99
HIGHWAY 99 BEAUTIFICATION MASTER PLAN
Prepared for the
Association for the Beautification of Highway 99
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September 2016
T
Highway 99 Beautification Master Plan TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 1 2. Goals and Policies.................................................................................................. 5 3. Constraints and Opportunities ............................................................................... 9 4. Proposed Beautification Improvements ................................................................ 20 5. Aesthetic Treatment Options................................................................................ 33 6. Landscape Design Guidelines ................................................................................. 41 7. Architectural Design Guidelines………………………………………………………………………….. 49 8. Implementation ...................................................................................................... 53 Appendix I. Existing Conditions Photos............................................................................. 57 Appendix II. Funding Resources ........................................................................................ 67 Appendix III. Plant Palette ................................................................................................. 69 __________________________________________________________________________________________________ i 1. INTRODUCTION The Highway 99 Beautification Master Plan (“Master Plan”) originated from a common desire to improve the image of Highway 99 and attract economic development. Most travelers on Highway 99 form their impression of Fresno County from what they see on the Corridor. The present condition of the highway and many adjacent properties reflects poorly on Fresno County and on the cities through which the highway passes. Fresno County, however, and the cities connected by the highway, has a unique set of qualities that are building blocks for enhancement:  Fresno County is in the heart of the San Joaquin Valley which stretches nearly 300 miles from north to south and is surrounded by the Sierra Nevada, the California Coastal range, and the Tehachapi Mountains. 
Highway 99 runs through the center of Fresno County for approximately 32 miles in a northwest to southeast direction from the San Joaquin River to just north of the Kings River. The unincorporated portions of the County are primarily devoted to industrial and agricultural uses.  In addition to unincorporated portions of Fresno County, four cities are located along the Corridor: Fresno, with a population of 520,160; Fowler, with a population of 5,960; Selma, with a population of 23,910; and Kingsburg, with a population of 11,710.  The Mediterranean climate is characterized by long, warm summers and short, cool winters. Thanks to world‐class soils and irrigation, Fresno County’s agricultural industry is one of the most productive in the nation.  Fresno County is also the only county in the nation located within an hour drive of three national parks ‐ Yosemite, Kings Canyon, and Sequoia. These assets – geographic location, the natural environment, city history and social characteristics, and agriculture – combined with the region’s ingenuity and resources, form the backbone of a program to beautify the Highway 99 Corridor. Using these assets will enhance the character and sense of place along the Corridor while reconnecting with its historic past. 1 Creating and maintaining an attractive civic image is one of the basic investments a community can make. Job creation and economic development are important for Fresno County and the cities within the Corridor; the substandard appearance of Highway 99 and adjacent properties in many areas could discourage business investment. While economic development is critical to the future of the region, the beautification effort can also have positive effects on public health and livability. These include air quality benefits of landscaping and dust control through ground cover; water benefits through efficient, drought tolerant landscaping; and overall beautification of the urban environment. Moreover, by encouraging local land use agencies to consider health effects when locating residential uses proximate to the highway, the Master Plan can positively affect the long‐term health of Fresno County residents. The Association for the Beautification of Highway 99 will play an important role in the long‐term beautification of the Corridor. In addition to assisting in implementation of the Master Plan, the Association will work with and advise Caltrans, Fresno County, and the cities of Fresno, Fowler, Selma, and Kingsburg on matters involving landscaping and maintenance, including planning and development of new programs. The Association will serve in an advisory capacity to its member agencies and develop consensus on policy questions in order to pursue coordinated action without infringing on the authority of individual governments. 1.1 The Goal of The Master Plan Update “To turn Highway 99 through Fresno County into an asset which leaves an outstanding, favorable, and lasting impression on the driving public. The facility should eventually be capable of receiving state and national attention and commendation. Such improvements would enhance Fresno County’s air quality, encourage investment, attract tourism, and improve our quality of life.” This Master Plan Update addresses visual resource management, landscape development, highway maintenance, and inter‐
governmental relations inherent in the effort to beautify Highway 99 through Fresno County. It also contains policies and programs to enrich the natural scenic beauty of the Corridor while incorporating commercial and mixed use activities at interchanges with the highway. These uses not only serve the traveling public but enhance the economic well‐being of the communities. 1.2 Overall Theme of the Master Plan Update The overall theme of the Master Plan is “River to River – Communities of the Highway 99 Corridor.” Two of the greatest rivers of California generally form the boundaries of the Corridor – the San Joaquin River on the northwest and the Kings River on the 2 southeast. These rivers share a common history and are major wildlife habitat, groundwater recharge, recreational, and irrigation resources. To support this theme, the Master Plan proposes a greenbelt corridor as an extension of the riparian margins of the San Joaquin and Kings. With an emphasis on clustered background trees native to the region – including oaks, willows, and sycamores – and a foreground of shrubs and seasonal flowers, the corridor will reduce the prominence of concrete walls while reminding the traveler of the historic nature of the San Joaquin Valley. Themes are a critical factor, the ‘front’ via which travelers create their initial impressions of a region. The ability to create a common theme throughout the Corridor is critical to forming a regional identity readable to the Corridor traveler. Repeated colors, materials, and logos for the region create the boundaries the traveler identifies the region with. Architectural elements, such as buildings, gateways, and stopping opportunities, and well‐articulated signage programs establish themes. 1.3 The Association for the Beautification of Highway 99 The Master Plan was the culmination of efforts begun by a group of concerned citizens, business leaders, and policy makers in Fresno County. From this informal group came the Association for the Beautification of Highway 99 (Association). Each city along the Corridor and the County passed resolutions forming the Association. The Fresno Council of Governments (Fresno COG) agreed to provide staff support to the group. The California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), owner and operator of Highway 99, also agreed to participate in the Association. As a result, a spirit of cooperation has been established among the various agencies represented along the highway and the Association acts as an advocate of the partnership between Caltrans and the private sector to improve and beautify the highway corridor. This is the challenge that the Association took on in the spring of 1999. Membership. The Association consists of 13 regular members.  The cities of Fresno, Fowler, Selma, and Kingsburg each appoint two regular members. One shall be a private‐sector member representing the business community and the other shall be the mayor or a city council member.  Fresno County also appoints two regular members, one of which shall be a private‐sector member representing the business community and the other being a member of the Board of Supervisors. 3 
