Course: BIOLOGY 110 (Sections 11 and 90)
Instructor: Greg Doheny Ph.D., RMCCM
Office: Room 542. Office Hours: Tuesday and Friday 12pm to 1pm
Required Text Book: Campbell, BIOLOGY 9th Edition
Lab Manual
Note: the text book is useful because it also has ‘chapter summaries’ and a Glossary.
Meeting Times
Lectures:
Tuesday and Friday 10am to 12pm
Labs:
Section 11, Thursday 10am to 12pm
Section 90, Thursday 5pm to 7pm
Course Marking Scheme
Daily Quizzes:
20%
Lab Reports:
10%
Lab Exam:
10%
Mid Term:
20%
Final Exam:
40%
Course Structure: There will be two lectures (T, F) and one lab (R) each week (see schedule
below). Each lecture is accompanied by chapters of recommended readings. Don’t be
intimidated by the number of chapters, most are relatively short. Also, you do not necessarily
need to read the chapters before the lecture. I suggest you listen to the lecture first, and read the
chapters afterwards. It will be easier to understand the material if you’ve heard and seen it in
lecture first. If you feel you understood the lectures well enough, it may not be necessary to read
all of the assigned chapters. The labs are different, however. You are required to read and
understand each lab before you come to the lab period.
Each week I will be emailing you an outline of the lectures and a set of questions. (Please
send an email to me at [email protected], using your Columbia College email
address as soon as possible, so that I can start sending you these notes.) The questions are quite
simple, and the answers will be given to you during the lecture. I suggest you print them out and
have them with you in class so that you can fill in the answers as we go. These questions will be
used for the ‘Daily Quizzes’ that are worth 20% of your mark. At the beginning of every lab and
lecture (starting Tuesday September 17th) I will give you a quiz that consists of three of these
questions. The three questions can be any of the questions from previous classes. You will
already have the answers to these questions, but you will have to review them regularly.
Hopefully, by the end of the semester you’ll know them all by heart.
Each lab session has an accompanying exercise which is due at the start of the next lab period.
There will also be a lab exam based on these exercises. (Note: the labs are not in numerical
order.)
COURSE SUBJECTS AND READINGS:
1. Phylogeny (Classification of living things; Ch. 26)
2. Animals (Ch. 32,33,34)
3. Prokaryotes (Ch.27)
4. Fungi (Ch.31)
5. Plants (Ch. 29,30)
6. Evolution (Ch.23,24)
7. Cell Biology (Ch. 6,7,12,13)
8. Genetics (Ch.14,15,16,17,18)
9. Ecology (Ch. 52,53, 54, 55)
Class Schedule:
T. Sept. 10 LECTURE: Principles of Classification (Ch. 26)
R. Sept. 12 LAB: Lab 1 The Compound Microscope
F. Sept. 13 LECTURE: Introduction to the Animal Kingdom I (Ch. 32, 33)
T. Sept. 17 LECTURE: Invertebrates (Ch. 33, 34)
R. Sept. 19 LAB: Lab 3 Survey of the Animal Kingdom I
F. Sept. 20 LECTURE: Chordates (Ch. 34)
T. Sept. 24 LECTURE: Prokaryotes (Ch. 27)
R. Sept.26 LAB: Lab 4 Survey of the Animal Kingdom II
F. Sept. 27 LECTURE: Protists (Ch. 28)
T. Oct. 1 LECTURE: Fungi (Ch. 31)
R. Oct. 3 LAB: Lab 5 Basic Microbiology
F. Oct. 4 LECTURE: Colonization of Land by Plants (Ch. 29,30)
T. Oct. 8 LECTURE: Seed Plants (Ch. 30)
R. Oct. 10 LAB: Lab 2 Survey of the Plant Kingdom
F. Oct. 11 LECTURE: Evolution (Ch. 22)
T. Oct. 15 LECTURE: Evolution of Populations (Ch.23)
R. Oct. 17 LAB: Lab 10 Evolution
F. Oct. 18 LECTURE: Evolution and Speciation (Ch.24)
T. Oct. 22 LECTURE: Cell Ultrastructure (Ch. 6)
R. Oct. 24 ~~MIDTERM EXAM~~
F. Oct. 25 LECTURE: Cell Membranes, Cell Cycle (Ch. 7, 12)
T. Oct. 29 LECTURE: Cell Cycle, Meiosis, Sexual Reproduction (Ch. 12,13)
R. Oct. 31 LAB: Lab 6 The Cell
F. Nov. 1 LECTURE: Mendelian (Genetic) Inheritance (Ch. 14)
T. Nov. 5 LECTURE: Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance (Ch. 15)
R. Nov. 7 LAB: Lab 7 Meiosis and Mitosis
F. Nov. 8 LECTURE: Molecular Basis of Inheritance (DNA) (Ch. 16,17)
T. Nov. 12 LECTURE: DNA and Protein (Ch.17)
R. Nov. 14 LAB: Genetics I (Genetics II assigned as homework)
F. Nov. 15 LECTURE: Regulation (control) of Gene Expression (Ch. 18)
T. Nov. 19 LECTURE: Intro to Ecology, Population Ecology (Ch. 52, 53)
R. Nov. 21 LAB: no lab (use for study), I’ll hold ‘office hours’ in lab if you need help.
F. Nov. 22 LECTURE: Population Ecology, Community Ecology (Ch. 53, 54)
T. Nov. 26 LECTURE: Ecosystems and Energy/ Nutrient Flow (Ch.54, 55)
R. Nov. 28 LAB: ~~LAB EXAM~~
F. Nov. 29 LECTURE: Ecosystems (Ch. 55)
T. Dec. 3 Lecture: Review Sessions
R. Dec. 5 LAB: ~~MOCK FINAL EXAM~~
F. Dec. 6 Lecture: Review Sessions
~~~
QUIZ QUESTIONS FOR TODAY’s LECTURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
What is the main difference between a Prokaryote and a Eukaryote?
What is the term for an organism that eats only plants?
What is the term of an organism that will eat anything?
What is the term for an organism that can synthesize all the elements needed to grow,
without having to eat any other organisms?
5. What is the name for an organism that lives in water, is not anchored to anything,
cannot swim, but moves around by water currents?
6. Give the six categories of the Linnaean Classification System between DOMAIN and
SPECIES in their correct order.
7. What do you call a morphological feature that two unrelated animals have? (The
feature was developed through ‘convergent evolution.’)___________________
SECTION I: Review Notes
Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
Single Cell vs. Multicellular Organisms
Photosynthetic. Autotroph vs. Heterotroph
Carnivore, Herbivore, Detritivore, Omnivore
Vertebrate vs. Invertebrate
Vascular vs. Non-vascular
Sessile (basile), Motile, Planktonic
Sexual Reproduction vs. Binary Fission
Bacteria: Oldest organisms, small, single celled, lack a nucleus.
Protists: Second oldest, larger than bacteria, single celled, have a nucleus.
Plants: Photosynthetic, auxotrophs, sessile. Vascular vs. Non-vascular
Animals: Newest organisms, Heterotrophs, motile. Vascular vs. Non-vascular. Vertebrate vs.
Invertebrate.
Sample Quiz Questions:
1. List these organisms in their evolutionary order, from the youngest to the oldest:
Protists, Animals, Plants, Bacteria. (1 mark)
_________________________________________
2. What is the main difference between a Prokaryote and a Eukaryote? (1 mark)
________________________________
Sample Extended Matching Question: Match the best term to each definition. (10 marks)
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Autotroph
Binary Fission
Carnivore
Detritivore
Eukaryote
Herbivore
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
Heterotroph
Invertebrate
Motile
Omnivore
Photosynthetic
Planktonic
M.
N.
O.
P.
Q.
Prokaryote
Protist
Sessile
Vascular
Vertebrate
An animal with a spinal column:_____________
An organism whose cells have a nucleus:______________
An organism that doesn’t move around:_________________
An organism that eats dead and decaying organic matter:____________
Reproduction by splitting in half, to create two identical organisms:___________
An animal that only eats other animals:________________
A single-celled Eukaryote:__________________
A plant or an animal lined with special tubes to carry liquid nutrients
around:________________
9. An animal that does not have a spinal column:________________
10. An aquatic organism that can’t swim, but rather drifts around with the water
currents:_________________
Sample Essay Question:
1. Describe in point form the main differences between a bacterium and a protist. (10
marks)
~~~~
SECTION II: Phylogeny and the Classification of
Organism
Phylogeny: A system for classifying organisms based on common traits or features that imply a
common evolution. “who evolved from whom, and who is more closely related to who?”
