A 20
CONCORD FIELD STATION - A GUIDE TO RESOURCES
David
S. Woodruff,
Editor
Tne Guide to Resources, publication
of which began in 1973, is designed
to introduce students, visiting scientists,
and local naturalists
to
~he natural history of the Field Station area.
number
of parts which
will be issued
The Guide comprises a
separately
as· material
available.
Address inquiries to: The Concord Field Station,
Causeway Road, Bedford, Massachusetts.
No.
1
becomes
Old
Concord Field Station - Estabrook Woods, Map of physical
features,
topography,
and vegetation.
By Lynn Maguire,
Phil Nelson, W.G. Abrahamson and D.S. Woodruff (wi~h
Corrigenda) . 1973.
No.
2
By Warren
S. Woodruff (with
3
Vegetation
No.
4
An annotated
No.
S
The Social
No.
6
Clima~e and meteorology.
No.
,
Lis~ of mammals of eastern Massachusetts.
Lawrence, an~ C.P. Lyman, 1974.
Concord,
and flora.
By Lynn Maguire,
No.
Mass.
Timo~hy S. Doyle, Peter Arnol~, 1973.
Wasps.
and Bedford,
By Robert
No.
Physiography an~ geology.
No. 10
Soils.
No.
}~ annotated
11
Jeanne,
By charles
Introductory no~es.
9
G. Abrahamson,
check1is~ of the amphibians
Carlisle,
No.· 6
No. 12
r
Map of physical
Concord Field Station - Pickman Area.
features, topography,
and vegetation.
Phil Nelson, W.G. Abrahamson
and David
..
Corrigenda) . 1973.
1973.
and reptiles of
By Allen E. Greer,
Jr.,
1973.
S. Henry,
1973.
By Barbara
By David S. Woodruff, 1974.
By John J. Lit~lejohn, 1974.
By John J. Lit~lejohn, 1974.
checklist
tin preparation).
of the butterflies.
By Paul
Solitary Wasps of the Concord Field Station }~ea.
E, Evans and rrederick Atwood, 197~.
S. Miliotis.
By Howard
A 25
Concord Field Station
A Guide to Resources.
No.8
lNTRODUCTORY
NOTES
By
David
S. Woodruff
Concord Field St.tion
Museum of Comp.rative
Zoology
H~rvard University
October 7, 1974
,
H
Of lIlt Beojls Ihal live on the laud,
Aving related unto you the plcafant fituation of the
Countrey, the healthfulncffc of the climate -th~ nature of the foile, with his vcgctativcs, and other c~J1lI11(),litics j it will not be amiffc to. informc you of iuch irrationnll
creatures as arc daily bred and continually nourifhcd in
this countrcy, which doe much conduce to the well bcintr
of the Inh.abitants, affording not onely meate for the b(!lIJ~
but cloathing for the backe, The bcafls be as followeth.
The kiugly LyoII, and Ihejlrollg al'm'd Beare
Tlu large limbed 17fooJes,with the tripping Deare,
Quill dartiug Porcupines, and Rackcooncs bee,
Cajlel/d in the hollou: of all aged tree ;
-Thcfoippiug Squcrrcll, Rabbet, purblinde Hare,
Immured i,t Ihe Jelfifamc Cojlle are,
Leaji red-eyed Ferrets, wily Foxes fllould
Them 2tlzdcrmille, if ra17lpird bitt willi mould.
The grim fac't Ounce, and ravenous howling Woolfe,
ll1haje meagre paunch Jud:es li!.:ea fivallowing gulfe.
Blaci» gl(jlcriug Oilers, aud I'ich coated Bever,
The Ciue: Jenlcd lIfuJ9uaflt ,/mellillg ever.
Concerning Lyons, I will not fay that I ever faw any
my felfe, but fome affirme that they have feene a T ,~,('~ ~.~
Cope A ..." ,,:::::h is ,jUL above fix leagues from Bqjlolz:
fame likewife bcing loft in woods, have heard fuch terrible
roarings, as have made them much agaft j which muft
eyther"'be Devills or Lyons; there being no other creatures which ufc to roare faving Bcares, which have not
filch a terrible kind of roaring: befides, Pl£moulh men
hoy'! traded for Lyons skinnes in former times.
But t=
1t
Figure 1. One of the oldest accounts of the mammals of Massachusetts.
Opening paragraphs of Chapter 6 of William Wood's '~ew England's
Prospect" first published in 1634. The impact of European settlement
on the local fauna may be gauged by the fact that five of the 16
mammals mentioned are now extinct locally.
Concord Field Station·
8.
A Guide to Resou~es
WTRODUCTORY NOTES
By
David S. Woodcuffl
Preface
The biological survey of the Field Station and the preparation of
the Guide to its resources began in 1972. My main purpose was to pro.
vide Harvard students with a basic account of the local environment
and the literature pertaining to its fauna and flora. Fro= the onset
I have deliberately avoided duplicating material readily available in
other field guides and reference books. I have tried instead to pro~
vide annotated lists of the local biota, draving attention wherever
possible to interesting local problems. The Guide was conceived as an
open·eaded project to be superceded one day by an authorative handbook
based on local field studies. The Guide is made up of a series of
separate parts which are printed as material becomes available.
I thank an anonymous Friend of the Museum of Comparative Zoology
for the financial support which made the survey and Guide possible.