Caltrans District 6, the Greater Fresno Area Chamber of Commerce, and Tree Fresno each appoint one regular member to the Association. The cities may also appoint the mayor, a member of the city council, or a staff person as an alternate member who may participate in Association meetings in place of their public sector representative. The County may also appoint a second member of the Board of Supervisors or a staff person as an alternate member who may participate in Association meetings in the place of the public sector member. The Association also allows “Associate Members” who, with exception of voting, have all rights of regular members, including the ability to make motions and participate in subcommittees. Associate Members are approved by a majority vote. The consensus of members of the Association was that the lack of visual appeal along Highway 99 has discouraged economic development. The Association believes that by showing an effort to invest in their community’s image and aesthetic character, they will encourage existing businesses to invest and attract new economic interests. In an effort to accomplish this, the Association determined that the preparation of a Beautification Master Plan for the Highway 99 Corridor was a necessary first step toward accomplishing their goals. In addition, they agreed that the Plan should contain funding and implementation strategies, as well as general policies that could be applied to other corridors in the county. In July 2000 the Highway 99 Beautification Master Plan was developed. The Master Plan included:  identification of goals and objectives;  fieldwork and an inventory of existing conditions;  preparation of preliminary design concepts and development of an overall concept plan for the Corridor;  development of refined beautification improvements and aesthetic treatment options based on the Association’s review and comment; and  completion of the Beautification Master Plan and Design Guidelines. During the fall of 2014, the Association decided that an update was necessary to the Master Plan. At the request of the Association for the Beautification of Highway 99, Fresno COG agreed to fund the 2016 Update for the Highway 99 Beautification Master Plan. 4 2. GOALS AND POLICIES OF THE MASTER PLAN UPDATE The goals and policies identify a vision for the Highway 99 Corridor and guide the development of the Beautification Master Plan Update. Goals describe the future desired outcome and provide direction and focus. Policies are specific action statements intended to achieve the goal. Following are the proposed goals and policies of the Master Plan. GOAL 1: Create and sustain an image for the Highway 99 Corridor that communicates to travelers the agricultural significance, economic strength, scenic beauty, and community spirit of the study area. Policy 1‐A: Inform and educate Highway 99 travelers on the economic, recreational, and cultural resources of the area. Policy 1‐B: Explore the feasibility of creating a visitor center in conjunction with the California High Speed Train station in downtown Fresno. Policy 1‐C: Develop a community outreach program using mailers, community service announcements, and volunteers to disseminate key information about the Corridor. Policy 1‐D: If it is not possible to eliminate billboards along the Corridor, rent billboards for Corridor promotion purposes or public service announcements. Policy 1‐E: Preserve views to unique landmarks characteristic of the Corridor (i.e., water towers, industry trademark logos, old rail stations, historic buildings, period highway‐oriented commercial signage). GOAL 2: Define the Corridor by creating major and minor gateways. Policy 2‐A: Establish major gateways at the northern and southern boundaries of the Corridor. Policy 2‐B: Develop an architectural theme for major gateways reflecting existing City “themes” and the agricultural significance of the area. Policy 2‐C: Improve views of agricultural fields with planting strategies and develop a crop signage program. 5 Policy 2‐D: Policy 2‐E: GOAL 3: Policy 3‐A: Policy 3‐B: Policy 3‐C: Policy 3‐D: GOAL 4: Policy 4‐A: Policy 4‐B: Policy 4‐C: Policy 4‐D: Establish minor gateways at important city and district nodes. Develop an architectural theme for minor gateways emphasizing the unique characteristics of the associated city or district while maintaining a unified theme for the overall Corridor. Eliminate or greatly reduce roadside litter. Promote stronger enforcement of existing litter laws. Identify major sources of roadside litter and develop a program to reduce the litter problem at the source. Augment existing litter collection efforts with additional sources, such as volunteer service groups, inmates, and court‐ordered community service personnel. Educate the general public about the need to eliminate roadway litter. Reduce sign pollution along the Corridor. Recommend incorporation of billboard elimination or amortization language in city and county zoning ordinances along the Corridor. Develop a strategy and funding for elimination of existing billboards. A phasing plan should be established along with this strategy to maximize the visual impact of billboard removal throughout the Corridor. Develop a sign design strategy and signage program with consistent themes throughout the Corridor. Encourage local jurisdictions to review the Highway 99 Beautification Overlay District provisions for freestanding signs and adopt realistic sign height and sign area provisions while encouraging grouping of pole signs onto single poles where possible. Seek funding for grouping pole signs at existing locations. 6 GOAL 5: Policy 5‐A: Policy 5‐B: Policy 5‐C: Policy 5‐D: GOAL 6: Policy 6‐A: Policy 6‐B: Policy 6‐C: Policy 6‐D: Policy 6‐E: Develop a landscape theme that unifies the study area, enhances its visual appeal, and emphasizes the unique elements of Fresno County, the component cities and districts. Create landscape elements that fulfill the various physical requirements necessary for Corridor enhancement while maintaining a unified appearance. Landscape elements should include, but not be limited to, hardscape and planting that screens, frames, complements, and enhances the Corridor and adjacent communities. Implementing such elements will make the Corridor more aesthetically appealing and easier to maintain. Develop a combination of fencing and ground treatments that highlight unique aspects of the various cities and districts within the Corridor while maintaining an overall unified theme. Analyze existing tree, shrub, and ground cover species according to their success in drought tolerance, pest and disease resistance, degree of maintenance, and aesthetic appeal. From this analysis determine which plant types should remain and be enhanced, and which should be phased out of use. Encourage integrated vegetation management practices on roadsides and other transportation rights‐of‐way, including development of habitat and forage for Monarch butterflies, other native pollinators, and honey bees through plantings of native forbs and grasses that can serve as migratory way stations. Develop a common unifying design theme through the length of the Corridor. Encourage consistent design guidelines for private development at major and minor gateways. Develop gateways that establish individuality and encourage visitors to enter and explore each city. Coordinate architectural guidelines and sign control ordinances between agencies within the Corridor. Design and landscape guidelines for adjacent commercial enterprises should include foundation plantings, accent landscaping, display assistance and guidelines, and access to Caltrans right‐of‐way for owners willing to participate in litter removal. Establish a gateways and structures program to include monuments and public art. 7 GOAL 7: Policy 7‐A: Policy 7‐B: Policy 7‐C: Policy 7‐D: Policy 7‐E: GOAL 8: Policy 8‐A: Policy 8‐ B: Policy 8‐C: Policy 8‐D: Policy 8‐E: Encourage an environmentally sustainable Corridor Develop a plant palette of drought tolerant and native species to be used throughout the Corridor. Employ low impact development strategies for storm drainage. Require irrigation systems that emphasize water conservation. Preserve and enhance each community’s distinct “buffer” as the Corridor transitions from agricultural land to city. Encourage each jurisdiction within the Corridor to consider near‐roadway pollution impacts to sensitive receptors when evaluating development applications and to incorporate appropriate mitigation measures such as setbacks, landscaping, and building orientation. Encourage community involvement in the promotion, development, and maintenance of the Corridor. Promote the Corridor as a tourist destination and incorporate multiple aspects of the Corridor’s unique identity such as the “Fruit Trail”, railroad history, period highway‐oriented architecture, historic structures, and various cultures. Develop volunteer programs that address promotion, physical improvements, and maintenance of the Corridor. Establish relationships with community leaders, government officials, and service group representatives. Lobby these contacts to provide volunteers and/or financial assistance for implementation of the programs. Establish a non‐profit organization for the promotion, development and maintenance of the corridor. Apply for grant funding to support the promotion, physical improvements, and maintenance programs for the Corridor. 8 3. CONSTRAINTS AND OPPORTUNITIES The following constraints and opportunities affect the visual appearance of the Highway 99 Corridor: 1: Northern Limit of Corridor Constraints: Additional right‐of‐way will be needed for proposed bridge facilities. The bridge crossing of the California High Speed Train must also be accommodated in the visual environment. Opportunities: Enhancement of bridge crossings across the San Joaquin River will create a gateway experience. The natural grade is also an advantage in this regard. The natural environment of the river environs also sets the background for a gateway monument. 2: Entry Signs for Cities and Fresno County Constraints: Creating unified signage across the Corridor through different cities and Fresno County requires coordinated efforts, zoning ordinance revisions, and design guidelines which can be costly and time consuming. 9 Opportunities: Economic viability and aesthetic value of the Corridor would be increased by signage improvements. Unified signage would enhance the traveler’s sense of place, thereby increasing the likelihood of seeking services adjacent to the Corridor. 