Index
Ablatio penis, 74–76
Acceptance, 41–42
threats to, 251
Acculturation, 229, 230
Act Safe, 678
Adaptive sampling designs, 390–391
A Descriptive Dictionary and Atlas of Sexology,
359
Adolescent AIDS Program, 673–674
Adolescents, see Young people
Adult development, 48–64
age and aging, 55–56
circumstances of gay/lesbian lives, 52–55
commitments and community, 58
family relations and social support, 58–59
salience of homosexual identity, 56–57
themes of, 51–52
Advocacy, 661
state-centered, 150–152
Affirmation, 178
Africa, 222–223
African-Americans, 39, 247; see also Black LGBs
employment discrimination, 324
healthcare access, 607–637
identity management among, 333–335
psychiatric morbidity, 327–328
African Charter of Human and Peoples’ Rights,
109
Aging, 55–56
lesbians and bisexual women, 514–517
Agokwe, 269
AIDS, see HIV/AIDS
AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power, 457
AIDS Community Demonstration Project,
680
AIDS Prevention for Adolescents in School,
671
Alaska Natives, 268–300; see also Two-spirits
accidents and injuries, 273
cancer, 272–273
diabetes, 273
HIV/AIDS, 276–277
mental health, 273–274
morbidity and mortality, 271–273
sexual behavior and HIV/STI risk,
275–277
sexually transmitted diseases, 275–276
substance use, 274–275
Alcohol consumption, 274–275, 570–571
benefits of cessation, 571–572
collaborative partnerships and capacity,
579
conceptual model, 573–575
control programs, 575–577
environmental factors, 575
health and social consequences, 571–573
individual-level factors, 573–574
peer/family-level factors, 574
research and surveillance, 577
social factors, 575
treatment, 577–579
Alcoholism, 138
Altman, Dennis, 5
American Academy of Pediatrics, 509
American Association of Physicians for Human
Rights, 152
American Declaration of the Rights and Duties
of Man, 109
American Indians, 268–300
American Medical Association, 152
American Psychiatric Association, 509
American Psychological Association, 509
Amnesty International, 216
Anal cancer, 529
718
Index
Anal sex, 151, 162, 164, 277, 488, 540, 542, 544,
556–557, 586–587, 589, 591, 595
Androgen insensitivity
complete, 76–77
partial, 77–78
Androphylic, 66
Animal studies, 69
Anthropometric characteristics, 73
Antiandrogens, 476
Antigay crimes, 197–200
Anxiety, 274
A Problem of Modern Ethics, 357
Armed forces, serving in, 134
Asia, 39, 222
Asian Pacific Islander Coalition on HIV and
AIDS, 463, 675
Asian Pacific Islanders, healthcare access,
607–637
Assimilation, 247
Audrey Lorde Project, 463
Augmentation mammaplasty, 484
Australia, 216, 428–429
Authenticity, 22–23
Baker v. Vermont, 1999, 144
Barriers to health care, 638–652
BASE-Be Active in Self-Education, 671
Base weight, 394
Bay Area Young Positives (Bay Positives),
676
Bed nucleus of stria terminalis, 72
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System,
530
“Behavioral, Social, Mental Health, and
Substance Abuse Research with Diverse
Populations,” 157
Benkert, Karl Maria, 181
Ben-Shalom v. Marsh, 1989, 136
Be Proud! Be Responsible!, 678
Berdache, 270
Best practices/processes, 456, 466–467,
658–669
broader community collaboration, 665–669
funding resources, 669
research-community collaboration, 663–665
service providers, 659–663
Bias-related victimization, 281–282
Bioethical arguments, 140–143
Biological aspects, 65–90
genetic studies, 80–82
HIV status, 547–548
prenatal hormonal hypothesis, 68–70
role of biology, 82–86
sexual differentiation, 66–68
terminology, 65–66
Biomedical citizenship, 164
Bisexuality, 16, 39, 50–51, 66, 357
invisibility of, 225–226
and spread of HIV/AIDS, 220
stigma attached to, 173
transsexual identity formation, 3–26
Bisexual men
alcohol consumption, 570–571
cancer risk, 529–530
smoking patterns, 572
Bisexual women
domestic violence, 513
health aging, 514–517
health care, 506–522
medical definition and prevalence,
507–508
obstetric issues, 513
sexual activity and contraception, 509–511
sexually transmitted diseases and HIV,
509–511
suicide and substance abuse, 514
Black community, homophobia in, 338–341
Black LGBs, 320–352, 458
disclosure, 337
dual identity of, 336–338
health and well-being, 332–344
identity, 332–343
income, 325–326
psychiatric morbidity, 327
stigma, 332–343
Black MSM, HIV/AIDS prevention,
539–564
behavioral factors, 543–544
cultural influences, 551
demographic factors, 540–542
genetic/biologic factors, 547–548
healthcare access/utilization, 554–555
HIV-positive status, 540–549, 553–557
HIV risk, 540–549
interpersonal factors, 542–543
mental health and social support, 555–556
prevention intervention research, 549–550
primary intervention, 549–553
psychological factors, 544–545
secondary, 553–557
sexual risks, 556–557
sociocultural factors, 545–546
structural-level correlates, 546–547
treatment access and adherence, 555
Bone mineral density, 476, 481
“Born that way” argument, 130, 131
bioethical problems, 140–143
empirical problems, 132–133
Index
legal problems, 135–137
moral and ethical problems, 133–134
political and pragmatic problems, 137–140
Boundless, 704
Bowen v. Gilliard, 1987, 136
