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Chapter 14 Study Guide
The Scientific Revolution
1. What does the word revolution normally denote?
2. Was the Scientific Revolution rapid?
3. Was the Scientific Revolution complex?
4. In which countries did the Scientific Revolution occur?
5. Of all of the scientific achievements of the 16th century, what captured the public imagination?
6. Which two ancient philosophers established the standard explanation of the heavens that would continue into
the 15th century?
7. What work challenged the Ptolemaic system?
8. Who wrote it?
9. Who developed the view of the universe that had a heliocentric design, with planets orbiting in epicycles?
10. What does heliocentric mean?
11. Who produced a vast body of astronomical data from which his successors could work?
12. Who was the first to set forth the elliptical model of planetary motion?
13. According to Johannes Kepler, what is the shape of the orbit of planets?
14. What book did Kepler publish on his findings in 1609?
15. What were some of the things that Galileo saw using the telescope?
16. Who played a key role in popularizing the Copernican system in his works Starry Messenger and Letters on
Sunspots?
17. Who was the patron of Galileo in Florence? Which family was this patron from?
18. According to Galileo, what terms are used to describe all aspects of nature?
List four scientists that contributed to the science of astronomy in the 16th and 17th centuries:
19.
20.
21.
22.
23. What is the Latin title of Newton’s work The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy?
24. Who established the basis for physics that was to endure for two hundred years?
25. According to Newton what moves through mutual attraction, or gravity?
26. What laws did Isaac Newton discover?
27. What would Isaac Newton do before upholding a theory?
28. Who was a great opponent of Descartes’ rationalism?
Philosophy Responds to Changing Science
List the three men who explained the universe in mechanistic terms:
29.
30.
31.
32. Who believed that the world can be explained in mechanical metaphors?
33. Who is known as the father of empiricism?
34. According to Francis Bacon, what should be used to improve the human condition?
35. What is the belief that experience, especially of the senses, is the best source of knowledge?
36. What is the reasoning from general principle to arrive at specific facts?
37. Who developed a scientific method that relied on deduction?
38. What two categories did Descartes divide existing things into?
39. Who published the Leviathan in 1651?
40. What did he say about the life of man?
41. How did Thomas Hobbes view human beings?
42. According to Hobbes, how do people escape the terrible state of nature?
43. According to Hobbes, who should rule with absolute and unlimited power?
44. Which of the following is the seventeenth-century philosopher who anticipated liberal political philosophy in
Europe and America?
45. Which book by John Locke declares that government is responsible and responsive to the concerns of the
governed?
46. What mankind’s three natural rights?
47. In contrast to Thomas Hobbes, how does John Locke view human beings?
48. According to Locke, what is established to secure and preserve the rights of life, liberty, and property?
49. What kind of government does Locke promote?
50. What is an agreement between the ruler and the ruled?
51. What is this relationship based on?
52. According to Locke and Thomas Aquinas, when is rebellion permitted?
53. What does John Locke defend in his Letter Concerning Toleration?
The New Institutions of Expanding Natural Knowledge
54. Which two philosophies did natural knowledge oppose?
55. What new kind of institution that played an important role in supporting the “new” science?
56. Who often criticized the universities?
57. According to the advocates of natural knowledge, which two institutions established a distinct role and
presence for scientific knowledge in European social life?
58. What is the 18th century movement called?
Women In the World of the Scientific Revolution
59. Which two institutions excluded women?
60. Which class of women achieved greater freedom to pursue the new sciences than did noblewomen?
61. What field of science did Maria Winkelmann contribute to?
The New Science and Religious Faith
62. Which kind of philosopher believed that religion and science were mutually supportive in the 17th century?
63. According to scientists in the Scientific Revolution, what would shed light on the nature of the divine?
64. What was the single most famous incident of conflict between science and religion and took place in 1633?
65. Which of Copernicus’s works was placed on the Index of Prohibited Books?
66. Which church admitted errors that had occurred in the 1633 trial of Galileo in 1992?
67. Who wrote the Pensées (Thoughts)?
68. Which group did Pascal belong to that opposed the Jesuits in the 17th century?
69. According to Pascal what is required in matters of religion?
List the two essential truths that Pascal saw in the Christian Religion:
70.
71.
72. What did Pascal believe was too weak to resolve the religious issues of human nature and destiny?
73. What was Pascal’s famous wager for skeptics?
74. Who established the framework for reconciling science and religion in the English speaking world?
75. Which two things were not only compatible, but mutually supportive?
Continuing Superstition
76. How many people were sentenced to death for witchcraft or harmful magic between 1400 and 1700?
77. What name was given to local healers who purported to use magic to aid their societies?
78. What percentage of people accused of witchcraft in the early modern period were women?
List the three groups of women that were often accused as witches:
79.
80.
81.
82. Which group was not a common target of the witch hunts?
List two reasons that ended the witch hunts:
83.
84.
85. Who wrote the Hammer of the Witches in 1486?
List four reasons given from the text, “Why more women than men are witches”?
86.
87.
88.
89.
90. What kind of women were midwives in the 16th century?
Baroque Art
91. What term denotes the style associated with 17th century painting, sculpture, and architecture?
92. What manner did Baroque artists use to paint the subjects in?
List two institutions that were associated with Baroque art:
93.
94.
95. Where did Baroque art first emerge?
96. Which Baroque artist is famous for his work for the Catholic Church in Rome?
97. What was the most famous example of Baroque decoration?
98. Who was the leading painter of the Catholic reformation?
99. Which English king illustrated his Catholic sympathies by employing Peter Paul Rubens?
100. What was the most elaborate baroque monument to political absolutism?