3: Agricultural Views Constraints: It is possible there will be no adjacent agriculture in the future due to urban growth along the Corridor. Cooperation between the County, the Local Agency Formation Commission, and the cities will be necessary to preserve agriculture and implement buffers between cities. Opportunities: There are many possibilities to enhance and improve agricultural views with foreground planting and tree framing. Public interest can be enhanced with a crop‐signing program. Signs, with consistent lettering, sizes and colors that identify crop types could be used throughout the Corridor. 4: Roadway Interchanges Constraints: Aesthetic improvements to these areas can only be accomplished with the cooperation and participation of the jurisdictions, including funding and maintenance. 10 Opportunities: Major interchanges and off ramps are important nodes and landmarks. Unique enhancement themes in these areas, such as special plantings and monument signs can identify a particular interchange or off ramp as part of a certain district. This will assist in creating special qualities for each district while maintaining unity in overall Corridor design. The cities along the southern portion of the highway have unique themes which can be emphasized, including Kingsburg (“Central California’s Swedish Village”), Selma (“Raisin Capital of the World”), and Fowler (“Blossom Trail City”). The City of Fresno has unique districts that can be highlighted, including Agriculture/Industry, Downtown, Roeding Park and Zoo, the San Joaquin River, and national park gateways. 5: Union Pacific Rail Yard Constraints: The overall image of the Union Pacific rail yard on the east side of Highway 99 generally between Ashlan and Clinton Avenues is negative for highway travelers. Several unsightly billboards are located within the section of Corridor adjacent to the rail yard. Opportunities: The image of the Union Pacific rail yard can be enhanced by selectively screening certain areas and augmenting others with landscaping. A strategy of eliminating billboards and enhancing certain views of the rail yard with landscaping will greatly improve the rail yard image. 6: Gateway to three national parks: Yosemite, Kings Canyon, Sequoia Constraints: Funding for rest stops and tourist information centers is not planned by Caltrans and may be difficult to develop. 11 Opportunities: Improved aesthetics on the Corridor would increase potential transient traveler revenue and encourage investment in food service and lodging. Providing tourist information could inform travelers of amenities and services available to them on their trip. 7: Litter Constraints: Highway litter is insidious with many sources including highway travelers, uncovered trailers, and wind‐blown litter from adjacent land uses. Litter is hard to control solely by law enforcement actions. Litter pick‐up and disposal is also expensive and of limited effectiveness. Opportunities: Litter control will require both traditional (law enforcement and pick up) and nontraditional approaches. Non‐traditional approaches include public education, Caltrans’ Adopt‐A‐Highway program, and reduction of litter at the source. Non‐traditional labor sources to control litter could be funded through grants and donations of money and time from individuals and corporations. Additional support may be obtained through community service and prison programs. 8: Weeds Constraints: Weeds are an ongoing problem that has a major negative impact on the visual image of the Corridor. Opportunities: As with the litter problem, a non‐traditional labor maintenance work force could have several benefits. The Adopt‐A‐Highway program is another valuable program. 12 9: Existing Corridor Landscaping Constraints: Driver safety, maintenance, and water availability are the primary issues when considering additional plantings. These issues must be addressed for all landscape improvements within the Corridor. The combination of summer heat and automobile emissions creates a demanding environment for Corridor plantings. Many non‐
planted areas also lack water and energy sources. Opportunities: Enhancement of existing healthy trees with additional plantings will reinforce and improve the landscape. Oleanders along Highway 99 have become a signature planting for the Central Valley. Preservation of existing plantings is essential to maintain that unique Valley image. Existing barren interchanges provide an opportunity for accent plantings. These interchanges could be adopted by service groups to improve community image and spirit. 10: Overpasses and Underpasses Constraints: The structural requirements and general configurations of overpasses and underpasses limit areas available for aesthetic improvements. 13 Opportunities: Overpass and underpass designs tend to focus views of the traveler to the immediate foreground of the structure. Aesthetic improvement to the immediate foreground and structure elements can have a positive impact when approaching and traveling under or over these structures. The High Speed Rail (HSR) project will construct several new overpasses in the north Fresno area which offers the opportunity to coordinate with the HSR Authority in final design and landscaping elements of the structures. 11: Sound Walls Constraints: Aesthetics for the highway traveler are often a minor consideration in the location and placement of sound walls. Their primary purpose is to mitigate traffic noise impacts on adjacent land uses. Opportunities: It may be possible to coordinate Caltrans’ sound wall program with high priority areas of the Corridor Beautification Plan where certain view screening or specific materials are necessary. 12: Road Divider Barriers Constraints: Aesthetic improvements to divider barriers can only be accomplished if they do not impact public safety. Opportunities: Certain aesthetic treatments can be applied to concrete road divider barriers without affecting public safety. These include sand blasting the concrete surface, using integral color in the concrete, painting the concrete, or the use of concrete stamp patterns on portions of the barriers. 14 13: Adjacent Commercial Enterprises Constraints: Leverage to get adjacent businesses to improve existing displays is limited. Long‐term improvement for new development requires zoning ordinance and site plan review revisions by adjacent jurisdictions. Opportunities: The Corridor image can be enhanced by building placement, parking lot layout, vehicle sales display arrangements, tree framing, and accent landscaping in adjacent commercial development. 14: Views of unsightly land uses Constraints: Some unsightly land uses cannot be completely screened. View enhancement will require on‐site improvements such as solid fencing and/or strategically placed tree plantings. There are currently few implementation tools available for existing businesses. Opportunities: Many views of unsightly land uses can be effectively screened with planting within the Corridor. 15: Billboards Constraints: Existing billboards dominate the visual field along many sections of Highway 99. Although located on private property, the real value of the billboard is proximity to the highway. Billboards are subject to leases, generate revenue for the property owner, and are generally subject to long‐term amortization requirements. 15 Opportunities: Reducing billboard clutter is a difficult task and one that is opposed by the outdoor advertising industry. Perhaps the most effective tool is to ban new billboards in zone districts adjacent to the highway, thus reducing the number of billboards as some are removed for development or other reasons. For billboards that cannot be eliminated, renting space to promote the Corridor can reduce negative visual impacts. In addition, it will have the benefit of informing the public about the Corridor’s rich history and its continued economic and social development. 16: The Highway 99 Beautification (HB) Overlay District ‐ Business signs Constraints: The HB Overlay District has been adopted by Fresno County, Fowler, Selma, and Kingsburg. The HB Overlay District contains sign restrictions which may be limiting to both adjacent business and travelers on the highway, including:  The maximum permitted height of freestanding signs is one foot for every foot the sign is set back from the highway, to a maximum of 35 feet. Over‐height signs require approval of a Conditional Use Permit.  The maximum permitted area for freestanding signs is three square feet for every foot the sign is set back from the highway, to a maximum of 200 square feet in area. Reconfiguring business signs adjacent to the highway will require that each jurisdiction review the HB Overlay District provisions on sign height and area, coordinate with adjacent merchants and property owners, and adopt zoning revisions as necessary. Opportunities: Grouping adjacent business signs on one pole sign of adequate height and area will reduce the number of signs and improve visual harmony without negatively affecting the merchant’s sign visibility. 16 17: Fencing Constraints: Existing fencing often catches litter and prevents effective weed mowing for certain areas in the Corridor. Safety, maintenance, and capital improvement costs are all critical elements to consider when determining the type and extent of fencing for the corridor. Opportunities: Replacement of fencing along the Corridor could be a major element in the unification of the Corridor image. A new design could also address the litter and mowing problems associated with existing fencing. Adjacent property owners willing to pick up litter and clean the highway may be able to obtain encroachment permits from Caltrans to enter the right‐of‐way from their property. 18: Districts Constraints: Urban growth within the Corridor could eliminate agricultural uses adjacent to Highway 99 and blur the unique distinctions between cities and various districts by creating a continuous urban corridor along the highway. Opportunities: The Corridor is divided into districts or sub‐areas by agricultural and urban land uses and is further distinguished by roadway interchanges and on/off ramps. These districts can be enhanced through aesthetic improvements that will reinforce individual character. 17 19: Public Art Constraints: There are limited opportunities for public art within the highway right‐of‐way. Opportunities must be investigated outside the right‐
