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Tissue
II. Effect
Culture
of Steroid
of
Hormones
HE
NATURE
There
are
of
terone
and
appreciable
without
substances
hematopoiesis
factors
the
are
steroid
with
on
and
obscure.
and
hormones
aplastic
leukemia”
technic
is
involved
shown
to have
effects
in ivo!’4
The clinical
with
culture
in Vitro
JR.
regulating
humoral
of patients
in patients
of a tissue
that
of
the
they
gonads
the growth
of cells
usefulness
of testos-
aregenerative
anemias5
is well established.
which
could
maintain
marrow
for
of weeks
to months
producing
recognizable
blood
cells
overgrowth7
facilitated
the study
of the effect
of specific
cell formation.
This
paper
reports
the result
of such
with
prednisolone,
it was
known
through
its clinical
erythrostimulatory
to serve
REISNER,
particular,
have
been
hematopoiesis
periods
fibroblastic
on blood
studies
because
that
In
treatment
of cortisone
Development
H.
mechanisms
nature.
cortex
on
in the
the
evidence
a hormonal
and adrenal
in vitro”2
and
of
is much
Marrow
on Hematopoiesis
By EDWARD
T
Bone
testosterone
inhibit
to
effect
effect,
on
and
and
fibroblast
leukemia,
estrone
estrone.
Prednisolone
formation
in vitro
testosterone
a natural
as
because
antagonist
was chosen
as well
as
of its apparent
to testosterone
as a control.
METHODS
Normal
marrow
surgery.
thoracic
of
a well
high
8
formed
with
inside
was
Explants
a
area
of
solution
the
the
well
\Veils
plant.
If
done.
In
hours
and
In
these
the
latter
sonic
iocyte
precursors
by
their
the
rapid
rich
content
St.
Luke’s
Supported
York,
and
First
EDWARD
by
USPHS
of
enzymnes
Hospital
submitted
Apr.
H.
REISNER,
the
cumt to
Nledium
consisted
of
air-dried
bottom
was
this
was
of
salt
added
of
3
slip
was
to
the
depth
prednisolone
cover
added
mm.
fit
balanced
and
alcohol
bottom
10
a
observation
methyl
thymidine
To
estromie
a period
to
of
senummn.
for
with
explants.
of
in
York,
Foundation
are
cultures
glycolytic
the
weeks.
and
ex-
sometimes
culttmre
for
which
New
first
patterns.
immatumre
amid
in
muetabolically
in
pathways.
conditions
New
Polachek
appear
They
mnediumm
the
Under
They
areas.
the
Center,
John
Grant
of
cellular
phosphatase.
time
H3
mesh,
added
the
fixation
of
edges
sparsely
of
of
and
was
horse
the
diameter
gaumze
testosterone,
undergoing
in
fromn the bottom
cover
slips.
cell
types
exhibit
characteristic
growth
mononuclear
cells, reticumlummii cells and
acidification
of alkaline
From
the
(lays
in
miiediummii
cent
of
patients
placed
24
prepared
floating
muore
slip.
per
iiiade
mm.
tantalumni
cover
20
fromii
were
15
explant,
few
c./mnl.
different
arotmnd
the
A
the
prelimninary
0.1
free
slip.
and
were
were
cylinder
suspension
every
large,
the
fromn
in
amounts
sacrificed
experiments
ctmltures
abumndance
199)
aqueoums
radioaumtographs
develop
and
miiixture
an
was
cover
a second
preparations
blasts
shown
or
a glass
over
with
of
were
Ronianowsky-stained
of
placed
sealed
109
end
glass
was
mg/mi.
phosphate.
one
squmare
well,
(NTCA
0.001-0.005
sealing
mm.
22
and
mnm..
by
obtained
from
ribs
freshly
resected
of approximiiately
5 miimii. dianieter
which
they
They
contain
favor
the
Fibrogranugreatest
active
cells
are
nummerous,
as
considerable
fibroblastic
growth.
round,
York.
for
Medical
Research,
New
York,
New
C2566.
6, 1.965;
Jn.,
accepted
Ml).:
St.
for
1)t4hlicatiO1l
Luke’s
Hospital,
JUne
New
19,
1965.
York,
New
York.
460
BLooD,
VOL.
27,
No.
4
(APRIL),
1966
From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 15, 2017. For personal use only.
