
The low rate of unplanned unavailability (1.1%) is offset by a relatively high rate of planned
unavailability (17.7%), corresponding to an average annual shutdown for overhaul and
maintenance equivalent to slightly less than two months.
The results for China were provided in the format required by the Joint UNIPEDE/WEC
Committee, for the availability and unavailability tables for the period 1994-1996.
The corresponding table is included in this study in appendix C16. However, the results have
not been included in the figures for the "world" in this report in order to maintain consistency
in relation to studies presented previously at the Madrid Congress in 1992 and in Tokyo in
1995.
As regards the figures given at the previous conferences in Cannes, Montreal and Madrid, an
observed shift towards slightly better results is again discernible. However, the effects of size
and fuel are diminishing, or at least are not following the same trend. These conclusions should
be confirmed through detailed observations of operating conditions for various types of plants
around the world.
8
4.2 AVAILABILITY ACCORDING TO UNIT AGE
The energy availability factors are given in the tables in Appendices C17 to C21.
Once again, it can be noted that units are reaching their asymptotic value, expressed in terms
of cumulative availability, Fc, after the very first few years of operation. Furthermore, there is
no discernible ageing effect: over 25 years, there is a loss of less than 1% from the fifth to the
twenty-fifth year in cumulative values. This observation should be treated with great caution,
given the small size of the samples shown in the tables when age becomes a significant factor.
For steam turbines (worldwide, all fuels), the value of Fc (expressed in %), is as follows:
Table 4.3 Steam Turbines, Cumulative Energy Availability Factor
Fc (%)
All size
100 to 299 MW
300 MW and up
World
78.5
79.9
78.4
North America
78.3
82.3
78.1
Western Europe
82.3
81.3
82.8
Japan
81.9
-
81.9
Other Countries
76.1
78.0
74.6
4.3 CONCLUSIONS
The lessons learned through this survey, which covers some 50 countries around the world, are
perfectly consistent with those presented at the Madrid and Tokyo Conference six and three
years ago. For the period 1994-1996, they reveal a further 1% improvement in plant
availability (steam turbines) compared with the period 1991-1993. This improvement is mainly
due to a reduction in unplanned unavailability.
Over the last 10 years, fossil fuel plants earned 5% on Energy Availability Factor, representing
3.5 % gain on unplanned unavailability, and 1.5% gain on planned unavailability.
This clearly demonstrates a better usage of planned outages, while preventive maintenance
performed appears to be increasingly better adapted to real needs and the quality of equipment
in operation. Furthermore, the differences between regions around the world concerning both
installation size and fuel types used are no longer pertinent from a statistical viewpoint, as was
underscored at the Madrid and Tokyo Conferences. Clearly, a more sophisticated statistical
analysis would mean taking into account more specific factors, enabling uniform installation
“families” to be defined. This would imply statistical monitoring of availability performance on
a unit-by-unit basis, which is not the case here for this type of survey (cumulative results for
facilities whose design parameters, in particular size and fuel type, are increasingly less
significant).
On the whole, this survey makes it possible to “locate” results, set objectives and it
demonstrates the indisputable progress made by electricity producers around the world. The
issue of global performance (technical, economic and environmental) is today a concrete
challenge. The benefits of the international cross-comparison system henceforth depend - in
9
addition to the current practices described in this report - on the commitment of power plant
operators to enhancing them. The underlying goal is to foster international emulation and, in
particular, encourage active participation in cooperation and exchange efforts which may be
proposed in the future by the UNIPEDE/WEC Joint Committee on plant performance.
5. NUCLEAR POWER GENERATING UNITS.
The statistics presented in this second part are based on data collected by the International
Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) for its Power Reactor Information System (PRIS).
5.1 NUCLEAR POWER INFORMATION AT THE IAEA
5.1.1 The Power Reactor Information System (PRIS)
Information and data on nuclear power reactors have been collected by the IAEA since its
establishment. PRIS covers two kinds of data: general and design information on power
reactors, and data on operating experience with nuclear power plants. General and design
information covers data on all reactors that are in operation, under construction, or shut-down
in the world. Operating experience data cover operating reactors and historical data on
shutdown reactor since beginning of commercial operation.
PRIS covers the largest amount of worldwide statistical information on operating experience
and although there are other similar data banks in existence which could sometimes be referred
to, the IAEA PRIS is considered the most complete and authoritative source of statistical data
on the subject area.
PRIS serves also to easily identify individual units with their main characteristics, and to
determine nuclear power development status and trends worldwide, in regions or in individual
countries. Since 1990, the IAEA compiled information, available but spread over a large
number of documents, on additional technical characteristics covering items related to the
mode of plant operation, safety characteristics, safety features, existence of safety analysis
report and of emergency plans, plant environment, etc. This additional information on plant
characteristics, which provides better overview of the plant design and mode of operation is
being implemented in PRIS.
5.1.2 Uses of PRIS
The fundamental objective of a nuclear power plant is to generate electricity in an economic,
safe and reliable manner. A plant is performing well when it fulfils this objective under overall
satisfactory conditions. There is no simple way to measure overall plant performance, nor is
there a single indicator which could be used for this purpose, because the conditions of
economic competitive safety and reliability must be fulfilled simultaneously and each has its
own particular aspects to be taken into account.
The IAEA’s PRIS can be used to assess nuclear power performance and outage causes in a
systematic and homogeneous manner. It covers the largest amount of worldwide statistical
information on operating experience. The data contained in the system make it specially useful
for identifying problem areas and overall trends and the amount of operating experience data
available permits statistical analysis to be made.
10
Currently, the principal nuclear power performance indicators cover: plant availability and
unavailability: planned and unplanned outages; nuclear safety related events; unavailability of
safety systems and support functions; worker safety related events; radiation exposure; fuel
reliability; and volume of radioactive waste. Among those, PRIS provides information on
availability and unavailability factors, load factor, planned unavailability factor, unplanned
unavailability factors due to causes in the plant and external to the plant. Care should be taken
not to give priority to a single performance indicator, such as load factor, as this could distort
the overall impression. Performance indicators are a tool to identify problem areas, where
improvements are necessary but they do not provide either the root cause or the solutions.
Outage analysis provides indications on reasons for unavailability. Statistical analysis as well as
studies performed on the level of individual units or utilities do provide indications about
which are the usual problem areas and what remedial actions and measures can be applied to
achieve performance improvements.
PRIS provides two services to the IAEA Member States and international organizations:
MicroPRIS and PRIS-PC. MicroPRIS is a subset of PRIS database distributed in diskettes.
PRIS-PC enables the direct on-line connection through the Internet or public telephone lines to
the whole PRIS database.
Currently, these two services attend more than 450 organizations. In addition, the IAEA
Secretariat answers daily to a considerable number of ad-hoc requests on nuclear power plants
information and statistics.
5.2 STATUS OF NUCLEAR POWER WORLDWIDE [2]
At the end of 1997, according to data reported to the IAEA Power Reactor Information
System, there were 437 nuclear power plants in operation and 36 under construction
worldwide (Appendix N1). During 1997, three nuclear plants were connected to electricity
grids in France (2) and in the Republic of Korea, representing 3,555 MW(e) net electricity
capacity. Construction started in five plants in China (Qinshan 2, unit 2, Lingao 1 and 2) and in
the Republic of Korea (Yonggwang 5 and 6). There were also 36 power reactors under
construction, with a total generating capacity of 26,813 MW(e). Eight reactors were
permanently shutdown in 1997, five of them, in Canada, might re-start in the future.
Accumulated operating experience reached approximately 8,500 reactor-years.
There were 152 reactors in operation in Western Europe, 69 in Eastern Europe, 123 in North
America, 5 in Latin America, 11 in the Middle East an South Asia, 2 in Africa (South Africa)
and 75 in the Far East.
The largest contributor to the world installed nuclear capacity was the USA with 28% of
world capacity, followed by France with 18% and Japan with 12%. Germany contributed with
6% of the installed capacity, followed by Russia with 5.6%, Ukraine with about 4%, United
Kingdom with 3.7%, Canada with 3.4%, Sweden and the Republic of Korea with about 3%
(Table 5-1).
In terms of nuclear power contribution to national electricity production, the list is headed by
Lithuania, where in 1997 some 81% of electricity was produced by nuclear, followed by
France with 78%, Belgium with about 60%, Ukraine with 47%, Sweden with 46%, Bulgaria
with 45%, Slovak Republic with 44% and some 40% in Switzerland, Slovenia and Bulgaria.
11
In an additional 7 countries, more than 25% of the electricity was produced by nuclear power
in 1997.
Table 5-1 Nuclear Power Reactors In Operation and Under Construction, 31 Dec. 1997
Country
Reactors in Operation
No of
Total
Reactors under Construction
No of
Total
Units
MW(e)
Units
MW(e)
ARGNTINA
ARMENIA
BELGIUM
BRAZIL
2
1
7
1
935
376
5712
626
1
692
1
BULGARIA
CANADA
CHINA
CZECH R.
6
16
3
4
3538
11994
2167
1648
FINLAND
FRANCE
GERMANY
HUNGARY
4
59
20
4
2455
62853
22282
1729
INDIA
IRAN
JAPAN
KAZAKHS.
10
1695
54
1
43850
70
KOREA RP
LITHNIA
MEXICO
NETHLNDS
12
2
2
1
PAKISTAN
ROMANIA
RUSSIA
S.AFRICA
Nuclear Electricity
Total Operating Experience
Supplied in 1997
% of
to 31 Dec. 1997
TW(e).h
Total
Years
Months
1245
7.45
1.43
45.10
3.16
11.40
25.67
60.05
1.09
38
30
149
15
7
4
7
9
4
2
3090
1824
16.44
77.86
11.35
12.49
45.38
14.16
0.79
19.34
95
390
14
46
1
7
5
8
1
1450
20.00
376.00
161.40
13.97
30.40
78.17
31.76
39.88
75
993
550
50
4
1
7
2
4
2
1
808
2111
796
8.72
2.32
318.10
0.30
35.22
0.58
149
0
810
24
1
0
2
6
9770
2370
1308
449
6
5120
73.26
10.85
10.03
2.00
34.10
81.47
6.51
2.77
123
24
11
53
7
6
11
0
1
1
29
2
125
650
19843
1842
1
1
4
300
650
3375
0.37
5.40
99.68
12.63
0.65
9.67
13.63
6.51
26
1
584
26
3
6
6
3
SLOVAK R
SLOVENIA
SPAIN
SWEDEN
4
1
9
12
1632
632
7320
10040
4
1552
10.80
4.79
53.10
67.00
43.99
39.91
29.34
46.24
69
16
165
243
5
3
2
2
SWITZRLD
UK
UKRAINE
USA
5
35
16
107
3079
12968
13765
99188
23.97
89.30
74.61
629.42
40.57
27.45
46.84
20.14
113
1133
206
2246
10
4
1
11
TOTAL
437
351795
8577
8
4
3800
36
26813
2276.49
Note: The total includes the following data in Taiwan, China:
- 6 unit(s), 4884 MW(e) in operation;
- 34.85 TW(e).h of nuclear electricity generation, representing 26.35% of the total electricity generated there;
- 98 year(s) 1 month(s) of total operating experience.
12
5.3 WORLD PERFORMANCE BASED ON AVAILABILITY AND UNAVAILABILITY
5.3.1 Approach used for the Availability Analysis
The statistics on nuclear power plants cover non-prototype units in operation or shutdown at
the end of 1996, i.e. plants with more than 100 MW(e). The information reported to the IAEA
Power Reactor Information System was the basis for this survey.
The basic performance indicators for this study are the Energy Availability Factor (EAF) and the Planned (PUF) and
Unplanned Energy Unavailability Factors (UUF). The Energy Availability Factor is the ratio of the actual
energy generation (net) in a given period, expressed as a percentage of the maximum energy
that could have been produced during that period by continuous operation at the reference
capacity. Energy losses are considered to be planned if they are scheduled at least four weeks
in advance. Planned energy losses are considered to be under plant management control and
include losses due to planned outages for refuelling, maintenance, testing, etc. Unplanned
energy losses include losses due to unplanned outages for maintenance, testing, repair, etc.,
and include energy losses through causes beyond the control of management.
The availability and unavailability of nuclear power plants are here presented according to their
type, region and age.
The following groups has been established for observing trends on energy availability and
unavailability factors:
Reactor Types (T):
T = 0:
T = 1:
T = 2:
T = 3:
all reactor types;
PWR, Pressurised Light Water Moderated and Cooled Reactors
BWR, Boiling Light Water Cooled and Moderated Reactors
GCR and AGR, Gas Cooled Graphite Moderated Reactor and Advanced Gas Cooled
Graphite Moderated Reactors
T = 4: PHWR, Pressurised Heavy Water Moderated and Cooled Reactors
T = 5: LWGR, Light Water Cooled Graphite Moderated and Cooled Reactors.
Selection of Regions (R):
R = 0: all units in the world
R = 1: North America (Canada and the USA)
R = 2: Latin America (Argentina, Brazil, Cuba and Mexico)
R = 3: Western Europe (Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland and the United Kingdom)
R = 4: Eastern Europe (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Lithuania, Russian
Federation, Slovak Republic and Ukraine)
R = 5: Middle East and South Asia (India and Pakistan)
R = 6: Far East (China, Korea Rep. and Japan)
R = 7: Africa (South Africa)
This classification is in accordance with the International Atomic Energy Agency grouping of
countries and geographical areas.
Period of Observation
13
The period of observation (P) considers:
P = 0:
P = 1:
P = 2:
P = 3:
P = 4:
yearly observation
cumulative results for the years 1988, 1989, 1990
cumulative results for the years 1991, 1992, 1993
cumulative results for the years 1994, 1995, 1996
cumulative results since commercial operation and up to 1996 (lifetime).
