Chapter 10, section 4 – The
Late Middle Ages
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SWBAT: Evaluate the disruptive forces of the
Late Middle Ages.
-The Black Death spread through Europe,
devastating societies and economies.
-The Great Schism damages the church’s power
and divided Europe.
-In the Hundred Years War, peasant foot
soldiers, not knights, won the chief battles.
-Recovery began in the late 1400’s as new
monarchies emerged in France, England, and
Spain.
Oct.1347 – Italian merchants brought
plague from Black Sea to Sicily; took one
year to spread to S Italy and S France
• 1348/1349 – plague spreads through
France, Belgium, Lux., Neth., Germany
• 1349 – hits
England,
N. Europe,
Scandinavia
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EFFECTS OF THE BLACK DEATH
Economics:
Labor shortages
- ↑ wages for workers, bargaining
power for serfs
↓ in trade
- Decrease in manufactured goods
- ↑ prices for manufactured goods
↓ demand for food
- ↓ food prices
THE BLACK DEATH
Bubonic plagues was most
common form; carried by fleas
Black death virus
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1351 – E. Europe & Russia infected
1/3 to 1/2 of total European population
died; entire villages and towns
disappeared
Causes of plague: punishment from
God; caused by
the devil; brought
by Jews, cats,
and witches
EFFECTS OF THE BLACK DEATH
Social Effects:
↓ in serfdom
↑ in cities
Peasant revolts
Preoccupation with
death in art and
literature
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DECLINE OF CHURCH POWER
European kings did not like papal
claims of supremacy
Pope Boniface VIII & King Philip IV of
France
• Philip wanted to tax clergy, pope
said no
• Philip sent soldiers to Rome, pope
escaped but died
• 5 months later, FR cardinals
declared election invalid and
placed FR pope on throne in
Avignon
• GREAT SCHISM – 1378-1417
– 2 popes (FR against IT)
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Damage was done – church lost
much political power and factions
were breaking away
• Philip rigged election & got French
pope; moved papacy to Avignon
• After 70 years, very corrupt; moved
to Rome under Pope Gregory XI
(died quickly)
• Rome warned of trouble if new
pope were not Italian, so they did
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Damaged church; people’s faith in
pope & church lowered when
there are 2 & excommunicate one
another
1417 – council meeting ended
Great Schism; reigning popes
resigned or were deposed, new
pope elected
HUNDRED YEARS WAR
1337 – 1453
CAUSE: 13th C, England holds small
amount of land in France; English
king pledged loyalty to French king as
a vassal
• FR king seized land to take it back
& England declares war
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Knights were excited to fight
Peasants & foot soldiers were
deciding factors in battle
• FR army relied on cavalry & their
knights thought foot soldiers were
beneath them
• BR army had cavalry but
relied on PAID foot
soldiers with long bows
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1st battle – FR had no plan of attack
and were beaten; BR did not have
enough resources to complete win
2nd battle – BR won in a muddy battle
& took much of N FR
Joan of Arc – daughter of wealthy
peasants, very religious; convinced
king to give her an army at Orleans;
FR captured the city
• Captured by BR in 1430; tried &
convicted of witchcraft & burned at
steak
• Turned the war for FR
(that and the use of the
cannon)
POLITICAL RECOVERY
• For a time, many kings did not have
male heirs & there was fighting over
the throne; 15th c, new rulers began to
re-establish central power
FRANCE:
• Louis XI – “the spider”
• -used taille; gave him
regular income
ENGLAND:
• -War of the Roses – series of civil conflicts
• -Henry VII – abolished private armies of the
nobles (ending wars); won support by
lessening the tax burden on nobles and
peasants
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SPAIN:
Aragon & Castile, two strong Christian
kingdoms in mostly Muslim Spain;
heads of those kingdoms married
(Isabella & Ferdinand)
Expelled all Jews & Muslims from
Spain under
pressure
from nobles
HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
• Was really land of 100 independent
German states
• 1438 – ruled buy the wealthy
Hapsburgs
Maxmillian I
Of the
Hapsburg
Empire
EASTERN EUROPE
• NOT easy to unify b/c of…
• Religion (Orthodox –v- Roman
Catholic)
• Elected king (weakened royal
authority)
• Russia broke free of Mongols under
Ivan III