IT MATTERS BECAUSE Academic Vocabulary Southeast Asia's waterways, a natural transportation network, have brought waves of immigrants. The subregion's dominant • dynamic • interdependence religions--islam, Buddhism, and Christianity--were brought by Content Vocabulary zone between more powerful states. In addition, all of the immigrants from other parts of the world. Some of these waves of immigration are the result of Southeast Asia's position as a buffer countries of Southeast Asia, except Thailand, experienced • shatter belt • buffer zone • emerging market • freeport History and Government TAKING NOTES: Keyldeas history of Southeast Asia? European colonization. GUIDING QUESTION How have conflicts between powerful neighbors affected the ,and Details IDENTIFYING As you read aboutthe luman geography of Southeast Asia, graphic organizer like the one identifi/examples of how history, population, culture, and ,e worked together to st Asia of today. Early Cultures and European Conquest Southeast Asia Population ICulture The mainland countries of Southeast Asia are positioned near two countries that have been historical centers of power: India and China. This position alone made the region a shatter belt, as larger and more powerful countries invaded. When Europe began to colonize the area, Southeast Asia was caught between powerful European powers as well. A shatter belt, though, can also serve as a buffer zone, a neutral area separating powerful nations from each other, and thereby reduce conflict. Economics At the time,of European contact in the 1500s, Southeast Asia was a patchwork of small kingdoms, principalities, and sultanates. The Dutch colonized Indonesia. Portugal colonized part of eastern Timor. The British, exp,anding from their empire in India, colonized Burma (now Myanmar), Malaysia, and several islands in the South China Sea. The French colonized what was once known as French Indochina and divided it into regions based on the boundaries of the cultural groups already living there. Today these regions are the countries of Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. Spain colonized the Philippines, which became a territory of the United States after the Spanish-American War in 1898. In some cases, European powers Southeast Asia 787 $ Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills united hundreds of ethnic groups into one countr)ÿ The British united nine sultanates with the indigenous groups of northern Borneo. 2A describe human and physical colonized indigenous people on hundreds of islands who s[ characteristics of the same regions The colony became Indonesia. Thailand remained an inde[ Siam because it served as a buffer zone between the British and the Fren, at different periods of time to evaluate relationships between past events and current conditions SA analyze how the character of a place is related to its political, economic, social, and cultural elements 11C assess how changes in climate, resources, and infrastructure (technology, transportation, and communication) affect the location and patterns of economic activities 17C compare economic, political, or social opportunities in different cultures for women, ethnic and religious minorities, and other underrepresented populations 18,8, analyze cultural changes in specific regions caused by migration, war, trade, innova- tions, and diffusion Independence and' Movements for Change The era of European colonialism did not last. The first independence began in the Philippines. Following the Spanish-American War, the revolutionaries targeted the U.S. military. In World War II the invaded by Japan. World War II ended in 1945, and the Philippines independent in 1946. The last U.S. military base in the Philippines was 1992 following the eruption of the Mount Pinatubo volcano. The end of World War II started the independence movement in Sÿ Asia. Britain's colonies in the region gained independence: Myanmar Malaysia and Singapore in the 1960s. Indonesia declared independence French Indochina had a strong colonial administration movements. After 1946 the colonies of France became flash points for between groups supporting either democratic or communist leaders. Independence from colonial powers did not always lead to peace. became independent in 1953. In the 1970s it fell to the Khmer Rouge, shatter belt a region where political alliances are constantly splintering and fracturing based on ethnicity buffer zone a neutral area serving to separate powerful countries or those that are hostile to each other regime that murdered at least 1.5 million Cambodians. In Vietnam, to keep control until it was finally defeated at Dien Bien Phu in 1954. divided between communist forces in the north and a U.S.