net
continued from page 11
WEB SERVER
This is a computer that delivers web pages. When a request
is made to access a website, the request is sent to the web
server. The server then fetches the page and sends it to your
browser.
Web browser
‘To an
athlete dying
young’
BERYL CLARKE
Conributor
This is a program that allows users to view and explore
information on the World Wide Web. Examples of popular
browsers are Microsoft Internet Explorer and Mozilla Firefox.
These browsers allow users to view graphics, video, text and
animation.
UNIFORM RESOURCE LOCATOR (URL)
This is a unique address obtained by each page on the World
Wide Web. It is basically the address of an Internet file. For
example: www.google.com
HIS WEEK, we are going to work on a
poem by A.E. Housman. You should find
this writer interesting from the point of
view that although he was a brilliant student, he
failed his exams. This was, however, while he
was at Oxford University and seemed to have
been because he was facing personal
problems. Does this make him seem human to
you? Of course, you all know that poets are just
like you and me with failures and successes.
Housman did not sink into despair or become
worthless, but while working as a clerk, he
produced such scholarly articles that he
became Professor of Latin at Cambridge
University.
T
BLOGGING
This is short for Weblog. A blog is an online journal or diary
of an individual’s opinions and latest news. It is updated
regularly, in chronological order.
HYPERTEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL (HTTP)
This is a protocol used to request and transmit files,
especially web pages and web page components, over the
Internet or other computer network.
ELECTRONIC COMMERCE (E-COMMERCE)
This is commonly known as (electronic marketing) or ecommerce. It consists of the buying and selling of products or
services over electronic systems such as the Internet and other
computer networks.
PODCASTING
This is a form of audio broadcasting using the Internet;
podcasting takes its name from a combination of iPod and
broadcasting. It is a method of releasing files to the Internet,
allowing users to subscribe and receive new files automatically.
Have you ever thought of the uncertainty of
life? When I was growing up, not many young
persons thought that they would die before they
were very old, if they thought of death at all!
Now it is different for we are all vulnerable.
TO AN ATHLETE DYING YOUNG
The time you won your town the race
We chaired you through the market-place;
Man and boy stood cheering by,
And home we brought you shoulder-high.
Today, the road all runners come,
Shouldered-high we bring you home,
And set you at your threshold down,
Townsman of a stiller town.
Smart lad to slip betimes away
From fields where glory does not stay,
And early though the laurel grows
It withers quicker than the rose.
Eyes the shady night has shut
Cannot see the record cut,
And silence sounds no worse than cheers
After earth has stopped the ears.
Now you will not swell the rout
Of lads that wore their honors out,
Runners whom renown outran
And the name died before the man.
So set, before its echoes fade,
The fleet foot on the sill of shade,
And hold to the low lintel up
The still-defended challenge-cup.
And round that early-laureled head
Will flock to gaze the strengthless dead,
And find unwithered on its curls
The garland briefer than a girl’s.
How many times do you think that you need
to read this poem? Go ahead, read it once
more, preferably, out loud. Are there words
here with which you are unfamiliar? Find their
meanings, please, and see how they make your
appreciation expand.
Please read through the poem slowly the
second time and certain things will
immediately become apparent if they weren’t
before. The rhyme scheme is easy to identify
for the whole poem is written in rhyming
couplets and while we must pay attention to
Housman’s stylistic devices, I want us at this
yl:english language
time to focus on meaning. There are some who
believe that a poem being already condensed,
cannot be paraphrased, but we can find the
main ideas and that is all I am asking you to
do.
In the poem, we have someone we call a
narrator or the speaker who tells us about the
main character or persona. The title informs us
that the poem is addressed to an athlete - the
persona - who has died while he is still a
young man. The first stanza, however, begins
on a positive note. The athlete has competed in
a race and has won it. In doing so he has made
his town proud and, consequently, he has been
hoisted onto the shoulders of his fans and is
being carried through the town. We do not
know whether the competition was with runners
from other towns, schools, clubs or countries
but the pride of the townsmen is obvious. As
Jamaicans we are, many of us, very keen on
athletics. Just remember our euphoria (like that
word?) in the last Olympics and World
Championships and we will understand this
verse. I hope you noticed ‘chaired’ and
‘cheered’ but that is for future discussion.
Can you now examine the second stanza? Is
it similar to the first? Yes - he is still being
carried ‘shoulder-high’ but now he is at ‘the
road all runners come’ and they set him down
in ‘a stiller town’. What is going on here? Do all
athletes run the same races or compete on the
same tracks? Of course, if you consider that all
human beings are in the race of life that should
lead you to the realisation that there is a road
that we will all come to in time. Does that help
you? If it does, you now can quickly see what is
meant by ‘a stiller town’.
In the next lesson, our discussion will
continue to focus on meaning. As you read
though, please pay attention to the literary
devices that the poet uses and, by the way, you
can do some research on him.
Have a wonderful New Year and God bless!