of‐way. Public art is often the target of vandalism. Opportunities: Public art, properly controlled from concept to implementation, can be a major reinforcing element for the overall Corridor theme. Public art sponsored and created by the community can have a positive impact on public pride and image. 20: Design Guidelines for new development adjacent to the Highway Constraints: Coordination efforts required for multiple jurisdictions to create uniform design guidelines may be difficult and will require long‐
term commitment by each jurisdiction to implement the guidelines. Opportunities: Design guidelines would reinforce the overall sense of unity and the visual aesthetic of the corridor. Fresno County, Kingsburg, Selma, and Fowler have adopted the Highway 99 Beautification Overlay District to provide unified visual and landscaping features along the Corridor. 21: Near‐Road Air Pollution Exposure Constraints: Particulate matter from vehicles, notably heavy‐duty diesel vehicles, may be especially harmful. The highest pollutant concentrations tend to be within 500 feet of the highway while background levels are generally reached within a distance of 2,000 feet. Exposure to traffic‐related pollution has been linked to a variety of short and long term health effects. The California Air 18 Resources Board (ARB) Air Quality and Land Use Handbook recommends avoidance of sensitive land uses (schools, residential uses, playgrounds, and medical facilities, etc.) within 500 feet of highways with more than 100,000 vehicles per day. Opportunities: Fortunately, air quality has continued to improve due to cleaner fuels and improved vehicle technology. Potential development sites near Highway 99, including infill, may yield benefits which should be evaluated together with drawbacks associated with near‐road pollution. When sensitive uses exist or cannot be avoided within 500 feet of the highway, ARB recommends several strategies to reduce near‐road pollution exposure, including:  Site commercial space, parking lots, and daytime uses closer to the freeway;  Barriers and sound walls adjacent to freeways (vertical dispersion of pollutants);  Vegetation for pollutant dispersion (may also promote particle removal); and  Require high efficiency in‐building filtration systems. Each local jurisdiction in the Highway 99 corridor is encouraged to include near‐road pollution analysis and mitigation in its project entitlement process. 19 4. PROPOSED BEAUTIFICATION IMPROVEMENTS The following proposed landscape improvements section is a blueprint for implementation of the physical elements of the plan, within the right‐of‐way as defined in the goals and policies. The Landscape and Architectural Guidelines sections of this Master Plan Update provide the tools and guidance for designers implementing the plan. 4.1 Major Gateway The northern and southern major gateways are two of the most important elements in the Master Plan as they signify the limits of the corridor and will be the first and last elements the driving public experience. The major gateways will set the tone for the remainder of the enhancements and need to be architecturally significant in scale, materials, colors and detail. The theme for the gateways should be the agricultural and economic strength of Fresno County. Ideally, one of these gateway features would be incorporated into a regional visitor center. However, due to right‐of‐way limitations at the gateways and lack of funding from Caltrans, it is recommended that a visitor center be supported near the California High Speed Train station in downtown Fresno. Construction of this facility should provide easy access from Highway 99. A visitor facility could be staffed or un‐staffed which would ensure that the traveling public, both on the High Speed Train and on Highway 99, will have access to visitor information at all times. Furthermore, it provides the flexibility to staff the visitor’s center on a seasonal basis or on special occasions and holidays as appropriate. 4.2 Minor Gateways Minor gateways serve as entry monuments for cities and districts within the Corridor. Materials and forms for these minor gateways should be directed by the Landscape and Architectural Guidelines. The design theme for each minor gateway should have some characteristics unique to the area. The goal is to provide designs that create a unified theme within the Corridor while at the same time providing a sub‐theme unique to each city or district. Key points of entry into a city or district should repeat the sub‐theme established with the minor gateway to function as a visual enhancement for these major nodes. 20 4.3 Community Themes/Entries Entries are locations requiring careful attention for both architectural and signage elements in the Corridor landscape. Entries can be showcased in a manner which makes both the services and resources of the area attractive to visitors and potential economic investors as well. A well‐stated entry shows residents and travelers on Highway 99 that the community has agreed upon an identity which is announced to the rest of the region. The following major entries and themes are proposed in the Master Plan Update: City of Fresno ‐ San Joaquin River, “Welcome to Fresno County” City of Fresno – Veterans Boulevard, “Honoring Our Veterans” City of Fresno ‐ Shaw Avenue, “The Underground Gardens and California State University, Fresno” City Fresno – Olive Avenue, “Roeding Park and Zoo and the Tower District” City of Fresno ‐ Highway 180, “Gateway to Kings Canyon and Sequoia National Parks” City of Fresno ‐ Fresno Street, “Downtown Fresno and the California High Speed Train Station” City of Fresno ‐ Highway 41, “From the Pacific to Yosemite National Park” Fresno County – American Avenue, “Fresno County – First in Agriculture” Fowler – Merced Street, “The Blossom Trail City” Selma – Highway 43/Floral Avenue, “Raisin Capital of the World” Kingsburg – Sierra Avenue, “Central California’s Swedish Village” Fresno County ‐ 18th Avenue, “Welcome to Fresno County” Other minor gateways to adjacent areas would be enhanced with landscaping and have opportunities for art and other improvements. These gateways include Herndon Avenue, Grantland Avenue, Ashlan Avenue, Dakota Avenue, McKinley Avenue, Olive Avenue, Ventura Street/Golden State Boulevard, Jensen Avenue, Cedar Avenue, Chestnut Avenue, Clovis Avenue, Adams Avenue, Manning Avenue, 2nd Street, Mountain View Avenue, and Bethel Avenue. Positive Views To Be Maintained Or Enhanced. These elements consist of foreground views, background vista, and landmarks within the Corridor. Framing will be the primary tool for maintaining and enhancing positive views (see Landscape and Architectural Guidelines). In some instances where site conditions allow or require, architectural elements such as fences and walls may be used to frame important views, vistas, and landmarks. 21 Negative Views To Be Screened. This element is directed primarily towards foreground views but, when possible, middle ground and background negative views will also be screened. Screening will be the primary tool for mitigating negative views (see Landscape and Architectural Guidelines). Where site conditions allow or require architectural elements such as fences and walls may also be used to screen negative views. Landscape Treatments 1. Minimal Treatment (Mulch Only). Using a mulch‐only treatment adds a unifying element throughout the entire Corridor. 2. Wildflower and Native Grass Seeding (non‐irrigated). Wildflower and native grass seeding helps unify the Corridor and adds a seasonal interest at key Corridor locations. 3. Trees Only (rural treatment). This treatment is designed to augment the rural character of certain sections of the Corridor. Trees will be planted in groupings to enhance the spatial character of the corridor. These groupings will also be used to enhance and preserve positive views and fully or partially screen negative views. 4. Trees and Shrubs (urban treatment). This treatment is used in more traditional urban‐type landscapes, requires irrigation, and will usually be located adjacent to urban uses such as commercial or light industrial. The main functions of this treatment are to screen, filter or enhance. 5. Major Accent Landscape Treatment. The major accent landscape treatment is the most intensive landscape treatment and is meant to draw attention to significant features such as gateways, landmarks, and monuments. A permanent irrigation system is required and the level of maintenance will be the most intense of the five treatments. A regular program of pruning, mowing and fertilization is necessary to sustain the accent features of this treatment. 