Bowers v. Hardwick, 1986, 191
Boykin, Keith, Beyond the Down Low: Sex, Lies,
and Denial in Black America, 343
Boylan, Jennifer Finney, She’s Not There: A Life
in Two Genders, 644, 646
Bradford, Judith, 151, 157
Brazil, 212
travestís, 212
violence against LGBT in, 216
Breast cancer, 150, 151, 153, 162, 516
lesbians, 150, 151, 153, 162
male-to-female transsexuals, 486–487
prevention, 486–487, 528
Bridgforth, Sharon, Bull Jean Stories, 337
Brother to Brother HIV/AIDS intervention, 552
Brown, Wendy, 158
Brumaiwi, 269
Bryant, Anita, 177
Cahill, Sharon, 459
California Association for Institutional
Research, 672
California Health Interview Survey, 568
Cancer, 272–273
anal, 529
breast, 150, 151, 153, 162, 486–487, 516
colon, 516
endometrial, 515
issues and trends, 523–524
lung, 516
ovarian, 527
population distribution, 524–525
primary prevention, 527–528
rates, 525–526
risk factors, 526–527
secondary prevention, 528–529
sexual minority women, 523–538
Cancer research, 529–533
prevention, 530–531
risks and risk factors, 529–530
treatment and survival, 531–532
Cancer screening, 485–487
Capacity building, 660
Cardiovascular disease, 514–515
“Career” sexuality, 5
Case studies, 434
Cassel, John, “The contribution of the social
environment to host resistance,” 320
Cass, Vivienne, 10–11
719
Categorization threat, 251
Celibacy, 175
Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, 681
Centers for Disease Control, 150, 341, 402
Cervical cancer, 528–529
Pap smear, 486–487, 515
Childhood abuse, 282
Childhood gender reassignment, 73–80
ablatio penis, 74–76
complete androgen insensitivity, 76–77
congenital virilizing adrenal hyperplasia, 76
5α-reductase deficiency, 78–79
partial androgen insensitivity, 77–78
Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, 674
Chile, 214
Chlamydia, 510, 548, 608
Choice, 133
Christianity, 174–177
Christianization, 270
Circumcision, 547
City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, 1985,
136
Civil Rights movement, 344
Cluster analysis, 458
Cluster sampling, 388–390
Cluster size, 394
Coalitions, forming, 665–666
Coburn, Louise, 141
Coleman, Eli, 6, 9
Cole Street Youth Clinic program, 674
Collective identity, 159–160
Colon cancer, 516
Color Me Healthy, 705
Coming out, see Disclosure
Commercial sex work, 211
Commitment, 58
Committee on Economic Social and Cultural
Rights, 100
Committee on the Elimination of
Discrimination Against Women, 100
Committee on the Elimination of Racial
Discrimination, 109
Committee on the Rights of the Child, 101,
103–104
Community, 58, 428
Community Awareness Network, 680
Community-based organizations, 660
Community-based participatory research,
455–470
best practices/processes, 456, 466–467
social determinants of, 459–466
social disparities in LGBT health, 457–459
Community involvement, 305–307
Community-level health interventions, 622–627
720
Index
Community-level needs assessment, 666
Complementary therapies, 698–699
Complex sampling designs, 390–397
cautions, 397
Computer-generated technology, 446–449
Concealment, 187, 252–254
Condoms, 227–228, 277, 432, 540–542
Confidentiality, 664–665
Confusion, 20
Congenital virilizing adrenal hyperplasia, 76
Contraception, 509–511
Contrasexuality, 357
Convenience sampling, 406, 407, 444–446
Coping strategies, 248
Cossey v. United Kingdom, 112
Costa Rica, 108–109
Council on Economic Advisors for the
President’s Initiative on Race, 324
Criminalization of homosexual activity, 108,
227–229
Critical studies, 421
Cross-cultural perspective, 209–241
Cross-dressers, see Transvestites
Cross-sex hormones, 474, 475–483
cancer screening, 485–487
feminizing hormone therapy, 475–479
masculinizing hormone therapy, 479–481
nonprescribed and unsupervised, 482–483
in transsexual adults, 482–483
Crystal, see Methamphetamine
Crystal dick, 586
Cultural competence of service providers, 659
Cultural determinants of health, 283–286
Cultural immersion, 13–14, 21
Culture contact model, 230
Curanderism, 625
Cybercartography, 435
Cyproterone acetate, 476
Data gathering, 434–436
DeCarlo, Pamela, 670
Decolonization of two-spirits, 286–288
Defeminization, 67
Defense of Marriage Act 1996, 180
Delaney, Joyce, Afrekete: An Anthology of Black
Lesbian Writing, 337
Dependent development and gay identity,
211
Depression, 249
ethnic minorities, 608
Derogatis Sexual Functioning Inventory, 490
Developmental issues, 48–64
Developmental models, 49–51
Diabetes mellitus, 273
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders, 182, 442, 475
Differentness, 13, 20
among gay youth, 32–33
Diffusion of Effective Behavioral Interventions,
656
Diffusion of innovation theory, 623, 656–657
Dignity, 178
Dionings, 356
Disclosure, 5, 6, 10, 18, 20–21, 252–254, 337; see
also Self-identification
in ethnic minorities, 622
gay youth, 40–41
and sexual risk behavior, 543
Discretion, 187
Discrimination, 53–54, 133–134, 141, 217
armed forces, 134
in health care, 639
indirect, 197
institutionalized, 227–229
as minority stress, 243–247
negative effect on health and risk behavior,
610–611
psychosocial paradigm, 323
