History: Cause and Effect
In many ways, history is a long, long chain of cause and
effect. Because a storm sank the Mongol fleet in 1274, the
Mongols did not conquer Japan. Because an Italian sailor
was stubborn, Europe and the Americas came into contact in
1492. Because of a German mapmaker, America was named
for a later explorer, not Christopher Columbus.
Quick write: Come up with another cause and effect from
history.
Old Stone Age
  Earliest period of human history is known as the Paleolithic
Age or old stone age. (2 million b.c.e. – 10,000 b.c.e.)
  African Beginnings
 1959 remains of hominids found
Hunters & Gatherers
§  People lived as nomads in hunting and gathering groups.
They…
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made simple tools out of stone, bone, or wood
developed spoken language
used caves or overhangs for shelter
built fires for warmth and cooking
Left evidence of religious belief
Images courtesy of wikipedia.com
Spiritual Beliefs
Early people left evidence of their belief in
a spiritual world.
Stone statues are believed to have had
religious meaning. Statues of pregnant
women suggest that early people
worshiped earth-mother goddesses.
Animism is the belief that the world
Is full of spirits and forces that might
reside in animals, objects, or
dreams.
Cave paintings may have been
part of animist religious rituals.
Early people began burying their
dead with care, suggesting a belief in
life after death. They provided the
dead with tools and weapons for the
afterlife.
Key Terms
 Neolithic Revolution
 Catalhoyuk
 City-state
 Empire
 Cultural Diffusion
Neolithic Revolution &
Early Cities
Prehistory – 3000 B.C.E.
Neolithic revolution
A revolution usually means a drastic change or important time.
  Introduction of agriculture
 Middle East/Black Sea (9000 BCE)
 South China (7000 BCE)
 Central America (5000 BCE)
Massive Changes
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Agriculture involves more work
Redefined gender roles
Children s roles changed
Increased disease
Environmental damaged
80% of population working
Limit taxation
Population Increase
Alcohol
Better food supplies
Long lasting (9000 BCE - 1790s)
Catalhoyuk
  Large Neolithic settlement in southern Anatolia, (Turkey)
dating from around 7500 B.C.E
  It is the largest and best preserved Neolithic site found to date.
Catalhoyuk
Images courtesy of Catalhoyuk.com
Catalhoyuk Pictures
Revealing the Red Wall
Painting in Building 59 in
the 4040 Excavation Area
Red Wall Painting found in the 4040 Area
Images courtesy of Catalhoyuk.com
Catalhoyuk Pictures
Late Child Burial in 4040 Area
Neolithic burial of a pregnant
woman without the head and
infant remains inside.
Images courtesy of Catalhoyuk.com
Catalhoyuk pictures
Experimental House
Archeologist excavating a
neolithic burial in Building 56
Images courtesy of Catalhoyuk.com
What is civilization?
  Civilization is a complex, highly organized social order.
Farmers began cultivating lands along river valleys
and producing surplus, or extra, food.
Surpluses helped populations expand.
As populations grew, some villages swelled
into cities.
Civilizations
  Civilizations spread when ancient rulers gained more
power and conquered territories beyond the
boundaries of their cities.
  Powerful rulers created city-states and empires.
  A city-state included a city and its surrounding lands and villages.
  An empire is a group of states or territories controlled by one ruler.
  Cultural diffusion is the spread of ideas, customs, and
technologies from one people to another. Cultural
diffusion occurred through migration, trade, and
warfare.
Features of a Civilization
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Organized governments
Complex religions
Job specialization
Social Classes
Arts & Architecture
Public Works
Writing
Which was an advance of the Neolithic Agricultural Revolution?
a) Early people learned to gather nuts and berries.
b) Early people learned to hunt.
c) Early people learned to produce their own food.
d) Early people became nomads.
Which of the following is not a feature of early civilizations?
a) cities
b) well-organized central government
c) cultural diffusion
d) public works
Cultural diffusion occurs through
a) hunting and gathering.
b) migration, civilization, and warfare.
c) migration, trade, and warfare.
d) religion, trade, and warfare.