I thank Dr. A. W. Crompton, Director of the Museum of Comparative
Zoology, f9r his support throughout the planning and preparation of
this Guide. Dr. C. R. Taylor, Director of the Concord Field Station,
has kindly provided space, facilities and encouragement. Or. Warren G.
Abrahamson collaborated with me from the beginning of this project and
deserves much of the credit for its execution. Debbie Dewing, Colleen
RaQdel, Lynn Maguire, Phil Nelson, BLll Newbury, and Vicki Rowntree
provided competent technical assistance. I am also indebted to a great
many individuals, both at Harvard and in the Concord community, for
useful discussions and cooperation. Finally, I thank those students
vho provoked me to prepare this Guide to the Concord Field Station by
asking me the simple question: ''What's there?"
1.
Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette,
Indiana 47907.
-2Introduction
The Concord field Station of the Museum of Comparative Zoology.
Harvard University. is located about 26 km (16 miles) northwest of
C8~r1d8e.
The facility consists of about 2.9 km2 (1.1.~ile2) of
wooded land with 5everal swamps and shallow ponds. The land 1s distributed in tyo areas about 8 km (5 miles) apart and lies between
the t~
centers of Concord, Bedford, and Carlisle 1n Middlesex
County.
1. The Estabrook Woods. 2.6 km2 (650 acres) of mixed woods
and svamp north of the Minute Man National Historic Park in Concord.
The northernmost portion of the woods are 1n the t~nship of Carlisle.
The property includes Mink Pond and abutts Hutchins Pond and Punketasset Bill in the south. The last two features are on 18nd owned and
protected by the Concord Conservation Commission. Bateman's Pond, on
the Middlesex School land, lies to the vest of the voods. The area
vas surveyed by Murray (1971) and subsequently this information has
been used in maps prepared by Lein (1971), Maguire and Nelson (1972a)
and Maguire et a1. (1973a).
2. The Pickman Area. 0.3 km2 (70 acres) of voods and a shallow
pond in the township of Bedford on the east side of the Concord River.
The land became available to Harvard for use as a Field Station
through the munificence of the Pickman family and the Coun~ay Foundation. The Countvay Laboratory together vith the other Field Station
buildings art situated on the former Nike Missile Site. The Pickman
Area abutts the 10.1 km2 (2,500 acre) Great Meadows National Wildlife
Refuge vhich borders the river. The area was surveyed by Dober et al.
(1965) and this information has been used in the maps prepared by
~suir.
and Nelson (l972b) and ~2uire et al. (1973b).
The Concord Field Station has a history going back only a decade.
The Station vas established through the personal efforts of Professor
Ernst Mayr, then Director of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, and
Dr. Charles P. Lyman, Curator in Mammalogy and Associate Professor of
Anatomy at the Harvard Medical School. The acquisition of the Estabrook Woods was made possible by a grant from the Nature Conservancy,
Washington, D.C., and the subsequent generosity of several philanthropic
foundations, principally the Ford Foundation. With the active support
of numerous local citizens the Field Station ~terialized
during the
period 1962-63. Dr. Lyman served as Acting Director from 1963-69.
Professor C. Richard Taylor, an environmental physiologist, vas appointed
the first director in 1969.
,
-3-
the Concord RLver Valley
The Concord Field Station lies in the Seaboard Lowland seeeion of
Fenneman's (1938) classification of the physiographic divisions of
New England. The reader unfamiliar with the New England 13adscape 1s
referred to the excellent general aCcOunts by Thomson (1958) and
Jorgensen (1971). The Field SCation lies in the valley of the Concord
River which flows slowly north to join the Merrimack River at Lowell.
The general location of the Field Station properties is shown in insets
on the Estabrook Woods Map prepared by Maguire et al. (1973.). Other
maps of this ares include Gleason (1906), A~y Mapping Service (1948),
U.S. Geological Survey (1964), Murray (1971), and Fox and Harte (1973).
American Indians settled in the Conc~rd valley at least 4,000
years ago and have probably been in the area at lease twice that length
of time. Occupancy of the Bull Brook archeological site, about 40 km
(25 miles) northeast of Concord, has been dated radiometrically at
about
9,000 years
B.P.
(before
pres ene)
(Byer.,
1959).
Griffin
(1965)
provides an introductory review of the prehistory of the northeastern
woodlands. When European colonists arrived in Massachusetts in 1620
the Nipmunks, a local sub tribe of the Musketaquids of the Algonkian
Nation, inhabited the Field Station area. In places the woods had been
cleared for villages and cornfields.
William Wood (1634) provides us
with a map showing the Musketaquid (Concord) River lyiag close to the
western boundary of the new colony. By the time ot Wood's visit (1629·
1633) ehe Indian population had been decimated by contagious diseases.
When Concord was founded in 1635 relatively few Indians remained. Josselyn
saw the area three years later and wrote: '~n. low level upon a fresh
river a branch of the MerLimack is seated Concord, the first inland
town in Massachusetts patent, well stored with fish, salmon, dace, al~ife.
shad, etc., abundance of fresh marsh and cattle, this place is subject
to bitter scccee ." (1675: 170).
Attracted by opportunities for grazing cattle and haymak1ng along
the river and the abundance of fish, European settlement was rapid.
Within a century the towns of Concord. Carlisle, and Bedford were founded.
Hundreds of small farms were established in the Concord valley. Shattuck
(1835) has documented the early history of the town of Concord. The
course of this early land clearing is known to a certain extent and an
outline history of the Field Station lands has been pieced together by
Fit<gera1d
(1974).