The period of observation P = 1, 2 and 3 are used to compare trends on availability and
unavailability presented in the two previous Triennial Reports, presented in Madrid and Tokyo,
with the current analysis.
In an attempt not to make conclusions based on individual results, samples with less than 10
units are not considered. The availability and unavailability statistics considered only nonprototype units, i.e., units with capacity bigger than 100 MW(e).
5.3.2 Sustained Improvement in Plant Performance Worldwide
Worldwide Results
An analysis of the data available in the IAEA Power Reactor Information System (PRIS) [2,3]
indicates that there has been a steady improvement in the World Energy Availability Factor
since 1989 as shown in Figure 5-1. The EAF grew from 70% in 1989 to 78% in 1996.
The number of plants presenting high energy availability factors (greater than 75%) also has
increased. In 1996, 205 of 437 operating nuclear power plants presented energy availability
factor greater than 75% (Figure 5-2).
80
78
76
72
70
68
66
64
62
Figure 5-1 World Energy Availability Factors
14
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
1981
60
1980
EAF(%)
74
70-79%
80-89%
>90%
90
Number of Reactors
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
Figure 5-2 Distribution of Reactors with High Availability Factor
The cumulative world energy availability factor up to 1996, since beginning of commercial
operation and for non-prototype reactors is 73%, while the planned energy unavailability
factor (PUF) is 17.4%
There is a steady decrease in both planned and unplanned energy unavailability factors over the
last years indicating a continuing improvement in plant maintenance management (Figure 5-3).
The average planned energy availability factor for the period 1988-90 was about 19%. This
value decrease to about 15% in the period 1994-96. The improvement in the unplanned energy
availability factor was also significant.
55%
35
50%
60%
30
65%
25
70%
20
75%
1988-1990
1991-1993
15
80%
1994-1996
10
5
8
11
14
17
20
Unplanned EUF (%)
Figure 5-3 Average Availability and Unavailability Factors (1988-90, 1991-93, 1994-96)
15
These improvements can be attributed to a process of learning from experience. However, a
number of initiatives taken by the Member States and the Agency have a significant role in the
achievement of sustained improvement in the overall performance of the plants.
Survey by Reactor Type
A survey by reactor type shows that there is a considerable increase in the availability of
BWR, PWR and AGR units. The PWR units improved the energy availability factor from 72%
(average between 1988-90) to 80% (average between 1994-1996). The BWR units increased
the energy availability factor from 68% (average between 1988-90) to about 77% (average
between 1994-1996). The PHWR units kept the level of performance, achieving 74.5% in the
period 1994-1996. The WWER and LWGR units presented a decrease in the availability,
showing a trend to recover. The availability of WWER units, as well as the LWGR (or RBMK)
type reactors shows the impact of the scrutiny in these reactors and the longer planned
outages they have been imposed since 1990.
Figure 5-4 presents the average energy availability and unavailability values in last three
years period (1988-1990, 1991-1993 and 1994-1996) by reactor type.
35
55%
50%
LWGR
30
60%
25
65%
20
70%
BWR
75%
15
AGR/CGR
PWR
10
PHW R
WWER
80%
85%
5
5
8
11
14
17
20
23
26
29
Unplanned EUF (%)
Figure 5-4 Availability and Unavailability Factors by Reactor Type (1994-1996)
Survey by Region
An analyisis of energy availability and unavailability values by region since the beginning of
commercial operation (lifetime) and in the last years (1988-1996) is presented in the Appendix
N15 to N21. In North America, the units improved considerable the availability, specially in
the last 3 years, achieving an average energy availability of about 78% between 1994 - 1996.
In Western Europe, the average energy availability remains high at about 81.3% in the last
three years. The units in Eastern Europe presented a slightly increase on the energy
availability compared with the previous years, but they still presented higher planned
unavailability. Those units are most WWER and LWGR type reactors with one exception, the
630 MW(e) PWR in operation in Slovenia. As mentioned before in this report, this could be
16
due to the considerable number of backfittings and design modifications in the recent years.
The Far East units presented average availability of about 79% between 1994 - 1996, these
units are characterized by high planned unavailability and very low unplanned
unavailability.
Most of the factors influencing performance of nuclear power plants are complex, interrelated
and qualitative, therefore difficult to express in numerical form. The determinant factors on a
regional basis depend on the energy and economic situation, on the regulatory philosophy of
the countries and, worldwide, the quality of the operators more than the plant location. There
is no statistical means which can prove a causal connection between such factors [5,6,7,8].
Survey by Age
Units present high energy availability factor till the sixteenth year of commercial operation.
The average values range from 78 to 80% (Appendix N14). These units also present lower
unplanned unavailability (6 to 7%) than the others.
Nevertheless, plants with age from 0 to 5 years of commercial operation also presented an
average availability factor of 80%. This value slightly decreases to 78% when the group in
observation is between 6 to 10, or 11 and 15 years of commercial operation, and to less than
72% for plants with more than 16 years of commercial operation. The average planned
energy unavailability factor is higher, more than 28%, after sixteenth year of commercial
operation. These results confirms the improvements in the worldwide energy availability factor.
It also represents an improvement when compared with the results presented in the Madrid
Congress in 1992. At that time, higher availability was found for the fifth to the eleventh year
of commercial operation (between 72 to 75%).
5.4 CONCLUSIONS
The average energy availability factor for nuclear power plants in the world has steadily
increased from approximately 70% in 1989 to the current value which is above 78% with some
utilities achieving significantly higher values.
Nuclear plant operators are achieving high availability through integrated programmes
including personnel training, quality assurance, improved maintenance planning, as well as
through technological advances in plant components and systems, and in inspection and
maintenance techniques. International co-operation is playing a key role in this success. The
various programmes the World Association of Nuclear Operators (WANO) with its mission of
maximising the safety and reliability of the operation of nuclear plants by exchanging
information and encouraging communication of experience, and the activities of the IAEA
including projects in nuclear power plant performance assessment and feedback, and effective
quality management, are important examples of international co-operation to improve the
performance of current plants.
The results by reactor type show that there is a considerable increase in the availability of
PWR and BWR mainly due to a decrease of the planned unavailability in the last three years.
No type effect could be deduced from this survey.
17
Worldwide, units presented higher energy availability factor till the sixteenth year of
commercial operation. These results confirms the improvements in the worldwide energy
availability factor, when compared with the results presented in the Madrid Congress in 1992.
The determinant factors on a regional basis depend on the energy and economic situation, on
the regulatory philosophy of the countries and, worldwide, the quality of the operators more
than the plant location.
The contribution of nuclear energy to near and medium term energy needs depends on several
key issues. The degree of global commitment to sustainable energy strategies and recognition
of the role of nuclear energy in sustainable strategies will impact its future use. Technological
maturity, economic competitiveness and financing arrangements for new plants are key factors
in decision making. Public perception of energy options and related environmental issues as
well as public information and education will also play a key role in the introduction of
evolutionary designs. Continued vigilance in nuclear power plant operation, and enhancement
of safety culture and international co-operation are highly important in preserving the potential
of nuclear power to contribute to future energy strategies.
6. CONCLUSIONS
The world energy availability factor of thermal generating plants (nuclear and fossil-fuel)
improved some 5% during the last ten years.
Improvements in the energy availability, in line with safe and reliable operation, contribute to
the competitiveness of nuclear plants. Nuclear plant operators are achieving high availability
through integrated programmes including personnel training, quality assurance, improved
maintenance planning, as well as through technological advances in plant components and
systems, and in inspection and maintenance techniques. International co-operation is playing a
key role in this success.
Inside a climate of increasing competition and productivity efforts for the production sector as
a whole, it has been possible to improve the service rendered to the electrical grid, in mixing:
• experience feedback efficiency (construction, engineering, operation)
• technology improvements (new process, new tools, etc.)
• maintenance organisational improvements (reliability centred maintenance, ageing
effects, etc.)
• equipment and material improved quality (manufacturers involvement).
As already indicated, the reduction in unplanned outages has been obtained concurrently with
a reduction of the duration of planned outages for maintenance/refuelling. Another successful
way has been (and is) to extend the operating cycles to up to 18 months for nuclear plants, or
even 24 months for fossil fuel plants, reducing the frequency (and costs) of maintenance
planned outages.
Fossil fuel plants do not have the safety constraints inherent to nuclear power plants: this can
be an explanatory factor - amongst others - to explain the difference between availability
results. Nevertheless, the two types of installations presented similar improvement trends.
Further improvements in plant availability must be in-depth analysed, as the technical results
18
are only part of the answer, in relation with the finance/economical aspects, as well as the
environment protection.
The fact that in the next future competition will be the rule of the day implies a more
comprehensive study of the right equilibrium between all the performance factors involved, for
each country in its specific context.
7. LIST OF COUNTRIES PROVIDING INFORMATION ON NUCLEAR POWER
TO IAEA-PRIS, AND ON FOSSIL THERMAL GENERATING UNITS FOR THE
PURPOSES OF THE PRESENT PAPER
7.1 NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
Argentina - Armenia - Belgium - Brazil - Bulgaria - Canada - China - Czech Republic - Finland
- France - Germany - Hungary - India - Italy - Japan - Kazakhstan - Korea, Rep. - Lithuania Mexico - Netherlands - Pakistan - Romania - Russian Federation - Slovakia - Slovenia - South
Africa - Spain - Sweden - Switzerland - Ukraine - United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland - United States of America.
7.2 FOSSIL-FIRED THERMAL GENERATING UNITS
Algeria - Argentina - Australia - Austria - Belgium - Bostwana - Brazil - Burundi - Canada China - Croatia - Czech Rep. - Denmark - Ecuador - Egypt - Finland - France - Germany Hungary -Indonesia -Iran Islamic Rep. - Ireland - Israel - Italy - Japan - Jordan - Kazakstan Korea Rep. - Latvia - Luxembourg - Mexico - Morocco - Netherlands - New Zealand Norway - Pakistan - Philipines - Poland - Portugal - Romania - Russian Federation - Slovakia Slovenia - South Africa - Spain - Switzerland - Thailand - Taiwan - Turkey - Ukraine - United
States of America - Zambia.
For some countries, information was provided which was not (or only partially) taken into
account for the purposes of the present paper, for various reasons. Countries that provided
information for the 1994-1996 period are underligned.
8. REFERENCES
[1]
Availability and unavailability factors of thermal power plants - Definitions and
methods of calculation, UNIPEDE, March 1991.
[2]
Nuclear Power Information at the IAEA, R.Spiegelberg-Planer, International Atomic
Energy Agency, proceedings of the Workshop on Nuclear Reaction Data and Nuclear Reactors
Physics, 23 February to 27 March 1998, International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste,
Italy.
[3]
IAEA Reference Data Series No.2, Nuclear Power Reactors in the World, International
Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria (1997).
[4]
Operating Experience with Nuclear Power Stations in Member States in 1996,
International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1997, STI/PUB/1051.
19
[5]
Unavailability Factors of Thermal Generating Pant and Availability Statistics 1995, D.
Glorian, EdF, France and R. Spiegelberg-Planer, International Atomic Energy Agency, 16th
World Energy Council Congress, Tokyo, Japan, 1995
[6]
Status and Trends of Nuclear Power in the World, B. Gueorguiev, R.
Spiegelberg-Planer, International Atomic Energy Agency, paper presented at IAEA/RCA
Regional Training Course on Nuclear Power Project Planing and Implementation, 3 -21
November 1997, NTC/KAERI, Taejon, The Republic of Korea.
[7]
Performance of Nuclear Power Plants in a Competitive Environment, R. SpiegelbergPlaner, presented at the VII Annual Meeting of the Sociedad Nuclear Mexicana as part of the
Technical Committee for “The Rational equilibrium between safety, competitiveness and
environment”, from 23 to 26 November 1997 in Guanajuato, Mexico.
[8]
Improving Nuclear Power Plant Performance at Competitive Costs, R. SpiegelbergPlaner and B. Gueorguiev, Conference on Operations and Maintenance in Power Plants, 9-10
February 1997, London, UK.