Domains: Eukarya (eukaryotes), Bacteria (prokaryotes), and Archaea (a collection of ‘weird’ old
organisms left over from when the world was very different).
Linnaean Classification System: 8 levels of classification for the family tree.
Domain>Kingdom>Phylum>Class>Order>Family>Genus>Species.
Example: The common ‘Spotted Loepard.’
Domain: Eukarya (are made up of cells that have nuclei)
Kingdom: Animalia (are motile, non-photosynthetic heterotrophs)
Phylum: Chordata (have a hollow, dorsal, nerve cord)
Class: Mammalia (have mammary glands)
Order: Carnivora (eat ‘meat’ or other animals)
Family: Felidae (‘cat’ family)
Genus: Panthera (subgroup of cat family, includes tigers, leopards, lions, jaguars)
Species: pardus
Binomial name for leopard: Panthera pardus
When writing things in the Linnaean format, everything from the Domain to the Family should
start with a capital letter. The Genus and Species names should both be printed in italics, but
only the Genus name should be capitalized. Example: Panthera pardus (spotted leopard).
Homo sapiens (humans).
Binomial Nomenclature: ‘binomial’ means “two things,” and ‘nomenclature’ means “a system
for naming things.” It is common in biology to refer to an organism using just its Genus and
species name. Example: Panthera pardus is the binomial name for the spotted leopard.
Members of different species are believed to have evolved from a common ancestor (at the
genus level), but cannot breed with each other and produce viable offspring. (Sometimes two
different species can breed and produce offspring, but the offspring are sterile, and can’t
reproduce).
Taxon: a group of related organisms. ‘Taxonomy:’ the science of putting related organisms into
phylogenetic groups.
Clade: a group of organisms that contains a common ancestor, and all of the organisms that
evolved or descended from it. For example, all birds descended from a common bird ancestor
that lived 150 million years ago, thus birds are a cladd. Also known as a monophyletic group.
Grouping things this way is called ‘cladistics.’
Morphology: the study of the shape or form of an organism. Organisms are often assigned to a
Taxon based on their morphology.
Convergent Evolution: where the environment has forced two unrelated organisms to
‘develop’ similar looking features. When two related organisms have a similar feature that was
passed down to them from a common ancestor, it is called a homology, or a homologous
feature. When two unrelated organisms have a similar feature that was developed in response
to the environment they both live in, it is called an analogy, or an analogous feature.
Molecular Clock: Genes (made of the ‘molecule’ DNA) tend to accumulate mutations at a
constant rate. If two organisms share a common gene, you can compare the number and type
of mutations in each gene to estimate the amount of time that has passed since two organisms
diverged from one another.
Orthologous genes: the same gene in two different organisms. (Ortholog)
Paralogous genes: the same gene has been duplicated in the same organism, but the duplicate
copy and the original have diverged from one another. (Paralog)
Phylogenetic trees have traditionally been assembled using ‘morphological’ data. (To classify
things with similar form, or similar features.) There’s one problem with this, however.
Sometimes things (or people) that look alike are not related, and sometimes things (or people)
that don’t look alike are related! The most accurate way to establish true relationships is by
looking at the similarity of the DNA and the genes. At the moment, Taxonomy and Phylogeny
use a mixture of morphological (shape) and molecular (DNA) information to classify organism.
A new system, called the PhyloCode system, uses only genetic information to classify
organisms, and probably gives a more accurate picture of evolution, and who is m ore closely
related to whom.
Practice Question:
Extended matching: Match the term to the definition.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
Analog
Clade
Convergent Evolution
Homolog
Orthologs
Morphology
Paralogs
Taxon
1. General term for a grouping of related organisms.
2. Multiple copies of the same gene found in the same organism as
the result of gene duplication.
3. A common feature that is shared between non-related organisms.
4. The study of shape, form or features.
5. Term used to describe the same gene found in two related
organisms.
6. A grouping of organisms which contains only a progenitor and all
the organisms that descended from it, but no others.
7. A common feature that is shared between related organisms.
8. A process whereby environmental factors cause unrelated
organisms to develop similar features.