We can lea~ a lot about the local situation from the great nine·
teenth century writers who lived in Concord (see Cleason. 1906). Tickno~
(1926), among others, has compiled a volume on "Classic Concord" as
po~crayed by Emerson, Hawthorne. Thoreau. and the Alcotts. It was
-4-
Emerson who turned Thoreau to nature writing and the result
first
major euay
on liThe Natural
History
of Massachusetts"
was
Thoreau',
(1842).
For
that
though
a guide to the voluminous writings on Thoreau ste Harding (1959), Thoreau's
Journals (1906) are particularly useful 85 he made systematic observations
of local natural history over a period of many years. His entry in the
Harvard
Class
Book, 1837.
reads
as fo11010'5:
"Suffice
to
say,
bodily I have been 8 member of Harvard University, heart and soul! have
been far away among the scenes of my boyhood. Those hours that should
have been devoted to study, have been spent in scouring
exploring
the lakes and streams of my native Village."
the woods, and
It is from Thoreau's
Journal, for example, that we learn of the quarrying and burning of lime
in the Easterbrook Woods in the 1;90's, The ~oods (now spelled Estabrook)
take their name from Thomas Est&brook who settled there in 1668. The
stone walll, cellar holes, and artificial ponds shown on the map. (Maguire
et al., 1973 a,b) indicate that the area has had a complex history of
land use. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries much of eastern
Massachusett. was converted to pasture, field, or managed as wood lots.
Despite this widespread environ~ntal alteration the Estabrook Woods area
has been Ie•• disturbed than adjacent areas. Thoreau, for example, writes
I~~at a vild and rich domain that Easterbrook country1 Not a cultivated,
hardly. cultivatable field in it, and yet it delights all natural persons,
and feeds still more. Such great rocky and moist tracts, which daunt the
farmer, are reckoned as unimproved land, and therefore worth but little •• "
(Oct,
20, 1857).
Sanborn's (1909) vritings also contain information about the appear·
ance of the Eltabrook Wood. area in the mid-nineteenth century. (Sanborn
vas planning the annual chestnutting excursion of his pupils and others
to the area when the new. of John Brown's attack on Harper's Ferry reached
Concord. Sanford, a supporter of Brown, fearing arrest by federal author·
itie., left the picnic in the h.nd. of competent •• s1stant. and sailed for
Halifax, Nova Scotia.) This suggest. that although timber cutting has
continued until recently, parts of the area have been vooded for over a
century. Furthermore, ve now know that the wooded area may have increased
in extent during this period. In Concord and throughout New England farms
and fields vere abandoned during the nineteenth century as. farmers left
for the West. Cultivated parts of the EstabrOOK Woods area sh~
on the
older map. (e.g. Merricks Pasture, Hubbards Pasture) vere allowed to return
to woodland. The effects of this exodus vere probably tempered, however,
by the proximity of the city of Boston. Until recently pressures for firewood, pasture, and residential land constituted a major threat to the
remaining privately held woodlands in Concord.
In addition to Thoreau, who collected nearly 800 specie. of plants
locally, a number of other gifted naturalists have written about the
Concord area. taton (197£) reviews the early botanical activity in his
,
-5book on the local flora. Commencing with the Jarvis brothers who began
collecting in 1823, important contributions to our knowledge of local
plants were made by Edward S. Hoar, Horace Mann. and Minot Pratt. William
Brewster, the noted ornithologist who veoce ''Birds of Cambridge" (1906)
lived in Concord. His book "October Farm" (1936) is full of observations
of local natural hiseory made around his bcus e which lay Just east of
the Estabrook Woods. Dexter (Brewster, 1937) has edited a second collec~
tion of Brewster's essays.
The Physical Setting
The Concord Valley va, glaciated repeatedly during the last ca.illion
years. At the time of the last major glacial period (Late Wisconsln
stage) about 20,000 years ago the area was covered by an ice sheet
possibly 2 km thick. Although the deglaciation chronology has not:yet
been established locally, the ice probably retr~at:ed from this region
between 13,500 - 12,500 years B.P. (Schafer and Hartshorn. 1965). The
surface features of the area (inc ludlng eskers, kames •.and drumlins) are
co~equently of glacial origin in most cases and postdate the glacial
retreat (Kot.ff, 1964).
The geomorphology and geology of the Field Staeion are described by
LittlejOhn (1974a). The underlying basement of metamorphic rocks are
almost: completely buried by a blanket of gravels and sands. The Geological S~rvey (1964) Concord Quadrangle Sheet: shows that:while most of tne
till was dumped by the melting ice, lacustrine deposits associated with
the large Glacial Lake Concord also occur. The land is of low relief:
36.5 • Sl.5m (120·170 feet) above sea level in tne Pickman Areaj and
between 42.5 - 76.0m (140-250 feet) above sea level in the Estabrook
Woods. Recognizable hills in the latter area include Hubbards, LUne.
and Corly Pate Hill. The hign point in this area lies just south of the
Field Station: Punkatasset Hill (elevation 9;.8m or 316 feet).
The area is drained by several small streams which flow towards
the Concord River. Pickman and Mink Ponds are man·made and shallow.
Deeper nat~ral ponds near the Field Station include Batemans Pond and
Walden Pond. Thoreau (1854) described his central experiment in living
beside the latter pond in '\1alden". In addition to this main ebeee
'\1alden"contains a wealth of natural history. Thoreau describes the
life of the pond and the surrounding woods in great detail. He surveyed
the pond and .stabl~hed that. at highest water, it was 32.5111 (107
feet) deep.