20
APPENDIX C
-
FOSSIL-FUEL THERMAL GENERATING UNITS
(CONVENTIONAL PLANTS)
APPENDIX N
-
NUCLEAR THERMAL GENERATING UNITS
21
APPENDIX C - FOSSIL-FUEL THERMAL GENERATING UNITS
(CONVENTIONAL PLANTS)
Annual Unavailability of Steam Turbine Units (1994 - 1996, annual tables)
C1
- Fossil Fuels, World, 100 to > 1000 MW
C2
- Solid Fuels, World, 100 to > 1000 MW
C3
- Liquid and Gaseous Fuels, World, 100 to > 1000 MW
C4
- Fossil Fuels, North America, 100 to > 1000 MW
C5
- Solid Fuels, North America, 100 to > 1000 MW
C6
- Liquid and Gaseous Fuels, North America, 100 to > 1000 MW
C7
- Fossil Fuels, Western Europe, 100 to > 1000 MW
C8
- Solid Fuels, Western Europe, 100 to > 1000 MW
C9
- Liquid and Gaseous Fuels, Western Europe, 100 to > 1000 MW
C10 - Fossil Fuels, Other Countries, 100 to > 1000 MW
C11 - Solid Fuels, Other Countries, 100 to > 1000 MW
C12 - Liquid and Gaseous Fuels, Other Countries, 100 to > 1000 MW
C13 - Fossil Fuels, Japan, 100 to > 1000 MW
C14 - Solid Fuels, Japan, 100 to > 1000 MW
C15 - Liquid and Gaseous Fuels, Japan, 100 to > 1000 MW
C16 - Fossil Fuels, China, 100 to > 1000 MW
Energy Availability of Fossil-fired Units (diagonal tables)
C17 - Fossil Fuels, World, Steam turbine, 100 to > 1000 MW
C18 - Fossil Fuels, North America, Steam turbine, 100 to > 1000 MW
C19 - Fossil Fuels, Western Europe, Steam turbine, 100 to > 1000 MW
C20 - Fossil Fuels, Other Countries, Steam turbine, 100 to > 1000 MW
C21 - Fossil Fuels, Japan, Steam turbine, 100 to > 1000 MW
22
APPENDIX N - NUCLEAR THERMAL GENERATING UNITS
N1
- Status of Nuclear Power Plants Worldwide
N2
- Number of Nuclear Power Plants by Reactor Type and Region
N3
- Number of Nuclear Power Plants by Age
N4
- Distribution of Nuclear Power Plants by Age and Type
N5
- Distribution of Nuclear Power Plants by Age and Region (As of 31 December 1997)
N6
- Nuclear Share of Electricity Generation (%)
N7
- Annual World Energy Availability and Unavailability Factors
N8
- Energy Availability and Unavailability Factors - PWR
N9
- Energy Availability and Unavailability Factors - BWR
N10 - Energy Availability and Unavailability Factors - PHWR
N11 - Energy Availability and Unavailability Factors - AGR and GCR
N12 - Energy Availability and Unavailability Factors - WWER
N13 - Energy Availability and Unavailability Factors - LWGR
N14 - Energy Availability and Unavailability Factors by Age
N15 - Energy Availability by Region - North America
N16 - Energy Availability by Region - Western Europe
N17 - Energy Availability by Region - Eastern Europe
N18 - Energy Availability by Region - Far East
N19 - Energy Availability by Region - Middle East and South Asia
N20 - Energy Availability by Region - Latin America
N21 - Energy Availability by Region - Africa
23
APPENDIX C1
- FOSSIL FUELS, WORLD, 100 TO > 1000 MW
A N N U A L U N A V A ILA B I L I T Y
O F S T E A M T U RBIN E U N I T S
M O RE THAN
O N E Y EA R O L D ( % )
AA0410YY
W orld *
100 to >
1000 MW
A ll Fossil fuels
1994
1995
1996
A v e rage
a
92328
89992
87826
90049
100 to 199
nb
673
653
641
656
M W
g1
11.6
9.8
10.2
10.5
g2
5.5
5.7
5.4
5.5
f
82.9
84.5
84.4
84.0
a
100051
96549
97857
98152
200 to 299
nb
443
429
433
435
M W
g1
13.7
13.8
12.4
13.3
g2
5.8
5.9
5.2
5.6
f
80.5
80.3
82.4
81.1
136893
a
136418
137018
137243
300 to 399
nb
415
416
418
416
M W
g1
13.6
13.8
13.1
13.5
g2
5.6
5.6
5.3
5.5
f
80.8
80.6
81.6
81.0
198265
a
195459
197157
202179
400 to 599
nb
390
393
403
395
M W
g1
13.5
12.0
10.8
12.1
g2
6.2
5.7
5.1
5.7
f
80.3
82.3
84.1
82.2
146395
a
146731
145302
147151
600 to 799
nb
220
218
220
219
M W
g1
13.1
11.8
10.5
11.8
g2
5.3
4.9
4.8
5.0
f
81.6
83.3
84.7
83.2
37021
a
36531
37355
37178
800 to 999
nb
44
45
45
45
M W
g1
9.3
11.6
10.5
10.5
>
1000
M W
100 to >
M W
1000
g2
5.1
5.5
3.8
4.8
f
85.6
82.9
85.7
84.7
27008
a
26008
27008
28008
nb
23
24
25
24
g1
18.7
16.3
16.5
17.1
g2
5.2
5.6
3.4
4.7
f
76.1
78.1
80.1
78.2
a
733526
730381
737442
733783
nb
2208
2178
2185
2190
g1
13.2
12.4
11.5
12.4
g2
5.7
5.5
5.0
5.4
f
81.1
82.1
83.5
82.2
* List of countries : A rgentina + A ustria +
G e r m a n y + D e n m a r k + Eg y p t + S p a i n +
B e l g i u m + S w it z e r l a n d + C z e c h R e p . +
France + China (HK) + Croatia +
H u n g a r y + In d o n e s i a + I r e l a n d + I r a n , I . R . + It a l y + J a p a n + K o r e a +
Netherlands + Poland + Portugal + Rom ania + Thailand + Taiw an + Ukraine +
U n it e d S t a t e s + C a n a d a + S o u t h A f r i c a
24
APPENDIX C2
- SOLID FUELS, WORLD, 100 TO > 1000 MW
A N N U A L U N A V A ILA BILIT Y
W orld *
O F S T E A M T U RBIN E U N I T S
M O RE T H A N
100 to >
1000 MW
Solid fuels
O N E Y E A R O LD (% )
AA1510YY
1994
1995
1996
Average
52807
a
53143
52538
52741
100 to 199
nb
386
381
383
383
MW
g1
11.4
10.5
9.5
10.4
g2
5.0
4.7
5.3
5.0
f
83.6
84.8
85.2
84.6
67645
a
68521
65966
68448
200 to 299
nb
309
299
308
305
MW
g1
14.1
13.3
12.6
13.3
g2
5.9
6.1
5.1
5.7
f
80.0
80.6
82.3
81.0
a
70245
70785
72531
71187
300 to 399
nb
218
219
223
220
MW
g1
12.5
13.9
12.5
13.0
g2
7.0
6.4
5.6
6.3
f
80.5
79.7
81.9
80.7
a
130129
134104
138173
134135
400 to 599
nb
255
263
271
263
MW
g1
13.4
11.2
9.9
11.5
g2
7.1
6.4
6.1
6.5
f
79.5
82.4
84.0
82.0
a
92417
92246
93919
92861
600 to 799
nb
137
137
139
138
MW
g1
10.6
8.7
8.3
9.2
g2
6.3
5.6
5.4
5.8
f
83.1
85.7
86.3
85.0
22497
a
22480
22480
22530
800 to 999
nb
27
27
27
27
MW
g1
8.7
10.3
8.7
9.3
>
1000
MW
100 to >
MW
1000
g2
5.7
6.2
5.1
5.7
f
85.6
83.5
86.2
85.0
17036
a
16036
17036
18036
nb
13
14
15
14
g1
15.9
16.1
14.7
15.5
g2
7.1
6.1
3.6
5.5
f
77.0
77.8
81.7
79.0
a
452971
455155
466378
458168
nb
1345
1340
1366
1350
g1
12.4
11.5
10.5
11.4
g2
6.4
6.0
5.5
6.0
f
81.2
82.5
84.0
82.6
* List of countries : Austria + Belgium + Czech Rep. +
Spain + France + China (HK) + Croatia + Hungary +
+ Japan + Korea + Netherlands + Poland + Portugal
Taiw an + Ukraine + United States + Canada + South
25
Germ a n y + D e n m ark +
Indonesia + Ireland + Italy
+ Rom ania + Thailand +
A f rica
APPENDIX C3
- LIQUID AND GASEOUS FUELS, WORLD, 100 TO > 1000 MW
A N N U A L UNAVAILABILITY
W orld *
O F S T EA M T U RBIN E U N I T S
100 to >
1000 MW
Liquid and gaseous fuels
M O RE T H A N
O N E Y EA R O L D ( % )
AA1810YY
100 to 199
MW
200 to 299
MW
300 to 399
MW
1994
1995
1996
Average
a
37145
35414
33045
35201
nb
272
257
243
257
10.7
g1
12.0
8.9
11.2
g2
5.9
6.4
5.4
5.9
f
82.1
84.7
83.4
83.4
a
31320
30163
28989
30157
nb
133
128
123
128
13.1
g1
12.8
14.7
11.8
g2
5.6
5.6
5.4
5.5
f
81.6
79.7
82.8
81.4
a
63413
62813
61292
62506
nb
188
186
184
186
14.3
g1
15.1
14.0
13.7
g2
4.0
4.7
5.1
4.6
f
80.9
81.3
81.2
81.1
64130
a
65330
63053
64006
400 to 599
nb
135
130
132
132
MW
g1
13.7
13.7
12.8
13.4
g2
4.5
4.1
3.0
3.9
f
81.8
82.2
84.2
82.7
53534
a
54314
53056
53232
600 to 799
nb
83
81
81
82
MW
g1
17.2
17.4
14.5
16.4
g2
3.7
3.5
3.6
3.6
f
79.1
79.1
81.9
80.0
14525
a
14051
14875
14648
800 to 999
nb
17
18
18
18
MW
g1
10.2
13.5
13.3
12.4
>
1000
MW
100 to >
1000
MW
g2
4.2
4.4
1.9
3.5
f
85.6
82.1
84.8
84.1
9972
a
9972
9972
9972
nb
10
10
10
10
g1
23.2
16.6
19.7
19.8
g2
2.1
4.7
3.0
3.3
f
74.7
78.7
77.3
76.9
270025
a
275545
269346
265184
nb
838
810
791
813
g1
14.6
14.1
13.3
14.0
g2
4.4
4.6
4.1
4.4
f
81.0
81.3
82.6
81.6
* List of countries : Argentina +
Austria +
Belgium +
Sw itzerland +
Germ any +
Denmark + Spain + France + China (HK) + Croatia + Hungary + Indonesia +
Ireland + Iran, I. R. + Italy + J a p a n + Korea + Netherlands + Portugal + Romania
+
Thailand +
Taiw an +
Ukraine +
United States +
26
Canada
APPENDIX C4
- FOSSIL FUELS, NORTH AMERICA, 100 TO > 1000 MW
A N N U A L U N A V A I LABILITY
North America *
O F S T EA M T U RBIN E U N I T S
100 to >
1000 MW
A ll Fossil fuels
M O RE T H A N
O N E YEAR OLD (% )
AA0110YY
100 to 199
MW
200 to 299
MW
300 to 399
MW
400 to 599
MW
600 to 799
MW
1994
1995
1996
Average
a
57124
56288
55529
56314
nb
413
406
401
407
g1
10.6
9.2
9.8
9.9
g2
5.4
5.9
5.6
5.6
f
84.0
84.9
84.6
84.5
a
38838
37857
36406
37700
nb
168
163
158
163
g1
13.3
12.0
9.4
11.6
g2
4.7
5.4
5.5
5.2
f
82.0
82.6
85.1
83.2
a
48621
48543
47077
48080
nb
144
143
141
143
g1
13.2
13.4
13.2
13.3
g2
7.5
7.3
6.9
7.2
f
79.3
79.3
79.9
79.5
122945
a
122026
121367
125442
nb
246
244
252
247
g1
13.4
12.1
11.2
12.2
g2
6.6
6.8
6.3
6.6
f
80.0
81.1
82.5
81.2
a
83622
83686
83352
83553
nb
121
121
120
121
g1
12.2
11.0
10.2
11.1
g2
7.1
5.9
5.6
6.2
f
80.7
83.1
84.2
82.7
27695
a
28343
27459
27282
800 to 999
nb
34
33
33
33
MW
g1
9.3
9.7
10.3
9.8
>
1000
MW
100 to > 1000
MW
g2
6.2
7.1
4.9
6.1
f
84.5
83.2
84.8
84.1
a
16008
16008
16008
16008
nb
13
13
13
13
g1
19.3
15.8
13.0
16.0
g2
7.6
8.1
4.9
6.9
f
73.1
76.1
82.1
77.1
a
394582
391208
391096
392295
nb
1139
1123
1118
1127
g1
12.7
11.6
10.9
11.7
g2
6.5
6.5
5.9
6.3
f
80.8
81.9
83.2
82.0
* List of countries : Canada + United States
27
APPENDIX C5
- SOLID FUELS, NORTH AMERICA, 100 TO > 1000 MW
A N N U A L UNAVAILABILITY
North America *
O F S T EA M T U RBIN E U N I T S
100 to >
1000 MW
Solid fuels
M O RE T H A N
O N E YEAR OLD (% )
AA2110YY
a
100 to 199
MW
200 to 299
MW
300 to 399
MW
400 to 599
MW
600 to 799
MW
800 to 999