in rural areas, 655
as social stressor, 242–267
Disease paradigms, 320
Disengagement, 331
Disidentification, 252, 331
Distinctiveness threat, 251
Does Your Mama Know? An Anthology of Lesbian
Coming Out Stories, 337
Domestic violence, 216–217; see also Violence
lesbians, 513
“Down-low,” 341–343, 425
Down’s syndrome, 138
Dual identity, 336–338
Du Bois, WEB, Souls of Black Folk, 333
Dunn interview, 155, 156, 161, 163
Eads, Robert, 639, 645
Ecologic model, 459–466
Economic discrimination, 194–197
Effectiveness, 384
Efficiency, 384
Ego-dystonic homosexuality, 184
Ellis, Havelock, 181
Elusive populations, 378
Embryology, 66–68
Employment discrimination, 196, 250
Blacks, 324
Empowerment education theory, 658
Enculturation, 284–285
Endometrial cancer, 515
Index
Endometrial hyperplasia, 481
Equal Protection Clause, 135, 136
Esterberg, Kirstin, 19
Estrogens, see Feminizing hormone therapy
Ethnic minorities; see also African-Americans;
Black LGBs; Latinos
health disparities among, 607–609
homophobia in, 338–341
reducing isolation of healthcare programs,
616–618
young people, 654
Ethnography, 432, 434
European Court of Human Rights, 100, 111–116
Evaluation research, 663
Evangelical Lutheran Church, 176
Evangelical Protestantism, 176–177
Exclusion, 121–122
Exogenous homophobia, 188
Exploration, 20
Extropunitive, 189
Fabrication, 187
Faderman, Lillian, 12
Family relations, 58–59
Family support, 213–214
Fast, Irene, 83
Feinberg, Leslie, 639
Felt stigma, 172, 173, 185–188
Female sexuality, 34
Female-to-male transsexuals
cancer in, 529
hormone therapy, 479–481
sex reassignment surgery, 484–485
smoking patterns, 572–573
Feminizing hormone therapy, 475–479
administration and effects, 475–477
complications, 477–479
Feminizing surgery, 474
Fenway Community Health, 693–715
addiction services, 700, 702–703
case management, 696–697
complementary therapies, 698–699
family and parenting services, 698
HIV testing, 699
overview and history, 693–695
peer listening line/LGBT helpline, 703–704
pharmacy, 697
primary care, 696
program support and sustainability, 709–710
research and evaluation programs, 705–708
senior services, 697
specialty care, 697
support groups, 701–702
transgender health program, 698
721
urgent care/hospitalization, 696
violence recovery program, 703
wellness programs and community
education, 704–705
women’s health, 697–698
Fenway Institute, 708–709
Fight or flight, 328
Finger length ratio, 73
5α-Dihydrotestosterone, 67
5α-Reductase deficiency, 78–79
Fleming, Patsy, 153
Flexible accumulation, 231
Folk models of good health, 625–626
Food and Drug Administration, 150
Formative evaluation, 662
Forum for Collaborative HIV Research, 669
Foucault, Michael, 422
Freud, Sigmund, 181
Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, 182
Friedman Measure of Adolescent Sexual
Orientation, 370
Friere, Paulo, 456
Frontiero v. Richardson, 1973, 136
Fundamental factors, 459, 461
Funding resources, 669
Galactorrhea, 476
Gallup polls, 190–192
Gay and Lesbian Medical Association, 152, 506,
609
Gay and lesbian studies, 421
Gay community, 249
Gay genes, 81, 162
Gay ghettos, 616
Gay identity, 218
Gay, Lesbian and Straight Education Network,
250, 259
Gay men
adult life, 54
alcohol consumption, 570–571
cancer risk, 529–530
definition of, 422
health research, 419–441
life circumstances, 52–55
as research subjects, 422–431
sampling, 429–431
smoking patterns, 572
as study populations and samples, 424–425
transsexual identity formation, 3–26
Gay Men’s Health Summits, 151, 158, 159
Gay Men’s Tobacco Study, 568
Gay Pride, 429
Gay-related immune deficiency, see HIV/AIDS
Gay rights movement, 139, 344
722
Index
Gay–Straight alliances, 672
Gayworld, 5
Gay youth, 27–47; see also Young people
acceptance, 41–42
disclosure, 40–41
doubts regarding heterosexuality, 35–36
feelings of difference, 32–33
prevalence of, 31–32
problems of study, 29–31
same-sex attractions, 33–35
same-sex behavior, 36–38
self-identification, 32, 38–40
Gender, 66
changing notion of, 15–16
language, 4
Gender dysphoria, 474; see also Sex
reassignment surgery
Gender identity, 66, 69–70, 111
biology of, 83–85
right to, 115
Gender Identity Disorder of Adolescence
and Adulthood, Nontranssexual Type,
490
Genderism, 639–641
Gender Recognition Act 2004, 115
Gender rights, 98
Gender role, 66, 94
Gender role behavior, 9
Generalizability, 438
Generational differences, 257–258
Genetic identity disorder, 489
Genetic studies, 80–82
gay genes, 81
heritability studies, 80–81
HIV status, 547–548
linkage studies, 81
Genital activity, 359, 360
Genital differentiation, 68
Geopolitics of sex, 120–121
Germany, 113–114
Get Real about AIDS 1992, 671
Global perspective, 209–241
Goffman, Erving, Stigma: Notes on the
Management of Spoiled Identity, 4
Gonorrhea, 510, 548, 549, 608
Goodridge v. Department of Public Health, 2003,
144
Goodwin v. United Kingdom, 112–113
Green, Lawrence W., 466
Gynecologic cancers, 515–516
Gynephilic, 66
Hamerton, Heather, 459
Handbook of Qualitative Research, 433
Harlem Health Promotion Center’s School
Health Promotion Initiative, 671–672
