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^maVr` òdmV¨Î` bT>m( Jm¨Yr `wJ-1)
{_Ím¨Zmo, amÂ`godm nydªn[ajm d g¨K bmoH$godm Am`moJmÁ`m n[ajoÁ`m
Ò{ð>Zo B{Vhmg hm AÌ`¨V _hÏdmMm KQ>H$ Amho. B{VhmgmMm Aå`mg
H$aVm¨Zm ám{MZ ^maVmMm B{Vhmg, _Ý``wJrZ ^maVmMm B{Vhmg VgoM
^maVr` òdmV¨Î` bT>m `m¨Mm Aå`mg H$aUo Amdî`H$ Amho. Ì`mVhr
^maVr` òdmV¨Î`mMm B{Vhmg hm _hÏdmMm Amho. AmO AmnU ^maVr`
òdmV¨Î` bT>m `mMm Aå`mg H$aUma AmhmoV.
^maVr` òdmV¨Î` cT>èmMo VrZ Q>àà`m¨V dJuH$aU H$aË`mV `oVo, 1885
Vo 1905 _dmi H$mcI¨S>, 1905 Vo 1920 Ohmc H$mcI¨S>, 1920 Vo
1947 Jm¨Yr `wJ.
^maVr` amðµ>r` MidirVrc 1920 Vo 1947 hm H$mcI¨S> Jm¨Yr
`wJ æhUwZ AmoiIcm OmVmo.n{hì`m _hm`wÝXmÁ`m g_mârZ¨Va ^maVr`
amOH$maUmV H$m²J¬og_Ý`o _dmidmXr {dMma gaUrMm á^md H$_r Pmcm
hmoVm. 1905 _Yrc ~¨JmcÁ`m \$miUrZ¨Va Ohmc _VdmXmMm á^md
dmT>cm.B¨J¬O gaH$maÁ`m XS>nemhrÁ`m YmoaUm_wio Ohmc_VdmXr
{dMmagaUrMm á^md H$_r Pmcm hmoVm.WmoS>Š`mV `m H$mimZ¨Va amðµ>r`
òdmV¨Î`mÁ`m MidirV \$ma _moR>r nmoH$ir {Z_mªU Pmcr hmoVr Aem doir
_hmÌ_m Jm¨YrMm XoemÁ`m amOH$maUmV Pmcocm CX` `m_wio hr ^maVr`
amOH$maUmVrc nmoH$ir ^ë$Z {ZKmcr VgoM Ì`m¨Zr `mZ¨VaÁ`m H$mimV
XoemÁ`m òdm¨VÎ` MidirMo EH$_wIr ZoV¦Ïd Ho$co. 1920 Z¨Va
OdiOdi 28 dfmªMm H$mcI¨S>mV amðµ>r` òdmV¨Î` MidirV _hmÌ_m
Jm¨YrMm á^md {XgyZ `oVmo
.
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_hmÌ_m Jm¨Yr :_hmÌ_m Jm¨Yr¨Mm OÞ_ JwOamV_Yrc nmoa~¨Xa `m Jmdr 2 Am±ŠQ>mo. 1869
amoOr Pmcm. Ì`m¨Mo dS>rc nmoa~¨Xa d amOH$moQ> g¨òWmZm¨V {XdmU hmoVo.
Jm¨YrOr ho 1893 _Ý`o EH$m qhXr H¨$nZrMo dH$sc æhUyZ X{jU
Am{\¬$Ho$V Joco hmoVo. Jm¨Ytda Om±Z apòH$Z `m¨Á`m AÞQy> X cmòQ> `m
nwòVH$mMm _moR>m á^md hmoVm. VgoM Jm¨YtOrda a{e`Z {dMmad¨V
Q>m±còQ>m±` `m¨Mm Xo{Ic á^md hmoVm. 21 dfª Am{\¬$Ho$V dmòVd H$ë$Z
d`mÁ`m 45 dfu Jm¨Yr qhXwòWmZmV naVco. Jm¨YtOr Zr n{hcm gÌ`mJ¬h
Aml_ 1915 gmcr gm~a_Vr `oWo òWmnZ Ho$cm. qhXÿòWmZmVrc
_Owam¨Zm {\$Or ~oQ>m¨da Jwcm_m¨n¬_mUo dmJUwH$ XoUo ~¨X H$amdo hr _mJUr
gaH$ma H$S>o Ho$cr. gaH$maZo Vr _mJUr 1917 _Ý`o _mÞ` Ho$cr. Jm¨YtMm
qhXÿòWmZmVrc gÌ`mJ¬hmMm hm n{hcm {dO` hmoVm.