-supported in the south. U.S. support for the democratic Republic of Vietnam In 1976 North and South Vietnam were unified under a communist Cambodia and Vietnam were not the only countries in the region to internal conflicts. Thailand had a military coup in 2006, followed by mass in the streets from 2008 to 2010. When Thailand held elections in 2011, new government began reforming the Thai constitution to COLONIZATION Independence 0 After decades or even centuries of colonization, Southeast Asian countries won their independence, but liberation brought problems of its own. e e Dutch colonists begin to settle Indonesia in order to control spice trade 2. Comparing How were the experiences of colonization and independence similar in Laos and Vietnam? o O o • Party in ;i e • Vietnam. -,ÿ o •O e eQÿ o eeeee ooeooee coo oeeoooeeee• 15210 • First Spaniards arrive •ein what they later • name the • Philippines in honor • ofthe heirto the • Spanish throne. 788 • Communist ,i 0 CRITICAL THINKING I. Describing How did the United States gain territory in Southeast Asia? • founds Indoÿi • Chinese • French colonial e • rule established O0 • in Indochina; q,m I • United States • wins Philippines Lrl • from Spain 0 O0 t" e The country also struggles with an armed separatist revolt in its southern provinces, where the population is ethnically Malay rather than Thai. In Burma, a military coup overthrew the government in 1988 and renamed the country Myanmar. A military junta has ruled ever since, although democratic elections were held in 1990. After the election, the junta put the leader of the winning opposition party, Aung San Suu Kyi, under house arrest. In 2007 the junta killed 13 people and arrested thousands more who participated in protests led by prodemocracy activists and Buddhist monks. Elections were held in 2010, and Myanmar is now slowly reforming its government. Several Southeast Asian countries such as Indonesia and the Philippines have guerrilla independence movements. The Philippines has struggled to achieve a peace accord with an ethnic group called the Moro in the south and is threatened by Maoist guerrillas throughout the entire country. Indonesia madepeace with its separatists in 2005, though it still faces an independence movement in Papua. East Timor is an example of a local independence movement that succeeded. East Timor was invaded by Indonesia after declaring independence from Portugal in 1975. Over the next 24 years, hundreds of thousands of East Timorese died fighting for independence. In 1999 a majority of East Timorese voted for independence in an election supervised by the United Nations (UN). The Indonesian military violently retaliated, however. Later that year, Australian-led UN peacekeeping troops stopped the bloodshed. In 2002 East Timor became independent. East Timor continued to struggle with a rebel group for several more years, but most rebels surrendered in 2008 after unsuccessfially trying to attack East Timor's president and prime minister. Today, Southeast Asia's political map is diverse. The subregion includes communist governments, emerging democracies, and recent military dictatorships. There is also a sultanate (Brunei) and a city-state (Singapore). [] READING PROGRESS CHECK Explaining How did European colonialism affect the countries of Southeast Asia? SKILLS PRACTICE As you learn about the history and government of Southeast Asia, raise your hand for help when somebody says a word you do not know. Then use the word often when you speak until you are comfortable with its meaning. • Japan invades and • oct:upies most of • Southeast Asia • during World War II. • After independence, • civil war occurs in Laos; • France reimposes protectorate over Indochina; communist • I • 19400 . oooo • guerrillas rise up against the • French inVietnam o•oooo•••oo•o•o • • United States GOe ÿ • •• creates plan for ÿ "• • Philippine • independence, 0"ÿ • • Burma becomes • Cambodia becomes • eventually independent;U Nu • independent, led by • granted in 1946 becomes first King Norodom prime minister • Sihanouk. • Vietnam divided at • the 17th parallel, • followed bywar • ,q:l" ..19540" OOOOOOOOOOOe Population Patterns GUIDING QUESTION How has Southeast Asia's physical geography influenced population patterns? Southeast Asids mainland countries are not densely populated. The volcanic islands tends to be more productive than soil in the re River valleys and flood plains of major rivers, such as the exception with rich alluvial soft. Islands and river plains are where the density is greatest. Southeast Asia's largest population center is an island in Indonesia. Almost 150 million people live on this one country that is entirely made up of islands. More than half of all Indonc