Book reviews
The Use of Grave-Goods in Conversion-Period England, c. 600±
c. 850. By Helen Geake. Oxford: BAR British Series 261. 1997. x + 340 pp.
£44 (paperback). ISBN 0 86054 917 8.
English burial between 600 and 850 has fallen between the two stools of
artefact typology and ecclesiastical history; here at last is a thorough exploration. Geake con®nes herself to grave-goods, so that grave-structures,
barrows and cemetery organization are omitted, as are all unfurnished
cemeteries. Of 353 sites in the gazetteer, only 107 are selected for analysis.
This rigour has its problems (some important objects from bad excavations are ignored), but it gives us a reliable and expertly-discussed
corpus, the type-objects fully illustrated with European comparanda.
Emphatically Germanic items, and the various English `regional
costumes', were phased out after c. 600. From the 650s, burials included
objects in a cosmopolitan, classical style which Geake traces directly to
Roman, Byzantine and Romano-British prototypes, rather than to
Frankish in¯uence via Kent. Their function, in her view, was `to construct and express a pan-English neo-classical national identity'. The
links between objects and prototypes will stimulate debate (hangingbowls in particular will be controversial); but the model ®ts other
evidence for new attitudes to the past after c. 580, notably the readoption and copying of prehistoric and Roman structures.
Geake is surely right to see the new fashions as independent of
conversion, but some graves are persuasively Christian. `Work-boxes', a
post-660 innovation, are identi®ed on balance as Christian amulets or
reliquaries (did Queen Eormenburh wear Wilfrid's relics in such a
canister?). Oddly and regrettably, late-seventh-century pectoral crosses
are ignored. Those from graves at Ixworth, Desborough, Lechlade and
elsewhere were surely made, if not worn, as Christian markers, and they
can hardly be irrelevant to conversion. It is thought-provoking that
whereas early-seventh-century `princely' graves are male, rich graves of
c. 660±710 are mainly female: this was precisely the generation of the
plutocratic double houses with their noble abbesses.
Early Medieval Europe 2000 9 (2) 261±271 # Blackwell Publishers Ltd 2000, 108 Cowley
Road, Oxford OX4 1JF, UK and 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148, USA
262
Book reviews
Furnished burial, in Geake's view, ended ®nally around 730. Here she
might have given more attention to knives, by far the most common
items: they can occur into the ninth century or even later, and suggest
the continued use of clothed burial. This is useful as a counterpoint to
what we should call, positively, the rise of Christian burial (in a shroud,
the grave-garment of Lazarus and of Christ himself), rather than,
negatively, the Christian suppression of grave-goods (for which there is
no evidence). Geake may argue too strongly against furnished burials in
churchyards: they are few and unimpressive but they do occur, and
problems of survival are huge. On the other hand, small, unfurnished
cemeteries away from churches continued long in use. Probably access to
churchyards was a privilege, not the right of all Christian laity: some
who enjoyed it may have chosen traditional clothed burial, even though
the majority who did not chose shrouded burial in family cemeteries.
This important book prompts many such re¯ections.
The Queen's College, Oxford
JOHN BLAIR
Cultural Identity and Cultural Integration: Ireland and Europe in
the Early Middle Ages. Edited by Doris Edel. Dublin: Four Courts.
1995. 208 pp. £30. ISBN 1 85182 167 8.
This is an excellent collection of papers originally offered at a colloquium in Utrecht designed to open to general medievalists perspectives
on the early Irish experience of adaptation of and to Christianity. The
articles are almost all juicy and stimulating. There is, however, an odd
lack of common approach in the assumptions made by the various
Celticists about comparable situations on the Continent, and some seem
unsustainable. Richter, of the Celticists, seems best on this, in his
investigation of models of conversion; and Giselle de Nie, representing
continental scholars, is on vibrant form in her correction of oversimpli®ed ideas of what constitutes `magic'.