The sandy and gravelly soils of the Field Sr.ation are relatively
thin and usually slightly acid in pH. Soil ceese evaeaee Service data
-6are !:vailable
for
this
area
and ere discussed
by Work and Traneis
(1966)
and Littlejohn (1974b). Ten different soil types including organic
mucks. loamy sand, sandy, and stony loams are present (Maguire and
Nelson, 1972 (,el; Woodruff, 1972). Additional 5011 types including
loams and sandy clays border the Concord River. These deposits formed
on the site of the former Glacial Lake Concord: a shellow body of
~8ter produced by the temporary d8~ing of the Merrimack River to the
north during deglaciation (Koteff, 1963). At such times the Concord
probably flowed south into the Charles River.
Henry (1973) has described the climate of the Field Station area.
Typical of New England the ~e8ther is vIriable and relatively unpre·
dietable. While observations have not been made at the Field Station,
~eteorological 4ata have been recorded nearby at the U.S. Weather
Bureau Stations in Concord and Bedford and at the U.S. Air Force Hanscom
Field. The records of the first mentioned station go back overo70 years.
The mean temperatures for the months of January and July are -4 C (2sOf)
and 210C (70or) respectively. Extrem~ temperatures of -32.SoC (-27OF)
and 39.5CC (103er) are on record. The typical growing season is 140 145 days and extends from about April 25 to about October 15. There is
no dry season. Rainfall, averaging 111 em (~3 inches) is evenly distributed throughout the year. Snowfall is highly variable but averages
145 em (57 inches) annually and 1s concentrated in the months of December
through March. For a broader discussion of the climate of the northeast,
the reader is referred to Bringham (1963).
Vegetation and Flora
Between the time of the retreat of the last ice sheet and 11,000 12.000 years B.P •• the vegetation of the Field Station area probably
bore a floristic resemblance to artic tundra. Subsequently, boreal
f¢rest developed and was, in turn, replaced by deciduous forest as the
climate ameiliorated. The precise nature and timing of these changes
has not been investigated locally, but several detailed studies have
been carried out els~here in New England (Davis, 1961. 1965; Ogden,
1965; Argus and Davis. 1962). Braun(l950) has prepared a comprehensive
review of .egetational history of the eastern U,S. Today the region
lies in the broad transition ~One between the temperate hardwood
forest (dominated by oaks, hickory, and formerly American chestnut),
and the more northerly sof~ood forest (characterized by hemlock, beech,
maple, and pine). Elements of both asseciations have intermingled in
this region for at least 5,000 years. Burning and clearing of the
primeval forest by Indians (discussed by Devis (1965) and Griffin (1965)
probably had only a small effect on its overall structure. In contrast,
the activities of Europeans in the last 350 years have almost completely
disrupted the precolonial patterns.
,
-7-
In addition to destroying all the original forest tn the Field
Station area, man has altered the nature of the secondary vegetation
by introducing a targe nu~er of alien species. Many of these have
been so successful locally that they have replaced elements of the
originaL flora. Abrahamson (1973 b,d) estimated that nearly 600 species
of vascular plants occur at the Field Station. Eaton (1974) reports
nearly ewice that many from the township of Concord as a whole. this
rich flora includes no less than 277 introduced species. In this
Discovered" by
regard attention
is drawn to ''Nev EngLand's Rarities
Josselyn
(1672) who was the first
to note "such plants as have sprung
up since the English planted and kept cattle
in NewEngland".
Josselyn's
account of the birds, beasts. fish. serpents. and plants makes inter·
esting reading today as he provides detailed notes on their use as
physical and surgical remedies: wherewith the natives constantly use
to cure their distempers. aches, shrunk sinews. and sores; and to procure love.
Dr. Warren Abraham50n (1973 b) has prepared an introductory account
of the vegetation and flora of the Concord Field Station. The vegecation of the Estabrook Woods was surveyed by colored aerial photography
in the Spring of 1970 (Lockwood et al •• 1970). A detailed ground survey
of the vegetation of the whole Field Station was conducted during the
summer of 1972 by Lynn Maguire and Phil Nelson (both Harvard graduates
vbo are naw pursuing their studies at the University of Michigan). two
detailed maps have been published as part of this series (Maguire et al.
1973 a,b). In addition, a comprehensive Flora of the vascular plants
of Concord has been prepared by Mr. Richard Eaton (1974). No systematic
collecting of the fungi has yet been undertaken (see Anon. 1972 b).
Local lichens are discussed by Howe (1912) and Groves (1972).
The veietation at anyone point in the Field Station is • reflection
of local conditions and land use history. Spurr's (1956) study of the
plant associations in the Harvard Forest (80 km vest of Concord; see
Zimmerman. 1973) points to the importance of the following factors: precolonial distribution of species and subsequene land use history, site
aspect and elevation, soil type, depth of the water table, variations
in local climate, Unpact of fires and hurricanes, migration of new species
into the area, and the local and regional influeaces of insects and
diseases. Dr. Chadwick Oliver and his students initiated a detailed study
of the vegetational history of the Estabrook Woods in the summer of 1974.