Beryl Clarke is an independent contributor. Send
comments and questions to
[email protected]
BULLETIN BOARD
This is used as a part of a communication network where
users can post messages, read messages posted by other users,
communicate with the system operator and upload or download
programs.
VOICE OVER INTERNET PROTOCOL (VOIP)
This is a protocol which governs the transmission of voice
over the Internet.
We have come to the end of this lesson. See you next week
when we will begin to look at the misuse of information.
Remember, if you fail to prepare, you should be prepared to fail.
Natalee A. Johnson teaches at Ardenne High School. Send comments and
questions to [email protected]
12
What better way to enjoy the lunch break than to lyme with friends, as these St Elizabeth Technical High School students do.
YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | JANUARY 11-17, 2011
yl:mathematics
Functions
and
relations
CLEMENT RADCLIFFE
Contributor
AST WEEK completed the review of algebra. Much time was spent on this and I do recommend
mastery in all areas. Again, I am urging you to proceed to study with systematic and ongoing practice.
Let us now continue with the review of aspects of functions and relations.
L
POINTS TO NOTE
m Domain refers to x values
m Range refers to y values.
m Function is a relation in which each element in the domain (x values) is mapped on to one and only
one element in the range (y values).
m Function is usually denoted by the symbol f or g. If y is a function of x, then the function of x is
denoted as f(x) or g(x). If y is defined such that y = 2x - 7, then this is represented as follows:
y = f(x) = 2x - 7 or f : x 2x - 7
The latter means: The function f such that x is mapped on to 2x - 7.
The function is represented on the Cartesian Diagram by a plot of the equation y = 2x - 7. All rules related
to graphs and which were indicated previously must be observed.
IMAGE OF X
This is the value of f(x) for a given value of x.
It is found by either reading the value off the graph or by substituting into the equation.
EXAMPLE
Given that f(x) = 5x - 3, calculate f(-2). [f(-2) is the value of f(x) for which x = -2].
Since f(x) = 5x - 3
f(-2) = 5 x -2 - 3 = - 10 - 3 = -13.
Note that -2 is substituted for x in f(x).
Now please try the following:
The function g is defined by g: x x2, find g(-4).
If your answer is 16, then you are correct.
COMPOSITE FUNCTION
Given the functions f(x) and g(x), then the composite function f g(x) is the function obtained by the
function g(x) being initially applied, followed by function f (x). In evaluating the composite function, we
determine the function g(x) which is then substituted for x in f(x).
POINTS TO NOTE
m It is important to note that for f g(x), g(x) replaces x in f(x), while for g f(x), then f(x) replaces x in g(x).
Note the order well.
m A common error made by some students is to find the product of f(x) and g(x). Avoid this, please.
This topic is fairly routine and so all students are encouraged to take full advantage of the marks allotted
to this problem. In this regard, please attempt the following:
YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | JANUARY 11-17, 2011
Clement Radcliffe is an independent contributor.
Send questions and comments to
[email protected]
13
yl:biology
Studying the environment
MONACIA WILLIAMS
We are now going to put our newly gained knowledge to use.
(part 5)
Contributor
ELL, HELLO there! How are you this week? I don’t know why I am asking because at this point in
time, you could not be anything else but good! You have been keeping up with your work, all your
SBAs are at a point where they just need a little editing, and all your labs have been written up and
handed in, so life must be good! Let us continue to work to keep it good.
Last week, we began looking at the feeding relationships of organisms in the environment and we
stopped our lesson at the definition of the food web. Now we need to look at how the food web is structured.
One important point that must always be remembered when constructing a food web is the direction in
which the arrows point. The arrows must always point from the producer, that is the plant, to the consumer,
that is the animal. Having them point in any other direction will not gain you any marks for your efforts.
W
In question one (c) June 2009 biology exam, candidates were given the following table and asked to
construct a food web with ten organisms. Here is the table:
What is the first thing that we need to do? Did you answer “Identify the producer/producers?” I hope you
did because that is what we must do! The producer has to be first identified since it forms the base of the
food web.
Let us take a look at the organisms that are included in the table. Notice that the only organism that could
meet the requirements of the producer is the water weed since it makes its own food. Notice also that there
is mention of other plant material in the table. Some of the organisms feed on decaying plant material and
the mosquito larvae also feed on moss; these are also classified as producers. The next level belongs to the
primary consumers or the herbivores. Remember these are the organisms that feed on the plant material.
From the table we can identify that tadpoles, water snail, crab and mosquito larvae are the herbivores. All of
the other organisms in the table are carnivores. These are the frog, the guppy, water bird. Although they are
all carnivores, this does not mean that they are all secondary consumers. Notice that the water bird feeds on
the guppy which feeds on the tadpole. This makes the guppy a secondary consumer and the water bird a
tertiary consumer. Was that confusing? Let us put it in the form of a food chain to make it simpler.