_hmÌ_m Jm¨YrMo H$m`} ::1) M¨nmaË`
gÌ`mJ¬h (1917) :- {~hma_Yrc M¨nmaË` `o{Wc `wamonr`
{ZirÁ`m _iodmì`mH$Sy>Z VrZ H$m{R>`m nÝXVr_m\ª$V Jar~ eoVH$é`m¨da
AÌ`mMma hmoV Ago. E[ác 1917 _Ý`o Jm¨YrOr¨¨Zm amOHw$_ma ewŠc
ZmdmÁ`m òWm{ZH$ ZoÌ`mZo eoVH$é`m¨Mr n[apòWVr ~KË`mgmR>r Am_¨{ÍV
Ho$co. `m gÌ`mJ¬hm_wio emgZmZo M¨nmaË`mVrc AÞ`m` Xÿa H$aUmam
H$m`Xm 1918 _Ý`o nmg Ho$cm d VrZ H$mR>r`m nÝXV aÕ H$aË`mV
Amcr.
Champaran Satyagraha (1917)—First Civil Disobedience
Movement
Gandhi was requested by Rajkumar Shukla to look into the problems of
the indigo planters, of Champaran in Bihar. The European planters had
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been forcing peasants to grow indigo on 3/20 of the total land (called
tinkathia system).
When Gandhi reached Charnparan to probe into the matter, the
authorities ordered him to leave the area at once.
Gandhi defied the order and preferred to face the punishment.
This passive resistance or civil disobedience of an unjust order was a
novel method at that time.
Finally, the authorities retreated and permitted Gandhi to make an
enquiry.
Government appointed a committee to look into the matter and
nominated Gandhi as a member.
Gandhi was able to convince the authorities that the tinkathia
system should be abolished and the peasants should be
compensated for the illegal dues extracted from them.
As a compromise with the planters, he agreed that only 25 % of the
money taken should be compensated.
IoS>m gÌ`mJ¬h (1918) :- gZ 1918 _Ý`o JwOamV_Yrc IoS>m
{Oìùm_Ý`o XÿïH$mi nS>cm hmoVm. XÿïH$mim_wio {nHo$ ~wS>mcr AgVmZm
emgH$s` A{YH$mar eoVH$é`m¨H$Sy>Z O~aXòVrZo eoVgmam dgyc H$aV
AgV. _mohZcmc nm¨S>o ZmdmÁ`m ZoÌ`mZo Jm¨YrOtZm Am_¨{ÍV Ho$co.
Jm¨YrOtZr gmam~¨Xr Midi gwë$ Ho$cr. emgZmZo Jm¨YrOtÁ`m MidirMr
XIc KoD$Z XÿïH$mir H$mcI¨S>m_Ý`o O_rZ _hgyc dgwcrcm òW{JVr
XoË`mMm {ZUª` KoVcm. IoS>m `o{Wc gÌ`mJ¬hm_Ý`o Jm¨YtOtZm gaXma
2)
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d„^^mBª nQ>oc, S>m±. amO|Ñ ágmX, {dÈ>c^mBª nQ>oc B. H$m`«H$Ì`m¨«Mo
ghH$m`ª cm^co.
Kheda Satyagraha (1918)—First Non-Cooperation Movement
Because of drought in 1918, the crops failed in Kheda district of
Gujarat.
According to Revenue Code, if the yield was less than 1/4th of the
normal produce, the farmers were entitled to remission.
The authorities refused to grant remission.
Gandhi supported the peasants cause and asked them to withhold
revenue.
The authorities, not willing to openly concede the peasants
demands, issued secret instructions that only those who could afford
to pay should pay.