MW
>
1000
MW
100 to > 1000
MW
1994
1995
1996
Average
34164
33728
33297
33730
nb
247
244
241
244
g1
10.9
9.2
9.1
9.7
g2
5.3
5.4
5.8
5.5
f
83.8
85.4
85.1
84.8
a
26094
25972
25401
25822
nb
114
113
111
113
g1
13.5
11.2
8.4
11.1
g2
5.3
5.8
5.8
5.6
f
81.2
83.0
85.8
83.3
a
27965
28050
27804
27940
nb
85
85
84
85
g1
11.4
13.0
11.6
12.0
g2
8.6
7.8
7.2
7.9
f
80.0
79.2
81.2
80.1
84940
a
83290
83947
87584
nb
166
167
174
169
g1
13.3
11.7
10.8
11.9
g2
7.0
7.3
7.4
7.3
f
79.7
81.0
81.8
80.8
a
65672
64224
63714
64537
nb
96
94
93
94
g1
11.0
9.1
9.1
9.7
g2
7.2
5.9
5.9
6.3
f
81.8
85.0
85.0
84.0
20817
a
20800
20800
20850
nb
25
25
25
25
g1
9.0
10.7
9.1
9.6
g2
5.8
6.3
5.2
5.8
f
85.2
83.0
85.7
84.6
a
15036
15036
15036
15036
nb
12
12
12
12
g1
15.9
15.7
12.8
14.8
g2
7.6
6.7
4.3
6.2
f
76.5
77.6
82.9
79.0
272821
a
273021
271757
273686
nb
745
740
740
742
g1
12.1
11.0
10.0
11.0
g2
6.8
6.5
6.4
6.6
f
81.1
82.5
83.6
82.4
* List of countries : Canada + United States
28
APPENDIX C6
- LIQUID AND GASEOUS
100†TO > 1000 MW
FUELS,
NORTH
A N N U A L UNAVAILABILITY
North America *
O F S T EA M T U RBIN E U N I T S
100 to >
AMERICA,
1000 MW
Liquid and gaseous fuels
M O RE T H A N
O N E YEAR OLD (% )
AA2410YY
100 to 199
MW
200 to 299
MW
300 to 399
MW
1994
1995
1996
Average
a
22960
22560
22232
22584
nb
166
162
160
163
g1
10.2
9.1
11.0
10.1
g2
5.5
6.7
5.3
5.8
f
84.3
84.2
83.7
84.1
11878
a
12744
11885
11005
nb
54
50
47
50
g1
13.0
13.5
11.8
12.8
g2
3.4
4.6
4.9
4.3
f
83.6
81.9
83.3
82.9
a
20656
20493
19273
20141
nb
59
58
57
58
g1
15.5
14.1
15.5
15.0
g2
6.0
6.6
6.4
6.3
f
78.5
79.3
78.1
78.7
a
38736
37420
37858
38005
400 to 599
nb
80
77
78
78
MW
g1
13.8
12.9
12.2
13.0
g2
5.8
5.6
3.5
5.0
f
80.4
81.5
84.3
82.0
19017
a
17950
19462
19638
600 to 799
nb
25
27
27
26
MW
g1
16.8
17.3
13.6
15.9
g2
6.8
5.9
4.6
5.7
f
76.4
76.8
81.8
78.4
a
7543
6659
6432
6878
800 to 999
nb
9
8
8
8
MW
g1
10.2
6.5
14.2
10.3
>
1000
MW
100 to > 1000
MW
g2
7.3
9.5
4.0
7.0
f
82.5
84.0
81.8
82.7
a
972
972
972
972
nb
1
1
1
1
g1
72.6
16.8
16.4
35.3
g2
7.1
29.4
14.4
17.0
f
20.3
53.8
69.2
47.7
a
121561
119451
117410
119474
nb
394
383
378
385
g1
14.0
12.8
12.9
13.2
g2
5.8
6.3
4.8
5.6
f
80.2
80.9
82.3
81.2
* List of countries : Canada + United States
29
APPENDIX C7
- FOSSIL FUELS, WESTERN EUROPE, 100 TO > 1000 MW
ANNUAL UNAVAILABILITY
W estern Europe *
OF STEAM T U RBINE UNITS
100 to > 1000 MW
A ll Fossil fuels
M O RE THAN
ONE YEAR OLD (% )
AA0210YY
100 to 199
MW
200 to 299
MW
300 to 399
MW
400 to 599
MW
600 to 799
MW
800 to 999
MW
100 to > 1000
MW
1994
1995
1996
Average
a
19030
18351
17855
18412
nb
141
135
133
136
g1
13.4
9.4
10.3
11.1
g2
4.9
4.5
4.8
4.7
f
81.7
86.1
84.9
84.2
a
21146
18461
22048
20552
nb
82
72
85
80
g1
10.7
10.8
11.3
11.0
g2
7.3
8.2
6.0
7.1
f
82.0
81.0
82.7
81.9
a
31727
31815
32221
31921
nb
101
101
101
101
g1
10.4
10.6
11.4
10.8
g2
3.7
3.9
2.7
3.4
f
85.9
85.5
85.9
85.8
a
22069
20518
21465
21351
nb
43
40
42
42
g1
15.4
11.1
10.1
12.2
g2
6.8
4.7
5.7
5.8
f
77.8
84.2
84.2
82.0
a
21137
20444
21927
21169
nb
32
31
33
32
g1
8.3
9.4
7.3
8.3
g2
5.4
8.3
7.3
7.0
f
86.3
82.3
85.4
84.7
a
880
880
880
880
nb
1
1
1
1
g1
3.3
0
0
1.1
g2
8.4
8.3
6.7
7.8
f
88.3
91.7
93.3
91.1
a
115989
110469
116396
114285
nb
400
380
395
392
g1
11.4
10.2
10.1
10.6
g2
5.5
5.7
5.1
5.4
f
83.1
84.1
84.8
84.0
* List of countries : Austria + Belgium + Sw itzerland + Germany + Denmark +
Spain + France + Ireland + Italy + Netherlands + Portugal
30
APPENDIX C8
- SOLID FUELS, WESTERN EUROPE, 100 TO > 1000 MW
ANNUAL UNAVAILABILITY
W estern Europe *
OF STEAM T U RBINE UNITS
100 to > 1000 MW
Solid fuels
M O RE THAN
ONE YEAR OLD (% )
AA2510YY
100 to 199
MW
200 to 299
MW
300 to 399
MW
400 to 599
MW
600 to 799
MW
800 to 999
MW
100 to > 1000
MW
1994
1995
1996
Average
a
10932
10881
11515
11109
nb
81
80
85
82
g1
9.5
9.0
8.1
8.9
g2
4.2
3.6
4.9
4.2
f
86.3
87.4
87.0
86.9
a
13600
11167
14220
12996
nb
53
44
55
51
g1
11.9
12.4
11.7
12.0
g2
8.0
10.4
6.3
8.1
f
80.1
77.2
82.0
79.9
a
15640
15720
16427
15929
nb
49
49
50
49
g1
9.6
8.3
7.6
8.5
g2
4.1
4.2
3.0
3.8
f
86.3
87.5
89.4
87.7
a
14881
15899
16331
15704
nb
29
31
32
31
g1
16.0
12.4
9.4
12.5
g2
8.0
5.3
6.8
6.7
f
76.0
82.3
83.8
80.8
a
11973
12650
14133
12919
nb
18
19
21
19
g1
7.2
6.9
4.5
6.1
g2
5.8
9.7
7.8
7.8
f
87.0
83.4
87.7
86.1
a
880
880
880
880
nb
1
1
1
1
g1
3.3
0
0
1.1
g2
8.4
8.3
6.7
7.8
f
88.3
91.7
93.3
91.1
a
67906
67197
73506
69536
nb
231
224
244
233
g1
11.0
9.7
8.2
9.6
g2
6.1
6.5
5.7
6.1
f
82.9
83.8
86.1
84.3
* List of countries : Austria + Belgium + Germany + Denmark + Spain + France +
Ireland + Italy + Netherlands + Portugal
31
APPENDIX C9 - LIQUID AND GASEOUS FUELS, WESTERN EUROPE, 100 TO
> 1000 MW
ANNUAL UNAVAILABILITY
OF STEAM TURBINE UNITS
Western Europe*
100 to > 1000 MW
Liquid and gaseous fuels
MORE THAN
ONE YEAR OLD (%)
AA2610YY
100 to 199
MW
200 to 299
MW
300 to 399
MW
400 to 599
MW
600 to 799
MW
100 to > 1000
MW
1994
1995
1996
Average
a
8098
7470
6340
7303
nb
60
55
48
54
g1
18.8
9.9
14.2
14.4
g2
5.7
5.8
4.7
5.5
f
75.5
84.3
81.1
80.1
a
7546
7294
7828
7556
nb
29
28
30
29
g1
8.4
8.4
10.6
9.2
g2
6.0
4.7
5.5
5.4
f
85.6
86.9
83.9
85.4
a
16087
16095
15794
15992
nb
52
52
51
52
g1
11.1
12.9
15.4
13.1
g2
3.3
3.5
2.5
3.1
f
85.6
83.6
82.1
83.8
a
7188
4619
5134
5647
nb
14
9
10
11
g1
14.0
6.5
12.1
11.4
g2
4.3
2.6
2.1
3.2
f
81.7
90.9
85.8
85.4
a
9164
7794
7794
8251
nb
14
12
12
13
g1
9.7
13.5
12.5
11.8
g2
4.9
6.0
6.2
5.7
f
85.4
80.5
81.3
82.5
a
48083
43272
42890
44748
nb
169
156
151
159
g1
12.1
11.0
13.4
12.2
g2
4.6
4.5
4.0
4.4
f
83.3
84.5
82.6
83.4
* List of countries : Austria + Belgium + Switzerland + Germany + Denmark +
Spain + France + Ireland + Italy + Netherlands + Portugal
32
APPENDIX C10
- FOSSIL FUELS, OTHER COUNTRIES, 100 TO > 1000 MW
A N N U A L UNAVAILABILITY
Other Countries *
100 to > 1 0 0 0 M W
A ll Fossil fuels
OF STEAM T U RBINE UNITS
M O RE T H A N
O N E YEAR OLD (% )
AA2710YY
100 to 199
MW
200 to 299
MW
300 to 399
MW
400 to 599
MW
600 to 799
MW
800 to 999
MW
100 to > 1000
MW
1994
1995
1996
Average
a
16174
15353
14442
15323
nb
119
112
107
113
12.3
g1
13.0
12.5
11.5
g2
6.4
6.2
5.5
6.1
f
80.6
81.3
83.0
81.6
a
40067
40231
39403
39900
nb
193
194
190
192
g1
15.7
16.8
15.8
16.1
g2
6.1
5.4
4.4
5.3
f
78.2
77.8
79.8
78.6
a
38820
39810
41095
39908
nb
122
125
129
125
14.4
g1
14.4
14.9
14.0
g2
6.4
7.2
6.9
6.8
f
79.2
77.9
79.1
78.8
a
35938
38288
38288
37505
nb
69
74
74
72
g1
11.4
9.5
7.6
9.4
g2
6.6
5.0
3.1
4.9
f
82.0
85.5
89.3
85.7
a
11272
11272
11272
11272
nb
18
18
18
18
g1
9.5
5.0
4.2
6.2
g2
4.1
1.7
1.7
2.5
f
86.4
93.3
94.1
91.3
a
5600
5600
5600
5600
nb
7
7
7
7
g1
7.1
15.4
14.9
12.4
g2
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.6
f
92.1
84.0
84.6
87.0
a
147871
150554
150100
149508
nb
528
530
525
528
g1
13.2
13.1
11.9
12.7
g2
6.0
5.4
4.5
5.3
f
80.8
81.5
83.6
82.0
* List of countries : Argentina + Czech Rep. + Eg y p t + China (HK) + Croatia +
Hungary + Indonesia + Iran, I. R. + Korea + Poland + Romania + Thailand +
Taiw an + Ukraine + South Africa
33
APPENDIX C11
- SOLID FUELS, OTHER COUNTRIES, 100 TO > 1000 MW
A N N U A L UNAVAILABILITY
Other Countries*
100 to > 1 0 0 0 M W
OF STEA M T U RBINE UNITS
Solid fuels
M O RE T H A N
O N E YEAR OLD (% )
AA2810YY
a
100 to 199
MW
200 to 299
MW
300 to 399
MW
400 to 599
MW
600 to 799
MW
800 to 999
MW
100 to > 1000
MW
1994
1995
1996
Average
8047
7929
7929
7968
nb
58
57
57
57
g1
15.9
17.6
13.1
15.5
g2
4.6
3.4
4.2
4.1
f
79.5
79.0
82.7
80.4
a
28827
28827
28827
28827
nb
142
142
142
142
g1
15.6
15.6
16.8
16.0
g2
5.4
4.6
3.8
4.6
f
79.0
79.8
79.4
79.4
a
26290
26315
27600
26735
nb
83
83
87
84
g1
15.3
18.2
16.4
16.6
g2
7.0
6.3
5.4
6.2
f
77.7
75.5
78.2
77.2
a
29458
31258
31258
30658
nb
55
59
59
58
g1
12.3
9.2
7.4
9.6
g2
7.3
5.1
2.6
5.0
f
80.4
85.7
90.0
85.4
a
10072
10072
10072
10072
nb
16
16
16
16
g1
10.0
5.5
4.5
6.7
g2
3.2
1.8
1.7
2.2
f
86.8
92.7
93.8
91.1
a
800
800
800
800
nb
1
1
1
1
g1
8.0
12.0
8.0
9.3
g2
0.7
2.0
0.3
1.0
f
91.3
86.0
91.7
89.7
a
103494
105201
106486
105060
nb
355
358
362
358
g1
14.0
13.5
12.4
13.3
g2
6.0
4.8
3.7
4.8
f
80.0
81.7
83.9
81.9
* List of countries : Czech Rep. + China (HK) + Croatia + Hungary + Indonesia +
Korea + Poland + Romania + Thailand + Taiw an + Ukraine + South Africa
34
APPENDIX C12
TO > 1000 MW
- LIQUID AND GASEOUS FUELS, OTHER COUNTRIES, 100
Other Countries *
100 to > 1 0 0 0 M W
A N N U A L UNAVAILABILITY
OF STEAM T U RBINE UNITS
Liquid and gaseous fuels
M O RE T H A N
O N E YEAR OLD (% )
AA2910YY
100 to 199
MW
200 to 299
MW
300 to 399
MW
400 to 599
MW
600 to 799
MW
800 to 999
MW
100 to > 1000
MW
1994
1995
1996
Average
a
6087
5384
4473
5315
nb
46
40
35
40
8.4
g1
9.8
6.9
8.4
g2
8.0
6.3
6.5
7.0
f
82.2
86.8
85.1
84.6
a
11030
10984
10156
10723
nb
50
50
46
49
g1
15.6
20.2
12.8
16.3
g2
7.9
7.1
6.1
7.1
f
76.5
72.7
81.1
76.6
a
9770
10075
10075
9973
nb
30
31
31
31
g1
14.2
9.6
6.7
10.1
g2
5.0
9.5
12.6
9.0
f
80.8
80.9
80.7
80.9
a
6480
7030
7030
6847
nb
14
15
15
15
g1
7.3
10.9
8.1
8.8
g2
3.3
4.6
5.1
4.3
f
89.4
84.5
86.8
86.9
a
1200
1200
1200
1200
nb
2
2
2
2
g1
5.8
0
1.3
2.4
g2
11.3
1.5
1.7
4.8
f
82.9
98.5
97.0
92.8
a
4800
4800
4800
4800
nb
