THE STATUS OF THE SMALLHOLDER LIVESTOCK SECTOR IN
ZAMBIA
Submitted to the
Parliamentary Committee on Agriculture
by
Mary Lubungu and Rhoda Mofya-Mukuka
Technical Report 1
December 2012
1. IMPORTANCE OF LIVESTOCK
1.1 Livestock’s Contribution to National and Agricultural GDP
The livestock sector contributes 3.2 % to the overall national GDP and 42% to the agricultural GDP (MAL
et al., 2012).1 These figures exclude the contribution of animal draught power and manure. If all these
are taken into account, the contribution to national GDP increases to 6.4%. However, official estimates
by Central Statistical Office (CSO) of the livestock sector’s contribution to national and agricultural GDP
are reported as 1.9% and 30% respectively. This is an indication that the value of livestock is officially
underestimated. Despite the significant contribution to the national economy, the livestock is
underfunded. Livestock budget allocation is only 17% of the total agriculture budget. The actual budget
release is even much less.
1.2. Contribution to smallholder household livelihood
At household level, livestock plays several socio economic roles. Livestock sales and consumption
account for 6% of the smallholder incomes. However, depending on the dominant species, the
contribution to household income can be as high as 45%. Livestock serves as an important wealth asset
and accounts for 20% of the productive assets. In other provinces for example Eastern and Southern
Province livestock assets as a share of productive assets is as high as 40%
1.3. Export Earnings
Livestock exports of both carcasses and live animals go mainly to Angola and DRC. Currently Zambia
cannot export to the EU market due to failure to meet the EU livestock standard requirements. As
shown in Figure 1, most livestock exports from Zambia are cattle.
Figure 1: Exports of Live Animals from Zambia
1
MAL – Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, IAPRI- Indaba Agricultural Policy Research Institute, WORLD BANK, UNZA –
University of Zambia and consultants from ALIVE and CIRAD (2012), “Livestock Sector in Zambia for Economic Growth and
Poverty Reduction: An Analysis”.
1
Source: FAOstat
2.
DATA SOURCES
This paper is based on data from the Rural Agricultural Livelihood Survey (RALS) which was conducted by
IAPRI in July and August 2012. RALS covered the 2010/11 agricultural year, and the 2011/12 crop
marketing year. RALS data is nationally representative, and focused on small scale farmers in all 10
provinces of Zambia. A sampling weight from CSO is used to arrive at national figures. In addition to
RALS, further information for this study was obtained from a report on Livestock Sector in Zambia, which
was done by Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock (MAL) and other stakeholders including Indaba
Agricultural Policy Research Institute (IAPRI.)2
The rest of the paper discusses livestock systems, production, marketing and challenges that the sector is
facing. The paper then makes some policy recommendations.
3.
LIVESTOCK SYSTEMS
The livestock sector in Zambia is segmented into two distinct and poorly coordinated channels: the
commercial livestock sector and the traditional or smallholder livestock sector. The smallholder sector
accounts for 80% of the total livestock in the country and only 20% is under the Commercial sector.
i.
Commercial livestock sector
The commercial livestock sector links medium to large-scale animal producers to an expanding network
of supermarkets and other commercial retailers. This production and marketing system is characterized
by:
 Robust disease control and bio-safety procedures at all stages of the value chain;
 Technically advanced animal husbandry practices, including confinement feeding, leading to low
levels of animal mortality and high productivity;
 Integrated marketing systems linking producers to formal retail channels; and
 Organized groups representing the interests of large-scale firms in the determination of industry
standards.
ii.
Traditional or Smallholder livestock sector
In Zambia, 82.5% of the 1,417,992 smallholder farmers own at least one type of the livestock (cattle,
goats, pigs, sheep, and donkey) or poultry (village chicken, guinea fowls, ducks/ geese and rabbits).