During the Kheda Satyagraha, many young nationalists such as
Sardar Patel and Indulal Yagnik became Gandhi’s followers.
Ahmedabad Mill Strike (1918)—First Hunger Strike
Gandhi now intervened in a dispute between mill owners of
Ahmedabad and the workers over the issue of discontinuation of the
plague bonus.
Gandhi asked the workers to go on a strike and demand a 35 %
increase in wages.
The employers were willing to concede a 20 % bonus only.
Gandhi advised the workers to remain non-violent while on strike.
He undertook a fast unto death to strengthen the worker’s resolve.
Mill owners finally agreed to give the workers a 35 % increase in
wages.
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3)
am¢coQ> A±ŠQ> (1919) :Rowlatt Act, 1919
Also known as Black Act
Was mainly aimed to look into the militant Nationalist activities.
Any person could be arrested on the basis of suspicion.
No appeal or petition could be filed against such arrests max for 2
years
^maVmVrc amðµ>r` Am¨XmocZ d H¬$m¨{VH$mar Midircm á{V~¨Y
KmcË`mH$arVm {~¬Q>re emgZmcm Z{dZ H$m`ÛmMr Amdî`H$Vm ^mgV
hmoVr. `m H$m`ÛmMm Ahdmc V`ma H$aË`mH$[aVm emgZmZo ga {gS>Zo
am¢coQ> `m¨Á`m AÝ`jVoImcr EH$ g{_Vr Zo_cr. `m g{_VrZo V`ma
Ho$cocm Ahdmc E{ác 1918 _Ý`o AZm{Hª$H$c A±ËS> [aíhm±ì`weZar
H¬$mBª_ A±ŠQ> nmg Ho$cm. `m H$m`ÛmVrc VaVwXtZwgma H$moUÌ`mhr
í`»$scm {dZmMm¢H$er AQ>H$ H$aË`mMm A{YH$ma emgZmg {_iUma hmoVm.
AQ>H$ H$aË`mV Amcoì`m í`»$sMr VrZ Þ`m`mYrem¨Á`m Mm¢H$er
_¨S>imnwT>o Mm¢H$er H$ë$Z {ejm H$aË`mMm A{YH$ma emgZmg {_imcm
hmoVm.
Jm¨YtOrZr 1919 _Ý`o am¢coQ> H$m`ÛmÁ`m {ZfoYmªV g^m KoVcr.
Jm¨YrOtÁ`m AZw`m`m¨Zr {R>H${R>H$mUr g^m KoVcr. 6 E{n¬c, 1919 hm
g¨nwUª ^maV^a gÌ`mJ¬hmMm {Xdg æhUyZ nmiË`mMm {ZUª` KoË`mV
Amcm. `m {Xder haVmi, Cndmg, {ZfoY {_adUwH$s Am{U {ZfoY g^m
Agm H$m`ªH¬$_ Omhra H$aË`mV Amcm. 6 E{ác, 1919 amoOr hm
gÌ`mJ¬hmMm H$m`ªH¬$_ `eòdr[aÌ`m nma nS>cm. hm H$m²J¬og_m\ª$V
nmiË`mV Amcocm A{Ic ^maVr` ~¨X hmo`.