6
6
6
6
g1
6.9
16.0
16.0
13.0
g2
0.8
0.4
0.5
0.6
f
92.3
83.6
83.5
86.4
a
39367
39473
37734
38858
nb
148
144
135
142
g1
11.6
12.9
9.8
11.5
g2
5.7
6.2
6.8
6.2
f
82.7
80.9
83.4
82.3
* List of countries : Argentina + China (HK) + Croatia + Hungary + Indonesia +
Iran, I. R. + Korea + Romania + Thailand + Taiw an + Ukraine +
35
APPENDIX C13
- FOSSIL FUELS, JAPAN, 100 TO > 1000 MW
ANNUAL UNAVAILABILITY
Japan *
OF STEAM TURBINE UNITS
100 to > 1000 MW
All Fossil fuels
MORE THAN
ONE YEAR OLD (%)
AA3810YY
300 to 399
MW
400 to 599
MW
600 to 799
MW
800 to 999
MW
> 1000
MW
100 to > 1000
MW
1994
1995
1996
Average
a
17250
16850
16850
16983
nb
48
47
47
47
g1
19.2
18.0
13.9
17.1
g2
1.7
0.4
1.5
1.2
f
79.1
81.6
84.6
81.7
a
15426
16984
16984
16465
nb
32
35
35
34
g1
16.0
18.4
16.3
16.9
g2
1.1
0.6
0.7
0.8
f
82.9
81.0
83.0
82.3
a
30700
29900
30600
30400
nb
49
48
49
49
g1
20.0
18.5
16.0
18.1
g2
0.8
1.0
1.8
1.2
f
79.2
80.5
82.2
80.7
a
1708
3416
3416
2847
nb
2
4
4
3
g1
19.3
23.4
8.0
16.4
g2
0
0
0
0
f
80.7
76.6
92.0
83.6
a
10000
11000
12000
11000
nb
10
11
12
11
g1
17.7
17.0
21.1
18.7
g2
1.4
2.0
1.3
1.6
f
80.9
81.0
77.6
79.7
a
75084
78150
79850
77695
nb
141
145
147
144
g1
18.7
18.4
16.0
17.7
g2
1.1
0.9
1.4
1.1
f
80.2
80.7
82.6
81.2
* List of countries : Japan
36
APPENDIX C14
- SOLID FUELS, JAPAN, 100 TO > 1000 MW
ANNUAL UNAVAILABILITY
Japan *
OF STEAM TURBINE UNITS
100 to > 1000 MW
Solid fuels
MORE THAN
ONE YEAR OLD (%)
AA3910YY
300 to 399
MW
400 to 599
MW
600 to 799
MW
> 1000
MW
100 to > 1000
MW
1994
1995
1996
Average
a
350
700
700
583
nb
1
2
2
2
g1
30.1
18.9
6.9
16.3
g2
0.8
1.7
7.2
3.7
f
69.1
79.4
85.9
80.0
a
2500
3000
3000
2833
nb
5
6
6
6
g1
13.1
12.4
13.2
12.9
g2
0.6
1.2
0.7
0.8
f
86.3
86.4
86.1
86.3
a
4700
5300
6000
5333
nb
7
8
9
8
g1
15.7
13.8
14.0
14.4
g2
1.0
0.7
0.5
0.7
f
83.3
85.5
85.5
84.9
a
1000
2000
3000
2000
nb
1
2
3
2
g1
16.0
18.8
24.3
21.1
g2
0
1.6
0
0.5
f
84.0
79.6
75.7
78.4
a
8550
11000
12700
10750
nb
14
18
20
17
g1
15.6
14.7
15.9
15.4
g2
0.8
1.1
0.8
0.9
f
83.6
84.2
83.3
83.7
* List of countries : Japan
37
APPENDIX C15
- LIQUID AND GASEOUS FUELS, JAPAN, 100 TO > 1000 MW
ANNUAL UNAVAILABILITY
Japan *
OF STEAM TURBINE UNITS
100 to > 1000 MW
Liquid and gaseous fuels
MORE THAN
ONE YEAR OLD (%)
AA4210YY
300 to 399
MW
400 to 599
MW
600 to 799
MW
800 to 999
MW
> 1000
MW
100 to > 1000
MW
1994
1995
1996
Average
a
16900
16150
16150
16400
nb
47
45
45
46
g1
19.0
18.0
14.2
17.1
g2
1.7
0.4
1.3
1.1
f
79.3
81.6
84.5
81.8
a
12926
13984
13984
13631
nb
27
29
29
28
g1
16.6
19.7
16.9
17.8
g2
1.2
0.4
0.7
0.8
f
82.2
79.9
82.4
81.4
a
26000
24600
24600
25067
nb
42
40
40
41
g1
20.7
19.5
16.5
18.9
g2
0.7
1.0
2.2
1.3
f
78.6
79.5
81.3
79.8
a
1708
3416
3416
2847
nb
2
4
4
3
g1
19.3
23.4
8.0
16.4
g2
0
0
0
0
f
80.7
76.6
92.0
83.6
a
9000
9000
9000
9000
nb
9
9
9
9
g1
17.9
16.6
20.0
18.2
g2
1.6
2.1
1.8
1.8
f
80.5
81.3
78.2
80.0
a
66534
67150
67150
66945
nb
127
127
127
127
g1
19.1
19.0
16.1
18.0
g2
1.2
0.8
1.5
1.2
f
79.7
80.2
82.4
80.8
* List of countries : Japan
38
APPENDIX C16
- FOSSIL FUELS, CHINA, 100 TO > 1000 MW
ANNUAL UNAVAILABILITY
China *
OF STEAM TURBINE UNITS
100 to > 1000 MW
Fossil fuels
MORE THAN
ONE YEAR OLD (%)
CHINAYY
100 to 199
MW
200 to 299
MW
300 to 399
MW
400 to 599
MW
600 to 799
MW
100 to > 1000
MW
1994
1995
1996
Average
a
23250
25200
26000
24817
nb
210
228
235
224
g1
8.9
8.0
7.3
8.0
g2
3.1
2.2
2.1
2.6
f
88.1
89.9
90.6
89.4
a
31470
32670
34670
32937
nb
156
162
172
163
g1
10.3
9.5
9.3
9.5
g2
4.5
3.6
3.1
3.9
f
85.2
86.8
87.7
86.6
a
23785
28085
32615
28162
nb
76
90
105
90
g1
11.9
10.7
10.9
11.2
g2
8.5
5.8
5.2
6.2
f
79.7
83.5
84.0
82.6
a
1520
1520
2020
1687
nb
3
3
4
3
g1
18.9
14.6
16.2
16.5
g2
7.6
5.5
10.3
8.0
f
73.6
79.9
73.5
75.4
a
3000
3600
4200
3600
nb
5
6
7
6
g1
16.9
9.9
14.5
13.2
g2
9.6
8.2
10.7
12.3
f
73.5
81.8
74.7
74.5
a
83025
91075
99505
91203
nb
450
489
523
486
g1
10.8
9.6
9.7
9.9
g2
5.5
4.1
4.0
4.7
f
83.8
86.3
86.4
85.5
* List of countries : China
39
40
41
42
43
44
Steam turbine
100 to >
f : En e r g y A v a i l a b i l i t y f a c t o r .
Capacity in MW
1000 MW
Fossil fuels
AA0424Y0
year
###
###
###
###
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
Capacity
433
449
943
###
1515
2144
3051
4849
12743
13108
16963
11286
17200
26447
33530
33915
34406
42368
28674
28137
38511
30581
24453
41220
27046
29122
31491
34715
28091
20528
16307
8698
19262
10856
14884
10910
4924
7703
4545
Age \ nb
3
4
7
9
11
13
21
28
49
49
60
42
54
81
102
90
91
103
63
74
90
79
57
88
64
68
83
74
67
53
39
27
50
23
30
23
12
16
9
n.th
68.5
71.4
73.6
83.5
69.1
75.9
80.0
71.1
61.9
68.1
73.1
69.5
68.0
67.9
72.6
68.9
69.4
78.5
71.6
79.3
80.2
78.9
82.5
77.3
75.4
85.6
84.3
83.4
82.3
83.9
81.2
82.7
78.8
75.4
75.4
74.9
77.3
71.3
73.9
62.2
75.7
71.0
77.3
76.0
73.2
72.9
76.5
73.4
69.3
80.4
73.0
75.9
76.8
79.4
81.4
81.8
81.9
84.5
82.8
86.4
83.4
84.7
82.1
89.5
88.3
88.8
82.5
78.9
77.2
69.8
83.1
76.9
84.7
67.6
78.6
74.6
78.7
74.3
78.3
71.1
72.2
75.8
70.3
79.5
79.7
78.4
81.6
80.4
84.0
84.9
82.1
86.1
83.6
83.7
88.8
88.8
84.9
86.0
87.6
90.9
80.1
78.3
63.6
69.1
76.4
82.3
77.3
71.7
74.3
77.9
79.7
72.3
69.9
77.1
77.0
77.8
77.9
78.2
76.8
83.7
84.5
83.1
86.5
85.0
87.2
85.0
87.9
85.2
85.5
84.5
86.5
89.2
80.4
78.9
83.5
67.7
72.9
80.9
75.0
77.7
71.7
77.5
72.9
65.4
69.8
75.6
76.9
76.3
82.8
79.7
81.8
82.3
81.7
81.2
82.2
85.4
85.1
85.3
89.2
86.8
86.8
83.9
90.0
79.6
79.0
83.1
71.6
78.5
79.4
74.6
72.3
64.2
73.9
72.2
71.0
70.2
78.8
76.4
73.8
78.3
80.0
81.0
78.7
84.1
83.0
84.6
84.2
85.5
86.4
86.3
86.7
86.7
87.7
78.6
78.9
78.9
68.9
67.4
83.2
70.4
72.8
72.6
70.9
65.6
66.1
70.3
78.6
79.1
78.1
77.1
78.1
78.2
82.6
84.8
84.4
85.9
85.8
84.9
83.8
86.0
90.9
86.7
78.0
78.8
73.7
68.8
75.8
77.8
71.5
71.1
67.4
71.0
72.2
70.2
71.1
75.0
78.6
80.0
78.2
78.3
79.0
81.0
84.7
83.9
88.4
84.1
86.3
85.6
87.9
87.9
78.2
78.7
71.9
76.8
77.4
73.1
67.2
72.7
70.3
72.9
73.1
72.1
72.8
81.6
77.5
80.3
77.2
78.3
80.5
82.6
84.2
81.1
87.4
84.4
85.3
84.9
86.7
78.7
78.7
79.3
77.3
71.2
76.2
71.8
67.1
69.1
68.9
73.3
72.5
74.3
81.4
82.2
79.6
79.7
81.0
79.9
83.4
83.8
83.9
85.2
87.8
85.5
85.7
79.0
78.7
77.8
75.4
76.3
71.5
69.3
71.5
69.3
73.0
73.7
76.3
76.1
76.4
80.1
77.8
81.0
80.3
81.8
81.1
83.7
85.4
86.9
87.3
89.3
79.2
78.8
85.2
81.7
67.4
76.8
69.3
69.1
66.8
72.6
73.9
73.2
78.3
79.7
73.9
79.3
79.5
83.7
82.8
83.1
85.5
84.5
84.0
88.5
78.6
78.8
79.3
77.4
65.8
72.6
66.1
70.7
70.3
74.5
75.9
78.1
72.4
81.4
83.0
81.0
80.9
80.6
83.5
85.1
83.2
84.4
88.4
79.0
78.8
71.5
81.8
68.6
72.6
69.4
73.7
69.8
73.5
76.1
79.2
80.1
79.6
79.1
77.8
79.8
84.6
82.1
84.5
84.3
84.5
79.0
78.8
79.5
81.9
71.6
67.9
71.7
72.8
70.2
73.9
76.1
75.8
77.1
80.5
83.5
79.8
81.7
80.5
79.9
83.5
84.9
78.4
78.8
74.8
77.8
70.3
74.5
70.9
70.1
71.7
75.1
78.4
78.3
78.8
80.2
81.5
78.3
79.1
80.6
83.4
85.2
78.6
78.8
81.7
75.0
71.3
74.1
72.4
71.7
73.3
76.8
79.4
76.3
77.0
81.9
80.1
79.1
79.8
82.0
82.7
78.3
78.7
81.7
79.1
74.3
74.3
72.8
75.0
71.2
78.3
77.1
79.0
77.1
84.5
80.0
76.1
78.2
83.0
78.3
78.7
79.0
83.6
72.2
76.3
74.1
74.7
71.8
78.0
79.3
76.2
77.2
79.4
79.6
77.6
81.1
77.7
78.7
76.9
75.0
76.3
76.9
75.1
74.6
75.7
75.3
80.9
79.8
80.0
80.5
79.5
77.8
78.5
78.7
66.0
76.2
76.2
73.3
74.7
78.7
74.9
74.3
78.1
78.7
76.6
79.8
82.6
77.7
78.6
76.5
67.8
77.6
76.3
77.7
76.0
74.2
78.3
76.8
79.3
78.6
81.3
78.1
78.6
69.9
82.0
78.1
78.5
73.4
76.6
76.1
74.2
76.2
81.8
72.7
76.1
78.6
68.8
74.8
77.6
76.7
71.2
77.3
79.6
76.7
77.0
81.8
78.0
78.6
69.5
78.1
81.0
81.4
67.8
78.5
75.7
78.8
80.0
78.7
78.6
66.3
70.9
81.2
79.9
70.3
73.8
79.7
77.8
76.8
78.5
78.2
81.6
81.4
76.8
79.6
78.7
85.0
80.1
78.6
83.1
74.4
79.7
66.0
81.2
70.0
79.5
82.0
76.4
78.5
87.7
71.9
72.6
77.3
69.9
75.1
78.8
79.5
76.3
78.5
85.1
81.0
66.6
74.3
72.9
71.3
82.1
76.1
78.5
75.3
78.0
71.5
69.7
78.2
72.9
82.7
76.3
78.5
90.6
73.1
81.3
77.9
69.8
83.3
85.9
80.4
78.5
74.8
77.5
62.5
91.1
84.5
68.9
72.9
75.8
78.5
67.6
76.5
69.8
88.1
82.5
75.2
77.8
78.5
98.0
83.8
89.9
77.5
79.7
83.4
78.5
92.0
79.7
93.7
86.6
88.5
78.5
93.6
80.2
82.3
84.5
78.5
96.2
91.6
94.6
78.5
92.4
92.4
78.5
1
96.9
2
89.5
3
91.2
4
89.6
5
88.3
6
90.8
7
92.8
8
92.5
9
92.8
10
96.7
11
90.3
12
97.8
13
85.6
14
95.9
15
88.8
16
97.3
17
74.0
18
90.7
19
83.2
20
89.3
21
86.5
77.4
22
61.0
99.4
23
89.9
92.3
24
99.6
95.8
25
84.4
98.1
72.5
87.7
78.8
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
80.7
85.9
* L i s t o f c o u n t r i e s : A r g e n t i n a + A u s t r i a + A u s t r a l i a + B e l g i u m + Brazil +
Sw itzerland + Czech Rep. + G e r m a n y + D e n m a r k + Algeria + Ecuador +
E g y p t + S p a i n + Finland + France + China (HK) + Croatia + H u n g a r y +
Indonesia + Ireland + Israel + Iran, I. R. + + I t a l y + J o r d a n + J a p a n +
Korea + M o r o c c o + M e x i c o + N e t h e r l a n d s + N e w Zealand + Pakistan +
Poland + Portugal + R o m a n i a + Thailand + T u r k e y + Taiw a n + Ukraine +
U n i t e d S t a t e s + Canada + S o u t h A f r i c a
91.8
53.8
78.2
96.7
37
38
39
Average
96.9
89.5
71.6
74.2
74.3
75.0
74.2
73.8
74.8
75.5
72.7
75.5
73.8
72.8
72.5
70.2
71.0
72.1
72.9
74.3
75.1
76.9
77.4
78.4
78.2
79.1
80.0
80.5
80.7
80.9
81.7
81.1
80.9
81.6
82.7
All units
1st n.