2
The report “Livestock Sector in Zambia for Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction an Analysis” was done by a technical
team of experts from Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock (MAL), IAPRI, WORLD BANK, UNZA and consultants from ALIVE and
CIRAD
2
Livestock contributes about 45% to the poorest smallholder household income (MAL et al.,2012). Yet,
despite the importance of livestock rearing to smallholders’ livelihoods, the majority of smallholder
production and marketing remains confined to the “traditional” sector. This sector is characterized by:





Limited disease and bio-safety management at all stages of the value chain;
Low input husbandry techniques, including limited adoption of animal confinement, leading to
high levels of animal mortality and low productivity;
Low capacity to comply with sanitary and phytosanitary regulations;
Poorly coordinated marketing systems linking farmers to urban consumer markets; and
In traditional systems animals often perform numerous functions beyond simply as an income
source. These include: providing draught power for crop production; serving as a form of wealth
to be liquidated in times of financial stress; use in cultural practices such as bride price payment
(lobola) or slaughter for traditional ceremonies; and providing protein. The multiple economic
and social functions performed by animals influence the ways in which they are produced and
sold, which distinguishes the traditional from the commercial sector.
4.
LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION
4.1
Production Trends
The livestock population in the smallholder sector increased from 2001 to 2008 for cattle, goats, pigs and
sheep. However, between 2008 and 2012 there was a decline in the livestock population as shown in
Figure 2.
population of livestock
Figure 2: Smallholder Livestock Population by Year
3,000,000
2,500,000
2,000,000
1,500,000
1,000,000
500,000
-
cattle
goats
pigs
sheep
2001
1,489,728
1,179,301
492,465
51,336
2004
2,392,893
1,740,329
615,514
111,156
2008
2,815,583
2,420,077
1,016,199
157,535
2012
2,162,357
2,073,493
942,349
49,063
Source: CSO/FSRP Supplemental Surveys (2001, 2004, 2008) and RALS (2012)
3
4.2 Livestock and Poultry Population by Province
As of 2012, the smallholder livestock sector in Zambia consisted of approximately 2,162,357 cattle,
2,073,493 goats, 942,349 pigs, 49,063 sheep and 5,932 donkeys (Figure 1). The distribution of livestock
across provinces is presented in Table 1.
Table 1: Population and Distribution of Livestock among Smallholder Households by Province In 2012
Livestock
Cattle
Goats
Pigs
Sheep
Donkeys
Number of livestock (percentage of national total)
Central
Copperbelt
Eastern
Luapula
Lusaka
Muchinga
Northern
North Western
Southern
Western
National
273,382
43,118
441,956
15,550
84,590
82,042
49,258
55,930
857,570
258,961
(12.6%)
(2.0%)
(20.4%)
(0.7%)
(3.9%)
(3.8%)
(2.3%)
(2.6%)
(39.7%)
(12.0%)
2,162,357
(100%)
412,083
96,076
293,724
127,341
79,212
95,705
134,212
137,765
675,106
22,269
(19.9%)
(4.6%)
(14.%2)
(6.1%)
(3.8%)
(4.6%)
(6.5%)
(6.6%)
(32.6%)
(1.1%)
52,919
46,249
511,919
26,294
18,417
31,168
38,025
25,368
166,051
25,939
(5.6%)
(4.9%)
(54.3%)
(2.8%)
(2.0%)
(3.3%)
(4.0%)
(2.7%)
(17.6%)
(2.8%)
962
662
10,390
3,408
1,340
1,767
4,041
1,351
25,142
0
(2.0%)
(1.3%)
(21.2%)
(6.9%)
(2.7%)
(3.6%)
(8.2%)
(2.8%)
(51.2%)
(0%)
2,073,493 (100%)
942,349
(100%)
49,063 (100%)
700
0
89
0
1,214
0
0
0
2,756
744
(12.7%)
(0%)
(1.6%)
(0%)
(22.1%)
(0%)
(0%)
(0%)
(50.1%)
(13.5%)
5,503
(100%)
Source: RALS (2012)
Poultry totals among smallholder households were approximately 12,064,568 local chickens, 277,835