LOOK CAREFULLY AT THE DRAWING OF THE FOOD WEB AND NOTICE THE FOLLOWING:
m All the arrows point to the organism that is feeding, that is, away from the organism that is being eaten.
m The organism at the base of the web on the first line is the plant, that is, the cherry tree. This line
represents trophic level #1 and the cherry tree is the producer.
m All the organisms that feed on the producer are placed on the lines above the producer. The first line
represents trophic level #2 and the organisms placed there are the herbivores or primary consumers.
From our food web, these are: the caterpillar, the aphid, the stink bug and the moth.
m The organisms that feed on the primary consumers are placed in a line above the primary consumers.
This line represents trophic level #3. These organisms are the secondary consumers. Again, from our
food, these are the ladybird beetles.
m The organisms feeding on the secondary consumers are placed in a line above the secondary
consumers. This line represents trophic level #4 and these organisms are the tertiary consumers. These
are the bird and the spider.
m Some organisms can be classified as both secondary and tertiary consumers, for example, the bird is
a secondary consumer when it is feeding on the moth and a tertiary consumer when it is feeding on the
ladybird beetle.
You should also be able to extract several food chains from this food web. Let us do this now.
Cherry tree
aphidlady
bird beetle
spider
stink bug
ladybird beetle
bird
Cherry tree
moth
bird
Cherry tree
14
Water weed
tadpole
guppy
water bird.
There you go, “Do you see it now?”
Below is an example of the type of food web that could be constructed. Try to create your own! Good luck!
See you next week.
Monacia Williams teaches at Glenmuir High School. Send questions and comments to [email protected].
YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | JANUARY 11-17, 2011
yl:geography
HERE ARE THE STEPS TO FOLLOW TO ARRIVE AT YOUR ANSWER:
Reading
your map
1. Calculate the difference in height from the coast to the trigonometrical station.
2. The horizontal distance is given in the question. This is 1,815 feet
3. Write the formula for gradient.
4. Do the calculation expressing your answer as a ratio.
HERE IS THE ENTIRE QUESTION DONE Height at coast
= 0 feet
Height at trig. station = 1350 feet
Difference in height = 1350 - 0 = 1350 feet
Horizontal distance = 1815 feet
Gradient
= Difference in Height
Horizontal distance
=
1350
1815
= 1.3
Answer
= 1.1
Gradients are always expressed to the nearest whole number so when you do your calculation, if the
remainder is less than a half, it is omitted from the answer. On the other hand, if the remainder is more than
a half, add one to the whole number. In the example above, the remainder is .3, less than .5. Your answer
then is 1:1.
(part 2)
MARJORIE HENRY
Contributor
HAVE been discussing some of the skills in map reading for the last several lessons. I hope you have
been spending some time to practise these. Remember that practice makes perfect. When you know what
to do in the examination, you will have the much-needed self-confidence and you will not panic, so keep
practicing these skills.
I
The calculation of gradient is another skill tested in question 1 of the May 2010 examination. One of the
specific objectives for map reading states that the student should be able to calculate gradients using ratios.
So many students find this to be a challenge, unfortunately. What is gradient all about? When you observe
the configuration of the land, you will notice that there are slopes everywhere. Some are steep so you have
some difficulty walking or riding up along them. Others are not so steep and easier to manoeuvre. The
concept of gradient is to find out just how steep is the slope. The question you seek an answer for in
working out the gradient is - at what rate does the land rise as I walk along the slope?
PLEASE NOTE THAT WHENEVER YOU ARE GIVEN GRADIENTS TO CALCULATE,
YOU MUST:
m Indicate all the steps in arriving at your answer
m Distinguish between the horizontal distance and the vertical interval
m Write the answer as a ratio
If you have to interpret gradient, please bear in mind that the larger the fraction, the more gentle the slope,
while the smaller fraction indicates steep slope.
Marjorie Henry is an independent contributor. Send questions and comments to [email protected]
TO FIND THE ANSWER TO THIS, TWO SETS OF INFORMATION ARE NEEDED:
(i) The distance between the points you start at the foot of the slope and where you end on the slope. This
is the horizontal distance, often referred to as the run. You measure the distance between the two points.
(ii) The difference in height between the two points. Subtract the height of the lower point from that of the
higher point. This is also called vertical internal or vertical rise.
These two sets of information provide the formula for gradient. The literature on the topic shows the
formula written two ways:
Difference in Height
or
Either Horizontal Distance
Difference in Height
Horizontal Distance
Gradient is expressed as a ratio. In whatever way you write the formula, bear in mind that the difference in
height or rise is 1 in the ratio.
Here is the section of the question to test gradient.
(e) What is the gradient from the trigonometrical station at Morne Patates to the coast, given that the
distance to the coast is 1,815 feet?
The section of the map below shows the slope for which you are to calculate the gradient.
Immaculate’s Michaelann Denton made it three in a row, when she took the Most
Valuable Player award for the third consecutive year and led Immaculate to their fourth
consecutive LIME Inter-secondary School’s Tennis Championships. Edward Gabbidon,
LIME’s vice-president of corporate sales, presents Denton with her award.
YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | JANUARY 11-17, 2011
15
yl:principles of accounts
Bank
reconciliation
statement
ROXANNE WRIGHT
Contributor
HE FIRM and its bank keep records of transactions. However, there are times when the balance on the
bank record is different from the bank balance in the cash book. Some reasons for this include:
T
Assume that the bank balance was successfully reconciled at the end of April.
YOU ARE REQUIRED TO:
a. Bring the cash book up to date, starting with the present balance at May 31, 2010.
b. Prepare a statement, under its correct title, to reconcile the difference between your amended cash
book and the balance in the bank statement on May 31, 2010.
c. State the amount of the bank balance which would appear in Marshall’s Balance Sheet as at May 31, 2010.
When the firm receives the bank statement, it checks its records against the bank records and reconcile
one with the other. The formal listing of the causes of the differences is called a bank reconciliation
statement.
The bank reconciliation statement is a calculation comparing the cash book balance with the bank
statement balance. It shows whether or not errors have been made either in the bank columns of the cash
book or one the bank statement.
The bank sends the bank statement to the customer with a current account for a period covering
approximately one month. The customer keeps a cash book with a bank column and reconciles the
statement received from the bank with the cash book kept.
16
Pay keen attention by following the principles applied to arrive at the solution.
Stay connected with us next week when we present the control account. See you then.
Roxanne Wright teaches at Immaculate Academy. Send questions and comments to [email protected]
YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | JANUARY 11-17, 2011
yl:history
The road to emancipation:
DEBBION HYMAN
Contributor
French and Spanish colonies
REVISION ACTIVITY
Circle the correct response for each question.
1. ‘The Saints’ were also known as the
a) Clapham Sect
b) Clapham Church
c) The Quakers
d) The Baptists
2. The Somerset Case ruled that:
a) The abolition of the slave trade should be delayed for another two years
b) Once slaves are recaptured they should be returned to their owners
c) Slavery was illegal in England
d) Somerset should have been deported from England
3. Which of the following was not one of the amelioration proposals?
a) Religious instruction should be given to the slaves
b) The sale of slaves for masters’ debts should be forbidden
c) Slave families should not be separated
d) Whipping for all slaves should be terminated
4. Which of the following slave revolts was widely publicised by the
abolitionists to gain support for the abolition of slavery?
a) Haitian Revolution
b) Bussa’s Revolt
c) Tacky’s Revolt
d) Christmas Rebellion
5. The movement towards emancipation of slaves in the British West
Indies was aided by the:
i. New economic ventures of Bristol and Liverpool
ii. Decline in West Indian agriculture
iii. Rise of an industrial class in Britain
iv. Political decline of the West Indies
a) i, and ii only
b) iii, and iv only
d) i, ii, iii, iv
c) i, iii and iv only
6. The abolitionists used all of the following methods to assist in
their campaign against slavery except:
d) telegraph
b) pamphlets
c) pulpit
a) newspapers
7. The East India Interest comprised persons who:
a) Had recently arrived in the Caribbean from India
b) Had business interests in India and felt it was best to abolish the
slave trade
c) Were sending Africans to India
d) Were disgruntled West Indian planters
Debbion Hyman teaches at St Hugh’s High School. Send questions and comments to
[email protected]
YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | JANUARY 11-17, 2011
6. D
7. B
8. C
9. C
10. B
9. The Mansfield Judgement was delivered in which year?
b) 1788
a) 1787
d)1762
c) 1772
10. The members of the Clapham Sect comprised:
a) William Wilberforce, William Knibb, Granville Sharp, Zachary Macaulay
b) William Wilberforce, Thomas Clarkson, Granville Sharp, Zachary Macaulay
c) Lord Mansfield, William Knibb, William Wilberforce, Granville Sharp
d) Granville Sharp, James Somerset, William Wilberforce, Thomas Clarkson
Answers
1.
C
2.
C
3.
D
4.
D
5.
D
8. Slavery was abolished in the British Caribbean in:
a) 1824
b) 1833
c) 1834
d) 1844
17
yl:principles of business
Functions and roles of businesses
YVONNE HARVEY
Contributor
T IS such a pleasure to be with you all
again. The specific objectives for this
week’s lesson indicate that at the end
of the lesson you should be able to:
1. Outline the functions of a business
2. Describe the role of a business
within a community
I
It is fitting, however, for us to begin by
defining the term business. A business
or business unit consists of a person or
group of persons engaged in trade or
some other commercial activity with a
view to making a profit. Not all
organisations can be regarded as
businesses. A non-profit organisation is
not a business. For example, a church
bazaar may be engaged in selling goods,
but it is not a business, because the
money made will be given to the church
or a charity. This was their aim in selling
the goods; they did not sell with the aim
of making a profit. A private school, run
for a profit by its owners is a business,
but a government school, provided as a
service to the community, is not.