There are several examinations of pre-Christian inheritance and its
relationship to the new religion. Carey is customarily lucid in his
discussion of Irish mythological and pseudo-historical material; Smyth
titrates some elements of the early Irish world view from exegetical
 Riain examsources; Schneiders looks at the Martyrology of Oengus. O
ines the siting of churches on boundaries and the `conversion' of gods
into saints: excellent stuff, but certainly going too far when he states
that `it would appear to be substantially true that a very large majority
of the Irish saints derives directly from pre-Christian divinities'! Out of
place here seems Green on Pagan Celtic Religion: this is well-worked
Early Medieval Europe 2000 9 (2)
# Blackwell Publishers Ltd 2000
Book reviews
263
ground, and there is little sign of her ®ne-tuning her methodology to
adapt it from the textbook to the scholarly article. She begins with
cautious explorations, but soon gives way to generalizations: `The Celts
considered water to be very sacred, principally because it was perceived
as a life-force, and a puri®er . . .' What we need is a rigorous explanation
of how one arrives at such inferred conclusions.
The other major strand involves literacy and latinity. Stevenson
provides a good introduction on literacy and orality in early medieval
Ireland; Hofman's detailed investigation of the Irish treatment of the
problem of the gender of Latin dies is interesting but seems out of place;
while Tristram puts the TaÂin Bo Cuailgne through its paces in a provocative argument about whether ambitious literary productions were
attempted in Irish before the late eleventh century. Both Tristram, and
also Mostert on nationality and palaeography, seem to me occasionally
tendentiously reductionist. Tristram seems to deny any validity to dating
texts earlier than the manuscripts in which they appear, and she builds
on this her arguments about the development of literary forms in
Ireland. Mostert sharply criticizes claims of Latin learning in Ireland, on
the basis of the poor number of surviving manuscripts certainly copied
in Ireland. This is a bizarre argument. For instance, surely it is more
important, in examining Irish learning, that the in¯uential Collectio
Canonum Hibernensis was in fact composed in Ireland, than that only
one, uncertainly, Irish manuscript copy survives! All in all, however, there
is much in here to stimulate and inform, making this an excellent read
for both Celticists and general early medievalists alike.
Department of Celtic, University of Glasgow
THOMAS OWEN CLANCY
The Landscape of Anglo-Saxon England. By Della Hooke. London
and Washington: Leicester University Press. 1998. xiii + 240 pp. £49.95
(hardback); £18.99 (paperback). ISBN 0 718 51727 X (hardback);
ISBN 0 718 50161 6 (paperback).
This book sums up a great deal of research into the organization and
exploitation of the rural resources of early medieval England in recent
years. It is aimed at a wide readership, and deserves to be read by the
many non-specialists who are enthused by landscape history. It will be
used pro®tably by students. However, the publishers have mysteriously
priced the paperback at a level which will deter many would-be
purchasers.
The book begins with perceptions of the countryside as re¯ected
in placenames, explaining, for example, the subtle distinctions made
# Blackwell Publishers Ltd 2000
Early Medieval Europe 2000 9 (2)
264
Book reviews
between types of hill and valley. Subsequent chapters move on to reconstruct the ¯ora and fauna; the organization of kingdoms and estates;
and the de®nition of boundaries. Although use is made of some literary
sources, the core of the book is the analysis of charter boundaries which
has been the author's own ®eld of research. The later chapters, dealing
with settlement, agriculture, woodland and marshland, and towns, make
more use of archaeological evidence. The book ends with an assessment of
the in¯uence of pre-Conquest developments on later landscapes.
All of this is presented with the authority of a scholar who has herself
done so much to advance the subject. Her approach is not dogmatic or
determinist, and she appreciates the adaptability of early medieval
people to their environment, which helped to create the varied regional
landscapes. Their ingenuity helped to provide solutions to ecological and
economic problems, like the attachment of remote parcels of woodland
to estates specializing in arable cultivation. Readers will appreciate the
lucidity of presentation, the plentiful and clear maps, and the combination of different types of evidence.
How do English landscape studies compare with those on the
Continent? One barrier to communication is the continued use by
scholars of ethnic or political labels such as `Anglo-Saxon', which is
peculiarly inappropriate in this area of enquiry, in view of all of the
landscape evidence for the survival of earlier ®elds and boundaries, and
indeed the persistence of indigenous people, during the migration
period. The term `Anglo-Saxon', as well as perpetuating ethnic misconceptions, encourages the belief in the unity of the period 400±1066.