guinea fowls, 220,506 ducks/geese, and 53,173 rabbits. The distribution of poultry across province is
presented in Table 2:
Table 2. Population and distribution of poultry among smallholder households by province in 2012
Poultry
Village chickens
Guinea fowls
Ducks & geese
Rabbits
Number of poultry (percentage distribution of national total)
Central
Copperbelt
Eastern
Luapula
Lusaka
Muchinga
Northern
NorthWestern
Southern
Western
National
1,848,271
713,176
1,944,999
956,324
395,240
1,258,643
1,439,234
851,445
1,910,268
746,968
(15.3%)
(5.9%)
(16.1%)
(7.9%)
(3.3%)
(10.4%)
(11.9%)
(7.1%)
(15.8%)
(6.2%)
35,879
5,484
30,508
10,332
2,807
10,360
2,592
9,539
167,801
2,532
(12.9%)
(2.0%)
(11.0%)
(3.7%)
(1.0%)
(3.7%)
(0.9%)
(3.4%)
(60.4%)
(0.9%)
23,602
7,157
26,734
32,550
12,752
45,169
23,433
16,760
30,490
1,860
(10.7%)
(3.2%)
(12.1%)
(14.8%)
(5.8%)
(20.5%)
(10.6%)
(7.6%)
(13.8%)
(0.8%)
3,446
41
6,188
169
1,144
7,125
29,532
0
5,527
0
(6.5%)
(0.1%)
(11.6%)
(0.3%)
(2.2%)
(13.4%)
(55.5%)
(0%)
(10.4%)
(0%)
12,064,568
(100%)
277,835
(100%)
220,506
(100%)
53,173
(100%)
Source: RALS (2012)
4
4.3 Ownership of Livestock and Poultry by Province
According to RALS data, out of the 1,417,992 smallholder households in Zambia, 300,907 (21.2%) own
cattle, 358,937 (25.3%) own goats, 208,517 (14.7%) own pigs, and 8,022 (0.6%) own sheep. As indicated
in Figure 3, the ownership rates of livestock are higher in Eastern and Southern Province.
Figure 3: Percentage of Smallholder Households Owning Livestock by Province
Source: RALS (2012). Note: HH=household.
For poultry, out of the 1,417,992 smallholder households, 1,085,124 (76%) own village chicken, 43,652
(3.1%) own guinea fowls, 33,699 (2.47%) own ducks/geese, and only 4,115 9 (0.3%) own rabbits. Sixty
percent (60%) of the smallholder households keeping guinea fowls are in Southern province while 35% of
the households keeping rabbits are in Northern Province.
Table 3: Distribution of total smallholder households owning poultry across provinces
Central
Copperbelt
Eastern
Luapula
Lusaka
Muchinga
Northern
NorthWestern
Southern
Western
TOTAL
Village chickens
12.4%
4.7%
18.8%
9.7%
2.7%
8.7%
12.8%
6.4%
15.7%
8.0%
100%
Guinea fowls
12.5%
1.4%
14.1%
2.6%
1.9%
4.2%
1.3%
1.7%
59.9%
0.3%
100%
Ducks & geese
11.6%
3.1%
15.6%
16.0%
4.8%
14.5%
8.8%
8.0%
15.7%
1.9%
100%
Rabbits
11.8%
1.6%
23.8%
0.8%
1.9%
14.2%
34.7%
5.8%
5.5%
0.0%
100%
Source: RALS (2012).
5
On average, each smallholder households owns 1.5 cattle, 1.5 goats, 0.7 pigs and 0.1 sheep (Figure 4).
However these figures are higher when we consider the distribution among livestock owners.
national average of livestock owned
Figure 4. National Average of Livestock Owned among Smallholder Households
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Cattle
Goats
Pigs
Sheep
Source: RALS (2012).
Among cattle owners, the average number of cattle owned is seven while goat rearing households have
six goats on average. The average number of pigs owned among those keeping pigs is five and those
keeping sheep have on average six sheep. These are presented in Table 4. It is worth noting that a
significant proportion of households own one to six cattle. Similarly, the majority of households own less
than six goats, pigs, and sheep (Figure 5).
Table 4: Average Number of Livestock/Poultry owned per Smallholder Household Keeping that type of
Livestock/Poultry by Province
Cattle
Goats
Pigs
Sheep
Donkeys
Village
chickens
Guinea
fowls
Ducks &
geese
Rabbit
s
Central
Copperbelt
7
8
7
6
6
7
2
7
2
.
14
14
7
9
6
7
7
1
Eastern
5
5
5
5
2
10
5
5
6
Luapula
10
4
3
5
.
9
9
6
5
Lusaka
16
9
6
13
4
13
3
8
15
Muchinga
6
5
3
8
.
13
6
9
12
Northern
5
4
2
5
.
10
5
8
21
NorthWestern
7
5
4
7
.
12
13
6
0
Southern
10
8
4
8
2
11
6
6
24
Western
7
4
6
.
3
9
17
3
.