Harm reduction theory, 658
Harry Benjamin International Gender
Dysphoria Association, 475, 529
Hate crimes, 197, 217
Haynes interview, 156
Haynes, Suzanne, 151
Health; see also Health care; Transsexual health
concerns
cultural determinants, 283–286
folk models of, 625–626
and human rights, 98–102
and justice, 119–120
social determinants of, 459–466
social disparities in, 457–459
structural determinants of, 323–326
two-spirits, 279–283
Health advocacy, 149–168
Health belief model, 658
Health care
access to, 607–637
barriers to, 638–652
community standards of practice, 620
discrimination, 639
effect of immigration experiences, 614–615
racism and homophobia in, 611–614
stigma in, 613
Healthcare interventions, 615–631
community responses, 622–627
institutional responses, 616–622
policy responses, 627–631
young people, 656–658
Healthcare professionals
ethnic minority and LGB, 627
training of, 618–621, 648–650
Health insurance access, 628–629
Health Oakland Teens, 671
Health policy makers, 111
Health rights, 98–102, 107–109
Health risks, 162
Health service providers, 111
Health sexuality, 96
Health systems
inclusion and exclusion, 121–122
inequities in, 280
practices/policies, 107
Healthy People 2010, 154–156, 158, 164, 524,
621
Heemaneh, 269
Hepatitis B, 608
Heritability studies, 80–81
Hermaphroditism, 66
Hernandez v. Texas, 1954, 135
Index
Heterosexism, 143, 171, 173, 174–185, 639
internalized, 189
in law, 178–181
in psychiatry and psychology, 181–185
in religion, 174–178
Heterosexuality, 357
doubts regarding, 35–36
Hetrick–Martin Institute, 676
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART),
544, 629
High-risk behavior, 215, 221; see also
HIV/AIDS
Hirschfeld, Magnus, 138, 182
Hispanics, 387; see also Latinos
HIV/AIDS, 53, 54–55, 72, 150, 151, 191, 193,
376, 420
Alaska Natives, 276–277
attempts to limit spread of, 104, 105
bisexual bridge, 220
Black MSM, 539–564
community involvement, 306
cross-cultural perspective, 218–227
“gay plague,” 219
health education, 428–429, 439
homosexualization of, 219
Latin America, 213
Latinos, 301–302, 306
lesbians and bisexual women, 509–511, 608
and methamphetamine use, 585–587, 594–597
opportunistic infections, 553
prison populations, 227–229
testing practices, 553–554
transsexuals, 488–489, 645
treatment access and adherence, 555
HIV/AIDS prevention, 539–564, 629–631
best practices, 658–669
model programs, 669–682
young people, 653–692
HIV/AIDS Prevention Program Archive, 552
HIV. Live with it. Get Tested!, 680
Hodgkin’s disease, 529
Holy See, 120
Homoeroticism, 221
preadult, 27–47
Homogenic love, 357
Homophobia, 143
Black and ethnic communities, 338–341
exogenous, 188
in health care, 611–614
internalized, 172, 173, 188–189, 254–255
Homosexual behavior, 190–191
Homosexual identity, salience of, 56–57
Homosexuality
attempted cure of, 131, 139, 183
definition of, 181
disclosure of, 5
ego-dystonic, 184
as mental disorder, 143
stigma attached to, 173
Hooker, Evelyn, 183–184, 405
Hormone therapy, see Cross-sex hormones
HotMale, 704–705
Huckleberry House, 674
Huckleberry Youth Programs, 674
Human papilloma virus, 221, 529
Human rights, 93–98, 215–218
and health, 98–102, 107–109
health practices/policies, 107
and health rights, 107–109
treaties, 99
Human rights abuses, 249
effects on health, 105–107
Human Rights Campaign, 259
Human Rights Watch, 214, 217
Hunter, Tyra, 639
Hunt, Paul, 109
Huygens, Ingrid, 458
Iban/Queer Koreans of New York, 463
Identity, 160–162, 221, 284, 332–333, 422
acceptance, 13
in African Americans, 333–335, 340
in Black gay men, 339–340
comparison, 11
confusion, 10, 11
integration, 14
sexual orientation models of, 335–336
tolerance, 11
transformation, 22
Identity development models, 4–14
stage theories, 5–14
Identity pride, 11
Ill health, 322–332
Illicit substance use, 275
Immigration experiences, 614–615
Immutability, see “Born that way” argument
Impact evaluation, 662–663
Incarceration, 227–229
Inclusion, 121–122
Inclusion-and-difference paradigm, 152, 158
Income inequality, 325
India, 116–119
Indiana Youth Access Program, 676
Indigenist stress-coping model, 277–279
Indirect discrimination, 197
Insemination, 511–512
Institute of Medicine, 507, 525
Institutionalized discrimination, 227–229
723
724
Index
Institutionalized racism, 322
Integration, 21–22, 247
Integrity, 178
Interagency Steering Committee on Health
Disparities Related to Sexual Orientation,
149
Intermediate factors, 461
Internalized heterosexism, 189
Internalized homonegativity, 189
Internalized homophobia, 172, 173, 188–189,
254–255
Internalized oppression, 22
Internalized stigma, 188–189
International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights, 100, 107
International Covenant on Economic, Social
and Cultural Rights, 109
International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights
Commission, 213, 214, 217
International sex networks, 212–213
Interpersonal psychotherapy, 658
Intersex, 66, 79, 115–116
Intersex hypothesis of homosexuality,
bisexuality and transsexualism, 68
Intropunitive, 189
Israel, Barbara A., 466
Italy, 114–115