Dr Hooke is at pains to point out that she is dealing with a very long
time span ± as many years as separate us from the fourteenth century ±
but nonetheless she feels able to draw evidence on the same theme from
the seventh and the tenth century. Continental scholars rightly emphasize the changes in both the quantity and quality of human activity
during the early Middle Ages. English landscape historians are happy to
celebrate the restructuring of the countryside implied by the break down
of the multiple estates and the nucleation of villages, but they are
doubtful how their work relates to any long-term expansion in population, settlement or cultivation. Dr Hooke's approach re¯ects the
traditions and preoccupations of the subject as practised on this side of
the Channel, and while we might be concerned about the insularity, we
ought to celebrate the remarkable achievements of a discipline which has
transformed our understanding of an important aspect of the early
medieval world in the last two or three decades.
Department of Medieval History,
University of Birmingham
Early Medieval Europe 2000 9 (2)
CHRISTOPHER DYER
# Blackwell Publishers Ltd 2000
Book reviews
265
Deutsch und Latein bei Notker, ErgaÈnzungen zum Notker-Glossar
von E.H. Sehrt. By Heinrich GoÈtz. TuÈbingen: Niemeyer. 1997. ix +
120 pp. DM 56. ISBN 3 484 10763 4.
As a translator from Latin into German, but also as a commentator on
the works that he translated, Notker III of St Gallen (`Notker the
German') occupies a unique position in two respects. Quantitatively, in
the sheer bulk of what has come down to us (although not all has been
rescued for posterity): the edition of his works which was begun in the
1930s reached seven volumes and was incomplete when it was overtaken
by a new edition, likewise still incomplete. Qualitatively, in that Notker
has no rival in his mastery of conceptually and linguistically dif®cult
Latin texts and in his ability to render them into a German ®t for
instruction in the monastic school, including skill in devising a wide
range of vernacular neologisms to ease the task of understanding.
It is therefore no surprise that Notker's use of language should have
been well served since the war by glossaries that make it readily accessible
for study. In 1955 in their Notker-Wortschatz Edward H. Sehrt and
Wolfram K. Legner opened up the whole vocabulary, providing a
complete list of references for every Old High German word, while in
1962 the ®rst of these two scholars provided us with a Notker-Glossar, of
particular use for work on Notker's translation technique in that it listed
under every vernacular word used by Notker not merely its modern
German meaning, but also the various Latin words it rendered.
These indispensable tools appeared in parallel with the monumental
and much more slowly moving Althochdeutsches WoÈrterbuch to which
Heinrich GoÈtz published a supplement in 1993 in the shape of a
(necessarily provisional) Latin±Old High German glossary, based on the
material so far available in the larger undertaking. While working on this
GoÈtz became aware that Sehrt's Notker-Glossar was far from complete, in
that many Latin terms rendered into German had not been included.
This de®ciency is now made good in the present volume, in which
under each vernacular word Latin equivalents (and their modern
meanings) not included by Sehrt are listed. The present volume cannot
therefore be used without Sehrt's, but any inconvenience in this is more
than compensated by the fact that now at last we dispose of the complete
material for assessing Notker's achievement as a translator. Minor
dif®culties might arise from the fact that for certain of Notker's works
(translations of Boethius, Martianus Capella, the psalms) the earlier
editions were used, while for others the later editions, not available
when the Notker-Wortschatz and Notker-Glossar were compiled, have
been employed. It is dif®cult to see how this could have been justi®ably avoided, for the monumental scope of Notker's work is inevitably
# Blackwell Publishers Ltd 2000
Early Medieval Europe 2000 9 (2)
266
Book reviews
re¯ected in the massive task of making his texts and vocabulary fully
accessible. At least this has now been achieved for the vocabulary.
Trinity College, Cambridge
D.H. GREEN
The Apocryphal Gospels of Mary in Anglo-Saxon England. By Mary
Clayton. Cambridge Studies in Anglo-Saxon England 26. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press. 1998. xii + 355 pp. £45. ISBN 0 521 58168 0.