THE FUNCTIONS OF A BUSINESS
The functions that a business carries
out depends on its aims, goals and
objectives. However, for most
businesses, there are three main
functions:
1. THE PRODUCTION OF GOODS
AND SERVICES TO SATISFY
WANTS
Goods are made through the use of
raw materials and other productive
resources. They are tangible items.
Services are intangible and there are two
types, direct or personal and indirect or
impersonal.
2. THE CREATION OF JOBS
Labour is one of the productive
resources used to make goods and
provide services, therefore, businesses
employ labour and in doing so they
create jobs for those seeking employment. They create jobs for skilled, semiskilled and unskilled workers, thereby
reducing unemployment.
3. THE CREATION OF PROFIT
Businesses aim to make profit. In the
private sector, the aim is to maximise
profits and to minimise the use of
resources in doing so. In order to realise
a profit, a business must keep its
production costs as low as possible and
sell its product for more than it costs to
produce. Being in business does not, of
itself, guarantee that a profit will be
made. Among other things, to be
successful, a business must produce
goods and services that people want, at
a price they are willing to pay.
OTHER FUNCTIONS OF THE
BUSINESS INCLUDE:
1. To aid in the development of the
country in which it is located.
2. To upgrade the skills of the
workforce and contribute to the rise in
the standard of living.
3. To promote or improve local
industry using local raw materials.
Now let us consider the roles or
responsibilities of a business.
THE ROLES OF BUSINESSES
The roles of a business fall under four
main headings:
1. ECONOMIC ROLES
These include:
m selling goods and services of a
high quality that the majority wishing
to purchase them can do so.
m giving export orders priority and
trying to increase these orders
m making a profit
m improving the good or service
m contributing towards the
improvement of the community
m Creating employment
2. FINANCIAL ROLES
These include:
m making a profit
m being in good financial standing
with its bankers
m ploughing back profit into the
business for expansion
m paying shareholders
m investing in other productive areas
3. POLITICAL ROLES
These include:
m lobbying and voting for parties
whose policies coincide with their
own wishes
m donating to the funds of political
parties which they favour
m influencing government into
establishing policies which will
benefit their businesses as well as
their country
4. SOCIAL ROLES
These include:
m developing a good community
spirit by donating to charities and
sponsoring educational, health and
sporting events
m promoting the well-being of
employees
m taking part in community clean-up
campaigns
m maintaining homes and
community centres
This now completes section 1 of the
syllabus. Next week, we will begin
section 2: Internal organisational
environment. The first part of this
section considers functional areas of a
business and functions and
responsibilities of management.
Before I go, here is your assignment:
(a) What do you understand by the
(2 marks)
term business?
(b) Explain why not all organisations
are regarded as businesses. (4 marks)
(c) List two of the main functions of a
(2 marks)
business.
(d) Give three roles of a business
under each of the following headings:
(1) Economic roles
(2) Financial roles
(3) Political roles
(12 marks)
(4) Social roles
Total marks: 20
See you next week.
Yvonne Harvey teaches at Glenmuir High
School. Send questions and comments to
[email protected]
Still basking in their ninth daCosta Cup win, members of Rusea’s High School’s football squad, principal June Thompson, technical director Emerson Henry (left), and PE teacher
Dorrel Jones show off the trophy during general assembly.
18
YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | JANUARY 11-17, 2011
yl:social stuudies
MAUREEN CAMPBELL
Contributor
REPUBLIC
A republic is a form of government in
which the head of government is not a
monarch. The word republic is derived
from the Latin phrase res publica, which
can be translated as a public affair.
Most often, a republic is a sovereign
country. A constitutional republic is a
state where the head of state and other
officials are representatives of the people
and must govern according to existing
constitutional law that limits the government’s power over all of its citizens. In a
constitutional republic, executive, legislative and judicial powers are branches.
The fact that a constitution exists that
limits the government’s power makes the
state constitutional. That the head of
state and other officials are chosen by
election, rather than inheriting their
positions, and that their decisions are
subject to judicial review makes a state
republican.
A titular head is someone who is, in
theory, the head of state but such person
has minimal actual day-to-day authority
or effect. The president serves symbolic,
non-political roles while the prime
minister holds all relevant executive
power. An example is Trinidad and
Tobago which became a republic in 1976.
An executive president is one who
exercises active executive power in a
certain system of government. Executive
presidents are active in day-to-day
governance of a nation and are usually
popularly elected. An example is Guyana
which became a republic in 1970.
Forms of
government
CROWN COLONY
This was a type of colonial
administration of the British Empire.
Crown colonies were ruled directly from
Britain by a governor appointed by the
king/queen. This system of government
gradually replaced the old representative
system of government throughout the
British Caribbean in the late 18th to early
19th century.
FUNCTIONS OF GOVERNMENT
1. The keeping of order and providing
for the protection of persons and
property.
2. Maintaining law and order, that
includes the definition and administration
of justice and punishment of crime.
3. The raising of revenue through
direct and indirect taxation.