22 23 Herndon/Highway 99 Bullard‐Veterans Boulevard/Highway 99 Shaw/Highway 99 24 Ashlan/Highway 99 Union Pacific Rail Yard McKinley/Highway 99 25 Roeding Park – Belmont/Highway 99 Highway 180/Highway 99 26 Ventura/Highway 99 Jensen/Highway 99 Cedar/Highway 99 27 Central/Highway 99 American/Highway 99 Lincoln/Highway 99 28 Clovis/Highway 99 Merced/Highway 99 Manning/Highway 99 29 Dinuba/Highway 99 Highway 43/Highway 99 2nd Street/Highway 99 30 Mountain/Highway 99 Kamm/Highway 99 Bethel/Highway 99 31 Sierra/Highway 99 32 5. AESTHETIC TREATMENT OPTIONS Aesthetic Option No. 1 33 Aesthetic Option No. 2 34 Aesthetic Option No. 3 35 Aesthetic Option No. 4 36 Aesthetic Option No. 5 37 Aesthetic Option No. 6 38 Aesthetic Option No. 7 39 Aesthetic Option No. 8 40 6. LANDSCAPE DESIGN GUIDELINES The purpose of these guidelines is to provide a framework of planting concepts to be used as a tool of implementation for the Beautification Plan’s goals and policies defined earlier in this report. It is not the intent of these guidelines to provide site specific planting plans for the Corridor. Rather, since implementation of the Beautification Plan will occur over an extended period of time, these guidelines define guiding principles of planting design along with a detailed plant palette. Proper use of these guidelines will provide the site specific solutions sought in the Beautification Plan. Furthermore, these guidelines will create a unified landscape aesthetic, while providing sufficient leeway in the design parameters to allow project designers flexibility in addressing design issues unique to each project. 6.1 Plant Palette It is the intent of the plant pallet to use materials that are indigenous, non‐invasive, and representative of the area whenever possible. Landscape concepts should be sustainable and low impact, reducing water use to the lowest level practical, and using reclaimed water whenever feasible. Trees on the plant palette are intended to reduce near‐road health impacts and have general air quality benefits. The plant list has been tailored to focus the palette towards the Master Plan goals. Please refer to Appendix III ‐ Plant Palette, for a detailed listing. Definitions. Following are definitions for the plant pallet as used in the Master Plan Update: Specimen Trees: These trees are usually large and bold in character and show off during one or more seasons with flowers, leaf color, and/or fruit. They often have very striking silhouettes when seen against a background sky or foil planting. They usually occupy an important and significant amount of space within the planting design. 41 Specimen Shrubs: Similar in importance to specimen trees, these shrubs are usually large and bold in character. They show off during one or more seasons with flowers, leaf color, and/or fruit and usually occupy an important and significant amount of space within the planting design. Foil Planting: These plantings consist of trees and shrubs, or a combination of both. The main purpose of a foil planting is to provide a background for an important design element such as a monument, sign, or specimen tree. When foil plantings are used in conjunction with a specimen plant, the overall design can be enhanced by selecting foil plants that will have a showy period when the specimen plant is in a dormant or non‐showy mode. Screening Trees: This group of trees creates a permanent visual screen. They can screen views of undesirable visual elements or they can be used to frame elements in the landscape. Depending on their height, these trees can screen elements located within or beyond the Corridor. Screening trees can provide either a complete or partial screen. The density of the screen depends primarily on the deciduous or evergreen nature of the species. Screening Shrubs: These shrubs perform a function similar to screening trees. However, because of height limitations, they are used primarily to screen or frame elements adjacent to roadways. Foundation Plantings: These shrubs and/or ground covers are usually planted at the foundations of vertical elements in the landscape, such as structures, signs, walls, and fences. Their main purpose is to provide a unifying transition from the ground plane. Foundation plantings should be low in front of signs and other sight‐line sensitive structures. They can be higher against elements such as blank walls or high fences. Accent Plantings: Accent trees generate the showy flower and/or leaf color that provides seasonal interest. Like accent trees, accent shrubs provide showy flower and/or leaf color. They provide a visual accent when used in mass by themselves or in conjunction with important structural elements such as signs, structure entries, or gateways. Ground Covers: Ground covers consist of two major groups ‐ plants and non‐plants.  Ground cover plants are usually low growing (6” to 18”) and spreading (3’ to 12’). Their most significant function is to cover the ground for weed and erosion control. In addition, they can add seasonal interest with flower and foliage color. 42 
Non‐plant ground covers consist of inert materials and provide the same weed and erosion control as plant ground covers. Their inert nature eliminates the need for irrigation and usually requires less maintenance. Non‐plant ground covers include shredded or chipped tree bark, gravels, chipped tree prunings, and granite fines mixed with cement. Permanent Irrigation: A permanent irrigation system is any water conveyance system designed and maintained to deliver irrigation water throughout the expected life cycle of the planting. Temporary Irrigation: Temporary irrigation systems include water trucks, emitter systems, and temporary above ground pvc and spray head irrigation systems. The temporary system provides an establishment period for the planting. After the establishment period is complete (usually two to three years) the temporary system is removed or abandoned in place. Tree Grove: A grove consists of a substantial (minimum 10) number of trees spaced at a maximum distance of 50% of the tree’s expected height within ten years. Groves can be used for several landscape purposes such as screening, framing, and accents. The maximum number of species within a tree grove shall be three. Native Grasses and Wildflowers: This important plant group will be a major tool in adding unique character to the Corridor. Grasses and wildflowers are generally planted using hydro seeding techniques and provide a significant seasonal interest. The wildflower seed selection will be tailored for the Corridor to create a signature planting. Planting Techniques. The following planting techniques can be used separately or together to achieve desired visual affects along the corridor. Frames: Planting is used to frame several elements in the landscape and to focus attention on a landscape element. Tree masses can be used to frame a view or vista, tree groupings can be used to frame a structure, and shrub and/or trees can be used to frame signs and monuments. Screen plantings, foil plantings, foundation plantings, and even accent plantings can all be used effectively to create a frame. Screens: The main function of a screen is to block undesirable views which can be in the foreground, middle ground or background of the landscape scene. The size and density of the screening element and its location in relationship to the viewer are the main factors in determining the effectiveness of planting screens. 43 Spatial Modulation: With proper use of plants, a sense of place can be created where one did not exist. In general a strong sense of enclosure is created when the height of a vertical element is a 1 to 1 ratio to the distance from the observer. The sense of enclosure transitions into a sense of place at the ratio 2 to 1 and any sense of enclosure becomes negligent at the ratio of 3 to 1. Accents: Accent plantings should be designed to provide at least three seasons of interest. This can be achieved by using a combination of plants or a single plant with multiple seasonal characteristics. Combination of plantings could be repeated at all minor gateway sites which would add unity and help travelers identify when they are approaching a secondary gateway. This concept can be further refined by using a consistent plant palette except for one significant plant the becomes the signature plant throughout the sub‐area of the Corridor. Recycled Water Use. Recycled water from the Selma‐Kingsburg‐Fowler County Sanitation District (SKF) wastewater treatment plant as well as the City of Fresno wastewater treatment plant may be feasible for public open space irrigation within the Highway 99 right‐of‐way. The Corridor has existing and planned public open space and center island facilities which will require irrigation to support landscaping identified in the Master Plan. In addition, landscaped embankments could be a receiver of recycled irrigation water. Within surrounding areas, other potential customers include various agricultural and industrial facilities who could share the cost of extending pipeline infrastructure to the highway right‐of‐way. From a statewide perspective, a more aggressive plan to increase the use of recycled water has been in place since 2009 when the State Water Resources Control Board adopted its Recycled Water Policy. The purpose of the policy is to increase the beneficial use of recycled water from municipal wastewater sources in a manner that fully implements state and federal water quality laws. As part of the Golden State Corridor Project prepared for Fresno COG in 2012, a technical report was prepared to address the feasibility of using recycled water from the SKF plant for irrigation within the Golden State Boulevard and Highway 99 corridors. The report describes State recycled water regulatory requirements, the SKF plant, various cost savings alternatives for treatment and distribution, funding alternatives, and a summary of issues for consideration when implementing a recycled water distribution system. Low Impact Design. On‐site bio‐retention areas typically consist of grass buffers, sand beds, and a ponding area for excess runoff storage. Their purpose is to provide a storage area, away from roadways, where storm water collects and filters into the soil. Bioretention areas are landscaped with native plants and grasses, selected according to their moisture requirements and ability to tolerate pollutants. Bio‐retention areas can be incorporated into site design where feasible, permitted, and approved by each jurisdiction. 