C17 - FOSSIL FUELS, WORLD, STEAM TURBINE, 100 TO > 1000 MW
W orld *
ENERGY AVAILABILITY
OF FOSSIL-FIRED UNITS (% )
Steam turbine
100 to > 1 0 0 0 M W
f : Energy Availability factor.
year
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
Capacity
5887
6244
7414
5684
9707
Age \ nb
13
16
1
96.2
88.2
2
3
1971
Capacity in M W
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
AA0124Y0
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
12435 14058 17616 15793 24630 16001 13325 21614 18731 12652 25464 14501 15808
Fossil fuels
1984
9412
1985
1986
17775 11393
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
8642
5629
2581
6152
1710
5292
1098
1995
1996
902
1920
19
14
19
26
29
32
28
46
27
29
42
41
27
43
31
30
17
28
23
15
10
5
7
4
6
2
2
4
n.th
1st n.
73.8
81.7
70.9
70.9
69.1
72.6
69.7
70.7
71.0
71.9
71.4
68.2
78.7
67.5
79.6
73.4
81.9
83.7
74.0
82.4
87.8
92.1
87.8
89.3
88.9
85.4
81.5
75.4
75.4
76.9
84.5
78.3
70.3
80.5
80.8
73.3
70.6
76.2
73.5
74.0
80.5
73.3
75.0
76.0
78.7
81.7
78.1
82.4
85.2
83.5
88.6
84.6
85.2
82.6
90.4
90.7
86.8
78.2
76.9
92.1
74.9
70.9
79.7
74.7
82.4
73.9
78.8
68.9
71.5
74.8
68.6
79.7
82.1
78.1
81.4
78.4
85.0
82.3
82.7
87.1
82.8
91.0
92.0
91.1
92.0
86.6
77.0
79.3
77.8
90.7
83.4
77.1
70.1
72.9
83.2
80.8
74.6
70.2
76.9
76.9
78.6
79.5
80.3
77.2
85.2
85.0
83.6
84.0
86.5
87.9
86.7
88.3
76.6
85.2
90.3
88.9
89.3
80.2
78.5
77.5
82.2
74.6
78.4
71.9
76.7
71.4
61.1
68.4
74.7
76.0
76.6
84.3
81.2
81.8
84.3
81.8
81.7
81.1
86.1
84.8
88.1
92.3
89.9
89.9
85.6
91.3
78.9
78.6
78.2
79.2
74.2
71.8
62.1
71.3
71.6
68.3
66.8
78.9
75.5
74.6
78.2
82.3
83.1
79.2
82.8
85.1
82.5
84.6
86.1
88.0
90.6
88.1
88.8
87.4
77.5
78.4
65.7
83.4
69.8
72.2
71.3
69.0
64.4
59.3
68.6
77.8
78.1
80.2
76.6
79.4
78.5
84.0
86.2
83.6
84.8
85.4
84.5
78.9
91.1
97.6
85.4
76.4
78.0
76.1
77.6
70.5
70.5
64.6
69.5
70.2
64.7
69.1
73.3
79.1
85.7
78.8
80.0
80.4
82.1
85.0
84.3
89.0
84.8
85.4
86.5
91.0
88.3
77.1
77.9
77.8
72.6
64.7
71.3
68.7
70.7
72.2
68.7
70.9
83.0
76.4
82.3
77.0
79.6
80.0
82.8
85.4
81.1
87.9
82.8
89.4
85.7
87.3
77.7
77.9
71.2
75.7
70.3
64.6
67.7
64.9
72.9
70.1
73.4
80.7
83.4
82.0
80.1
82.0
81.2
84.7
85.1
84.8
84.9
89.5
86.0
85.7
78.4
77.9
75.3
70.4
65.9
70.4
65.7
71.6
74.2
75.3
75.3
75.4
79.3
79.8
80.6
81.7
83.0
81.5
82.0
84.6
89.6
87.4
89.5
78.2
77.9
63.9
76.4
66.6
68.4
65.3
71.7
73.9
71.5
78.8
81.6
73.4
81.2
80.6
86.3
83.4
84.3
86.4
85.6
83.6
89.4
78.5
78.0
62.1
70.3
63.8
70.2
70.9
75.5
76.5
77.1
70.5
80.4
84.1
82.2
81.5
82.3
85.0
86.1
83.4
84.7
87.9
78.7
78.1
64.8
70.5
69.6
74.0
69.3
72.7
75.2
80.7
80.8
80.1
78.7
78.8
80.9
85.3
84.6
87.1
87.1
85.3
79.4
78.2
68.9
69.6
70.2
72.1
70.5
72.9
76.8
75.4
76.1
79.5
84.6
82.6
83.0
81.2
81.2
83.9
85.4
78.4
78.2
68.7
73.4
70.4
69.2
71.4
74.7
80.4
77.0
78.8
81.0
81.0
80.6
81.4
81.0
86.4
87.8
79.0
78.2
69.6
73.0
72.8
72.3
73.2
76.2
81.1
75.8
75.6
82.6
82.6
83.2
81.5
81.4
84.1
78.7
78.2
73.9
74.4
70.3
76.1
73.6
78.1
77.7
78.6
78.0
84.2
82.0
77.4
81.5
83.3
79.0
78.3
71.1
75.4
72.9
76.0
71.6
78.0
79.0
75.8
76.2
79.5
82.1
83.4
84.1
78.2
78.3
76.0
74.4
75.3
74.2
76.8
75.1
84.4
80.5
80.5
79.7
83.5
81.1
79.4
78.3
74.9
71.9
73.7
78.9
73.3
73.3
78.8
78.4
76.9
80.5
85.2
77.7
78.3
78.8
76.4
79.0
77.3
74.0
77.9
78.8
79.3
79.8
84.1
79.2
78.3
78.4
77.1
74.2
77.8
78.9
72.7
78.7
81.7
70.2
76.2
78.3
77.3
74.0
78.8
78.5
77.7
79.7
82.6
79.1
78.3
81.0
83.1
81.4
78.3
82.0
82.0
78.3
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
* List of countries : Canada + U n i t e d S t a t e s
80.9
25
78.8
26
27
28
Average
96.2
88.2
All units
84.6
4
24
1994
84.7
78.1
77.1
75.9
73.9
76.2
73.9
71.4
71.8
69.1
69.8
70.0
71.0
73.6
74.4
77.0
77.1
78.5
78.2
79.1
80.3
80.4
81.1
81.3
82.4
81.5
82.1
83.1
83.6
C18 - FOSSIL FUELS, NORTH AMERICA, STEAM TURBINE, 100 TO > 1000 MW
North America *
ENERGY AVAILABILITY
OF FOSSIL-FIRED UNITS (% )
W estern Europe *
OF FOSSIL-FIRED UNITS (% )
S t e a m t u r b in e
1 0 0 to >
f : En e r g y A v a i l a b i l i t y f a c t oCra. p a c i t y i n M W
year
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
Capacity
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
Age \ nb
3
4
7
9
9
12 13
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
AA0224Y0
##
##
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
##
##
4123
4608
7917
3507
6705
3641
1723
4606
3076
4414
3634
3594
4804
8312
3494
3103
1829
4656
350
1095
1416
1524
2366
15
19
25
11
19
11
5
12
8
8
9
11
12
17
10
7
5
18
2
3
4
4
4
n.th
82.1
69.7
81.8
81.7
75.8
80.5
82.6
77.2
79.2
71.2
83.2
80.3
85.3
72.0
81.9
89.9
83.8
73.6
80.0
80.0
86.9
64.1
73.8
64.8
80.7
82.4
71.8
83.6
76.0
79.4
89.8
67.2
76.6
91.7
85.0
84.5
83.4
81.7
90.9
84.9
82.6
81.4
88.4
72.9
75.2
74.9
90.5
81.4
65.0
86.6
83.9
88.7
78.2
75.8
89.6
90.4
93.0
83.3
88.9
85.3
73.5
78.0
88.8
84.3
82.5
87.1
57.3
77.6
78.4
76.9
70.5
86.3
85.4
94.0
85.1
92.6
92.1
90.3
93.3
79.9
89.2
89.3
90.2
79.4
85.0
85.4
83.5
75.7
72.3
67.0
77.8
88.5
85.6
70.4
84.0
88.7
98.7
87.4
90.1
89.7
82.6
76.4
86.2
90.1
75.7
88.3
82.2
83.1
6
84.3
82.7
61.2
84.5
86.2
69.4
91.9
89.3
84.5
86.5
80.1
84.5
87.8
83.6
80.0
78.8
90.2
89.3
94.2
82.9
83.1
7
76.0
84.1
73.5
76.1
94.2
93.4
93.1
84.3
90.6
95.5
99.1
92.7
81.6
86.7
86.0
87.0
83.2
93.5
84.9
85.7
83.6
8
87.7
78.6
77.3
53.3
78.8
96.1
89.8
85.3
93.8
91.9
86.7
89.8
84.4
83.4
80.1
89.3
85.3
87.9
91.4
84.6
83.8
9
74.1
82.4
74.5
80.0
89.6
75.4
100.
86.4
91.3
36.3
92.4
98.4
84.1
83.0
80.2
83.8
80.7
85.8
86.6
82.9
83.6
10
84.3
70.4
84.8
76.4
81.1
98.0
85.9
99.1
81.4
88.9
92.3
91.1
90.9
78.7
83.1
81.9
90.2
87.4
88.2
85.7
83.9
11
75.8
76.8
78.2
93.1
72.0
84.1
100.
93.2
87.6
93.9
85.1
79.7
83.5
83.8
86.9
85.2
78.0
86.5
90.6
85.5
84.1
85.3
83.0
81.1
86.1
87.0
70.4
89.2
83.3
92.4
87.5
75.2
85.7
87.7
87.9
83.8
83.9
82.3
88.0
85.2
84.2
73.9
82.7
72.4
80.2
85.8
88.1
97.2
98.8
91.7
91.7
86.1
87.5
82.0
79.8
83.0
84.3
81.2
83.5
84.2
94.0
80.5
82.4
78.3
75.9
76.8
69.6
73.3
93.3
98.0
97.9
82.4
81.5
92.8
79.4
78.3
76.5
85.4
81.3
84.0
88.7
87.2
86.3
70.0
79.2
66.9
81.1
74.0
89.4
91.5
85.9
89.6
81.7
79.6
89.6
81.3
85.8
79.8
83.0
83.9
90.3
82.6
83.4
83.5
82.8
92.8
70.4
82.2
75.2
97.5
80.8
96.1
82.9
79.9
77.5
84.9
81.9
83.2
83.8
76.6
89.5
69.4
71.9
86.0
88.8
84.2
80.2
88.7
87.6
85.0
81.1
83.3
90.6
93.9
89.7
86.1
84.0
82.4
83.1
86.7
83.6
81.9
90.4
84.2
84.7
77.5
79.6
84.2
84.0
8.6
80.5
82.0
86.3
73.2
82.6
85.6
75.8
82.4
80.5
83.8
77.3
98.4
74.7
85.3
89.7
82.3
83.9
83.5
88.3
84.1
83.8
90.3
84.4
78.7
86.4
85.8
83.6
82.5
89.9
84.2
83.8
99.6
71.5
72.4
80.3
81.9
92.4
85.7
79.2
81.8
83.7
76.7
64.4
58.6
78.2
80.8
90.2
81.1
78.7
83.5
95.0
84.2
66.3
69.2
79.9
81.0
84.6
89.4
80.9
83.4
87.1
84.6
79.2
60.7
77.2
74.4
76.5
82.6
76.5
83.1
92.0
63.0
84.8
78.5
67.1
75.8
84.6
74.3
76.0
82.9
53.8
84.3
83.2
86.1
76.2
78.0
76.6
84.6
80.8
82.8
84.8
74.5
83.5
61.0
80.5
69.8
84.6
89.5
78.4
82.7
87.7
69.5
72.6
84.4
63.2
74.2
82.6
76.7
75.9
82.5
30
85.1
80.0
66.6
81.4
72.4
76.5
83.4
78.2
82.5
31
75.3
78.0
67.8
69.7
77.7
68.3
86.2
76.4
82.4
32
90.6
73.1
81.3
82.5
69.8
83.3
80.5
79.0
82.3
33
74.8
77.5
62.5
91.1
83.3
68.9
72.9
75.3
82.3
67.6
76.5
69.8
88.1
81.4
75.2
77.4
82.2
98.0
83.8
89.9
77.5
77.3
82.8
82.2
92.0
79.7
93.7
86.6
88.5
82.3
93.6
80.2
82.3
84.5
82.3
96.2
91.6
94.6
82.3
92.4
92.4
82.3
16 20 24
##
1000 MW
A ll Fossil fuels
21 16 17
1
18 26
2
3
4
5
12
13
80.7
14
15
16
17
88.4
18
82.7
19
89.3
20
91.1
83.2
77.4
21
67.1
99.4
22
87.7
93.1
92.3
23
63.0
99.6
95.8
24
76.0
50.0
82.9
98.1
72.5
25
86.1
85.8
91.3
94.9
78.8
85.2
75.0
85.9
26
27
96.7
28
29
34
35
76.7
36
37
38
39
Average
* List of countries : Austria +
Netherlands + Portugal
82.1
75.2
Belgium +
75.5
77.8
69.9
80.2
Sw i t z e r l a n d +
79.5
76.9
79.1
Germ a n y +
81.3
81.8
85.2
Denmark +
84.7
84.0
88.2
Spain +
88.1
90.3
82.3
Finland +
81.8
80.9
France +
81.4
81.6
82.7
Ireland +
1996
All units
84.1
It a l y +
1st n.
