Scientific
Revolution
Pioneers of the Scientific Revolution
o Nicolaus Copernicus = heliocentric theory
o Johannes Kepler = planetary motion
o Galileo Galilei = telescope to support heliocentric
theory
o Isaac Newton = law of gravity
o William Harvey = circulation of blood
Importance of the Scientific Revolution
o Emphasis on reason and systematic observation
of nature (scientific method)
o Expansion of scientific knowledge
Centralization of power
Concept of rule by divine right
Age of
Absolutism
King of France
Known as the “Sun King”
Built the Palace of Versailles as a symbol of royal power
Louis XIV
Peter the Great
Tsar of Russia
Brought about the
westernization of Russia
Moved the capital from
Moscow to St. Petersburg
(“Window to the West”) in
order to improve trading
relations with Western Europe
English Civil War
The Glorious
Revolution
The
Enlightenment
Enlightenment
Thinkers
Helped to develop the rights of Englishmen
Oliver Cromwell – leader of the
Roundheads/Parliamentarian Army
Charles I – King and leader of the Cavaliers/Royalist
Army
Parliamentarian forces win and cause the execution of
King Charles I. Cromwell takes over as Lord Protector.
Cromwell dies and Charles I’s son, Charles II is restored
to the throne (The Restoration)
Political parties and factions develop in England
King James II converts to Catholicism
Parliament invites James’ Protestant daughter, Mary, and
her husband, William, to take the throne.
James II is removed from power in a largely bloodless
coup d’etat known as the Glorious Revolution
William and Mary sign the English Bill of Rights in
1689.
Result = increase of parliamentary power and decrease
of royal power
Characteristics:
o Applied reason to the human world, as well as the
rest of the natural world
o Stimulated religious tolerance
o Fueled democratic revolutions around the world
Influences:
o Political philosophies of the Enlightenment
fueled revolution in the Americas and France
o Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence
incorporated Enlightenment ideas
o The Constitution of the United States and Bill of
Rights incorporated Enlightenment ideas
Thomas Hobbes = Leviathan: humans exist in a
primitive “state of nature’ and consent to government for
self-protection
John Locke = Two Treatises on Government: people are
sovereign and consent to gov’t for protection of natural
rights of life, liberty, and property
Montesquieu = The Spirit of Laws: The best form of
gov’t includes a separation of powers
Jean-Jacques Rousseau = The Social Contract: Gov’t
is a contract between rulers and people
Voltaire: Religious toleration should triumph over
religious fanaticism and there should be separation of
church and state
French
Revolution
Enlightenment
Arts
Enlightenment
Technologies
Causes
o Influence of
Enlightenment
ideas
o Influence of the
American
Revolution
Events
o Storming of the Bastille
o Reign of Terror
Outcomes
o End of the absolute
monarchy of Louis XVI
o Rise of Napoleon
Painting depicted classical
subjects, public events, natural
scenes, and living people
(portraits)
o Eugene Delacroix –
Liberty Leading the
People (example of
transition to Romantic
School of the 19th century)
Music incorporated the grouping of instruments
(orchestras)
o Johannes Sebastian Bach – Baroque composer
o Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart – Classical composer,
The Magic Flute
New forms of literature evolved (novel)
o Miguel de Cervantes – Don Quixote
All-weather roads improved year-round transport and
trade
New designs in farm tools increased productivity
(Agricultural Revolution)
Improvements in ship design lowered the cost of
transport
Colonial Latin
America in the
year 1800
Latin
American
Revolutions
Characteristics of the colonial system
o Colonial gov’ts mirrored the home gov’ts of the
colonies
o Catholicism had a strong influence on the
development of the colonies
o Mining of precious metals (gold, silver) for export
was an important part of the colonial economy
o Major cities were established as outposts of colonial
authority (e.g. : Havana, Mexico City, Lima, Sao
Paulo, Buenos Aries)
Rigid class structure
o Viceroys/colonial officers (peninsulares)
o Creoles
o Mestizos
Influenced by the American and French Revolutions
Slaves in Haiti rebelled, abolished slavery, and won
independence
Father Miguel Hidalgo started the Mexican
independence movement
French, Spanish, and Portuguese
colonies gained independence (e.g.:
Mexico, Haiti, Colombia,
Venezuela, Brazil)
Former slave who led Haitian rebellions against France
Defeated the armies of three foreign powers: Spain,
France, and Britain
Toussaint
L’Ouverture
Simon Bolivar
Native resident of South America
(Creole) who led revolutionary
efforts
Liberated the northern areas of
Latin
America
Monroe Doctrine
Napoleonic Era
Congress of
Vienna
Italian
Unification
Issued by US President James Monroe in 1823
Latin American nations were acknowledged to be
independent
The USA would regard as a threat to its own peace and
safety any attempt by European powers to impose their
system on any independent state in the Western
Hemisphere
Napoleon Bonaparte makes an unsuccessful attempt to
unify Europe under French domination
Establishes the Napoleonic Code
o A law code that did away with rights and
privileges of upper social classes and treated
everyone equally
under the law
Awakes feelings of
national pride and the
growth of nationalism in
Europe
European Powers (Britain, Russia, Austro-Hungary)
establish the doctrine of “the balance of power.”