4. Maintaining international relations
and defence of the nation state. That is,
the dealings of the state with foreign
powers, the preservation of the state
from external danger or encroachment
and the advancement of its international
interests.
5. The provision of social welfare,
education opportunities, accessible
health care and good public utilities to
make life more bearable.
6. The creation of employment
opportunity and the proper management
of the country’s finances.
A CONSTITUTION
This is a set of fundamental principles
or established precedents according to
which a country is governed.
DEMOCRACY
This is government by the people; a
form of government in which the
supreme power is vested in the people
and exercised directly by them or by
their elected agents under a free electoral
system.
government is one in which political
power is concentrated in a leader or
leaders, typically unelected by the
people who possess exclusive,
unaccountable and arbitrary power.
THE OMBUDSMAN
The ombudsman’s office was
established to deal with the challenges
inherent in the protection of the rights of
citizens. The ombudsman gives
assistance to persons who believe that
they have suffered injustices at the
hands of public officers employed by
government agencies and departments.
The role of the ombudsman will,
therefore, involve a thorough
investigation of all complaints of
hardship, injustice or maladministration
by a government agency or department.
AUTHORITARIANISM
HUMAN RIGHTS FREEDOM AND
RESPONSIBILITIES
This is a form of social organisation
characterised by submission to
authority. It is opposed to individualism
and democracy. An authoritarian
Everyone is entitled to all the rights
and freedoms set forth in the declaration
without distinction of any kind, such as
race, colour, sex, language and religion,
EVERY INDIVIDUAL HAS THE
RIGHT TO:
1. Freedom of speech, once it is the
truth and is not libelous
2. Protection of life and property from
those who might want to use force or
otherwise to claim it
3. Freedom and choice of place of
worship
4. Trial by jury
5. Protection from false imprisonment
6. Healthful surroundings, free from
anything hazardous to one’s health
7. A good education which is
accessible to all
8. Earn a honest living
EVERY CITIZEN HAS A
RESPONSIBILITY OR DUTY TO:
1. Pay taxes to help in the raising of
needed revenue
2. Obey the laws of the land and
respect authority
3. Do jury service as is required by
the laws of the country
4. Participate in the government of the
country, exercise franchise
5. Keep the surroundings clean and
habitable
6. Preserve the natural environment
free from pollution of all sorts
ACTIVITIES
a. Define the term independent state
as used with reference to the
Commonwealth Caribbean.
b. The following types of Heads of
State may be found in the
Commonwealth Caribbean:
(i) Governor General
(ii) Executive President
(iii) Titular President
CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY
This is a form of government
established under a constitutional
system which acknowledges a hereditary
or elected monarch or his or her
representative as head of state. In
Jamaica, the governor general represents the Queen of England as the
Head of State. In a constitutional monarchy system of government, a monarch
shares power with a con-stitutionally
organised government. The monarch
may be the head of state or a purely
ceremonial leader. As in most republics,
a constitutional monarchy’s executive
authority is vested in the head of state.
The constitution allocates the rest of
the government’s power to the legislature
and judiciary. Most constitutional
monarchies have a parliamentary system
such as Jamaica and Barbados in which
the monarch is the head of state, but an
elected prime minister is head of
government.
political or other opinion. The
declaration also recognises that, in
return for their rights, individuals have
responsibilities described as duties to
the community.
For each of the types listed above,
name one territory where that type of
head of state may be found.
c. Explain the difference in function
between a governor general and a
president.
d. Why is a constitution necessary in
a country?
e. State three actions by which you
can demonstrate your citizenship at
home and/or abroad.
f. Explain why people find government
necessary.
g. List three responsibilities of an
independent country.
Marsha Watson, head of the Department of English of Cumberland High School, rewards Akeem Douglas
for his hard work during the school year.
YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | JANUARY 11-17, 2011
Maureen Campbell teaches at St Hugh’s High
School. Send questions and comments to
[email protected]
19
yl:english language
Writing the short story:
NATASHA THOMAS-FRANCIS
Contributor
ELLO, STUDENTS! We have been exploring
the art of short story writing for a few weeks
now. As we wrap up this discussion, I wish
to highlight some pointers of which you must be
mindful.
Every story must have particular elements/parts:
Setting
Characters
Plot
Conflict, crisis, resolution
Theme/moral
H
the wrap
this section of the paper, let me give you some final
tips:
1. If you are aspiring to get a grade 1 for this
examination, you must have a good command of
the English language.
2. Before you begin writing, start with a story
plan. There must be a conflict which needs to be
resolved.
3. Devise a theme. Every story must have a
message on which the elements of the story hang.
The elements of a story are enhanced by the use
of various techniques:
DESCRIPTION
The use of specific details and images which
appeal to the senses.
CONSISTENT TENSE
Most stories are related in the past tense. Be
consistent with the use of this tense.