TISSUE
CULTURE
OF BONE
undifferentiated
They
cells
have
a
properties
which
are
any
we have
seen
removed
significant
to
from
a
formn
alkaline
of
timrally
fromii
1A
sider
their
large
)
may
to the
PomeratTM
confirmiied
clumps
of
contain
index
In
contrast,
imi the
the
presence
lack
of
of
marrow
easily
hemoglobin.
forms
can
be
in
They
label
miiay
well
vigoroumsly
with
growing
elements
of
the
stroma
type
of
lytic
do
not
this
are
fibroblasts
become
round
and
as a different
contain
nior-
demonstrable
as
well
consist
granumlocyte
mitotic
label
as
stnuc-
at
Initially
after
a
week
of
hundreds
we
con-
or
more
one
tnitiated
by
activity
to
and
precursors.
with
the
late
the
periphery
cells
so
Mitotic
thymiiidine
the
or
Granulopoietic
to
be
in
I)r.
in
Charles
of
in
similar
the
culture
clumps
confined
obvioums
2B)
clumps
the
occur
are
without
seen
of
main
cyto-
within
are
the
rarely
explant
for
may
these
where
to
explanation
foci
homogeneity
figures
the
be
this
fotmnd
preserved
compact
seen
in
in
nuclei
in
or
to
smnall
difference
the
wall
the
and
erythropoietic
is
of
the
pro-
cumltumres.
They
the
presence
foci,
the
of
earlier
difficulty.
floating
free
and
cultures
the
growing
or
show
obliterated
are
cells
seen
chmmiips
which
Erythropoietic
H:Lthynidiine
a vigoroimsly
a few
regularly
The
hut
The
(fig.
vitro
from
cinematography
vigoroums
tend
the
be
explant
latter
are
recognizable
vacuolated.
cells.
marrow
the
in
\%Then
for
cells
edges.
mitotic
labeled
cells.
the
size
phytohemagglutinin.
separated.
by
in
cells,
granules,
its
sinumsoids
Megakaryocytes
and
giant
metabolically
clumps
Timiie-lapse
of
by
erythroid
Although
sheets
they
differ
varying
are
erythropoiesis
recognizable
or
present.
phagocytic
multinumcleated
cells
to
granulopoiesis.
center.
often
become
motility
liferating
of
clumps
resuspended,
epitheiioid
peripheral
cytoplasmic
that
it
exhibit
regarded
sumch
which
indumced
foci
of
active
these
becomiies
paler
and
of marrow
or around
pieces
frequently
not
epithelioid
and
we
clumps
of
cells
characteristic
plasm
explant
in
several
appear
cultumres,
around
leumkocytes
also
do
fibroblasts.
amiiomig
large
the
therefore
growing
seen
of
years
However,
cells
be
grow
trypsin
some
are
bumt
Occasionally,
fumsion
characteristic
an
often
cells.
with
for
cytopiasmn
miiacrophages
They
the
would
in
presence
contrast
surface
and
vigorotmsly
mononumclear
figumnes
glass
cells,
grow
In
.
to
from
spindle-shaped
Granumlocytes
( fig.
arise
and
the
vacuolated
epithelioid
fibroblast.
phosphatase
often
degree.
them
epithelioid
phologic
pale,
resemblance
called
appear
resemble
are
wtih
superficial
to
reason
461
MARROW
marrow
by
culture
developing
polyploid
fat
the
from
nuclei
is
rapidly
rapid
(2
would
cells.
or
expected.
and
The
3 days)
endothelium.
be
depleted
proliferating
is so
sinusoidal
as
the
In
stromal
disappearance
that
it
of
suggests
sonic
action.
RESULTS
Tb?
by
results,
sidered
several
series
cell formation
of the variations
individual
of
unless
individuals,
experiments
cultures
that
not feasible,
in each
explant
If the medium
by
prednisolone.
in intrinsic
differences
they
can
grown
qualitatively
grew
satisfactorily.
because
the total
at the beginning
surrounding
the
to perform
differential
Results
of such counts
in table
2 and
reflect
ropoiesis
by
marrows,
significant
different
androgens
1, indicated
a stimulation
androgens
and
inhibition
by
erythropoiesis
epithelioid
Because
tween
in table
summarized
estrogens,
cellularity
between
growth
similar
Quantitation
ntmmber
of the
explant
results
of
granulopoiesis
not
observed
could
not
many
cells,
in
and
be-
be
specimens
In the
of results
in these
cells
of different
experiment
contained
by
were
potential
should
be reproduced
in marrow
tinder
the same
conditions.
counts
reflecting
changes
for four pairs
of wells
from
the qualitative
impression
and
and
cultures
of granulopoiesis
of fibroblast,
con-
from
present
all
the
cultures
was
types
present
be determined.
it was possible
going
on in the explants.
two expenimemits
are shown
of enhancement
of eryth-
estrogens.
