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Nuclear Decay
1
Fraction remaining =  
2
Heat
# of half lives past
Q = mcΔt
Q = mLv
t = total time
Q = mLf
T = half life
t
# of half lives =
T
Mechanics
s
d
t
1
x  xo  vt  at 2
2
a
F
m
P  mv
ac 
v2
r
PE  mgh
Fs   kx
W  Fd
Fb  gV
a
v
t
Electricity
Fe 
kq1q2
r2
I
q
t
E
Fe
q
I
V
R
V
W
q
R
v 2f  vi2  2ad
Ff  N
P  IV
I  Ft
Fg 
Gm1m2
r2
1
KE  mv 2
2
P
P
F
A
w
t
B
o I
2r
L
A
FB  qvB sin 
  N

t
Waves and Optics
V  f
i  r
T
1
f
V
c
n
P  gh
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Name
Universal gravitational constant
Acceleration due to gravity
Speed of light in a vacuum
Symbol
G
g
c
6.67 × 10–11 N•m2/kg2
9.8 m/s
2
8
3.00 × 10 m/s
Specific heat
(J/kg/ºC)
Al
897
Cu
385
Fe
449
Pb
129
Zn
388
Ag
230
water
4,184
ice
2,060
steam
2,010
methanol
2,450
2
3.43 × 10 m/s
Speed of sound in air at STP
Mass of Earth
Value
Substance
Me
24
5.98 × 10 kg
22
Mass of the Moon
Mm
7.35 × 10 kg
Mass of the Sun
Ms
1.99 × 1030 kg
Mean radius of Earth
re
6.37 × 106 m
6
Mean radius of the Moon
rm
1.74 × 10 m
Mean radius of the Sun
rs
6.96 × 108 m
Mean distance: Earth to the Moon
rE to m
3.84 × 108 m
Mean distance: Earth to the Sun
RE to S
1.50 × 1011 m
Electrostatic constant
k
9 × 109 N•m2/C2
1 elementary charge
e
1 Coulomb
C
1 electron-volt
eV
1.60 × 10–19 C
6.25 × 1018
elementary charges
1.60 × 10–19 J
Planck’s constant
h
6.63 × 10–34 J • s
1 universal mass unit
u
9.31 × 102 MeV
–31
mass of the electron
me
9.11 × 10
kg
mass of the proton
mp
1.67 × 10–27 kg
mass of the neutron
mn
1.67 × 10–27 kg
Heat of fusion of water (Lf)
333,000 J/kg
Heat of vaporization of water (Lv)
2,260,000 J/kg
Prefixes for Powers of 10
Prefix
tera
giga
mega
kilo
milli
micro
nano
pico
Symbol
T
G
M
k
m
μ
n
p
Notation
1012
109
106
103
10–3
10–6
10–9
10–12
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