National
7
6
5
6
3
11
6
7
13
Source: RALS (2012).
6
Figure 5: Livestock Herd and Poultry Flock Size among Smallholder Households Raising that type of
Livestock/Poultry.
Source: RALS (2012)
7
4.4 Gender and Livestock Production
When disaggregated by gender, livestock and poultry ownership is higher among male household
members than among female household members for all types of livestock and poultry. This is contrary
to the conventional wisdom that smaller animals are mostly owned by women. Table 5 shows the
distribution of livestock and poultry according to the gender of the owner.
Table 5. Smallholder Livestock and Poultry Ownership based on Gender Across Provinces
Livestock population owned
Male household
members
Female household
member
Male Female Ratio
Cattle
1,845,558
316,800
6:1
Goats
1,472,599
600,894
2:1
Pigs
727,368
214,981
3:1
Sheep
37,707
11,356
3:1
6,235,995
5,828,573
1:1
Guinea fowls
217,614
60,221
4:1
Ducks & geese
152,565
67,941
2:1
Village Chicken
Source: RALS (2012)
5. LIVESTOCK MARKETING AND MARKET CHANNELS
5.1 Livestock Sales
The smallholder livestock sector accounts for about 80% of the total meat entering the value chain. This
sector is mainly characterized by traders who purchase from smallholder livestock farmers, assemble,
and then resell to municipal abattoirs, butcheries and private abattoirs. The butcheries and the abattoirs
later sell to retailers for distribution to the consumers in both rural and urban areas. Of the 80%, direct
sells to abattoirs accounts for only 5% while the remaining 75% is through the traders (Figure 6).
The level of sale among smallholder producers is minimal. On average those who own cattle sell about 2
animals per year. For those owning goats or pigs, the number sold is slightly higher than for cattle. They
sell about 3 goats and about 4 pigs per year while sheep owing households sell on average 4. As
presented in Figure 7, most of the livestock is sold live for cash as opposed to slaughtered or battered
out. However, because there are restrictions on livestock movements in Zambia from one district to
another, the sales mostly take place within the communities to the traders. The off take rate for cattle is
5%. This is low compared to small livestock and poultry, which have off take rates of 20% for goats, 25%
for pigs, 16% for sheep, and 26% for village chicken3. This may be attributed to other non-market
functions that cattle play within the households.
Figure 6: The Beef Value Chain
3
Off take rate relates to number of livestock sold over the total number owned
8
Source: (MAL et al., 2012).
TEC=Ton Carcass Equivalent; B2LG, B1LG, B1MR and B2MR are grassland (LG) and mixed crop (MR) livestock production
systems under the smallholder sector. B2MI, B1MI, B1OM and B2OM are production systems under the commercial sector.
Figure 7: Most Prominent Transaction Type of Smallholder Livestock and Poultry
18%
9%
73%
slaughtered for sale
bartered out live
sold live for cash
Source: RALS 2012
5.2 Production and Sale of Livestock Products
The total production of milk the smallholder sector is estimated to be 263 million liters per year. Of this
production only about 33.5% (88 million liters) is sold. About 68 million liters of milk is sold fresh while
the remaining 20 million liters is sold as sour milk. Milk sales are reported in all provinces except in
Luapula province where production levels are very low.
9
The national smallholder average price of milk between May 2011 and April 2012 was ZMK 2,400 per
liter. Lusaka records the highest price while Southern province, which produces the highest levels of milk
in the country, recorded the lowest price (Figure 8).
Figure 8: Average Price of Fresh Milk in a Smallholder Sector by Province
Source: RALS 2012
Eggs produced by smallholder households are mainly consumed within the household. For those that
sold, the average price was ZMK 591 per egg. As shown in Table 6, broilers are mostly produced for sale.
Consumption of own produced broilers by the smallholder sector in 2011-2012 was only about 122,000,
while sales were 214,197,377.
Table 6: Production, Sale, Consumption and Price of Livestock Products and Poultry under the
Smallholder Sector
Total
Average Price
Milk produced
263,494,107
.
Fresh milk sold/bartered
68,519,621
2400
Consumption of eggs from own production
20,933,062
Sales of eggs from own production
5,759,715
591
Slaughter and consumption by the hh of broilers
from own production
122,053
.