on Java, and more than half of the people on Java work as farmers. := Despite Indonesia's agrarian economy, it is the fourth most populous ÿcl in the world. After Indonesia, the next most populous country in is the Philippines. Southeast Asia is becoming more urban as it Each country has at least one large city: Kua.la L umpur in Malaysia; Thailand; Manila in the Philippines; Yangon(Rangoon) in Myanmar; Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnam; and the city-state of Singapore. All have become a thriving part of the global economy. AngkorWat is a Cambodian temple complex built in the twelfth century. It was built as a Hindu temple, but was later turned into a Buddhist temple. • CRITICAL THINKING 1. Drawing Conclusions Why do you think that the Angkor Wat temple continued to be important to Cambodians even after local religious traditions had changed? 2. Hypothesizing Why do you think an image of Angkor Wat appears on the Cambodian national flag? [] READING PROGRESS CHECK Explaining What parts of Southeast Asia have the highest population Society and Culture Today GUIDING QUESTION Why is Southeast Asia one of the world's most culturall) Southeast Asia encompasses hundreds of different ethnic groups. Most groups have their own language. The greatest ethnic diversity is found island countries. For example, Indonesia's ethnic groups include Madurese, Sundanese, and Balinese. In addition, while Malays Malaysia, they have also emigrated to nearby areas. As a result, there of Malay minorities throughout Indonesia, and Indonesia's official modified form of Malay. The borders of Southeast Asia's countries match the locations of majority ethnic group. In Myanmar, ' ÿ ÿ also called Burma, Burmans form The Thaidominate Thailand. population is mostly Khmer, and population is primarily Vietnamese. these countries has other, smaller ethnic that live in the mountains. In addition indigenous ethnic groups, Southeast countries are home to minority ethnic that originally emigrated from other For example, Malaysia and Singapore large Indian communities. However, the minority ethnic group in the region About 32 million Chinese live in Asia, primarily in urban areas. Nearly fourth of Malaysia's population is Chinese. population of Singapore is about 77 Chinese. 790 ,,ÿ Southeast Asia's religions reflect the waves of immigration that have reached this-subregion. The most common religion in Southeast Asia is Islam. Muslim traders who traveled to the region in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries introduced the religion to Southeast Asia. Islam is the dominant religion in Southeast Asia's largest country, Indonesia. About 90 percent of Indonesian people are Muslim. So are most Malaysians. Malaysia's South Asian minority, though, tend to-be Hindu, while Chinese Malaysians are mostly Buddhist. Buddhism predominates in the following mainland countries as well: Myanmar, Thailand, and Cambodia. Vietnam historically served as a religious crossroads for Buddhism, Catholicism, Daoism, Confucianism, and ancestor worship. In the last census, however, more than 80 percent of the people of Vietnam, a communist country, claimed no religion. In the Philippines, where Spanish missionaries accompanied colonists, most people are Catholic. Family and the Status of Women Women in Southeast Asia have traditionally been responsible for raising families but are also a major part of the workforce. This produces a double burden for women who must both work outside the home and still keep up with the daily household responsibilities. In rural areas, women often work as farmers. In cities, women frequently work in factories, especially in industries such as textiles, food processing, and electronics. Increasingly, Southeast Asian women are rising to positions of leadership as activists for change. In Myanmar, activist Aung San Suu Kyi leads a democratic opposition party that often winsnational elections. But Aung San Suu Kyi has not become president of Myanmar. Instead, she has spent much of her life under house arrest because of her outspoken opposition to the military government. She was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1991 for her work to bring democracy to Myanmar. After the government liberalized policies, she was elected to the lower house of the Myanmar parliament in 2012. In 1991 a young Indonesian woman and law student, Dita Sari, began leading factory workers to strike for higher wages and better working conditions. She was jailed and beaten, but was later released as-Indonesia became more democratic. Today Sari is still a union leader, but instead of leading strikes, she lobbies Indonesids parliament for labor law reforms. The Arts The arts in Southeast Asia have been heavily influenced by religion, which can be seen through the architectural style of Buddhist and Hindu temples and This woman is selling produce in a market in Bukittinggi on the Indonesian island of Sumatra. Originally the site of a Dutch foit and now an important commercial center, the town reflects a multiethnic heritage. A CRITICAL THINKING I. Drawing Conclusions How do you think that people of many different ethnic groups, speaking many different languages, are able to coexist peacefully and conduct transactions with each other in urban markets? 