I. v. United Kingdom, 112
Jackson, James, 328
Jotas, 212
Kilawin Kolektibo, 463
King, J.L., On the Down Low: A Journey Into the
Lives of “Straight” Black Men Who Sleep with
Men, 341
Kinsey reports, 421
Kinsey scale, 362–364, 365–366, 370
Kitzinger, Celia, 17
Klein Sexual Orientation Grid, 364–365, 370
Krueger, Sam Quan, 463
Kwido’ (Kweedo’), 269
Labeling, 19, 21
Lambda Legal Defense and Education Fund,
259
Language, 4, 308
La Raza’s Latino Youth Peer-to-Peer HIV/STD
Prevention Program, 676–677
Larkin Street Youth Center, 674
Latin America, 212–213, 222; see also individual
countries
Latinos, 39, 214, 301–319
community involvement, 305–307
healthcare access, 607–637
high-risk behavior among, 215
homosexual stigma, 303–305
men who have sex with men, 230, 584
methamphetamine use among, 584–603
racial stigma, 307–314
Law, 94
heterosexism in, 178–181
and principles, 102–105
Lawrence v. Texas, 2003, 136–137, 144, 191,
259
Lesbian feminism, 12
Lesbian Health: Current Assessment and Directions
for the Future, 154
Lesbians
adult life, 54
alcohol consumption, 570–571
Black, 330
breast cancer, 150, 151, 153, 162
domestic violence, 513
family, 511–512
health aging, 514–517
health care, 506–522
health of, 153–154
life circumstances, 52–55
medical definition and prevalence, 507–508
obstetric issues, 513
sexual activity and contraception, 509–511
sexually transmitted diseases and HIV, 221,
509–511, 608
smoking patterns, 567–568, 572
suicide and substance abuse, 514
transsexual identity formation, 3–26
violence against, 216
Levy v. Louisiana, 1968, 135
Lewin, Kurt, 456
Life course models, 49–51
Life narratives, 56–57
Limit to limits on rights, 104
Linkage studies, 81
Link-tracing studies, 409
Living Memorials Project, 462
Living Well, 704
Looking glass theory, 323
Lorde, Audre, 337
Lung cancer, 516
Luteinizing hormone, 70
Lutherans Concerned, 178
Make-a-Picture-Story, 183
Male-to-female transsexuals
cancer in, 529
HIV/AIDS, 645
hormone therapy, 475–479
Index
sex reassignment surgery, 483–484
smoking patterns, 572–573
Mammography, 486–487, 528
Mann, Jonathan, 219
Maories, 459
Marginalization, 247
Mary-Helen Mautner Project for Lesbians with
Cancer, 526
Masculinizing hormone therapy, 479–481
administration and effects, 479–480
complications, 480–481
Massachusetts Board of Retirement v. Murgia,
1976, 136
Mays, Vickie, 158
McAllister, Kelly, 643
McCarthy witch hunts, 179
McGrath, Brian P., 461
McIntosh, Mary, 15
McKeown, Thomas, The Modern Risk of
Population, 320
McKinley, Catherine, Afrekete: An Anthology of
Black Lesbian Writing, 337
Media campaigns for health promotion,
668–669
Medicaid, 628
Medicalization, 162–163
Medroxyprogesterone acetate, 476
Mental health, 248, 249, 250–251
Alaska Natives, 273–274
anxiety and mood disorders, 274
Black MSM, 555–556
social marginalization, 321
suicidality, 273–274
transsexuals, 489–491
Men who have sex with men, 219, 222, 390,
402, 425; see also Gay men
Blacks, HIV/AIDS prevention, 539–564
Latinos, 230
smoking patterns in, 567
targeting of AIDS prevention in, 224
Men-women, 270
Methamphetamine, 584–603
awareness and intraventions, 599–600
frequency of use, 597–599
and HIV/AIDS, 585–587
and HIV risk, 594–597
negative life impact, 592–594
perceived effects of use, 589–592
use among Latinos, 587–589
Metoidioplasty, 484–485
Mexico, 212
jotas, 212
lesbians in, 213
Meyer, Ilan, 164, 455
725
Miati, 269
MIDUS, 342
Midwest AIDS Prevention Project (MAPP) Peer
Education and Social Marketing Program,
672
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory,
490
Minority community identity, 50–51
Minority Health and Health Disparities
Research and Education Act, 609
Minority stress, 243–247; see also Stress
LGB populations, 244–245
Minority stress model, 247–257
Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan, 1982,
135
Mobility, 229–232
Model programs for HIV/AIDS prevention,
669–682
community-based, 673–675
individual and group interventions, 678–679
outreach and social service programs,
675–678
research-community collaboration, 680–682
school-based, 670–672
social health promotion/social marketing
media campaigns, 679–680
Mood disorders, 274
Moore, Lisa C., 337
Morbidity, 271–273
More Light Presbyterians, 178
Morgan, Kris, 446
Moroni noho, 270
Mortality, 271–273
Mpowerment Project, 677
MSM, see Men who have sex with men
Multi-Center AIDS Cohort (MAC) study, 408
Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity, 334
Narcissistic injury, 83
National AIDS Behavioral Survey, 342
National Center for Lesbian Rights, 259
National Center on Minority Health and
Health Disparities, 609
National Coalition for LGBT Health, 156, 157
National Comorbidity Survey, 447
National Education Association, 509
National Gay and Lesbian Task Force, 259
National Health and Nutrition Examination
Study, 530
National Health and Social Life Survey, 195,
365, 403
National Health Interview Survey, 375
National Household Survey of Drug Abuse,
404, 570
726
Index
Obesity, 514–515
Objective stressors, 245
Obstetric issues, 513
Office of Lesbian and Gay Health, 149, 156