We are reasonably sure that the whole area has been cut over and cleared
during the last 30~ years. Abandoned fields have been planted with white
pines or have reverted to secondary forest by gradual ecological succes·
sian. Old field succession in its early stages can be seen in two areas:
in the northeast corne~ of the Estabrook Woods and on the western side
of Pickman Pond (see Abraha~on. 1973 b: Figure 3). In these areas
encroachment begins with the appearance of red cedar. dwarf juniper.
571
-8goldenrods, huckleberries, and blueberries.
In other areas'of
the Estabrook Woods white pine appears to have taken over the field. initially
and hardwood. are now entering secondarily.
For descriptions of woodland succession elsewhere 1n New England the reader 11 referred to the
work of Collin. (1962), Ol.on (1965) and Stephen. and ~aggoner (1970).
Several distinct vegetation formations occur at the Field Station.
Maguire and Nelson were able to recognize twenty-one classe. of vegetation 1n the Estabrook Woods (~O classes: sprout and ~rsh are not
shown cn the map. See Corrigenda) and twelve in the Pick~n Area. Dry
~ixed oak woodland, wet red maple swamp. pine plantations, meadows, and
shallow aquatic communities are well represented. Locally, there are
relatively pure stands of ash, black birch and hemlock. Although detailed,
the maps do not indicate all the microgeographic variation detected by
Maguire and Nelson. For example, pitch pines rather than white pines
occur on the east side of Hubbard Hill, and black locust 1s particularly
common near the junction of Istabrook Road and Maiu Trail. For details
of this kind the reader is referred to a copy of ~guire and Nelson'a
notes (1972 e) which are kept at the Field Station. Attention is also
drawn to the fact that. number of errors were introduced into the ~ps
during their complicated preparation. This i. most unfortunate as it
reflects unfairly on the high standard of the original survey. I call
the reader's attention to 8 Corrigenda which 1s provided with the msps.
Fauna
On. of the earliest accounts we have of the animals of Massachusetts
is that prepared by William Wood (1634). The opening passage of his
account of the beasta that live on the land is reprinted here as Figure 1.
~o ma~l.
referred to in the verse m£y not be reeogni:.bl. to the reader:
the ounce and musquash are the bobcat and muskrat respectiv~ly.
No comprehensive guide to the fauna of Massachusetts exists. The
Boston Society of Natural History (centennial history published in 1930)
sponsored a major survey of the fauna of New England in the first decade
of this century. Although now largely out-of-date the list. of New
England reptile. and amphibians (Rensh8~, 1904 a,b), mammals (Allen, 1904),
crustaceans (Rathbun, 1905), dragonflies (Calvert, 1905), ants CWbeeler,
1906), fish (Kendall, 1908), spiders (Eryant, 1908), harvestman, pseudoscorpions, ticks and mites (Batiks, 1908), birds (Allen, 1909), molluscs
(Johnson, 1915), bugs (Parshley, 1917), and dipteran flies (Johnson, 1925)
are noted. Mere recently Griscom snd Snyder (1955) have prepared an
annotated check list of the Birds of Massachusetts.
The ~ssachusetts
Audubon Society has published accounts of the butterflies (Miliotis, 1972)
and reptiles and amphibians (Laze11, 1972) of the state. Several publications are also available on certain elements of the Concord fauna.
572
-9Mr. Peter Arnold (1966) has prepared a list of the mammals of the Estabrook Woods. Notes on the birds, reptiles and amphibians (Anon. 1966,
1972) of the Great Meadows National Wildlife Refuge (see also Anon.
1969) have been published. R. Heber H~e (1919) noted eighty seven
species of dragonflies occurring in Concord and noted Thoreau', observations on several species. Wade (1927) provides a more general discussion of the local insects observed by Thoreau. Allen (1910) has carefully extracted atl the notes on birds from Thoreau's Journal and ocher
writings. !t was the availabiliey of these records, which go back to
1832, coupled with the voluminous Brewster journals, covering the period
1886-1917, that induced Griscom to prepare his classic study of popula~
tion trends in the birds of Concord (Criscom, 1949).
Introductory accounts of several groups of animals occurring in the
Field Station area have been prepared .s part of this Guide to Resources.
Those parts concerning reptiles and amphibians (Greer, Doyle and Arnold,
1973), social wasps (Jeanne, 1973), mammals (Lawrance and Lyman, 1974),
solitary wasps (Evans and Atwood, 1974) hava already been published.
Accounts of the birds (Lein) dragonflies and butterfies (Miliotis) will
be published in the near future. Field surveys of some other groups,
notably ants and molluscs h3ve commenced a~d, in time, introductory notes
on these animals will be added to the Guide. To aid the reader in identifying local organisms I include a brief systematic bibliography at the
end of this paper (Appendix A).
The fauna of the Field Station and adjacent reserves is probably
fairly typical of this part of New England today. Shelford's (1913, 1963)
classics are packed with infonnation about this and other regions. As
with the vegetation some of the dominant elements have disappeared during
the last 350 years. Human activities have caused the local extinction
of both tOp eaenivores like ~he mou~tain lion .~d bald eagle and such
once abundant animals as the turkey. Wood (1634) noted that of these
latter "sometimes there be forty. threescore, and a hundred of a flocke".
Cone too is the passenger pigeon of which he wrote (Wood, 1634:31):
'~ese birds eome into the eountry, to go to the north parts in the
beginning of our spring, at which time (if I may be counted worthy, to
be believed in a thLng thae Ls not so serange as true) I have seen them
fly as if the Ayerie regiment had been pigeonsj seeing neither beginning
nor ending, length, or breadth of these million..sof mUlions.u
the remaining fauna is by no means species poor. There are probably
about fifty mammals, over 250 birds (of which about 100 are knawn to
have bred in Concord), and thirty~two species of amphibians and reptiles.