2. Considering Advantages and Disadvantages What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of Indonesia's ethnic diversity? monuments. Chinese and Indian styles are prevalent in Southeast Asian ceramics and bronze, as well as architecture. Elaborate Chinese-style pagodas and Indianstyle wats, or temples, dot the landscape. Traditional crafts such as weaving and other textile techniques such as batik are still practiced. !ÿ READING PROGRESS CHECK What are the dominant religions of Southeast Asia? Southeast Asia 791 Economic Activities o GUIDING QUESTION How have Southeast Asia's location and nt resources contributed to its economic development? iÿ Southeast Asia is as diverse economically as it is one of the world's most prosperous cities, Singapore, and aÿ sultanate, Brunei. The subregion also includes some are among the world's poorest, the industrializing countries, boom. This boom was based on advantages of location, resources, inexpensive labor, and increased foreign Some countries that did not have strong economies in theÿ;ÿ such as Indonesia, Malaysia, and Vietnam--are be emerging markets, ripe for foreign investment. Today agriculture remains Southeast Asia's leading activity. Most people in the subregion make More than half of the subregion's arable land is used to Thailand and Vietnam are among the world's top exporters Indonesia and Myanmar are also two of the region's producers. Farmers in Southeast Asia also grow cassava,: corn, bananas, sugarcane, coffee, coconuts, and spices. Workers are drilling in preparation for the construction of a railroad that will run from China into several Southeast Asian mainland countries. A CRITICAL THINKING I. Identifying Cause and Effect Why do you think Southeast Asian countries are cooperating with Chiria to build a railroad? How do you think the new railroad will affect trade networks in the region? 2.MakingConnections What characteristics of Southeast Asia's geography make the construction of railroads a challenge? Indonesia, and Malaysia--the world's "rubber belt"--have rubber plantations. Palm off, a product of oil palm trees important cash crop in Malaysia and Indonesia. Forestry and logging become important in Malaysia, the Philippines, Indonesia, and Thailand. include teak and ebony trees, which are very valuable. The high illegal logging and export to other countries. Along the coasts and rivers, people make a living by fishing. Resources, Power, and Industry Southeast Asia is rich in mineral resources. Thailand, Malaysia, and are three of the world's leading producers of tin. Iron ore is mined in and the Philippines. Brunei, Malaysia, and Indonesia also produce oil. once exported much of its oil. Now that it is industrializing, however, it begun to import more oil than it exports. Malaysia uses some of its resources industries such as manufacturing electronics, cement, chemicals, and foods. Indonesia's industries focus on textile and garment manufacturing. Economic Integration Southeast Asia has long been the crossroads of major ocean trade routes. emerging market an economy that may not have been very strong in the recent past, but most shipping between Europe and East Asia passes through the Strait Malacca, near Singapore. The city-state of Singapore was originally fo British trading colony. Not only does Singapore have a strategic location that is in transition to becoming a crossing of trade routes, but it has a large, deep natural harbor. stronger market harbor was used by British warships to displace the economic dominance free port a place where goods can be unloaded, stored, or reshipped free of import duties Dutch in the region. Today, its location enables Sirigapore to prosper as a port, a place where goods can be unloaded, stored, and reshipped free of import: duties. Its port is the largest container port in the world. These large containers may be stacked on ships for crossing oceans, and then carried or truck after theyreach ports. Singapore has also attracted foreign " especially in technology, consumer electronics, and pharmaceuticals. Sin efforts to build its economy have paid off. Its population has the highest standard of living