Office on Minority Health, 156
Office on Women’s Health, 156
Opportunistic infections, 553
Oral history, 434
Orchiectomy, 484
Orientation-selection procedures, 140, 142
Outreach, 661, 675–678
Ovarian cancer, 527
Photovoice, 457–458
Pilot/exploratory studies, 407–408
Pinn, Vivian, 153
Plumb, Marj, 153, 158
Plummer, Ken, 5
Plyler v. Doe, 1982, 136
Pneumocystic carinii pneumonia, 573
Politics of sexuality, 163–164
Polycystic ovary syndrome, 481
Population-based surveys, 446–449
Population definition, 425–426
Population of interest, 379, 402
Population sampled, 402
Posner, Richard, 141
Practices, 160–162
Prejudice events, 249–251
Prenatal hormonal hypothesis, 65, 68–70
anthropometric characteristics, 73
neuroanatomic studies, 71–73
neuroendocrinologic studies, 70–71
testing of, 70–80
Presbyterian Church, 176
Pride, 13–14
Probability sampling, 377–378, 381, 398–405
elusive populations, 378
rare populations, 377–378
Progesterone, see Feminizing hormone therapy
Project S.T.A.Y. (Services to Assist Youth), 675
Prostate-specific antigen, 486
Pseudohermaphroditism, 66
Psychiatric morbidity, 327–328
Psychiatry, heterosexism in, 181–185
Psychological factors in HIV status, 544–545,
549
Psychology, heterosexism in, 181–185
Psychosexual hermaphroditism, 357
Psychosocial pathways, 326–327
Psychotherapy, 132
Public health programs, 225
Pulmonary embolism, 477–478
Pap smear, 485–486, 515
Paranoia, 593
Parental relationships, 112
Parents and Friends of Lesbians and Gays, 141
Participation in human rights, 104
Party and play, 590
Passing as normal, 213; see also Concealment
Peer education, 670
Personality disorder, 491
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity
Reconciliation Act, 628
Pew Research Center for the People and the
Press, 192
Qualitative research, 408–409, 419–441
choice of method, 432–436
data gathering, 434–436
flexibility of, 432–433
limitations, 438–439
population definition, 425–426
reflexivity, 436–438
research design, 428–429
research objects, 426–428, 436
and social theory, 431–432
typical methodologies, 433–434
Quality assurance review, 662
Quantitative research, 438
National Institutes of Health, 149, 507
National Lesbian and Gay Task Force, 151, 153
National Lesbian Health Care Survey, 151,
444–445
National Study of Family Growth, 530
National Survey of America’s Families, 614
National Survey of Midlife Development, 404,
447
Needs assessment, 660
community-level, 666
Neoclitoroplasty, 483–484
Netherlands, 114
Network sampling, 391–393
Neuroanatomic studies, 71–73
Neuroendocrinologic studies, 70–71
New Zealand, 458–459
NHANES III, 341
Nicaragua, 214
Nigrescence model, 334
Nonconsensual sex, 227
Nondiscrimination, 103
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 529
Nonnormative sexualities, 94, 211
Nonprobability sampling, 405–409
pilot/exploratory studies, 407–408
qualitative research, 408–409
Nonresponse weight, 396
Index
Queercore Program, 677
Queers, 358
Queer Space exhibition, 461
Queer studies, 421
Queer theory, 3, 16–17, 461
Questioning girls, 508–509
Race, experience of, 309–312
Racial Identity Attitudes Scale, 334
Racial stigma, 307–314
Racism, 302
against Latinos, 307–314
in health care, 611–614
institutionalized, 322
Radecic, Peri Jude, 153
Radial forearm flap phalloplasty, 484–485
Random digit dialing studies, 404, 567
Rare populations, 377–378
RedBone Press, 337
Reducing the Risk, 672
Rees v. United Kingdom, 112
Reflexivity, 436–438
Reform Judaism, 177
Reification, 162–163
Rejection, 251–252, 312
Relationship sex, 38
Religion, 133
heterosexism in, 174–178
Reorientation therapy, 132
Reporting rule, 392
Representative sample, 379–381
Research
alcohol consumption, 577
cancer-related, 529–533
community-based participatory, 455–470
design, 428–429
evaluation, 663
healthcare settings, 621–623
qualitative, 408–409, 419–441
smoking, 577
Research-community collaboration, 663–665
Research objects, 426–428, 436
Respondent-driven sampling, 409–411
Richardson, Diane, 165
Rights applicable to sexuality, 102–105
right to health, 109–110
right to marry, 104, 112
Risk behavior, see Sexual risk behavior
Rofes, Eric, 159
Role flexing, 340, 342
Roman Catholic Church, 175–177
Romantic feelings, 34
Romer v. Evans, 1996, 135, 136, 137, 144
Rorschach test, 183
727
Rouse interview, 155, 156
Rouse, Martin, 155, 158
Rust, Paula, 19, 22
Ryan, Caitlan, 151
Safer Choices, 672
Same-sex attractions, 33–35
Same-sex behavior, 36–38
Same-sex parenting, 54, 58, 180–181
lesbians, 511–512
Sampling, 375–418, 442–454
adaptive designs, 390–391
cluster, 388–390
complex designs, 390–397
computer-generated technology, 446–449
convenience, 406, 407, 444–446
gay men, 424–425
local/construct frames, 381–382
network sampling, 391–393
nonprobability, 405–409
population of interest, 379
probability sample, 377–378
representative sample, 379–381
respondent-driven, 409–411
sampling error, 382–383
siblings as comparison group, 449–451
simple random, 383–384
site or time/location, 393–397
stratified, 384–388
subpopulations, 403–404
systematic random, 384
Web-based surveys, 411–413