44 6.2 The Highway Beautification Overlay District for Highway 99 Based on a draft plan prepared by Fresno COG to implement provisions of the Highway 99 Beautification Master Plan, the “HB” Highway Beautification Overlay District was subsequently adopted by Fresno County, Fowler, Selma, and Kingsburg. “HB” Overlay District standards allow for growth in commerce while providing for an aesthetically attractive character along Highway 99. As an overlay district, land uses and other development regulations are those of the underlying zone district, with specific regulations for landscaped setbacks, signs, and communication towers. The major provisions of the “HB” Overlay District are summarized as follows:  HB Overlay standards apply to all property within 1,000 feet of the Highway 99 ultimate right‐of‐way and apply to any new use or expansion of an existing use.  Landscape buffers shall be placed along all property lines adjacent to the highway (excluding agriculture) and maintained by the property owner, a homeowners association, or property management company. No buildings, parking areas, storage areas, trash or recycling areas, utility equipment, freestanding signs, communication towers, or other structures may be established within the landscape buffer.  Landscape buffer requirements are summarized in the following table: Beautification Overlay Landscape Buffer Requirements Use Type At‐Grade Adjacent Highway Type
Elevated Agricultural Uses No requirements. No requirements. Residential Projects 20’ landscape buffer. 1 tree shall be planted for every 25 feet of highway frontage and may be clustered. 10’ landscape buffer. 1 tree shall be planted for every 25 feet of highway frontage and may be clustered. Wrecking Yards, Storage Yards, Recycling Facilities, Used 20’ landscape buffer with a continuous shrub hedge, planted 20’ on 20’ landscape buffer planted with large, dense evergreen trees Depressed No requirements. 10’ landscape buffer. 1 tree shall be planted for every 25 feet of highway frontage and may be clustered. 10’ landscape buffer with a continuous shrub 45 Equipment Yards, or Similar Uses center with trees. 20’ on center and may be clustered. Other uses not previously specified 20’ landscape buffer. 1 tree shall be planted for every 25 feet of highway frontage and may be clustered. 20’ landscape buffer. 1 tall tree shall be planted for every 25 feet of highway frontage and may be clustered. hedge and trees planted 20’ on center and may be clustered. 20’ landscape buffer. 1 tree for every 25 feet of highway frontage; trees may be clustered and shall be visible from the highway. Required landscape buffer for land uses next to at- grade highway section Required landscape buffer for land uses next to below grade highway section 46 Required landscaped buffer for land uses next to above grade highway section
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No more than two freestanding signs may be permitted on any lot. One may be permitted facing the highway, and one may be permitted facing the road which the parcel fronts. No more than one freestanding sign may be permitted on parcels not adjacent to the highway within the 1,000‐foot regulation area. Monument signs only are permitted within a required landscaped buffer, and shall not exceed 60 square feet in area on each sign face. The maximum permitted height of freestanding signs is one foot of sign height for every foot the sign is set back from the highway, to a maximum of 35 feet in height. Over‐height signs require approval of a Conditional Use Permit. The maximum permitted area for freestanding signs is three square feet of sign area for every foot the sign is set back from the highway, to a maximum of 200 square feet in area. Communication towers, if permitted by the underlying zone district, must be a monopole design. Lattice tower and guyed tower designs are not permitted. 47 
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The maximum permitted height of communication towers is one foot of height for every foot the tower is set back from the highway, to a maximum of 150 feet in height. Communication towers shall be spaced no closer than fifteen‐hundred (1,500) feet from all other towers. 48 7. ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN GUIDELINES The purpose of these guidelines is to provide a framework for design decisions regarding architecture and signage within the Highway 99 Corridor. The Architectural Design Guidelines are the overarching principals that will guide decision making through various implementation phases and related projects. These guidelines will enable designers to create designs that unify the Corridor and assist agencies in making design decisions based on issues and themes that relate to their specific site areas. Three distinct form and material sub‐themes are proposed for the Corridor ‐ the Rural Agricultural Theme, the Transition theme, and the Urban theme. Following are proposed materials and forms for each sub‐theme. 7.1 Rural Agricultural Theme Ground Planes: Open earth, asphalt, concrete (no color washed aggregate and broom finish). Vertical Planes: Stone, culture stone, concrete, natural wood, corrugated metal, wire strands, split face block with integral color, galvanized steel. Structures: Agricultural forms. Signage: Painted on structures or wood panels, enamel on metal with wood or galvanized steel posts, concrete with stone base, enamel on metal with concrete or stone base and back. Limited external base lighting and no internally illuminated signs or reader boards. 7.2 Transition Theme Ground Planes: Open earth, asphalt, concrete (washed aggregate and broom finish with or without color). Vertical Planes: Culture stone, concrete, painted wood, corrugated metal, wire strands, split face block with integral color, painted metal siding. Structures: Agricultural, industrial commercial and light industrial forms. 49 Signage: Painted on structures or wood panels, enamel on metal with wood or galvanized steel posts, enamel on metal with concrete or block base and back. Lighting levels associated with industrial and commercial. 7.3 Urban Theme Ground Planes: Asphalt, concrete (washed aggregate and broom finish, or stamped with or without color). Vertical Planes: Concrete, split face block with integral color. Brick (multiple colors), stucco. Structures: Urban and sub‐urban forms gleaned from surrounding skylines and/or traditional urban and suburban images. Signage: Enamel on metal with metal post, concrete with block or brick face base, concrete with block or brick face base. Significant lighting is acceptable. Definitions. The following definitions are provided to give a frame work for design of proposed architectural and sign elements: Structural Articulation: Structural articulation is a design method by which forms are expressed. Poor structural articulation can lead to an “anywhere USA” image that fails to reflect historical or cultural values of a community. Structural articulation that creates a sense of place shows that the community has evolved over time and has a shared history as a result. Such places are generally perceived as a beneficial location for both business and family investments. Structural articulation through signage is an opportunity for visitors and residents to place themselves in a user‐friendly environment. The use of signage to articulate the Corridor’s regional identity will improve the visual perception and economic growth viability of the surrounding areas. Entries: Through careful structural articulation, points of entry can be showcased in a manner which makes both the services and resources of the area attractive to visitors and potential economic investors as well. A well‐stated entry shows the traveler that the community controls its visual resources and has agreed upon a community identity. Planes and surfaces: Planes and surfaces are the horizontal anchors to which vertical architectural and signage elements connect to. Planes and surfaces become view sheds based on the architectural and signage elements which connect them. 50 Architectural Form: Architectural form is a key factor in creating the visual “story” apparent to the Highway 99 traveler. Architectural form can represent the overall elements of a landscape and the senses they evoke in the community member and traveler. Landscape Transition: Landscape transition reflects movement between locations along the greater Corridor, such as gateways between towns along the Corridor, agricultural and urban uses of lands adjacent to the Corridor, or historical or economic themes within the Corridor boundaries. Materials: Materials should be chosen which reflect the traditional historical context and also a new era of growth within Corridor communities. Materials should be sensitive to the greater landscape and enhance the surrounding environment, rather than using materials that are inappropriate to the historical identity of the region. Careful material selection can be a critical factor in establishing a regional identity vs. an “anywhere” one. Colors: Colors should be chosen using the same parameters given for material guidelines. Colors should be chosen for architectural elements and signage features which relate to the identity of the region, and which do not detract from the landscape aesthetic being developed. Historical color uses and styles of presentation are recommended. Themes: The ability to create a common theme throughout the Corridor is critical to forming a regional identity. Repeated colors, materials, and logos for the region create identifiable boundaries. Architectural elements, buildings, gateways, and well‐articulated signage programs establish themes. Public Art: Public art creates the impression that adjacent cities have a sense of civic pride and also creates an impression of stability and prosperity which can draw economic development to the area. Screens: Screens, signage, architectural elements and noise barriers can be effective screening agents where roadside uses are not aesthetically or visually pleasing. These elements can be used independently or in conjunction with each other and a planting treatment. Signage: Developing a signage program that not only informs and educates the Highway 99 traveler, but also creates a unified theme is one of the most effective means available within economic constraints for the Corridor. 