At the heart of Mary Clayton's book are editions of three Old English
texts which present the apocryphal traditions of the birth and death of
the Virgin Mary. They are a translation of the infancy narrative from the
Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew, edited from Oxford Bodleian MS Hatton 114,
but with account taken also of the survivals in Cambridge, Corpus
Christi College MS 367, Part II, and Oxford, Bodleian Library, Bodley
343; the assumption homily in Cambridge, Corpus Christi College MS
41; and the assumption homily in Cambridge, Corpus Christi College
MS 198, extant also as Blickling Homily XIII. The text in Hatton 114 is
item X in Assmann's AngelsaÈchsische Homilien und Heiligenleben, but
this is minimally edited; Clayton provides a critical edition using all
three manuscripts as well as the Latin source, and consequently at times
departs from her base manuscript. The homily from CCCC 41 was
edited by Tristram in 1970 (Vier altenglische Predigten) and Grant in 1982
(Three Homilies from Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, 41), but neither
had the advantage of knowing the precise Latin source, whereas Clayton
is able to exploit her own discovery that it is the version of the Latin
tradition known as Transitus B2, so that her discussion of the vernacular
translation is on a much ®rmer footing and de®ciencies in the surviving
copy can more con®dently be identi®ed and editorially remedied where
appropriate. Clayton's third text has long been familiar from Morris's
edition of the Blicking Homilies, but in an imperfect form, thanks to a
missing leaf in the manuscript. Willard subsequently provided this
material from the complete copy in CCCC 198, but Clayton's is the ®rst
edition of this text in its entirety; it is also the ®rst to utilize the source
and to tackle the dif®cult problems which the text raises. She provides a
commentary for each of the Old English texts, new facing translations
into modern English, editions of the Latin glosses to Hatton 114 and
CCCC 198, and the relevant Latin texts in two appendices, drawn
where possible from manuscripts written in Anglo-Saxon England. Yet
the book is much more than a collection of well-edited texts, worthwhile though that undoubtedly is. It makes a valuable contribution to
modern debates about editorial practices (particularly on pp. 153±62,
Early Medieval Europe 2000 9 (2)
# Blackwell Publishers Ltd 2000
Book reviews
267
where Clayton tackles dif®cult questions about how to treat transmitted
text(s) derived from a faulty archetype); it provides evidence for translation practices and competency in Latin; and, above all, it brings
together for the ®rst time a body of apocryphal material, so that it can be
discussed in the context of the broader tradition of which it is part. In
the substantial introduction (pp. 1±149), Clayton is thus able to cast light
on a relatively neglected part of the Anglo-Saxon ecclesiastical tradition
and to add to the evidence brought forward in her Cult of the Virgin
Mary in Anglo-Saxon England for the complexity of the Anglo-Saxon
Benedictine Reform. The book's appeal is therefore wider than its title
might imply.
School of English, University of Leeds
JOYCE HILL
Charlemagne's Courtier. The Complete Einhard. Edited and
translated by Paul Edward Dutton. Readings in Medieval Civilizations
and Cultures II. Peterborough (Ontario): Broadview. 1998. li + 199 pp.
£8.95 (paperback). ISBN 1 55111 134 9.
Thanks, of course, to the fame and value of his most celebrated work,
the name and reputation of Einhard remain inextricably and
permanently linked with those of Charlemagne. However, in this
excellent collection of new and eminently readable translations by Paul
Edward Dutton, to whom historians are already greatly indebted for his
previous reader, Carolingian Civilization, for once the biographer is
invited to step out of the shadow of his subject to be considered as an
individual in his own right. Einhard's three major works (the Life of
Charlemagne, the Translation and Miracles of Marcellinus and Peter and
the letter collection) are presented in full, alongside his charters, his
artistic output, references made to him in works by contemporaries, and
the correspondence with Lupus. The sources are unannotated, but are
prefaced by a considered introduction which ¯eshes out Dutton's own
life of Einhard, as well as addressing anew the key historiographical
issues such as the texts' dates and audiences.
However, as Dutton acknowledges, Einhard is most helpfully
regarded not as Charlemagne's courtier, but as Louis the Pious's. The
letter collection, while opening a clear window on grittier subjects like
the administration of monastic lands and the upkeep of churches, is
replete with missives to and from court. Several, such as Einhard's
conveniently-timed sick notes of 830 cast indispensable light on the
crises of Louis' reign, and on the relations between the emperor and his
sons throughout the 830s. Where we encounter Einhard wearing his
# Blackwell Publishers Ltd 2000
Early Medieval Europe 2000 9 (2)
268
Book reviews
hagiographer's hat, in the Translation and Miracles, we are nevertheless
still unmistakably in the presence of Einhard the courtier. The narrative
moves across a wide geographical panorama but always keeps one eye
®xed on Aachen. Dark references to the archchaplain Hilduin and to
Louis himself thicken our impression of the tense atmosphere
surrounding the court in the years 828±34. Meanwhile, in the comments
on and implied criticisms of Einhard penned by the likes of Walahfrid
Strabo, Dutton suggests we can catch something of the air of argument
and suspicion which pervaded the Aachen of the 820s. This atmosphere,
which emerges palpably from the texts collected here, also produced the
Life of Charlemagne.