whole populations, 451
Sampling error, 382–383
Sampling frame, 381
San Francisco Young Men’s Health Study, 586
School-based clinics, 667–668
School-based education, 666–667, 670–672
Scientific research, 130–148
Scotland, 458–459
Second-parent adoption, 180
Selected settings, 404–405
Selective perception, 187
Selective recall, 187
Self-disclosure, 187
Self-esteem, 252
Self-harm in transsexuals, 491–492
Self-identification, 32, 38–40; see also
Disclosure
Self-weighting, 387
Sell Assessment of Sexual Orientation, 367–369,
370
Senior Action in Gay Environment, 259
Separation, 247, 311
728
Index
Service providers, 659–663
advocacy, 661
capacity, 659–660
cultural competence, 659
evaluation of program efficacy, 661–663
needs assessment process, 660
outreach, 661
program development, 660
role of agencies in community, 659
Sex, 65–66
changing notion of, 15–16
Sexism, 639
Sex reassignment surgery, 483–485
female-to-male transsexuals, 484–485
male-to-female transsexuals, 483–484
Sexual attraction, 37
Sexual citizenship, 165
Sexual cultures, 211
Sexual differentiation, 66–68
timing of, 67–68
Sexual dissatisfaction/dysfunction, 593
Sexual feelings, 359
Sexual fluidity, 39–40
Sexual health, 95–96, 422; see also Health
Sexual identity, see Identity
Sexual inversion, 181, 358
Sexuality, 422
Alaska Natives, 275–277
critical studies, 421
and health research, 420–421
language, 4
politics of, 163–164
right to, 103
Sexuality Information and Education Council
of the United States, 666
Sexually dimorphic nucleus of preoptic area,
71–72
Sexually Liberated Art Activist Asian People!
463–466
Sexually transmitted diseases, 151, 193, 430, 547
Alaska Natives, 275–276
lesbians, 221, 509–511, 608
transsexuals, 488–489
Sexual migration, 229–232
Sexual minority women; see also Bisexual
women; Lesbians
cancer in, 523–538
definition of, 525
Sexual orientation, 66, 68–69, 155, 161, 422
biology of, 85–86
changes in definition, 451
choice of measure, 370–371
conceptual definitions, 356–360
measurement of, 360–370
models of, 335–336
violence based on, 197–200
in women, 132
Sexual preference, see Sexual orientation
Sexual prejudice, 171, 172, 173, 189–194; see also
Discrimination; Victimization
extent and manifestations of, 190–192
as minority stress, 243–247
as social stressor, 242–267
targeting of bisexual men and women,
193–194
targeting of gay men and lesbians, 192–193
Sexual promiscuity, 14
Sexual psychopaths, 179
Sexual rights, 95, 98, 103, 120
right to health, 109–110
Sexual risk behavior
Black MSM, 556–557
and disclosure, 543
negative effect of discrimination, 610–611
and substance abuse, 277
Sexual silence, 213–215
Sexual stigma, 22, 171–208, 251–252; see also
Discrimination; HIV/AIDS; Sexual
prejudice
among Latinos, 303–305
awareness, 185–188
economic discrimination, 194–197
experience of, 185–188
felt, 172, 173, 185–188
internalized, 188–189
Sexual subjectivity, 430
Sexuoerotic status, 359
Shalala, Donna, 153, 155
Sheffield & Horsham v. United Kingdom, 112
Shively scale of sexual orientation, 366, 370
Shupan, 270
Siblings, 449–451
Silicone injections, 473, 487–488
Simple random sampling, 383–384
Site or time/location sampling, 393–397
Smoking, 567–570
benefits of cessation, 571–572
cancer risk, 527
collaborative partnerships and capacity,
579
conceptual model, 573–575
control programs, 575–577
environmental factors, 575
health and social consequences, 571–573
individual-level factors, 573–574
peer/family-level factors, 574
research and surveillance, 577
social factors, 575
Index
studies, 567–569
treatment, 577–579
Snowball sampling, 406, 408, 409
Social cleansing, 216
Social cognitive theory/cognitive behavior
model, 657–658
Social context, 15
Social Determinants of Health and
Environmental Health Promotion, 456
Social Determinants of LGBT Health, 456, 459,
460
Social factors in disease, 320–321
Social identity, threats to value of, 251
Social isolation, 593, 597–599
Social marginalization, 321
Social stress, 242–267, 326–327
Social suicide, 39
Social support, 58–59
Social support/social networks theory, 656
Social theory, 431–432
Sociocultural factors, 545–546
Socioeconomic status, 323–324
Sodomy, 175, 178, 360, 361, 422
laws, 179–180, 183, 217, 249
Sophie, Joan, 17
South Africa, 458
South America, 109
South Asian Lesbian and Gay Association, 463
Southern Comfort, 639, 645
Special populations, 152, 160
Special Projects of National Significance, 673
Special Rapporteur on Right to Health, 109–110
Special Rapporteur on Torture, 106
Spirituality, 285; see also Religion
Spironolactone, 476
Stages of change, 657
Stage theories, 5–13
challenges to, 14–19
common themes, 13–14
Standards of Care for Gender Identity Disorders
(Standards of Care), 475
State-centered advocacy, 150–152
State Children’s Health Insurance Program, 628
State focus, 158
Stedman’s Medical Dictionary, 359
Stereotyping, 187
threat of, 331
Sterilization, 114, 115
Stigma
in health care, 613
racial, 307–314, 330–331
sexual, see Sexual stigma
Stigma-related stress, 328–329
Stigmatization, 53–54
729
Stimulants, see Methamphetamine