C19 - FOSSIL FUELS, WESTERN EUROPE, STEAM TURBINE, 100 TO > 1000 MW
ENERGY AVAILABILITY
Other Countries *
OF FOSSIL-FIRED UNITS (% )
Steam turbine
100 to > 1 0 0 0 M W
f : Energy Availability factor.
Capacity in MW
Fossil fuels
AA2724Y0
year
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
Capacity
225
103
895
1100
1080
661
2496
1643
2465
5965
7030
4813
6505
4221
5516
6047
8108
7513
3835
8930
5231
7855
14681
10336
7286
7392
4875
4288
5304
4896
6697
6696
2100
2335
925
Age \ nb
2
1
6
8
7
4
15
9
15
30
34
20
30
21
19
22
28
28
12
30
20
25
49
31
25
26
18
17
20
12
18
15
6
7
3
1
96.9
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
n.th
1st n.
68.5 71.4 70.2 83.5 64.0 77.5 79.0 71.2 55.7 68.7 74.2 67.4 57.3 62.3 74.4 54.8 53.4 75.9 76.8 78.2 83.9 74.4 80.8 80.0 75.1 84.4 81.3 82.7 76.5 82.4 84.0 90.1 83.8
74.4
74.4
74.9 77.3 68.7 73.0 55.7 71.9 75.3 72.4 71.9 77.0 78.7 79.0 73.4 57.8 73.9 67.1 59.7 75.8 79.1 78.2 83.2 82.8 79.9 80.2 78.9 82.2 82.0 82.1 87.9 88.7 85.3 76.7
77.4
75.9
69.8 83.1 73.5 92.5 59.9 73.0 73.5 74.5 74.6 80.9 77.0 76.9 81.8 67.9 73.5 67.1 64.1 79.7 83.0 82.6 85.8 79.7 83.2 84.0 79.7 86.5 89.0 80.3 89.5 90.2 94.3
79.9
77.2
63.6 69.1 75.6 76.3 78.5 80.0 82.3 69.4 78.6 63.5 69.5 77.8 76.8 69.7 69.2 64.7 62.0 75.8 80.5 82.6 88.2 82.2 84.3 83.9 83.6 90.1 82.7 84.8 81.0 92.1
78.9
77.7
81.1 67.7 68.2 64.2 77.8 74.3 70.5 79.0 76.2 77.8 77.1 74.8 80.6 67.3 73.0 67.3 63.9 69.0 79.6 78.9 84.7 82.5 86.5 84.4 88.5 83.4 86.0 83.0 90.5
78.8
77.9
82.4 71.6 78.7 81.9 76.9 78.3 77.2 81.9 74.1 77.5 74.9 78.9 80.3 65.1 78.5 68.8 60.7 72.0 85.2 77.0 84.5 81.7 86.9 85.8 83.9 84.0 89.1 90.2
79.5
78.1
78.6 68.9 76.4 80.1 74.7 79.4 79.0 77.9 69.5 77.5 71.3 77.9 81.3 65.6 72.3 68.0 61.0 72.8 81.8 83.5 87.8 87.1 83.3 88.1 79.7 85.2 93.2
79.2
78.3
73.9 68.8 83.1 81.4 78.5 74.8 79.5 77.7 68.8 78.4 71.3 80.2 77.1 65.0 69.2 63.7 59.3 73.2 80.1 83.2 88.9 86.9 85.4 83.4 82.5 86.8
78.4
78.3
72.7 76.8 85.4 80.5 80.8 81.4 76.9 77.2 71.8 70.9 69.1 73.2 79.6 67.0 75.2 70.0 65.7 75.2 77.4 81.1 87.8 87.3 83.8 81.9 90.3
78.6
78.3
76.4 77.3 74.0 83.8 77.6 77.8 73.6 77.3 71.4 72.7 72.9 76.6 80.4 67.7 77.6 71.4 65.7 73.7 84.0 82.5 88.4 83.1 82.3 84.1
78.2
78.3
80.1 75.4 84.5 83.1 84.2 73.9 77.9 75.7 63.5 70.7 74.5 75.5 82.2 69.5 78.4 71.7 67.8 75.2 85.6 85.9 86.4 89.3 85.7
78.6
78.3
86.8 81.7 82.9 82.4 74.7 68.8 71.2 71.4 71.3 75.8 74.1 73.6 72.3 67.1 73.8 67.4 70.9 77.0 84.2 83.8 87.4 87.5
77.0
78.2
85.0 77.4 84.3 83.2 66.2 68.5 70.0 69.6 70.6 71.4 73.7 77.9 78.9 69.6 73.8 76.3 74.0 83.8 81.9 84.2 90.2
77.5
78.2
84.3 82.2 83.0 83.4 61.8 71.7 63.9 76.2 74.9 66.7 74.6 77.8 77.0 69.3 75.5 78.0 62.4 77.7 79.5 83.1
75.0
78.0
84.5 78.1 75.6 57.3 76.6 74.0 62.6 75.0 71.7 70.0 77.5 77.8 74.2 69.0 73.3 74.8 66.1 78.0 89.6
74.2
77.9
80.2 80.1 72.7 76.8 59.2 74.5 68.0 74.3 71.2 76.3 73.3 69.9 74.2 61.5 68.4 79.9 65.8 78.6
71.9
77.7
80.0 79.2 82.9 87.7 68.5 66.0 70.9 78.9 73.1 72.0 75.6 72.3 65.1 55.8 69.4 82.5 79.2
72.0
77.5
80.5 76.4 77.2 81.9 78.8 62.6 58.6 77.9 72.4 72.3 73.6 79.6 60.0 53.2 57.5 78.1
69.4
77.2
84.0 78.7 83.3 82.9 70.3 65.2 61.0 74.8 75.6 71.0 77.5 77.5 56.2 45.5 66.2
69.4
77.0
84.4 75.2 70.3 89.3 74.0 80.1 65.6 74.6 62.4 66.3 73.5 74.1 50.6 49.5
66.7
76.8
69.1 82.3 74.5 77.5 67.2 75.2 70.7 74.5 66.5 72.2 67.6 68.6 56.8
68.8
76.6
82.4 77.9 68.6 73.2 62.5 70.8 75.4 76.1 60.1 62.9 69.6 64.8
67.7
76.5
71.3 78.8 76.0 71.5 59.1 77.7 69.9 74.5 58.1 65.6 70.2
68.1
76.4
69.7 64.4 79.2 84.3 63.1 68.7 80.0 62.4 53.0 62.0
63.2
76.2
72.8 76.0 68.6 92.8 80.3 82.5 61.0 65.4 57.9
66.5
76.1
80.1 77.5 73.8 34.0 56.2
64.1
76.1
72.9 67.2 81.1 70.0
73.0
76.1
89.0 69.0 64.3
73.4
76.1
71.7 79.9
79.7
76.1
80.8
83.3
76.1
86.3
76.1
68.8
76.1
91.1
76.1
86.4
76.1
91.7
76.1
89.5
91.2
89.6
88.3
90.8
92.8
92.5
92.8
96.7
90.3
97.8
85.6
13
95.9
14
88.8
15
97.3
16
74.0
17
93.0
18
83.7
19
90.0
20
54.6
21
86.6
22
85.9
23
80.2
24
86.7
25
91.5
26
67.0 73.6
78.2
27
76.4 51.1
81.4 72.3 81.1 64.4
28
96.4
29
83.1 86.3
89.7
30
87.3 83.9
88.3
31
86.4 84.2
54.2
32
83.8
91.1
33
86.4
34
91.7
35
Average
All units
96.9 89.5 71.6 74.2 73.0 74.4 71.1 72.1 71.9 73.8 69.3 74.6 74.8 78.0 74.5 74.6 75.1 72.6 73.0 71.4 71.7 72.8 75.1 74.7 76.0 76.7 77.4 77.8 77.8 78.8 79.0 78.5 75.8 75.3 78.7
* List of countries : Argentina + Australia + Brazil + Czech Rep. + Algeria + Ecuador + Egypt + China (HK) + Croatia + Hungary +
Indonesia + Israel + Iran, I. R. + Jordan + Korea + Morocco + Mexico + New Zealand + Pakistan + Poland + Romania + Thailand
+ Turkey + Taiw an + Ukraine + South Africa
C20 - FOSSIL FUELS, OTHER COUNTRIES, STEAM TURBINE, 100 TO
> 1000 MW
ENERGY AVAILABILITY
Steam turbine
100 to > 1000 MW
All Fossil fuels
f : Energy Availability factor.
Capacity in MW
AA3824Y0
year
### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ###
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
Capacity
### ### ### ### 700 ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ###
2504
3250
3750
2900
1825
3804
1800
1100
1000
2700
Age \ nb
4
3
5
5
2
3
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
13 16 14 11
6
3
8
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
3150
3900
1800
1700
1300
2100
1700
4
5
7
5
4
6
3
2
2
4
5
5
3
2
2
3
2
n.th
1st n.
85.3
88.7
83.6
77.5
82.8
83.1
80.1
84.5
82.7
74.5
93.2
75.4
83.9
74.8
82.9
80.6
89.6
87.0
93.8
77.6
83.9
78.4
82.1
78.4
82.4
84.9
72.9
75.6
79.9
95.9
74.1
82.7
86.6
91.8
83.2
92.0
76.8
83.7
84.1
84.3
76.7
75.4
66.8
80.7
73.1
56.6
77.6
72.2
84.0
86.1
85.8
84.1
87.1
84.3
84.0
80.8
86.4
80.6
82.5
79.3
63.3
66.4
75.3
78.9
62.3
80.1
83.3
83.6
86.6
80.3
94.5
79.7
85.7
74.7
79.0
79.9
83.8
75.8
71.3
88.7
83.5
82.4
76.7
57.7
84.5
84.6
85.1
86.9
82.3
92.8
75.9
85.1
64.3
82.9
87.4
81.6
79.5
77.9
77.8
82.7
80.6
74.4
70.0
72.2
74.4
67.6
89.8
82.1
86.2
88.1
78.8
86.7
85.6
93.6
73.2
81.7
78.5
87.5
82.8
83.2
81.3
70.5
79.4
80.0
90.0
73.6
75.5
76.2
90.9
76.0
82.2
84.4
83.7
92.3
79.0
86.5
83.3
70.2
80.6
83.2
76.8
80.8
75.7
91.5
83.3
89.0
95.9
63.2
83.6
91.5
83.6
86.0
83.6
89.1
85.6
79.5
84.3
79.6
73.4
78.5
88.8
81.0
81.4
74.9
79.4
58.3
67.8
75.3
81.8
68.8
82.2
62.6
94.6
88.0
80.4
74.7
86.0
79.7
83.9
89.3
92.4
87.2
85.8
77.8
76.7
82.3
87.0
76.9
81.0
89.6
73.6
85.5
76.9
88.0
80.2
73.5
81.7
87.2
77.2
82.0
86.5
83.9
93.3
86.1
85.4
76.4
89.4
85.2
81.8
89.1
78.3
91.6
90.6
88.1
83.8
80.0
73.0
85.8
86.6
80.5
86.2
83.9
83.5
78.6
87.3
85.6
83.9
85.6
83.2
83.6
82.5
83.9
80.9
83.6
78.7
82.0
80.8
82.1
81.0
77.8
80.3
81.8
81.2
81.2
77.8
81.6
81.5
82.1
76.4
84.9
72.7
79.4
68.8
72.6
92.6
78.6
83.1
84.0
84.0
84.3
84.1
84.0
83.8
83.8
83.5
83.5
83.0
82.9
82.8
82.7
82.6
82.3
82.2
82.2
82.2
82.2
82.0
82.0
82.0
82.0
82.0
82.0
81.9
81.9
81.9
81.9
81.9
82.4
81.7
80.8
82.2
80.6
81.4
82.5
80.6
81.1
81.8
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
93.9
83.8
86.0
89.0
92.0
93.3
88.3
89.6
77.9
84.3
79.7
92.3
83.8
88.5
83.6
82.3
78.2
82.8
74.7
81.7
79.7
92.6
71.4
77.7
26
71.4
91.0
94.9
82.1
87.0
83.3
86.2
83.6
82.3
97.8
85.5
79.6
82.0
80.9
81.4
85.2
82.8
79.3
88.7
62.6
73.5
72.7
99.2
79.2
27
91.0
88.6
82.3
81.7
89.5
77.8
82.4
85.8
84.4
64.9
77.9
80.0
83.1
80.1
73.3
79.1
80.6
78.0
80.2
96.9
83.2
84.0
79.6
84.3
28
84.6
89.3
92.4
75.7
92.2
84.3
86.7
78.1
83.4
92.2
89.2
91.6
79.2
83.7
85.1
84.4
81.7
82.9
75.1
77.9
73.7
84.4
70.1
73.0
29
85.9
94.6
80.7
88.2
76.9
91.9
84.2
84.2
82.2
82.1
80.5
86.0
86.3
75.6
82.3
81.5
80.9
80.1
93.5
70.5
73.4
81.1
97.9
77.5
30
81.1
82.4
84.9
79.3
87.0
77.8
83.7
77.4
78.6
77.5
73.0
77.4
81.3
86.1
77.5
80.7
75.3
78.1
81.8
57.0
87.0
61.0
84.0
72.1
31
84.7
81.4
82.1
82.7
75.7
81.4
83.1
84.5
75.0
79.9
84.2
93.2
79.9
79.9
75.1
86.9
77.6
81.3
73.4
86.5
73.7
70.3
36.9
77.4
32
Average
*List of countries : Japan
All u n i t s
84.6
82.3
81.3
83.6
82.8
80.2
80.8
77.6
85.0
97.2
84.4
89.4
81.7
85.6
79.0
68.2
91.6
80.1
74.3
86.7
76.0
84.1
86.7
86.4
77.7
88.7
72.9
84.6
78.6
59.4
92.6
82.6
C21 - FOSSIL FUELS, JAPAN, STEAM TURBINE, 100 TO > 1000 MW
Japan *
ENERGY AVAILABILITY
OF FOSSIL-FIRED UNITS (%)
APPENDIX N1 - STATUS OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS WORLDWIDE
(AS OF 31 DECEMBER 1997)
Table 1 - Nuclear Power Reactors In Operation and Under Construction, 31 Dec. 1997
Nuclear Electricity
Country
Reactors in Operation
No of
Total
Units
MW(e)
Reactors under Construction
No of
Total
Units
MW(e)
692
TW(e).h
Total
to 31 Dec. 1997
Years
Months
ARGNTINA
2
935
7.45
11.40
38
7
ARMENIA
1
376
1.43
25.67
30
4
BELGIUM
7
5712
45.10
60.05
149
7
BRAZIL
1
626
3.16
1.09
15
9
BULGARIA
1
Total Operating Experience
Supplied in 1997
% of
1
1245
6
3538
16.44
45.38
95
1
16
11994
77.86
14.16
390
7
CHINA
3
2167
4
3090
11.35
0.79
14
5
CZECH R.