No survey of the fish has yet been undertaken, but grass plekerel and
sunfLsh have been caught in Pickman Pond. Unfortunately, with the exceptions of the publications noted above we have no eatalogues of the local
lnvertebrates.··There are undoubtedly several thousand species of beetles,
of flies and of lepidopterans in this area. While the natural histories
of many of the commoner animals are moderately well known, it is probably
-10-
fair to say that the vast ~jor1ty of animals occurring at the Field
Station are suitable subjects for original autecological and behavioral
studies.
Facilities and Research at the Concord Field Station
1n1tially, the facilities at the ~ickman Area consisted of the
abandoned barracks, sheds and underground bunkers associated with the
Nike Missile Site. The barracks, now completely renovated as the Countway Laboratory, house offices, animal rooms, and a well equipped environmental physiology laboratory. In addition to several constant environment chambers and oxygen analyzers, the laboratory has a Wang 700 Series
programming calculator.
In 1970 a grant from the Ford Foundation
permitted the draining and renovation of the flooded missile bunkers.
These cavernous chambers now provide several researchers with much needed
laboratory space for gr~ing plants, insects and lizards under controlled
conditions. A new laboratory-classroom building has been built over the
northernmost bunker. The library (Handel, 1972) and herbarium (Abrahamson,
1973 b,c,d) put together in the course of the preparation of this Guide
are housed in this building.
Although these facilities are relatively new a considerable amount
of research has already been undertaken at the Concord Field Station.
In addition to indoor studies of environmental physiology, insect development, biological ryt~
and behavior a number of field studies have been
initiated. Dr. Otto Solbrig's research (in collaboration with Drs.
Madhav Gadgil and Warren Abraham$on) hal led to important developments
in our understanding of plant life history strategies (Gadgil and Solbrig, 1972, Abraha~on and Gadgil. 1973). Abrahamson (1973.) was the
first Harvard student to present. doctoral thesis based on work conducted
at the Field Station. This study of resource allocation in plant populations i. concerned primarily with golden rods and dewberries. A second
thesis (Lein, 1973) is concerned with the role of vocalization in the
competitive interactions and territorial behavior of warblers at the
Concord Field Station. Field studies of wasps (Jeanne, 1973; Evans and
Arwood, 1974) bracket fungi beetles (Lawrence, in prep.) and dragonflies
(Robey, in prep.) have also been undertaken locally.
Turning now from strictly research activities it is important to
recognize the unique opportunities provided by the Concord Field Station
for education in a ~ider sense. The area is visited regularly by students
enrolled in several Harvard courses including plant systematics, ecology,
mBIBcology, ecological genetics, entomology, and biology tutorials. The
use of the Field Station in co~nect10n ~ith local school and adult education programs is now being actively developed by Mr. Bill Newbury.
,
-llProspect
The Concord Field Station, together with the adjacent areas protected by the Concord Conservation Commission, the town of Carlisle,
and the National Wildlife Refuge constitute a major educational resource.
Today as population biology and eCOlogy become increasingly relevant co
the human situation it 1s important that we maincain areas where we can
train young scientists. Areas like the Concord Field Station, because
of their location near a large center of population, are valuable not
juse for the training of specialises but also for the development of
modern
naturalists,
both amateur
and professional.
In closing I draw attention CO the legacy we inherit fr~ Concord's
greacese naturalist. Henry David Thoreau. In his Journals we see tne
gradual transition from Thoreau, tne poet, to Thor ••u, the self-tutored
scientist. While his Journals are well known as important sources on
American natural history, nis ecological work 1s still largely unrecognized.
Deevey (1942) 4ppears to be the first modern ecologist to critically reexamine thoreau's writings. He concluded tnat Thoreau was the first
American limnologist. Thoreau made an independent discovery of thermal
stratification of water and correctly deduced that it would effect the
distribution of freshwater fish. Oehser (1945) hailed Thoreau as a
pioneer in the fields of soil cOn!ervation and forest management,
Thoreau calculated the proper ages to cut trees and developed sound ecological arguments against the common practices of spring burning and
allowing woodlots to regenerate from stump sprouts. AIda Leopold and
Jones (1947) credited Thoreau as the father of American phenologists,
for his detailed studies of the relationships between climatic factors
and periodic phenomena in plants.
Thoreau's (1860) paper on the "Succession of Forest Trees" is a
classic. In it he introduced the term luce'JJion in its ecological
sense and answered the question: "•••
how it happened that when a
pine wood was cut down an oak one sprang up and vice versa?" Thoreau
presented his paper in Concord at the 68th annual exhibition of the
Middlesex Agricultural Society on 20th September 1860. The occasion
was enlivened by Gilmore's brass band and Thoreau was followed at the
lectern by President Felton of Harvard College. StOCkbridge (1861)
records that Felton made a pithy speech, contrasting ehe customs and
methods of farming in the olden times with those of the present day and
urged a higher culture as a means of still greaeer advancement.
Stockbridge (the delegate from the State Board of Agricule,ure) e tee
reporeed: "And although I was well pleased and highly entertained by
some portions of the show, I was not, as a whole, very favorably impressed
by it. Fears of the cattle scourge (pleuropneumonia) prevented the
exhibition of neat stock, and the horses, though respectable in numbers,
looked mean, and ~ doubt not looked as they felt, for being compelled
-12to exhibit
themselves
in a pouring
rain."