51 Major Gateways: Major gateways are destination locations where repeated or “specialty” structures that emphasize critical nodes along the Corridor can be most effective. Architectural elements at major gateways create additional visual anchors to locate the traveler along the Corridor. Minor Gateways: Minor gateways are secondary nodes and the repetition of signage and architectural elements are often successful in the place making and identification process which produces regional identity. Community Separators: Community separators create recognizable transitions between cities, towns and sub‐area s that accentuate their boundaries. Agriculture and open space or trail systems are the most effective community separators. Fences and Walls: Fences and walls can unify the overall theme through repetition throughout the Corridor. The scale, relief materials, and locations of such elements should be determined on a Corridor‐wide scale. Lighting. Because the highway Corridor extends from an urban setting on the north to a more rural and smaller city setting on the southern extent, existing lighting levels vary substantially. The desire to lower light levels and reduce spillover into adjacent neighborhoods is a concern in more rural areas. Since lighting can have positive and negative aesthetic impacts, the issue of light glare and aesthetics must be balanced with a concern for public safety. 52 8. IMPLEMENTATION Implementation is not easily addressed in situations such as Highway 99 where so many stakeholders affect the visual quality of the Corridor. In such cases, it is important to structure implementation in phases, to carefully prioritize projects and to investigate all funding sources potentially available. Potential funding sources are provided in Appendix II. Realistic phasing of implementation projects is critical to the success of the Master Plan. Funding is limited, and a large portion of implementation may be dependent on formation of a non‐profit entity to obtain grants and administer the process. Therefore, implementation recommendations have been presented in short‐term and long‐term strategies. The short‐term scenario institutes immediate improvements under the current organizational structure of the Association. In the long‐range scenario, a non‐profit administrative entity is formed and funding is secured. Although implementation is divided into short‐term and long‐ term, immediate action is necessary on some long‐term elements in order to achieve them. For example, although creation of a non‐profit is listed as a long term strategy, efforts to create the non‐profit should begin immediately. Before any of these actions are undertaken, it is strongly recommended that all the cities along the Corridor as well as Fresno County adopt the Master Plan and incorporate its goals, objectives, policies and guidelines into their own planning documents. 8.1 Short‐Term Improvements Better maintenance of existing landscape improvements is the action that can provide the most immediate results. This effort will consist of two major tasks. The first is litter control and the second is traditional landscape maintenance that includes mowing, pruning, fertilization, pest and disease control, and replacement of dead or dying plants. Major options available for these tasks are: 1. Improve the frequency and efficiency of maintenance operations. 2. Hire additional maintenance services. 3. Create volunteer programs that address the needs of these two tasks. Due to limited resources and the timeline required for the Caltrans’ budgeting process, options one and two may be more appropriately placed in the long‐term category. Developing volunteer programs, therefore, is the most expedient of the three options and should be addressed immediately. There are, however, several examples throughout the State in which local 53 communities voiced strong opinions to Caltrans about the poor maintenance of their highway corridors. Through these efforts, successful outcomes were achieved, and Caltrans was influenced to deviate from the standard sub‐area approach. The Association has demonstrated wide‐ranging organizational abilities, and an effort directed to Caltrans to increase maintenance operations is within the realm of possibilities for the Association. Community service ordered by the judicial system is another avenue for a temporary work force for maintenance and litter control. Parks and recreation, as well as public works departments throughout the State, have been successfully using this resource for years. Additional short‐term actions include: 1. Coordination of architectural guidelines and sign control ordinances between agencies within the Corridor. 2. Incorporation of guidelines into existing and future planning projects under consideration by local jurisdictions within the Corridor. Adopt‐A‐Highway Program. When local businesses, organizations, and individuals adopt a section of highway, they demonstrate pride in their community and help prevent pollutants from entering waterways. Along Highway 99, community members cared for 220 miles as of 2014. Managed by local Caltrans district offices, the volunteers in the program can remove litter, plant trees, or remove graffiti. A similar program can be adopted by each of the Corridor cities. Adoptions generally last for five years, and are renewable if the organization satisfactorily meets the terms of their current adoption. Private citizens, civic groups, and businesses should be encouraged to adopt a section of Highway 99 for maintenance of planting areas at community entrances, medians and roadside pull‐offs. (Information on the Adopt‐A‐Highway Program can be found in Appendix II) Another option is to institute community clean‐up days. Such days can be elaborately‐planned or modestly‐organized efforts. They can be held in conjunction with Adopt‐A‐Highway efforts, or through special arrangement with Caltrans. 8.2 Long‐Term Improvements Long‐term improvements hinge on obtaining additional grant funding and the possibility of developing a non‐profit organizational structure. Such an organization would create volunteer programs, apply for and administer grant funds, and coordinate agencies with jurisdictional and maintenance responsibilities within the Corridor. Achieving non‐profit status has the potential to open doors to funding resources that local governmental agencies might not qualify for. 54 Following is a list of long‐term improvements in two major categories. The first category is policy and administrative projects. The second is physical improvement projects. Policy oriented projects: • Form a non‐profit entity • Develop a priority list • Community outreach • Develop a litter management and maintenance program • Develop a volunteer program for litter and landscape maintenance • Develop funding mechanisms – grant applications • Develop districts • Develop a sign design strategy • Coordinate zoning legislation for design of new buildings, signage, and landscape improvements on properties adjacent to Highway 99 Physical improvement projects: • Evaluate existing plant material in the Corridor • Litter Program • Landscape improvements program • Signage program • Billboard reduction and or removal • Gateways and structures program • Monuments and public art program Following is a sample of possible long‐term programs and projects as they relate to elements of the Master Plan: 1. Agricultural Fields  Improve views with planting strategies  Develop a crop signage program 55 2. Billboards  Eliminate through legislation, amortization, or buy out  Rent space on remaining billboards, to promote cities along the Corridor, or provide public service announcements 3. Business signs  Fund grouping pole signs  Encourage agency zoning regulations and permits to require grouping of pole signs  Develop sign ordinances 4. Litter  Adopt clean‐up day programs  Employ non‐traditional labor for cleanup and prevention through non‐profit direction 5. Adjacent commercial enterprise considerations  Foundation plantings  Accent landscaping  Display assistance and guidelines  Obtain access to Caltrans right‐of‐way for owners willing to participate in litter removal 6. Bridge crossing at entry points to Corridor should be given priority consideration in terms of restoration of native San Joaquin riparian landscape reflective of their Gateway statuses 7. Develop