214,197,377
27175
Sales of broilers from own production
Source: RALS 2012
10
6. CONSTRAINTS TO LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION IN ZAMBIA
The major challenge that the livestock sector faces in the country is low productivity characterized by
slow growth rates of about 1.2% for cattle and 7.7% for goats (MAL et al., 2012). Other challenges
include high calf mortality rates (13% cattle and 20% goats), livestock diseases, and poor accessibility to
livestock services and credit.
6.1. High Prevalence of Animal Diseases
Between May 2011 and April 2012, over 60% of the cattle and chicken owning smallholder households
had their livestock affected by diseases. The lowest rate of disease infection was for goats where 31% of
the smallholder households had their goats affected (Figure 9). Important livestock diseases in Zambia
are Contagious Bovine Pleural Pneumonia (CBPP), Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), Africa swine fever,
East Coast Fever (ECF), and Newcastle disease. Other diseases include tick-borne diseases such as
Trypanosomiasis and Anthrax, which result in low animal productivity and high mortality rates.
Figure 9: Percent of Livestock-owning Smallholder Households with Diseased animals
households reporting diseased
animals
70.0%
62.7%
61.5%
60.0%
50.0%
39.5%
40.0%
42.2%
31.3%
30.0%
20.0%
10.0%
.0%
Cattle
Goats
Pigs
Sheep
Village
chickens
Source: RALS 2012
6.2. High Livestock Mortality Rates due to Disease
The overall disease death rate per 1000 animals among smallholder households is estimated at 127 for
cattle, 100 for goats and 259 for pigs. As shown in Table 7, Eastern, Muchinga and Western Provinces
have more pigs dying due to diseases than in any other provinces.
The goat death rate is highest in Western Province followed by Southern, Northern and Central
Provinces in that order. The cattle death rate is highest in Central and Western Provinces.
Table 7: Livestock Death Rates among Smallholder Livestock Sector
11
Disease Death Rates per 1,000 Animals
Cattle
Goats
Pigs
279
111
78
80
98
74
83
48
390
15
83
24
148
59
29
88
99
338
57
123
198
38
74
111
93
126
52
174
166
266
127
100
259
Central
Copperbelt
Eastern
Luapula
Lusaka
Muchinga
Northern
NorthWestern
Southern
Western
Overall
Source: RALS 2012
6.3. How are the diseases controlled?
Disease control is a major challenge to livestock production. Compared to other livestock types, diseases
among cattle are most likely to be prevented with vaccines or treated. Over 80% of the cattle owning
smallholder households use veterinary drugs to control disease outbreaks. There is also significant use of
traditional methods especially for local chickens. Figure 10 illustrates the different treatment methods
per livestock type.
percent of Households
Figure 10: How Smallholder Farmers Treat Diseased Livestock
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
cattle
goats
veterinary drugs/vaccines
pigs
not treated
sheep
local chicken
Traditional medicine
Source: RALS 2012
6.4 Major Sources of Drugs
12
For those farmers who treat their livestock and poultry, the major sources of drugs are the Agro dealers
and the government veterinary department. Sourcing from other farmers is also common especially for
Sheep treatment (Figure 11).
Figure 11: Sources of Livestock Drugs
100%
smallholder farmers
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Cattle
Trader
Paravets
Goats
Pigs
other sources
Agro-dealer / private retail firm
Sheep
Village chickens
Fellow farmer
Veterinary department
Source: RALS 2012
6.5 Tick Control
Ticks and fleas are the main vectors for most livestock diseases. Thus control of ticks is cardinal to curb
tick borne diseases. Among cattle owing smallholder households, the main tick control method is
spraying while for the other livestock types, the majority of farmers do not control for ticks.
Table 8: Method of tick control practiced by smallholder farmers
What main method of tick/flea control does the household practice?
Dipping
Spraying
Pour-on
Hand
Injectable
None
dressing
Percent of households
Cattle
18.2
44.4
0.3
2.2
4.7
30.1
Goats
2.7
21.2
0.3
0.9
1.5
73.5
Pigs
1.4
14.3
0.3
1.2
1.5
81.4
Sheep
15.1
14.9
1.9
0.0
0.4
67.8
Source: RALS 2012
6.6. Limited Access to livestock services/facilities
13
Improving accessibility of livestock services such as livestock dipping and other veterinary services is
necessary to raise livestock productivity among smallholder farmers. However, farmers are constrained
by the distances they have to travel to access livestock services. For example, a farmer on average has to
travel 30 kilometers to access the services provided by agro dealers, para-vets and livestock service
centers. Dip tanks are also located more than 20 kms away, on average, making most farmers resort to
spraying methods of tick control. This method is however not as effective as dipping the animals.