One of the great merits of this very accessible, reasonably priced and
well illustrated volume is that, despite its title, it encourages the reader to
uncouple Einhard from Charlemagne and to consider his works ®xed in
their immediate context, providing glimpses of manifold aspects of
Carolingian politics and society under Louis the Pious. The book is also
another salutary reminder that the Life of Charlemagne should properly
be read alongside these other sources: by understanding Einhard the
aristocrat, landlord, intellectual and courtier, we might hope to come to
a better understanding of Einhard the biographer.
Department of History, King's College London
SIMON MACLEAN
The Sixth Century: Production, Distribution and Demand. Edited
by Richard Hodges and William Bowden. Leiden: Brill. 1998. 302 pp.
£52.95. ISBN 90 041 0980 3.
One of the earliest volumes in the project on the `Transformation of the
Roman World', undertaken by the European Science Foundation, this
book of essays on economic history considers a century its authors hold
to have been neglected by Pirenne in his Mahomet et Charlemagne,
which, over ®fty years after its publication, continues to provide the
paradigm within which much thinking on the early Middle Ages takes
place. After a thought-provoking introduction by Richard Hodges, Paolo
Delogu considers Pirenne's thesis, showing how it developed in tandem
with his thinking on the later Middle Ages. Carlo Bertelli discusses
the production and distribution of books, while in papers more closely
related to the central theme of the book, K. Randsborg examines the
migration period with reference to `model, history and treasure',
presenting charts which reveal the distribution of treasures and hoards,
and Jean Durliat presents, in French, an extremely rich survey of the
conditions of commerce in the sixth century. Federico Marazzi
Early Medieval Europe 2000 9 (2)
# Blackwell Publishers Ltd 2000
269
Book reviews
contributes a discussion of the destinies of different regions of Italy in a
paper which, if it leaves questions in the reader's mind, is immensely
stimulating. In her examination of eastern Spain in the light of
archaeology, Sonia GutieÂrrez Lloret makes some points of signi®cance
far beyond her subject, especially concerning hand-made pottery. In a
pair of papers which gain by being taken together, SteÂphane Lebecq
analyses exchanges in northern Gaul in the sixth century, while S.T.
Loseby ®nds evidence from the same period to corroborate Pirenne's
description of Marseilles as `un grand port'; both authors, however,
suggest that `change was just around the corner'. Ian Wood examines the
frontier of western Europe to the east of the Rhine, in a paper more
political in emphasis which subjects the sources to a good deal of
analytical probing, and makes sense of confusing material. Ulf NaÈsman's
archaeological approach to the era of Justinian in southern Scandinavia
most interestingly shows that the establishment of Slav polities caused
trade routes to move away from the central and eastern Europe towards
the west, in particular the Merovingian realm. Finally, Chris Wickham
heroically presents an overview of this disparate body of material, and
proposes useful directions which future work could take.
While synthesis eludes its authors, the book provides a valuable
summary of work in progress and summaries of the state of the question.
The authors' resolutely pan-European focus is commendable, although
discussion of Africa, in some ways a crucial centre of both production
and exchange in this period, would have been welcome. Differences
in perspective and expression are welcome, although when one of the
contributors ventures the opinion that `Whatever purpose this structure
served, there is no doubting that it is a manifestation of its age', we may
wonder whether very much has been said.
Department of History, University of Queensland
JOHN MOORHEAD
Kingdoms of the Empire. The Integration of Barbarians in Late
Antiquity. Edited by Walter Pohl. Leiden, New York and Cologne:
Brill. 1997. x + 230 pp. £38.50. ISBN 90 04 10845 9.