From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 15, 2017. For personal use only.
462
EDWARD
H.
REISNER,
JR.
;
“I
4
4
s;.
,
II
.‘.
S
I.’.’
I
0
o
.
Fig.
1A.-Culture
tosteromie.
80-2
days.
(A)
focus
Ervthropoietie
,,
amid free
floating
leukopoietic
clumps;
ervthroblasts.
(160
.
tes-
$I
$1
...
I
.-t
I
‘a
4;,
.1
(B)
X
4.
;.
I
*I
;
showing
Estromie,
.
S
k?
.
.$#{149}f
II
q
I
I
I
I
.
S
a’,.,
II
S.
1B.-See
Fig.
legend
I
4,
I
tinder
Figure
JA.
Controls
In this
fibroblast
series
of experiments
and epithehoid
cell
less
cellular
end
of
areas
a week.
peripheral
It
did
not
the controls
formation
after
showed
2-3
to the
explant
and
overgrow
the
culture
a
days.
was
and
significant
This
well
appeared
established
granimlocytic,
degree
of
in the
by
erythro-
the
From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 15, 2017. For personal use only.
CULTU1IE
TISSUE
Table
OF BONE
MARROW
1.-Qualitative
463
Evaluation
of
Fibrob
Control
Hormonal
Effects
Proliferation
Leukocytes
lasts,
++
on
Marrow
in
Vitro
Preservation
of Stroma
of
and
Erythroid
Blood
+
+
-
+++
+
-
-
+
+±+
+
-
±
±
++
Estrone
+
Testosterone
Prednisolone
Table
&
Vessels
2
Experiments
No.
Time
80
6 days
2.4
80
10 days
5.7
1.5
85
4 days
3.0
0.7
85
Ratio
timed
each
8days
of
in
granulocytic
1.5
SM
cells/erythroid
mnedimmni
Androgen
Estrogen
containing
cells
estrone
or
in
1.7
mnedium
adjacent
testosterone
(10
to
fields
of
miiarnow
100
explants
cells
cu1-
cotmnted
in
cumiture).
cytic
and reticulum
cells,
and megakaryocytes
continued
to form
in the explants
and be released
into the surrounding
medium
for the duration
of the
experiment.
The
amount
of fibroblast
formation
varied
with
the individual
marrows
used
cytic
to
rapidly
in
each
erythroid
experiment,
elements.
destroyed
the
did the
cultures
as
In
original
some
marrow
original
proportions
granulopoiesis
was
architecture
of myeloactive
and
(fig.
3A).
was
grow
marked
or moderate
in clusters
around
was
observed
Experimental
Estrone.
In 22 of 25 experiments
activity
(figs.
1A,
granulocytic
one
or several
reticulum
cells,
with estrone
there
2A).
Granulocytes
a phenomenon
which
in most
of
the cultures
(fig. 2A)
(one
culture
failed
to grow
and two became
contaminated.)
Fibroblast
formation
was less prominent
than
in the controls
and
absent
in some
cultures.
All estrone
cultures
were
highly
cellular.
In the
radioautographs,
labeling
of all elements
was seen.
In the clumps
the central
reticulum
cells
did
around
them.
Testosterone.
not
with
ropoietic
better
foci
increased
some
a reddish
this was
1B,
of
of the
2B.)
PrednLolone.
some
done
erythropoiesis
Labeling
of all
In more
coincidental
were
was
(5
was
were
stromal
observed
discarded
and
conspicuous
cells
so marked
under
the
was proved
elements
labeling
control),
inhibition
were,
in general,
hemoglobinated
hue when
viewed
due to hemoglobin
of Gross.’1
good
or loss of one
so. Explants
preservation
(fig.
numbers
cultures
but
In 20 of 25 experiments
to grow,
contamination
was complete
or almost
trols
label,
was
in
that
because
endothelial
the
surrounding
entire
of the
staining
and
cells
of failure
than
elements.
explants
low power
by specific
the
of fibroblast
less cellular
in the
the
in
growth
conEryth-
there
were
medium.
stained
explant
microscope.
using
the
That
method
observed.
than
50 experiments
to other
studies),
with
inhibition
pnednisolone
of fibroblast
In
had
(including
formation
From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 15, 2017. For personal use only.