gateway monuments program 8. Develop visitor facility/interpretation facilities program 9. Public art sites  Create large works/monuments funding programs  Facilitate temporary installation projects (NEA funding sources potential) 10. Landscape  Adopt‐A‐Highway, clean‐up day, and landscape competition programs 56 APPENDIX I. EXISTING CONDITIONS PHOTOS Substantial progress has been made on the beautification of the Highway 99 Corridor since adoption of the Master Plan in 2000. Although much work remains to be done, the following photos show examples of beautification efforts, both by the public and private sectors, to achieve the goals and objectives of the Master Plan. Welcome to Fresno County Sign at the San Joaquin River Three travel lanes, permanent barriers, and landscaping south bound near the future Veterans Blvd. Interchange 57 New sound wall south bound 99, north of Ashlan with backdrop of mature trees New fencing and Oleanders to shield adjacent industrial uses north bound near Barstow Ave 58 Private development adjacent to highway‐implements Highway Beautification Overlay District (south bound) at Dakota Ave. Heavy Caltrans landscaping north of Olive Ave 59 Modern Interchange at SR 99/SR 180 Art work north bound 99, south of Cedar Ave. overcrossing 60 Art work north bound 99, south of Chestnut Ave overcrossing “Welcome to the City of Fresno” north bound at American Ave 61 Landscaping consistent with Highway 99 Beautification Overlay District, south bound at Merced St. Multiple tenants on single pole sign (Fowler) 62 Multiple tenants on single pole sign (Kingsburg) Decorative center divider south bound 99, north of Selma 63 Decorative sound walls, north and south bound at 2nd Street in Selma Decorative sound wall south bound 99, north of Draper Street in Kingsburg 64 Plantings on private property adjacent to industrial building north bound 99, north of Ashlan Ave Plantings on private property adjacent to hotels north bound 99, north of Herndon Ave 65 New bridge construction at Fresno County line north bound at San Joaquin River 66 APPENDIX II. FUNDING RESOURCES United States Environmental Protection Agency‐EPA Region 9 Office 75 Hawthorne Street San Francisco, CA. 94105 http://www.epa.gov/region09/funding/index.html  EPA’s Continuing Program Grants  Project Grants Funding Sources for Communities 1. Brownfields Assessment Demonstration Pilots 2. Clean Water State Revolving Fund 3. Environmental Education (EE) 4. Environmental Justice through Pollution Prevention (EJP2) 5. Nonpoint Source Water Pollution Control 6. Pollution Prevention Incentives for States (PPIS) 7. Small Business Innovation & Research (SBIR) 8. Sustainable Development Challenge Grants (SDCG) CALTRANS ADOPT‐A‐HIGHWAY PROGRAM California Department of Transportation http://www.dot.ca.gov/maintenance/adopt‐a‐highway/index.html RESOURCES AGENCY OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY, CALIFORNIA Grants for Environmental Enhancement and Mitigation Project applications are available from the Resources Agency 1416 Ninth Street, Room 1311 Sacramento, CA. 95814 (916) 653‐2812 [email protected] 67 FAST ACT The Fixing Americas’ Surface Transportation (FAST) Act replaced the former Transportation Alternatives Program (TAP) with a set‐
aside of funds. (FAST Act was signed into law on 12/4/2015) Funds could be used for community improvement activities such as historic preservation and vegetation management, and environmental mitigation related to stormwater and habitat connectivity, etc. http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/transportation_alternatives 68 APPENDIX III. PLANT PALETTE The following plant lists are divided by various landscape treatments defined in this document. All species listed are suitable and are found within the region. The lists are not exhaustive but are a resource guideline that may be used in thematic planting palettes used throughout the Corridor. Careful consideration of specific site conditions should be taken when selecting a particular plant species/palette. Plant material should be selected that does not impact adjacent farming operations. Especially encouraged is integrated vegetation management practices on roadsides and other transportation rights‐of‐way. This includes reduced mowing and the development of habitat and forage for Monarch butterflies, other native pollinators, and honey bees through plantings of native forbs and grasses, including non‐invasive, native milkweed species that can serve as migratory way stations for butterflies and facilitate migrations of other pollinators. In addition, all plant material selected for use within the Highway 99 right‐of‐way will need to be reviewed by Caltrans and adhere to Caltrans Standards for plant character and plant use. There are numerous sources for assistance in developing native plant lists such as the California Wild program; Caltrans State Department of Landscape Architecture programs such as Botanical Management Area designations and wildflower signage programs; the University of California Master Gardeners’ Program; and Tree Fresno. Non‐profit groups such as Native Here Nursery, California Exotic Pest Plant Council and the California Native Plant Society, as well as professional landscape architecture/contractor services should be investigated for additional support in developing plant palettes. Decisions regarding specific plant palettes should be made after a careful process of identifying planting themes through community input which reflect each city’s identity. 69 1. Mulch Caltrans Standards 2. Wildflower And Grass Hydro Seed Mix Botanical Name Asclepias californica Elymus glaucus ‘Anderson’ Eschscholzia california Lasthenia californica Layia platygosa Lupinus bicolor Miniture Melica californica Nassella cernua Poa scabrella Poa secunda Stipa cernua Trifolium tridentatum Vulpia microstachys 3. Trees Botanical Name Acer rubrum Arbutus ‘Marina’ Arbutus stenophylla Cedrus deodara Cercis canadensis Cercis reniforming Chilopsis linearis Cinnamomum camphora Common Name California Milkweed Blue Wild Rye California Poppy California Goldfields Tidytips Annual Lupine California Melic Grass Tussock Grass Pine Bluegrass Curly Blue Grass Nodding Stipa Tom Cat Clover Six Weeks Fescue Common Name October glory maple Marina madrone Ornamental Strawberry Tree Deodar Cedar Western Redbud Oklahoma Redbud Desert Willow Camphor 70 Citrus ‘Bearss’ Citrus Improved Meyer Citrus ‘Nagami’ Citrus ‘Washington’ Cotinus coggygria ‘Royal Purple’ Chionanthus retusus Cedrus deodara Ficus carica Fraximus Americana Geijera parviflora Gingko biloba Heteromeles arbutifolia Juniperus scopulorum ‘Wichita Blue’ Koelreuteria bipinnata Koelreuteria elegans formosana Lagerstroemia Dwarf varieties Lagerstroemia indica Laurus nobilis Liquidambar styraciflua Liquidambar styraciflua Olea europaea ‘Fruitless’ Parkinsonia “Desert Museum” Pistacia chinensis Pinus canariensis Pinus eldarica Pinus pinea Platanus occidentalis Prunus cerasifera Punica granatum Rhaphiolepis ‘Majestic Beauty’ Quercus agrifolia Quercus chrysolepis Dwarf Lime Dwarf Meyer Lemon Kumquat Dwarf Naval Orange Smoke Tree Chinese Fringe Deodar Cedar Fig American Ash Australian Willow Chinese gingko Toyon Wichita Blue Juniper Chinese Flame Goldenrain Tree Dwarf Crape Myrtle Crape Myrtle Sweet Bay Sweet Gum (seedless) Palo Alto Sweet Gum Fruitless olive Palo Verde Chinese Pistache Canary Island pine Mondell Pine Italian Stone Pine Sycamore Purple leaf plum Pomegranate Majestic Beauty Indian Hawthorne Coast Live Oak Canyon Live Oak 71 Quercus coccensis Quercus douglasii Quercus ilex Quercus lobata Quercus palustris Quercus suber Quercus ilex Quercus virginiana ‘Heritage’ Quercus wislizenii Ulmus parvifolia Vitex agnus‐castus Zelkova serrata Ziziphus jujube Discouraged Trees Botanical Name Ailanthus altissima Elaegnus angustifolia Fraxinus oxyoapa ‘Raywood’ Fraxinus uhdei Juglans nigra Melaleuca alternifolia Myoporum laetum Myoporum Pyrus calleryana ‘Bradford’ Pyrus calleryana ‘Aristrocrat’ Sequoia sempervirens Ulmus Americana and Ulmus pumila Scarlet Oak Blue Oak Holly Oak Valley Oak Pin Oak Cork Oak Holly Oak Southern Live Oak Interior Live Oak Chinese elm Chaste tree Sawleaf Zelkova Chinese Date Common Name Tree of Heaven Russian olive Raywood Ash Shamel ash Black walnut Melaleuca Poplar Bradford Pear Aristocrat Pear Coast redwood Elm 72 4. Vines Botanical Name Ficus pumila Lonicera japonica Macfadyena unguis‐cati Parthenocissus sp. Trachelospermum Jasminoides Wisteria sinensis 5. Shrubs Botanical Name Agapanthus sp. Arctostaphylos sp. Berberis sp. Ceanothus sp. Cercis occidentalis Coprosma kirkii Cotoneaster sp. Dietes vegeta Escallonia sp. Feijoa sellowiana Lagerstroemia indica Lavandula angustifolia Lavandula stoechas Mahonia repens Nerium oleander Phormium tenax var. Pittosporum tobira Rhaphiolepis indica sp. Rosa banksiae Common Name Creeping Fig Japanese Honeysuckle Cat’s Claw Boston Ivy Star Jasmine Chinese Wisteria Common Name Lily of the Nile Manzanita Barberry‐ Coreopsis Wild Lilac Western Redbud Dwarf Mirror Plan Cotoneaster Fortnight Lily Pink Escallonia Pineapple Guava Crape Myrtle English Lavender Spanish Lavender Creeping Mahonia Oleander New Zealand Flax Tobira India Hawthorn White ‘Lady Banks’ Rose 73 Rosa banksiae ‘Lutea’ Rosmarinus officinalis 6. Ground Cover Botanical Name Acacia redolens Arctostaphylos uva‐ursi Asclepias californica Ceanothus sp. Cerastium tomentosum Cotoneaster dammeri Eschscholzia californica Hedera helix ‘Hahns’ Lupinus sp. Yellow ‘Lady Banks’ Rose Rosemary Common Name Prostrate Acacia Bearberry Manzanita California Milkweed Wild Lilac Summer‐In‐Snow Bearberry Cotoneaster California Poppy Hahns Ivy Lupine 74