Furthermore
" ••• an intoxi-
cated Irishman, 1n a fit of drunken fren%Y, with a dangerous weapon
stabbed
we men severely,
and,
8S
'-'&.
feared
at the time,
fatally."
Returning to Thoreau's lecture we find that drawing on observations
in his Journal, for the period 1852-1860, he prepared the first wellformulated description of the phenomenon of ecological succession.
Although published 1n at least three versions his ideas were clearly
before their time. No important studies of ecological succession were
~de in America for more than thirty years after his lecture. Hts
work went unrecognized for an additional fifty years Glhitford, 1950;
Whitford
and 'Whitford,
1951; Nash,
1951;
Spurr,
1952).
This essay on succession i. the only attempt Thoreau made to prepare a synthesi. of observations recorded in his voluminous Journals.
Further work of tni. type va. prevented by the fact that he contracted
a severe cold in Dec~er,
1860, while kneeling in the snow counting
growth rings on tree stumps. His health failed and he contracted bronchitis and eventually tuberculosis. He died on May 6, 1862, at the age
of 45.
Whitford (1950:306) has noted that we cannot judge Thoreau's science
~ithout recognizing that in many fields he ~as working almost alone in
this country. To a large extent he had compiled in hi. Journal. his
own textbook on ecology; and yet at the time of his death the science of
ecology had not yet been established. The coining and introduction of
the term ecology it.elf i, generally credited to Ha.ckel (1866). Regardless of whether or not Thoreau had a direct impact on the science it is
clear that he anticipated it. coming. Even if we cannot justify calling
Thoreau the Father of ecology the evidence that he wa. one of the first
ecologists i. substantial. The challenge then is to continue the work
10 ably begun here in Concord
over a century ago.
,
-13Appendix A
Aids to Idencification
The following is & list of references to va~ious groups of organises
found in the Concord Field Station area. Whenever possible I refer the
reader to • s1ngle source with a comprehensive bibliography. Maay of
these volumes are in the Concord Field Station Library (see Handel, 1972).
Vertebrates
Blair, W.F •• A.P. Blair, P. 8rodkrob, F.R. Cagle and G.A. Moore. 1957.
Vertebrates of the United States. ~~Graw4Hill, New York.
Eddy. S. 1957. How to Know the Freshwater Fishes. w.e. Brawn, Dubuque,
Iowa.
Greer, A.E., T.S, Doyle and P. A~old. 1973. An annotated checklist of
the amphibians and reptiles of Concord, Carlisle and Bedford,
Massachusetts.
Concord Field Station - A Gulde to Resources. No.4.
Griscom, L. 1949. the Birds of Concord. RaNard, University Press,
Cambridge.
Lawrence, B. and C.P. Lyman. 1974. Lise of the mammals of eastern
Massachusetts.
Concord Field Station - A Guide to Resources. No.7.
Molluscs
Burch, J.B. 1962. How to Know the Easte~ Land Snails. W.C. B~.
Dubuque, Iowa.
Pilsbry, H.A. 1939. Land Mollusca of North America (north of Mexico).
Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. Honogr. 3, 2 vols.
Arthropods - Insecta - General
Borror. D.J. and D.M. Delong. 1970. An Introduction to the Study of
Insects. Holt. Rinehart and Winston, New York.
Borror, D.J. and R.E. White. 1970. A Fi21d Cuide to the Ins.eta of
America North of Mexico. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, Mass.
Brues. C.T., A.t. Melander and F.M. Carpenter. 1954. Classification
of Insects. Bull. Mus. Compo Zool. 73: 1-917.
Chu, H.F. 1949. Haw to Know the Immature Insects. W.C. Brown.
Dubuque, Iowa.
Darlington, A. 1968. The Pocket Encyclopedia of Plant Galls. Blanford
Press, London (British gall,).
Peterson, A. 1960, 1962. LaNae of Insects. 2 vols. Columbus, Ohlo.
Insecta - Specific Groups
Arnect. R.M. 1968."" The Beetles of the United States. Cacholic Universicy of Amer. Press, Washington. D.C.
Bricton. W.E. 1923. Hemipcera or sucking insects of Connecticut. Conn.
Geol. Nat. Hist. SUNey. Bull. No. 34.
<;77
-14Burks, B.D. 1953. The ~yflies,
or Ephemeroptera, of Illinois. Bull.
Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv. 26: 1-216.
Carpenter, F.M. 1931. Revision of the nearctic Mecoptera.
Bull. Mus.
Compo Zool. 72: 205-277.
Creighton,
'W.S. 1950.
The enes
of North America.
Bull .•, Mus. Compo
1961.
the Butterflies.
Zoo!. 104: 1-587.
Curran, C.H. 1934 (1965). The Families and Genera of North American
Diptera. Tripp, 'Woodhaven, N.Y.
Dillon, E.S. and L.S, Dillon. 1961. A Manual of the Common Beetles of
Eastern North America.
Row, Peterson, Evanston, Ill.
Ehrlich,
P.R. and A.H. Ehrlich.
How to Know
W.C. Brovn, Dubuque, Iowa.
Evans, H.E. and F. Atwood. 1973. Solitary vasps of the Concord Field
Station. Concord Field Station· A Guide to Resources No. 12.
Helfer, J.R. 1963. How to Know the Grasshopper., Cockroaches and their
Allies. W.C. Brovn, Dubuque, I"""a.