NARRATIVE POINT-OF-VIEW
Narratives are usually told from one of two
perspectives: the first-person narrative point-ofview (the ‘I’ narrator) or the third-person narrative
point-of-view (the ‘omniscient’ narrator).
DIALOGUE
The exact words of all the speakers. Remember
that the actual words are enclosed by quotation
marks. For example: Robert said, “I am going to the
party, Mandy. Do you want to come?”
Ensure that your plot is feasible and believable.
After you have introduced your story, you should
develop the middle and then wind up the story with
a complete ending. Even if you use a suspense
ending, your story should seem complete when you
write the last full-stop.
I wish to pause here to address a question one of
our readers, Norma, asked about the use of the
quotation marks in dialogue. The general rule is that
we use the double quotation marks (“/”) to indicate
what a character has said (as in the example above).
However, if the character is quoting what someone
else has said, we also use the single quotation mark
(‘). Consider the following example:
“What exactly did Uncle Peter say to you?” asked
Mandy.
Robert replied, “For the last time, Uncle Peter
said ‘Tell Mandy she should go with you to the
party.’”
Note that the single quotation marks indicate
exactly what Uncle Peter said to Robert. Also note
that the full-stop comes before the closing
quotation mark. This is true also for any other
punctuation marks which are a part of a sentence in
the speech.
Finally, let me leave two past paper questions
with you. Use these questions as a guide and
ensure that you attempt at least one of these by next
week. Time yourself - 45 minutes - and leave
enough time to re-read your work to correct any
errors of expression. Don’t keep your story to
yourself: share it with your friends and teacher.
1. The door was closed and the cobwebs in front
of it suggested it had not been opened for a long
time. Moor turned the key and pushed the door.
Write a story which includes these words.
2. That was the last of them. From that moment
onwards, life was different for us. Write a story
which ends with these sentences.
I hope this explanation answers your questions,
Norma!
Now that you are familiar with what is required in
20
What is it that you want your characters (or even
your readers) to learn about life, for example?
Ensure that every aspect of your story is related to
the central message.
4. An effective short story covers a short time
span. You are not attempting to write a novel with
an endless number of crises. Rather, the word limit
is 400-450 words and the suggested time on which
you spend planning and writing your story is 45
minutes. Therefore, you should focus on one single
event that is momentous in the life of your main
character.
5. You should decide on one central setting. Do
not take your characters from place to place without
any apparent purpose, as this will detract your
ability to focus on conflict. Just ensure that the
setting you choose fits in with the message you
want to communicate. Additionally, in your
descriptions of the setting, appeal to as many of the
five senses as possible - sight, hearing, smell, taste
and touch/feel.
6. A short story should not contain more than
three or four characters. Too many characters will
be distracting to your reader. Just focus on the most
important features of each character that will
enhance your theme.
7. The beginning of your story must grab the
attention of your reader. There are three main ways
in which you can begin your story:
A description of the main character(s) or
setting.
Dialogue which is pertinent to the central
conflict or theme of the story.
The use of the flashback technique - i.e.
starting the story near the end of the plot and
then developing what led up to that point.
These students are elated to have their faces in front of a Youthlink camera.
YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | JANUARY 11-17, 2011
Natasha Thomas-Francis teaches at Glenmuir High School.
Send questions and comments to
[email protected]
yl:office administration
(From left):Amoy Chuck, Sashane McLean, Shanice Myrie and Julie-Ann Peat are radiant.
Past-paper questions
HYACINTH TUGMAN
Contributor
his week, I will ask you to answer these past CSEC questions from
your notes.
T
1.(a) As a clerk in the records management office, one of your
duties is to order equipment and supplies for your office.
(i) State the purpose of each of the following pieces of equipment in
the records management department:
- Filing cabinets
- Photocopiers
(3 marks)
- Computers
(ii) List four important types of supplies used in the storage of records.
(4 marks)
(b) State what action should be taken by the secretary of the relevant
department in each of the following situations:
(i) The following note was attached to a file that was returned by the
human resources manager.
“I will be attending a two-day conference from tomorrow. On my
return, I will need the interview file with respect to those interviews
which will be conducted next Tuesday morning. I will also need the file
(4 marks)
on employee benefits.”
(ii) The sales manager is travelling to Barbados on March 30, 2008.
He asked you to remind him that his airline ticket must be collected
from the travel agency two days before his departure date. (4 marks)
Total 15 marks
2.(a) A receptionist may need to refer to sources of information
compiled by the business in order to assist visitors and callers. List
(3 marks)
three such sources of internal information.
(b) State the name of a card reminder system and explain how it is
(4 marks)
used to follow up on daily activities in an office.
(c) Assume that you are Jean Evans of 21 High Street, Kingston,
and that you applied for the position of general clerk at Sunrise
Realtors Ltd., P.O. Box 9966, Kingston. You are offered the job for
which you must report on February 25, 2008, at 8:00 a.m.
Write a letter of acceptance for the offer.
3. (a) List three reasons for holding meetings.