Restores the monarchies of Europe which were
overthrown by Napoleon
Creates a new political map of Europe (“buffer” states,
discourage nationalism)
New political philosophies established (liberalism and
conservatism)
National pride, economic competition, and democratic
ideals stimulated the growth of nationalism despite the
actions of the Congress of Vienna (Revolutions of 1848)
Terms of COV led to widespread discontent in Europe
especially in the Italian and German states
Count di Cavour united Northern Italy
Guiseppe Garibaldi joined
southern Italy to northern
Italy
The Papal States (lands
controlled by the Pope,
including Rome) became
the last to join Italy
German
Unification
Industrial
Revolution
Technologies of
the Industrial
Revolution
Impacts of the
Industrial
Revolution
Otto von Bismarck led the German state of Prussia in the
unification of Germany through war and by appealing to
nationalist feelings
Bismarck’s actions were seen as an example of
Realpolitik
(which justifies
all means to
achieve and
hold onto
power)
The FrancoPrussian War
led to the
creation of the
German nationstate
Originated in England/Britain because of its natural
resources (e.g. coal, iron ore, water), the British
Enclosure Movement, and the invention and
improvement of the steam engine
Spread to the rest of Europe and the United States
First to industrialize was the textile industry, later iron
and steel.
Cottage industry began the industrialization of the textile
industry, later replaced by the factory system
Industrial economic powers sought to control raw
materials and markets throughout the world
James Hargreaves = Spinning jenny
James Watt = Steam engine
Eli Whitney = Cotton gin
Henry Bessemer = Bessemer process/process for
making steel
Edward Jenner = Smallpox vaccine
Louis Pasteur = Discovery of bacteria
Population increase in industrialized countries first, later
non-industrialized countries’ population increases as
well
Increase in the standards of living for many (upper and
middle class) but not all (working class)
Improved transportation (steam locomotives, steam
boats)
Urbanization
Environmental pollution
Increased education/literacy
Dissatisfaction of working class with working conditions
Growth of the middle class
Capitalism
Based on the role of market completion and
entrepreneurial abilities within
an economy
Analyzed first by Adam
Smith: The Wealth of Nations
Impacts the standard of living
and growth of the middle class
Working class dissatisfied
with effects of capitalism
(poor working conditions,
unequal distribution of wealth
in society)
Factory System
Socialism was a response to the injustices of capitalism
All the means of production would be controlled/owned
by each member of society.
Gov’t would ensure the equal distribution of wealth
Communism would eventually do away with the need
for gov’t
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles
write The Communist Manifesto
outlining the need for a revolution by
the working class (proletariat)
against the middle class
(bourgeoisie). Marx further outlines
his philosophy in his book Das Kapital
Family-based cottage industries displaced by the factory
system
Harsh working conditions with men competing for
women and children for wages
Child labor that kept costs of production low and profits
high
Owners of mines and factories who exercised
considerable control over the lives of their laborers
Slavery
The cotton gin increased demand for slave labor on
American plantations
As the amount of cheap free labor increased, the need for
slave labor decreased.
Britain abolished the Atlantic slave trade in 1807 and
later abolished slavery in all of its colonies
The United States outlawed the slave trade and abolished
slavery in 1865.
Socialism/
Communism
Social Effects of
the Industrial
Revolution
Labor Unions
Motives of
Imperialism
Impacts of
Imperialism
Women and children entering the workplace as cheap
labor
Introduction of reforms to end child labor
Expansion of education (free and universal)
Women’s increased demands for suffrage (voting rights)
Encouraged worker-organized strikes to demand
increased wages and improve working conditions
Lobbied for laws to improve the lives of workers,
including women and children
Wanted workers’ rights and collective bargaining
between labor and
management
Need for raw materials and new markets for finished
goods
Nationalism and rivalries among nations
Spread Christianity
Social Darwinism (westernization of colonial territories
as an obligation or duty of Westerners)
To find new opportunities for fame and fortune
Nationalism motivated European nations to compete for
colonial possessions – increased tensions among
European nations
European economic, military, and political power forced
colonized countries to trade on European terms
Industrially produced goods flooded colonial markets
and displaced their traditional industries.
Colonized peoples resisted European domination and
responded in diverse ways to Western influences
o South Africa – Boer War, Zulu Wars
o India – Sepoy Rebellion, Indian National
Congress established
o China – Taiping Rebellion, Boxer
Rebellion
o Japan – Meiji Restoration
o New Zealand – Maori Wars
Forms of
Imperialism
Imperialism in
Africa and Asia
Colony = outright control of a territory (Ex: India)
Sphere of Influence = heavy influence on the economic
activities and trade within a territory (Ex: China)
Protectorate = the foreign policy of a territory is guided
by the colonial power (Ex: Egypt)
Predominately dominated by European nations but the
USA and Japan also had territories in Asia
European conflicts carried over to the colonies
Christian missionary efforts were widespread and
conversion was common
Creation of spheres of influence in China led to the
American Open Door Policy (free trade within China)
Building of the Suez Canal increased colonial control
over Africa and Asia
The British East India Company which had controlled
the Indian states was replaced by direct British
government control after the Sepoy Rebellion
America opened Japan to trade which caused the Meiji
Restoration and the industrialization of Japan