Holland, ~.J.1968. The Moth Book. Dover, N.Y.
Jaques, H.E. 1951. Rev to Know the Beetles. W.C. Brown, Dubuque,
1000a.
Jeanne, R.L. 1973. The social vasps. Concord Field Station ~ A Guide
to Resources No.5.
Klots, A.B. 1951. A Field Guide to the Butterflies. Houghton Mifflin,
BOlton, Man.
Needham, J.G. and M.J. Westfall. 1955. A m.nual of the dragonflies of
North America (Anisoptera). Univ. of Calif. Press, Berkeley, Calif.
RoSI, H.H. 1944. The caddis fliel or Trichoptera of IllinOis. Bull.
Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv. 23: 1-326.
SCOtt, H.C. 1961. Collembola: pictorial keys to the nearctic genera.
Ann. Eotomol. Soc. Amer. 5': 104-113.
Viereck, B.L. 1916. The Hymenoptera of Connecticut. Conn. Geol. Nat.
Hist. Surv •• Bull. No. 22.
Walden, B.H. 1911. Euplexoptera and Orthoptera of Connecticut. Conn.
Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv., Bull. No. 16.
Spiders
Kaston, B.J. 1948. Spiders of Connecticut. Conn. Geel. Nat. Hist.
Survey, Bull. 70: 1-874.
and E. Kaston. 1953. Row to Know the Spiders. w.e. Brown,
~uque,
lawa.
leVi, H.Y. and L.R. Levi. 1968. A Guide to the Spiders and their Kin.
Gelden Press, N.Y.
Aquatic tife - including insects and protists
Edmundson, W.T. (ed.) 1959. Fresh-water Biology. Wiley, New York.
Jahn, T.t. 1949. Rev to Know the Protozoa. W.C. Brovn, Dubuque, Iowa.
Needham, J.G. end P.R. Needham. 1962. A Guide to the Study of Fresh
Water Biology. Holden-Day, San Francisco.
5,s
,
Prescott, C.W. 1954. Haw to Knoy the Algae. w.e. Brown, Dubuque.
Iowa.
Pennak. R.W. 1953. Fresh-water Invertebrates of the United States.
Ronald. New York.
Soil OrganiSms
Doeksen, J. and J. van der Drift. 1963. Soil Organisms. North Holland,
Amsterdam.
Eaton, T.H. 1942. Earthworms of the northeastern United States. J.
Wash. Acad. Scl. 32: 242-249.
Kevan, O.K. MeE. (ed.) 1955. Soit Zoology. Butterworth, Washington.
D.
c.
Plants
Abraha~on, W.C. 1973. Vegetation and Flora. Concord Field Station A Guide to Resources No.3.
Eaton. R.J. 1974. A Vascular Flora of Concord Massachusetts, Museum
of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.
-16Bibliography
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Two unconventional abbreviations have been used in this biblioThe various part. of the Cpncord l1£l4 StAtiQD - A ~
~
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The various parts of the'~
~ ~
graphy.
EnglADd
comprise
History ~.
the
OccAsion"l
~
~
ili ~
SOCiety
.£f.
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_______
0
Eaton, R.J. 1974. A Vascular Flora of Concord, Mass. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.
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Fitzgerald, D. 1974. A land use history of the Estabrook Woods in Concord, Massachusetts from 1636 - 1974. Guide no. 14.
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evidence from wild flowers and some theoretical considerations. Amer.
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Cleason, H.G. 1906. Map of Concord, ~Assachusetts.
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the amphibians and reptiles of Concord, Carlisle, and Bedford,
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United States. Princeton University, Princeton, N.J. pp. 655-667.
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Griscom, L. and D.E. Snyder. 1955. The Birds of Massachusetts. An
annotated Ind revised check list. Peabody Museum, Salem. Mass.
Groves, S. 1972. Lichen distribution on a red maple. Biology 99 project
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Handel. C. 1972. Concord Field Station Library: Llst of Books. Unpub.
report. 7pp.
Harding, W. and-C. Bode. 1958. The Correspondence of Henry David Thoreau.
New York University Press, N.Y.
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~H.~n~ry=-.'C.S.
1973. Climate and meteorology. Guide No.6.
Henshaw, S. 1904.. Fauna of New England. List of the Reptilia. 13pp.
• 1904b. Fauna of New England. List of the Batr.chia. lOpp.
~H~ow~.-.-;R.H.
1912. Thoreau, the lichen!st. Cuide to Nature, ~y 1912:
17-20.
• 1919. The Odonat. of Concord, Massachusetts. Ent. News 30:
--'1~0-'14.
Jeanne, R.L. 1973. The SOCial wasps. Guide No.5.
_Johnson, C.W. 1915. Fauna of New England. list of the Mollusca. 231pp.
~~~.
1925. Fauna of New England. List of the Diptera or 2-winged
flie•• 326pp.
Jorgensen, N. 1971. A Guide to New England'. Landscape. Barre Publishers.
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---:t~h:e-yearl
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Kendall, W.C. 1908. Fauna of N~ England. List of the Pisces. 152pp.
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__ ~~.
1964. Surficial geology of the Concord Quadrangle, Massachusetts.
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--~~.
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--~~.'
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SSl
r
-19______
' 1973b.
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______
o
in preparaeion.
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_______ ' 1971. Atlas of Estabrook Woods. 14pp.
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X. 1950.
Fauna of New England.
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,