Everest IAS
Om{c`Zdmcm ~mJ hÌ`mH$m¨S> (1919) :gaH$maZo òWm{ZH$ ZoVo S>m±. g¢\w$ÕrZ {H$Mcy d gÌ`nmc `m XmoZ
ZoÌ`m¨Zm AQ>H$ Ho$ì`m_wio n¨O~m_Yrc A_¦Vga ehamV EH$ {ZfoYmWª
g^m ~moc{dË`mV Amcr. cmoH$¨ g¨Vmncoco hmoVo. cmoH$m¨_Yrc Ag¨Vmof
cjmV KoD$Z gaH$maZo O_md~¨Xr d g^m~¨Xr AmXoe cmJw Ho$cm ; na¨Vy
gaH$mar AmXoemcm Z Ow_mZVm òWm{ZH$ cmoH$m¨Zr 13 E{ác 1919 amoOr
Om{c`Zdmcm ~mJoV {ZfoY g^m ~moc{dcr. `m g^ocm _moR>èm g¨¼`oZo
cmoH$ O_co. gaH$maÁ`m AmXoem{dë$ÝX BVŠ`m _moR>èm g¨¼`oZo cmoH$
EH$Í Amì`mMo nm{hì`mda VoWo ~¨Xmo~òVmgmR>r CnpòWV Agcocm OZac
S>m`a hm B¨J¬O A{YH$mar g¨Vâ Pmcm. Ì`mZo {Z: eô cmoH$m¨Zm
Mhÿ~mOw¨Zr Koaco AmUr O_mdmcm H$moUVrhr nwdªgwMZm Z XoVm Jmoir~ma
H$aË`mMm AmXoe Amnì`m g¢{ZH$m¨Zm {Xcm.gaH$maÁ`m A¨XmOmZwgma
_¦Ì`w nmdcoì`m cmoH$m¨Mr g¨¼`m gw_mao Mmaeo BVH$s hmoVr na¨Vy áÌ`jmV
Vr g¨¼`m Ì`mnojmhr _moR>r hmoVr. `mIoarO Jmoir~mamV hOmamo Om`~¨Xr
Pmco hmoVo. Om{c`Zdmcm ~mJ hÌ`mH$m¨S>m doir n¨Om~Mm JíhªZa
_m`Ho$c AmoS>dm`a hm hmoVm. Om{c`Zdmcm ~mJ hÌ`mH$m¨S> Mm¢H$ergmR>r
gaH$maZo h¨Q>a H${_Q>r 1 Am±ŠQ>m|. 1919 amoOr Zo_cr. `m KQ>ZoÁ`m
{ZfoYmWª aqdÑZmW Q>moJmam¨Zr ga d Jm¨YtOrZr H¢$ga - E-qhX `m
nXí`m¨Mm Ì`mJ Ho$cm.
4)
{IcmnV Midi (1920) :OJ^amMo _wpòc_ cmoH$ VwHª$òWmZÁ`m I{c\$mcm Amncm Y_ªJwë$ _mZrV
AgV. ^maVr` _wpòc_ OZVoMr {Zñ>m VwHª$òWmZÁ`m I{c\$mgmo~V
{ZJS>rV hmoVr. VwHª$òWmZÁ`m I{c\$mZo n{hì`m _hm`wÝXmÁ`m H$mimV
O_ªZrÁ`m ~mOwZo `wÝXmV ádoe Ho$cm. `wÝXmÁ`m g_mârZ¨Va
VwHª$òWmZÁ`m I{c\$mÁ`m gÏmocm H$moUVmhr YmoH$m nmohmoMUma Zmhr, Ago
5)
Everest IAS
AmîdmgZ {~¬Q>re emgZmZo ^maVmVrc _wpòc_ ZoÌ`m¨Zm {Xco hmoVo. `m
AmîdmgZmg á_mU _mZwZ ^maVr` _wpòc_m¨Zr {~¬Q>rem¨Zm `wÝXmV _XV
Ho$cr hmoVr. `wÝXg_mârZ¨Va {~¬Q>re emgZmZo VwHª$òWmZMr gÏmm Zð>
H$ë$Z I{c\$mMr JmXr Zð>
H$aUma Aer ~mV_r gdªÍ ngacr hmoVr. Voíhm ^maVr` _wpòc_ ZoÌ`m¨Zr
VwHª$òWmZÁ`m I{c\$mMr gÏmm {Q>H${dË`mH$[aVm d Y_ªjoÍmMo ajU
H$aË`mH$[aVm {~¬Q>re emgZm{dë$ÝX Midi H$aË`mMm {ZUª` KoVcm. hr
Midi {IcmnV Midi æhUyZ AmoiIcr OmVo. {Icm\$VMm n¬îZ
gmoS>{dË`mH$arVm amðµ>r` H$m²J¬og_Yrc _hmÌ_m Jm¨YrOr, cmoH$_mÞ`
{Q>iH$, S>m±. amO|ÑágmX, B. ZoÌ`m¨Zr `m Midirg nm{R>¨~m XoË`mMm
{ZUª` KoVcm.