4
1648
2
1824
12.49
19.34
46
8
20.00
30.40
75
4
1
1450
376.00
78.17
993
1
CANADA
FINLAND
4
2455
FRANCE
59
62853
GERMANY
20
22282
161.40
31.76
550
7
HUNGARY
4
1729
13.97
39.88
50
2
10
1695
8.72
2.32
149
1
0
0
INDIA
IRAN
JAPAN
54
43850
KAZAKHS.
1
70
KOREA RP
4
808
2
2111
1
796
810
2
0.30
0.58
24
6
7
12
9770
73.26
34.10
123
2
2370
10.85
81.47
24
6
MEXICO
2
1308
10.03
6.51
11
11
NETHLNDS
1
449
2.00
2.77
53
0
PAKISTAN
1
125
1
300
0.37
0.65
26
3
ROMANIA
1
650
1
650
5.40
9.67
1
6
29
19843
4
3375
99.68
13.63
584
6
S.AFRICA
2
1842
12.63
6.51
26
3
SLOVAK R
4
1632
10.80
43.99
69
5
SLOVENIA
1
632
4.79
39.91
16
3
SPAIN
9
7320
53.10
29.34
165
2
12
10040
67.00
46.24
243
2
SWEDEN
SWITZRLD
5120
35.22
LITHNIA
RUSSIA
6
318.10
4
1552
5
3079
23.97
40.57
113
10
UK
35
12968
89.30
27.45
1133
4
UKRAINE
16
13765
74.61
46.84
206
1
USA
107
99188
629.42
20.14
2246
11
TOTAL
437
351795
8577
8
4
36
3800
26813
2276.49
Note: The total includes the following data in Taiwan, China:
- 6 unit(s), 4884 MW(e) in operation;
- 34.85 TW(e).h of nuclear electricity generation, representing 26.35% of the total electricity generated there;
- 98 year(s) 1 month(s) of total operating experience.
Source: IAEA PRIS Database.
45
APPENDIX N2 - NUMBER OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS BY REACTOR
TYPE AND REGION (AS OF 31 DECEMBER 1997)
Number of Reactors
150
100
50
0
North America
Latin America
Western Europe
Eastern Europe
PWR
71
1
93
1
BWR
36
2
21
PHWR
16
2
Region
AGR+GCR
1
Far East
Africa
38
2
2
32
9
2
34
LWGR
1
20
WWER
2
45
OTHER
2
2
152
69
TOTAL
M. East & South Asia
123
5
Source: IAEA PRIS Database.
46
2
11
75
2
No. of Reactors
APPENDIX N3 - NUMBER OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS BY AGE
(AS OF 31 DECEMBER 1997)
3
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
35
37
38
39
40
41
6
4
6
9
6
4
10
11
14
22
19
20
8
13
6
1
1
1
1
1
0
3
2
11
11
26
32
33
22
23
17
16
16
17
24
7
5
2
4
10
20
Age
Source: IAEA PRIS Database.
47
30
40
APPENDIX N4 -
DISTRIBUTION OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
BY AGE AND TYPE (AS OF 31 DECEMBER 1997)
150
Number of Reactors
100
50
0
Age
PWR
BWR
0-5
6 - 10
11 - 15
16 - 20
21 - 25
> 25
TOTAL
16
8
33
8
4
4
10
2
64
24
6
13
19
5
1
132
45
17
1
3
10
6
2
84
39
23
3
2
5
7
2
81
9
13
21
1
1
206
93
35
30
47
20
6
437
AGR+GCR
PHWR
WWER
7
2
LGWR
OTHERS
TOTAL
1
34
61
Source: IAEA PRIS Database.
48
45
APPENDIX N5 - DISTRIBUTION OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
BY AGE AND REGION (AS OF 31 DECEMBER 1997)
Number of Reactors
150
100
50
0
Eastern Europe
Far East
Latin America
Middle East and Sout
0-5
3
17
1
3
4
6
6 - 10
12
10
1
1
18
19
24
19
2
2
36
47
16 - 20
16
16
1
15
36
21 - 25
13
9
1
40
17
1
4
3
10
27
69
75
11
123
152
Region
11 - 15
Africa
2
> 25
TOTAL
2
1
5
Source: IAEA PRIS Database.
49
North America
Western Europe
APPENDIX N6 - NUCLEAR SHARE OF ELECTRICITY GENERATION IN 1997(%)
LITHUANIA
FRANCE
BELGIUM
UKRAINE
SWEDEN
BULGARIA
SLOVAK REP.
SWITZERLAND
HUNGARY
SLOVENIA
JAPAN
KOREA, REP.
GERMANY
FINLAND
SPAIN
UK
ARMENIA
USA
CZECH REP.
CANADA
RUSSIAN FED.
ARGENTINA
ROMANIA
SOUTH AFRICA
MEXICO
NETHERLANDS
INDIA
BRAZIL
CHINA
KAZAKHSTAN
PAKISTAN
82
78
60
47
46
45
44
41
40
40
35
34
32
30
29
28
26
20
19
14
14
11
10
7
7
3
2
1
1
1
1
0
20
40
60
Percent (%)
Source: IAEA PRIS Database.
50
80
100
APPENDIX N7 -
ANNUAL WORLD ENERGY AVAILABILITY AND
UNAVAILABILITY FACTORS
(%)
100
Yearly
P=1
90
P=2
P=3
80
Lifetime
77%
74%
73%
70
72%
60
19
83
19
84
19
85
19
86
19
87
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
80
19
81
19
82
50
(A) - EAF
(%)
(%)
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
0
0
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1980
Yearly P = 1 P = 2 P = 3 Lifetime
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
Yearly P = 1 P = 2 P = 3 Lifetime
(B) - Planned (PUF)
(C) - Unplanned (UUF)
Source: IAEA PRIS Database.
51
1993
1994
1995
1996
APPENDIX N8 - ENERGY AVAILABILITY AND UNAVAILABILITY FACTORS PWR
(%)
100
Yearly
P=1
90
P=2
P=3
80
80%
73.8%
70
72%
60
50
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
(A) - EAF
(%)
(%)
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
0
0
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1988
P=0P=1P=2 P=3
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
P=0P=1P=2 P=3
(B) - Planned (PUF)
(C) - Unplanned (UUF)
Source: IAEA PRIS Database.
52
1995
1996
APPENDIX N9 - ENERGY AVAILABILITY AND UNAVAILABILITY FACTORS BWR
(%)
100
P=0
P=1
90
P=2
P=3
80
76.8%
72%
70
68.1%
60
50
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
(A) - EAF
(%)
(%)
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
0
0
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1988
P=0P=1P=2 P=3
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
P=0P=1P=2 P=3
(B) - Planned (PUF)
(C) - Unplanned (UUF)
Source: IAEA PRIS Database.
53
1995
1996
APPENDIX N10 - ENERGY AVAILABILITY AND UNAVAILABILITY FACTORS PHWR
(%)
100
P=0
P=1
90
P=2
P=3
80
75%
74.5%
72%
70
60
50
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
(A) - EAF
(%)
(%)
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
0
0
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1988
P=0P=1P=2 P=3
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
P=0P=5P=2P=3
(B) - Planned EUF
(C) - Unplanned EUF
Source: IAEA PRIS Database.
54
1995
1996
APPENDIX N11 - ENERGY AVAILABILITY AND UNAVAILABILITY FACTORS AGR AND GCR
(%)
100
P=0
P=1
90
P=2
80
70
65.8%
68.7%
60
50
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
(A) - EAF
(%)
(%)
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
0
0
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1988
P=0P=1P=2
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
P=0P=1P=2
(B) - Planned PUF
(C) - Unplanned UUF
Note: Only 5 staions provide data in 1995 and 1996.
Source: IAEA PRIS Database.
55
1995
1996
APPENDIX N12 - ENERGY AVAILABILITY AND UNAVAILABILITY FACTORS WWER
(%)
100
P=0
P=1
90
P=2
P=3
80
70%
70
65%
67%
60
50
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
(A) - EAF
(%)
(%)
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
0
0
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1988
P=0P=1P=2P=3
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
P=0P=1P=2P=3
(B) - Planned EUF
(C) - Unplanned EUF
Source: IAEA PRIS Database.
56
1995
1996
APPENDIX N13 - ENERGY AVAILABILITY AND UNAVAILABILITY FACTORS LWGR
(%)
100
P=0
P=1
90
P=2
P=3
80
73.4%
70
62.8%
57%
60
50
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
(A) - EAF
(%)
(%)
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
0
0
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1988
P=0P=1P=2 P=3
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
P=0 P=1 P=2 P=3
(B) - Planned EUF
(C) - Unplanned EUF
Source: IAEA PRIS Database.
57
1995
1996
APPENDIX N14 - ENERGY AVAILABILITY AND UNAVAILABILITY FACTORS
BY AGE
(%)
100
90
80
70
60
50
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
(%)
(%)
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
23
25
29
0
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
0
29
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
(C) - Unplanned EUF
(B) - Planned EUF
Source: IAEA PRIS Database.
58
24
26
27
28
29
APPENDIX N15 - ENERGY AVAILABILITY BY REGION
NORTH AMERICA
(%)
100
P=0
P=1
90
P=2
P=3
78%
80
74%
70
70%
60
50
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
Source: IAEA PRIS Database.
APPENDIX N16 - ENERGY AVAILABILITY BY REGION
WESTERN EUROPE
(%)
100
P=0
P=1
90
P=2
81.3%
80
P=3
76%
76%
70
60
50
40
30
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
Source: IAEA PRIS Database.
59
1993
1994
1995
1996
APPENDIX N17 - ENERGY AVAILABILITY BY REGION
EASTERN EUROPE
(%)
100
P=0
P=1
90
P=2
80
P=3
71%
70
65%
62%
60
50
40
30
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
Source: IAEA PRIS Database.
APPENDIX N18 - ENERGY AVAILABILITY BY REGION
FAR EAST
(%)
100
P=0
P=1
90
P=2
79%
80
P=3
77%
72%
70
60
50
40
30
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
Source: IAEA PRIS Database.
60
1993
1994
1995
1996
APPENDIX N19 - ENERGY AVAILABILITY BY REGION
MIDDLE EAST AND SOUTH ASIA
(%)
100
P=0
P=1
90
P=2
80
P=3
70
60
55%
50
47%
44%
40
30
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
Source: IAEA PRIS Database.
APPENDIX N20 - ENERGY AVAILABILITY BY REGION
LATIN AMERICA
(%)
100
P=0
P=1
90
P=2
P=3
80
71%
69%
70
64%
60
50
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
Source: IAEA PRIS Database.
61
1993
1994
1995
1996
APPENDIX N21- ENERGY AVAILABILITY BY REGION
AFRICA
(%)
100
P=0
P=1
90
P=2
80
P=3
70
68%
67%
60
54%
50
40
30
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
Source: IAEA PRIS Database.
62
1993
1994
1995
1996
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