Even more, on average farmers travel about 20 kms to the nearest agricultural camp for extension
services. This challenge is exacerbated especially now that extension service delivery is demand driven.
Farmers now request for services that they consider necessary from agricultural extension
workers/veterinary assistant.
Table 9: Average distance to livestock services
Average distance to nearest… (kilometers)
Point where can sell
livestock/livestock
Livestock
products to private
service
buyers
center
Para-vet
31.3
34.6
29.4
14.8
24.4
24.4
Agrodealer
32.4
20.8
Agricultural
camp /
block office
25.6
20.0
Seller of
veterinary
products
32.6
25.6
Dip tank
23.1
21.6
Eastern
23.7
12.9
22.2
25.7
Luapula
33.1
17.1
24.3
44.6
17.0
24.7
16.6
43.8
40.0
25.0
Lusaka
22.3
19.9
23.0
26.7
19.2
21.2
9.3
Muchinga
45.4
20.1
35.0
42.8
43.5
48.5
55.6
Northern
48.3
22.6
33.6
46.6
53.0
51.9
51.1
NorthWestern
40.5
34.8
34.6
41.9
41.6
41.7
39.0
Southern
36.4
14.3
38.9
34.6
22.5
34.0
7.5
Western
29.9
21.5
30.8
32.8
31.4
32.4
23.7
National
32.6
Source: RALS 2012
19.6
29.3
34.7
29.8
34.2
23.9
Central
Copperbelt
6.7 Limited Access to Credit
Limited access to credit remains a major challenge for smallholder farmers. During the agricultural
season 2010-2011 only about 13% of the smallholder farmers in Zambia obtained credit for agricultural
purposes. The majority of those who obtained credit were from the Eastern province (Figures 12 and
13).
Currently the government-run Farmer Input Support Program (FISP) does not include a package for
livestock production. The farmers therefore have to purchase all their veterinary requirements at
unsubsidized prices and without credit.
14
Figure 12: Smallholder Farmers Access to Credit.
Source: RALS 2012
Figure 13: Accessed to Credit by Province
Source: RALS 2012
6.7.1 Sources of Credit
The majority of the credit was obtained through out grower schemes, e.g., with Dunavant, in the form of
cotton inputs. It is important to note that credit from commercial banks is very minimal among small15
scale. One of the reasons for this is that most farmers are unable to offer collateral required by the
banks. Figure 14 shows the different sources of credit and the farmers’ access to the credit.
Figure 14: Sources of Credit Among all Smallholder Farmers 2010-2011
Source: RALS 2012; Note HH=household
16
7. CONCLUSION AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS
Livestock plays a significant role in the economy as a whole as well as in the livelihoods of smallholder
farmers. However, smallholder livestock producers, which account for approximately 80% of the total
livestock production in the country, face many challenges. High disease prevalence and mortality rates
reduce productivity. Only when productivity is improved can the country realize the full benefits of the
livestock sector.
Based on this analysis we have the following policy recommendations targeted at improving livestock
productivity and addressing other challenges affecting the sector in Zambia:
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Effective breeding programs through setting up of breeding centres and promoting cross
breeding to enhance the fertility rates and improve productivity
Training famers in pasture management
Restocking programs in livestock producing areas. This could be done through the pass on gift
arrangement
Encourage farmers to use veterinary drugs and vaccines through livestock vaccination campaign,
stocking up para-vet kits thus improving the availability of vaccines
Strengthen the vet. extension service delivery by training more veterinary assistants and para-vet
Consider inclusion of livestock vaccines in the FISP e-voucher
Construction of new and rehabilitation of existing community dip tanks in order to effectively
control ticks borne diseases
Encourage private participation by promoting agro dealer development and investment in
livestock services. There is need to promote business development strategies that include
veterinary extension service delivery
Ultimately, effective implementation of the suggested policy options will require
 Sustained funding from both public and private sector
 Realignment of public spending priorities
 Increasing the budget allocation to livestock sector
 Infrastructure development-roads and other social amenities
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