This volume is the ®rst in a series on the `Transformation of the Roman
World' produced by the European Science Foundation. Comprising
serious studies by established scholars, it deals with an area slightly more
narrow than its sub-title suggests, for it is concerned with the legal
mechanisms, such as foedus and deditio, by which barbarians were
settled on Roman soil. After a brisk introduction by Walter Pohl,
Gerhard Wirth provides a deeply learned account of Rome and its
# Blackwell Publishers Ltd 2000
Early Medieval Europe 2000 9 (2)
270
Book reviews
Germanic partners in the fourth century, in which a lot of the interest
lies in the footnotes. Peter J. Heather considers foedera and foederati in
the same century, providing along the way evidence for the unreliability
for that period of some frequently cited sixth-century texts. In the
longest piece in the collection, the editor uses treaties between the
empire and the Lombards as the basis for a discussion on treaties and
negotiations in the sixth century which raises particularly interesting
questions; one detects a major piece of work on the way. The interpretation of barbarian settlement as having been achieved by way of
taxation rather than expropriation of land which Walter Goffart
originated and Jean Durliat later developed is considered in three
papers. Wolf LiebeschuÈtz is critical of revisionist views; Durliat, writing
in French, sticks to his guns and argues his case by quoting and analysing various texts, while Herwig Wolfram draws attention to
additional evidence from Gaul bearing on the question. While ®nality
eludes the contributors to this debate, their essays are genuinely
thought-provoking and remind one of the extent to which understandings have been enriched by two decades of controversy, although
occasionally the thought crossed my mind that it would be possible
for late antique texts to be approached in overly subtle ways which,
crediting them with a degree of precision it would be unreasonable to
expect, wrested improper meanings from them.
The concluding contribution, by Evangelos Chrysos, is entitled `De
foederis iterum'. He offers a perceptive summary of recent writing in
the ®eld and responds critically to the papers in the volume. Although
the collection is not particularly cohesive, and certainly does not bring
topics to closure, the sustained depth and thoughtfulness of the contributions make it very worthwhile reading.
Department of History, University of Queensland
JOHN MOORHEAD
Literacy in Medieval Celtic Societies. Edited by Huw Pryce.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1998. xiii + 297 pp. £40.
ISBN 0 521 57039 5.
This volume results from a conference held at Bangor in 1994: it is an
indication of how important literacy-related topics have become in
Celtic studies, and more generally, in the study of medieval culture, and
also of how far they have come. All these essays display a highly nuanced
approach to literacy: above all, they are acutely aware of the social
contexts in which decisions are made about what is written, or read, and
how it is done. The collection, like much recent writing on medieval
Early Medieval Europe 2000 9 (2)
# Blackwell Publishers Ltd 2000
Book reviews
271
literacy, is fastidious in distinguishing literacy from literature: that is, the
focus is less on creative writing, than on writing which is quotidian and
practical, such as memorials, memoranda, and legal documents.
The volume as a whole has most to say about Wales: the early Middle
Ages (a discussion based principally on what the Welsh were known to
have read, as indirect evidence that manuscripts of these works were in
circulation), the implications of the middle Welsh tales known as the
Mabinogion, Welsh women and the written word, literacy in late
medieval Wales, and the writing of private deeds. The other contents of
the volume are two articles on Scotland, one on Pictish literacy and one
on Gaelic literacy (both subjects which would, not long since, have been
regarded as contradictions in terms), two wideranging articles on
genealogies and charters respectively, an article on Brittany, and two on
Ireland. One exciting theme which emerges in a number of these
contributions is the gradual adaptation from orality to literacy among
the proponents of native learning in various Celtic countries (notably
Katharine Simms' very interesting essay on the changing social position
of the Irish bard, and Sioned Davies' account of the Mabinogion).
While it is invidious to single out essays in a generally valuable collection, David Thornton's work on genealogies brings some extremely
useful cross-cultural perspectives to bear on a body of material which
is of great historical interest, and for which the distinction between
oral and written has speci®c importance. Ceridwen Lloyd-Morgan, in
writing about Welsh women and literacy, opens up gender in relation to
literacy, an area which too often passes unobserved. Overall, the collection deserves to be consulted by non-Celticists and not merely read
within its own little academic ghetto. This is a set of meticulously
evidence-based studies, with an excellent bibliography: the authors'
insights into matters such as the social context of literacy, charters,
genealogy, and gender should be of interest to medievalists whose areas
of special concern lie elsewhere.
Centre for British and Comparative Cultural Studies,
JANE STEVENSON
University of Warwick
# Blackwell Publishers Ltd 2000
Early Medieval Europe 2000 9 (2)