Monroe Doctrine
Rise of Nationalism 7.1
Nationalism v Sectionalism
• Nationalism (French developed) The
interests of a nation as a whole are
more important than regional
differences
• Sectionalism Belief that one’s region are
more important than the whole nation
(Northern Interests v Southern
interests)
Henry Clay
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Speaker of the House
American System: policies to unify America
Protective Tariffs
Sell Government lands to raise revenue for
the Feds
• Fund public projects and roads
• Support National Bank
• Most ideas were never implemented but
some were
Chief Justice John Marshall
• 1801-1835
• Made several important key decisions
regarding the Constitution and power
• Marbury v Madison: Power of Courts
(Third Branch) Judicial Review
McCulloch v Maryland 1819
• State of Maryland against the US Government
• Marshall agreed with US Government and
Constitution that Federal power is supreme and
above state power. Went against nullification
ideas earlier stated in Virginia & Kentucky
Resolutions 1798-1799 (which went against the
Alien & Sedition Act) by Jefferson and Madison
• Marshall always sided with Nationalism over
Sectionalism (Northern perspective)
Gibbons v Ogden
• New York City rival steamboats
• Aaron Ogden received permission from State of
New York to run his steamboat service
• Thomas Gibbons received his permission from
the National Government
• National law was superior to state laws
• National government had the sole right to
regulate interstate commerce
Power
• James Monroe: President 1817-1825
• John Quincy Adams: Secretary of State under
James Monroe, President 1825-1829
• John Marshall: Chief Justice of US Supreme
Court 1801-1835
• John C. Calhoun: War Hawk, Monroe’s
Secretary of War, Strong States Rights (South
Carolina), pro-slavery and VP twice (JQA &
Andrew Jackson)
James Monroe
• 5th President 1817-1825
• War of 1812 left Americans proud and strong by
1814
• Era of Good Feelings by 1816 and the economy
grew rapidly
• 1818 Rush-Bagot Treaty with Britain: disarm
American/Canadian border
• Monroe convinced Britain to use 49th parallel as
border
1819 Adams-Onis Treaty
• Secretary of State John Quincy Adams
acquired Florida from Spain
• Firm boundary between Louisiana
territory and Spanish territory out West
• Russian and Spain to give up claims to
Oregon Territory dealt with Britain to
allow Americans to settle in Oregon for
ten years
Monroe Doctrine (Policy)
• America faced a foreign policy problem
• Europe still wanted to settle in South and
Central America (Western Hemisphere)
and Pacific Northwest
• Both areas were neglected and wanted
independence from Spain
• Adams started the policy as Secretary of
State
Monroe Doctrine
• The United States would view any
European attempts to further colonize
the Americas as dangerous to our peace
and safety
• America would not concern itself with
European affairs
• “You leave us alone and we will leave you
alone”
• Nationalism was strong
Missouri & Slavery
• By 1818, American settlers spread past
the Mississippi River into Missouri
• 1/6 settlers were African Americans
• After the Missouri Territory applied to join
the union in 1819, there was an uproar.
• There were 22 states at the time with half
being slave states
• Senate was equally divided about slavery
Missouri Compromise 1820
• Missouri was admitted to the Union as a
slave state
• Maine was to be admitted as a free state
• Compromise also banned slavery in the
northern part of Louisiana territory
• Sectionalism transpired (North v South)
President John Quincy Adams
• Father was John Adams (2nd President) who was
a Federalist
• JQA was a Democrat-Republican
• Against slavery
• Modernize America
• Nationalism/strengthen America
• Great diplomat before presidency
• After presidency he served in the House of
Representatives for 17 years and died in 1848
Election 0f 1824
• Democrat-Republican Andrew Jackson lost to John
Quincy Adams who was also a DemocratRepublican
• There was a tie in the electoral college again and
the House of Representatives again voted. Henry
Clay gave his vote to Adams
• Adams right away appointed Clay as Secretary of
State (secret deal maybe)
• Spoils System (after victory, appoint jobs to
friends)
• Jackson said that was a “corrupt deal”
• Jackson would win in 1828 as a plain Democrat
Universal Suffrage Requirements
• Before 1824, most states used White, male
property owning citizens that were 21
• 1824 Election. Universal Suffrage: All
males, 21 years and older, and citizens
(more of a Western approach)
• Western states allowed non-property
owners to vote (many appealed to
Jackson)