AghH$ma Midi (1920) ::am¢cQ> H$m`Xo, Mm{c`Zdmcm ~mJoVrc hÌ`mH$m¨S>, {Icm\$V Midi,
XoemV gdªÍ gaH$maZo Mmcdcoco XS>nemhrMo gÍ `m H$maUm¨_wio ^maVr`
OZVoV \$ma _moR>m g¨Vmn {Z_mªU Pmcm hmoVm. XoemVrc dmVmdaU nwUªnUo
gaH$maÁ`m {damoYmV Joco hmoVo. XoemVrc OZVoÁ`m `m ^mdZm cjmV
KoD$Z _hmÌ_m Jm¨YtZr AghH$ma Midi gwë$ H$aË`mMm {ZUª` KoVcm.
10 _mMª, 1920 amoOr Ì`m¨Zr AghH$maMm Om{haZm_m á{gÝX Ho$cm.4
gàQ>|~a, 1920 amoOr H$cH$Ïmm `oWo cmcm cOnVam` `m¨Á`m
AÝ`jVoImcr H$m²J¬ogMo {deof A{YdoeZ ^a{dË`mV Amco hmoVo. `m
A{YdoeZmV AghH$mamÁ`m H$m`ªH¬$_mcm _mÞ`Vm XoË`mg¨~¨YrMm R>amd
áM¨S> ~hÿ_VmZo g¨_V H$aË`mV Amcm. `m H$m`ªH¬$_mV nwT>rc Jmoð>tMm
A¨V^mªd H$aË`mV Amcm hmoVm.
6)
Everest IAS
gaH$maZo {Xcoì`m gÞ_mZXeªH$ nXí`m d _mZgÞ_mZ `m¨Mm Ì`mJ
H$aUo.
gaH$mar emim, _hm{dÛmc`o d BVa e¢j{UH$ g¨òWm `m¨da
~{hïH$ma Q>mH$Uo. _wcm¨Á`m {ejUmMr í`dòWm H$aË`mgmR>r amðµ>r`
{ejUg¨òWm òWmnZ H$aUo.
gaH$mar H$Moé`m d Þ`m`mc`o `m¨da ~{hïH$ma Q>mH$Uo.
naH$s` _mcmda ~{hïH$ma Q>mH$Uo.
gaH$mar g_ma¨^ d H$m`ªH¬$_ `m¨V gh^mJr Z hmoUo.
gwYmaUm H$m`ÛmV¨JªV KoË`mV `oUmé`m ám¨{VH$ {ZdS>UwH$m¨da
~{hïH$ma Q>mH$Uo.
_ogmonmoQ>o{_`mV nmR>{dË`mgmR>r ^aVr H$aË`mV `oUmé`m _wcH$s d
cïH$ar ZmoH$é`m¨da ~{hïH$ma Q>mH$Uo.
Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922)
Non-Cooperation Movement was a sequel to the Rowlatt Act,
Jallianwala Bagh massacre and the Khilafat Movement
It was approved by the INC at the Nagpur session in December,
1920.
Special Features of NCM
Movement began with Mahatma Gandhi renouncing the titles,
given by the British
Surrender of titles and honorary positions along with resignation
of membership from the local bodies
Boycott of elections held under the provisions of the 1919 Act
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Legislatures were boycotted, No leader of the Congress came
forward to contest the elections for the Legislatures.
Boycott of government functions, courts, government schools and
colleges, & of foreign goods
Establishment of national schools, colleges and private panchayat
courts
Popularizing swadeshi goods and khadi
Peasants, Students, women & Muslims actively participated in this
movement
Khadi & Charkha became a symbol of NCM
Bonfires of foreign clothes were organized
Movement marked the height of Hindu-Muslim unity as a result of
the merger of Khilafat movement
1921, mass demonstrations were held against the Prince of Wales
during his tour of India
Many leaders were arrested & Congress & Khilafat Committees
were proclaimed as illegal.
But the whole movement was abruptly called off on 11th February
1922 by Gandhi following the Chauri Chaura incident in the
Gorakpur district of UP (22 policemen burnt)
In March 1922 Gandhi was arrested and sentenced to six years in
jail (NCM) but released from prison on health grounds in February
1924
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