(8 marks)
(Total 15 marks)
(3 marks)
(b) State three reasons for circulating minutes of a previous meeting
(3 marks)
before the next meeting.
(c) Assume that you are Kelly Patterson, and that the following note
was passed to you by the sales manager, Mr Harold Austin.
Ms Peters,
Here are my plans for my visit to Grenada - I leave on Saturday
(February 5th) and I will leave Grenada on the following Wednesday
evening.
APPOINTMENTS
George Blake at the Hanover office on Monday - 8:30 a.m. and with
Winston Hinds at 3 p.m. (Grenville office). Director of Chamber of
YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | JANUARY 11-17, 2011
Commerce, Paul Singh, on Tuesday at 2 p.m. and with the Minister of
Trade at 9 a.m. at his office. On Wednesday, I meet again with Winston
Hinds at his office (10:30 a.m.).
I will be having lunch with Adrian White on Monday at 12:30 p.m. at
the Paradise Inn Hotel and with Winston Hinds on Wednesday at 1 at
Great Bay:
On the day of my arrival, I have cocktails (6:30 p.m.), followed by
dinner at Belle Air Hotel.
S. Burke
Use the information provided by Mr Burke to prepare his itinerary.
(9 marks)
Use the 24- hour clock for all times.
(Total 15 marks)
4. (a)(i) State three functions of the human resources office.
(3 marks)
(ii) State three reasons why there must be close working relationship between the human resources office and other departments in the
(3 marks)
company.
(b) Explain three problems that a company may experience if the
provisions under the Factories Act are not provided to employees
under each of the following categories:
(3 marks)
(i) Health and safety
(3 marks)
(ii) Working conditions and benefits
(iii) Environmental factors
(3 marks)
(Total 15 marks)
See you next week with the solutions.
Hyacinth Tugman teaches at Glenmuir High School. Send questions and comments
to [email protected]
21
yl:chemistry
FRANCINE TAYLOR-CAMPBELL
Contributor
POINTS TO NOTE
m A homologous series represents a family of organic compounds
with its members having a general formula and showing similar
physical and chemical properties.
m The general formula of the alkanes is Cn H2n+2 while that of the
alkenes is Cn H2n.
m Alkanes are saturated compounds and so react by substitution.
Alkenes are unsaturated (possessing a double bond) and so they
undergo addition reactions.
m Isomers occur when compounds have the same general formula
but differ in their structural formula.
m Alkenes can be differentiated from alkanes as they decolourize
bromine and acidified potassium permanganate solution. This is
also used as a positive test for the C=C double bond.
Organic chemistry
Now let us examine a few reactions of these organic compounds.
COMBUSTION REACTIONS
Alkanes and alkenes burn in air to produce carbon dioxide and
water. If oxygen is limited, carbon monoxide and carbon can also be
formed. Alkenes will produce a more sooty flame due to a higher
proportion of carbon than alkanes.
Ethane:
2C2H6 + 7O2 = 4CO2 + 6H2O
2C2H6 + 5O2 = 4CO + 6H2O
2C2H6 + 3O2 = 4C + 6H2O
Ethene:
C2H4 + 3O2 = 2CO2 + 2H2O
C2H4 + 2O2 = 2CO + 2H2O
C2H4 + O2 = 2C + 2H2O
REACTIONS WITH BROMINE
Alkanes undergo substitution reactions. This occurs when atoms in
the molecule are replaced by other atoms
Eg. CH4 + Br2 = CH3Br + HBr
Bromomethane
Alkenes undergo addition reactions. This occurs when atoms or
radicles are added to the molecule.
Eg. C2H4 + Br2 = C2H4Br2 dibromoethane
FURTHER ADDITION REACTIONS OF ALKENES
1. Hydrogenation - addition of hydrogen; using a nickel or platinum
0
catalyst at 200 C - an alkane is obtained. C2H4 + H2 = C2H6
ethene
ethane
2. Hydration - addition of water. Conditions: catalyst phosphoric
0
acid on silica 300 C, 60 atm.
H H
H H
C = C + H-OH = H—-C—-C—-OH
H H ethanol
H H
3. Addition of hydrogen halides (HCl, HBr, HI)
eg C2H4 + HCl = C2H5Cl chloroethane
POLYMERISATION OF ETHENE
When ethane is heated to 200C under pressure with a catalyst, it
polymerizes to form a white solid, polythene or polyethene.
nC2H4 = (C2H4)n
small & large molecules
SOURCES OF ALKANES & ALKENES
The sources are natural gas and crude oil (petroleum) which are
mixtures of hydrocarbons. Natural gas contains CH4, C2H6, C3H8 &
C4H10 and petroleum contains liquid hydrocarbons with gaseous
hydrocarbons dissolved in the liquid.
to [email protected]
Kadine
says there’steaches
nothing
better
thanSend
reading
in the afternoon.
Francine Taylor-Campbell
at Jamaica
College.
questionsthe
andYouthlink comments
22
YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | JANUARY 11-17, 2011