in the subregion, and its per-capita income levels are comparable to i those of the United States and Switzerland: 792 In contrast, the countries of Indonesia and the Philippines have much larger populations, but less than one-tenth of Singapore's per-capita income. Singapore is both a city and a country; which makes ita city-state. Of all the countries in the subregion, Singapore has the most dynamic economy. Because it is small, Singapore also tries to promote peaceful interdependence and international cooperation in the region. Other regional ports include Haiphong in Vietnam, --AHa/y'zl q PRIMARY S OY3RCE S "To collaborate more effectively for the greater Bangkok in Thailand, Jakarta in Indonesia, and Manila in the Philippines. utilization of their In 2010 several Southeast Asian countries signed a free trade agreement with China. They hope to cooperate to improve trade networks. Now work is underway to build railroads from the city of Knnming in Chinas Yunnan Province into Laos. From there, railroads ÿ11 extend into Cambodia, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, the expansion of their and Singapore. From Singapore goods can be shipped to world mÿkets by sea. communication facilities In recent decades, Southeast Asian countries have become more agriculture and industries, trade.., the !mprovement of their transportation and interdependent. Based in the Philippines, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the raising of the living standards of their was founded in 1966 to promote regional economic development. The Association peoples." of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) was formed in 1967 to promote regional stability. The ADB provides internationalloans to aid the economies of Asian member countries. ADB's loans support agricultural, transportation, and industrial development projects. For example, in Indonesia, ADB funds are being used to improve infrastructure such as transportation networks. ADB is also currently working to develop financing and loans that are compliant with Islamic law. ADB is attempting to be more culturally sensitive to countries that have a high percentage of Muslims, such as Indonesia and Malaysia. Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand are ASEAN's founding members. ASEAN's mission is to promote regional economic growth. Brunei joined in 1984. In 1992 ASEAN's member nations agreed to form the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA). This meant that ASEAN members agreed to cooperate economically by opening trade between member countries and by reducing tariffs on nonagricultural products. By the late 1990s, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, and Myanmar had all become members. Growth is increasing in these countries, but it is slowing in Indonesia because of political instability. -- Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), Bangkok Declaration, 1967 MAKING CONNECTIONS Why are transportation and communication important areas in which to collaborate? How do you think the transportation and communication networks in one country might affect the people of another country? dynamic energetic, characterized by constant change and progress In 2004 ASEAN's members signed a trade agreement with China. Now ASEAN's members hope to develop a regional trading market by 2015 that could operate interdependence a as one interdependent unit, much like the European Union. condition in which people or groups [] READING PROGRESS CHECK rely on each other, rather than only relying on themselves Drawing Conclusions How has Southeast Asia's location along trade routes affected the histories and economies Of countries in the subregion? g Vocabulary I. Identifying Write a paragraph explaining how Southeast Asia has historically functioned both as a shatter belt and a buffer zone. Your Notes • Summarizing Use your graphic organizer on Southeast Asia's human geography to write a paragraph explaining why Southeast Asia is one of the world's most ethnically diverse regions. 5A g the Guiding Questions How have conflicts between powerful neighbors !!,affected the history of Southeast Asia? 18A 4. Identifying Now has Southeast Asia's physical geography influenced its population patterns? 5, Summarizing Why is Southeast Asia one of the world's most culturally diverse areas? 18A 6. Explaining How have Southeast Asia's location and natural resources contributed to its economic development? Writing Activity 7. Informative/Explonatory In a paragraph, discuss how life in small towns might be affected if transportation and communication networks in Southeast Asia are expanded to reach more rural areas. 5outheast Asia 793
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