Stonewall rebellion, 345
STOP AIDS Project, 157
Stratified sampling, 384–388
disproportional stratification, 385–388
proportional stratification, 385
Street Smart, 678–679
Streetwork, 675
Stress, 323
coping with, 255–257
and identity, 245–247
intervention and treatment, 258–260
minority, 243–247
stigma-related, 328–329
Stress-coping model, 277–279
Stressors
objective, 245
subjective, 245
Structural-level predictors, 546–547
Structural pathways, 322–332
Structural violence, 210–215
Subjective stressors, 245
Subpopulations, 403–404
within selected settings, 404
Substance abuse, 274–275
and HIV sexual risk, 277
lesbians and bisexual women, 514
SUDAAN, 397
Suicidality, 273–274
lesbians and bisexual women, 514
transsexuals, 491–492
Suku, 269
Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results,
530
Surveys, 375–418; see also Sampling
population-based, 446–449
Web-based, 411–413
Svendsen, Erika S., 462
Sweden, 113
Symbolic interactionism, 5
Systematic random sampling, 384
Tangowaiipii, 270
Tanner v. Oregon Health Sciences University,
1998, 98–102
Tay Sach’s syndrome, 138
Telephone cluster sampling, 389–390
Testosterone, 67, 476, 477, 479
The Ladder, 444
Thematic Apperception Test, 183
Theory of gender and power, 657
Theory of reasoned action, 657
Therapists, homophobic views of, 443
The Sexual Question, 358
730
Index
Third sex, 357
Thomasson v. Perry, 1996, 136
Thompson, Tommy, 157
Tobacco use, see Smoking
Tools of accountability, 98–102
Torture, 106, 217, 249
Total weight, 397
Tourism, 231–232
Trajectories of reform, 150–152
Transgenders, see Transsexuals
Trans-people, see Transsexuals
Transphobia, 639–641
Transsexual adolescents, hormone therapy in,
481–482
Transsexual health concerns, 473–505
cross-sex hormones, 474–483
HIV/AIDS, 488–489
liquid silicone injections, 487–488
mental health, 489–491
screening for neoplasia, 485–487
sexually transmitted diseases, 488–489
suicide and self-harm, 491–492
surgical treatment, 483–485
violence, 492–493
Transsexualism as mental health disorder,
489
Transsexuality, 357
Transsexuals, 12, 70, 161, 210
bias against, 644–646
female-to-male, 479–481, 484–485, 529
healthcare discrimination, 639
housing and bathroom facilities, 647–648
identification of, 642, 646–647
identity formation, 3–26
male-to-female, 475–478, 483–484, 529
online resource list, 649
self-harm in, 491–492
smoking patterns, 572–573
treatment of, 642–644
Transsexual sex workers, 474
Transvestites, 210, 474
Travestís, 212
Trichomonas, 510
Troiden, Richard, 9–10
Tuskegee syphilis experiments, 611
Tw!inna’ek, 269
Two-spirits, 19, 268–300
bias-related victimization, 281–282
childhood physical and sexual abuse, 282
cultural determinants of health, 283–286
decolonization, 286–288
determinants of health, 279–283
healthcare system inequities, 280
historical overview, 269–271
historical trauma, 279–280
indigenist stress-coping model, 277–279
interpersonal determinants and health
outcomes, 282–283
moroni noho, 270
shupan, 270
suicidality, 274
tangowaiipii, 270
traditional health practices, 285–286
violence and traumatic life events, 280–281
Ulrichs, Karl, 181
male sexual orientation classification scheme,
356
UN Commission on Human Rights, 100
Underdevelopment of gay communities, 211
United Church of Christ, 177
United Methodist Church, 175
United Nations, 99
United States v. Virginia, 1996, 135
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 101,
104
University of Minnesota Youth and AIDS
Project, 677
Uranodionings, 356, 357
Urban Men’s Health Study, 377, 402, 568
Urnings, 182, 356, 357, 358, 361
U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services, 149
Van Oosterwijck v. Belgium, 112
Venous thrombosis, 477–478
Verbal harassment, 199
Victimization, 249; see also Discrimination
bias-related, 281–282
of two-spirits, 281–282
Violence, 197–200, 215–218
against two-spirits, 280–281
domestic, 216–217, 513
structural, 210–215
transsexuals, 492–493
Visions of health, 159
Visits weight, 396
Von Krafft-Ebing, Richard, 181
Wage economy, 211
Walden House Young Adult HIV Program,
677
Watkins v. United States Army, 1988, 98–102
Web-based surveys, 411–413
Web sites, 552, 669–682
www.gaydata.org, 371
Weeks, Jeffrey, 422
WEHO Lounge, 677–678
Index
Weight, 388
WesVar, 397
White gay ghetto, 313–314
Wilcox, Sarah, 160
Winkte, 269
Wolfe, Daniel, 164
Women-men, 270
Womens’ sexual orientation, 132
Women who have sex with women, 221; see
also Lesbians
Working It Out Project, 679, 681–682
World Health Organization, 109
World War II, 179
Young Men’s Survey, 653
Young people; see also Gay youth
confidentiality, 664–665
differentness, 32–33
ethnic minorities, 654
healthcare interventions, 656–658
HIV/AIDS prevention, 653–692
lesbian/bisexual, 508–509
school-based clinics, 667–668
school-based education, 666–667
societal influences on sexual health, 654
transsexual, 481–483
vulnerability of, 653–654
waiver of parental consent, 663–664
YouthCare’s Prevention, Intervention and
Education Program, 675
Youth Enrichment Services program, 678
Youth Guardian Services, 680
ZIP codes, 404–405
731