EDWARD
464
;:.“;‘
II.
REISNER,
JR.
,.
:
S
ql4
S
4.
I.
‘p.
‘4”
p.
I
.*‘
#{149}#{149}
I
.-
Fig.
was
but
complete
became
liferative.
fewer
Good
midimic.
or
nearly
much
less
There
s’as
2B.-See
legend
tinder
so. Explants
preserved
cellular.
Endotheliumn
continued
differentiation
cells were
produced.
Many
labeling
of early
forms
of
.
Figure
in
their
the
2A.
architecture
simiusoids
of all elements
of the cells appeared
all blood
lines
was
to be
observed
was
of the
(fig.
3B)
nonproblood
but
dead
or dying.
with
H3 thy-
From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 15, 2017. For personal use only.
TISSUE
CULTURE
OF
465
MARROW
BONE
S
4’
.
-
#{149}
.w
.#{149}
‘
I’
.“t:.
5
‘4.;
‘
I
lI-vp.,..
..
,,
#{149}
‘I
.5
*5
5
#{149}
#{149}#{149}
S.
S
-
a
Fig.
small
(B)
3A.-Culture
fragniemit
78-5
of
predmiisolone
(65
days.
(A)
Comitrol
remnainimig
explamit
showing
preservation
showimig
which
of
vigorous
is almost
origimial
growth
amid
completely
marrow
only
overgrown;
explant
architecture.
X)
._t.
-
#{149}
I
%‘,-I
5,,,’
:,
..,.j
#{149}.
5.
,
#{149}
,,
“4
I
I
‘I
I_..
‘
./
#{149}5,
Fig.
3B.-See
legend
tinder
Figure
-
3A.
DISCUSSION
The
cells
mechanisms
are
still
ology
achieved
quires
a flexible
regulating
imperfectly
in recent
humoral
the
proliferation
and
understood,
despite
years.
Homeostatic
control
system
in
differentiation
the many
regulation
at
least
three
of
advances
of blood
stages
in
of
blood
methodlevels
re-
blood
for-
From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 15, 2017. For personal use only.
466
EDWARD
mation
( 1 ) the
:
maturing
stem
Each
of these
of the evidence
is the
ability
tients
with
both
levels
rocyte
radioactive
leukemia.
tracers
being
munologic
have
made
The
and
other
on
by
paper
of fibroblast
conditions
tradictory
she
used
greater
which
tendency
to
pressed
erythropoietic
ceiving
phenylhydrazine
relate
well
vitro.
Nowell’s
mitosis
partially
blasts
in
that
fibroblast
potential
cell,
a
stem
hypothesis
all
endothelial
better
be
the
structures,
preserved
that
position)
metabolism
tion.
In
metabolites
the
as
have
of
im-
that
cultures
is
in
ways
*
some
and
allows
is the same
one
leukemia
patient.
known
more
attractive.
which
evidence
produced
us
normal
In
the
of
by
to
consider
hematopoiesis
the
cultures
hemic
stem
the
of endothelial
or heroic
origin
structurally
modified
ability
to proliferate
under
favorable
conditions.7
tissue
with
inhibit
growth
of
of
cortisone
a
such
the
are
much
of cells.
It may
(or genetic
predisinfluence
their
own
in vitro
to
makes
develop,
injury
that
growth
of
of
prednisolone
cells
“fibroblast”
by
not
to proceed
of cortisone
division
and away
of Dougherty’4
leukemic
re-
corin
normal
hematopoiesis
the lymphocyte
as
proliferation
irradiation
substances
a
de-
rabbits
the
property
restore
regards
significant
in
did
to
the
action
lymphocytolytic
that
have
with
the conversion
of mitosis.
The growth
that
that
can
If one
which
fat
analogous
It is possible
con-
fact
observations
of prednisolone
prednisolone
interfered
capable
this
reported
marrow
vivo
action
rather
to a state
led
be subsecells
ap-
these
postulates
of cortisone
and
Gardner’2
in
suppressive
believe
in the direction
of continued
connection
the
observations
#{176}Oumr
observations
conditions
enzymatic,
cells
and
but
from
of cortisol
by
free-floating
Their
the result
of virus
infection,
leukemic
cells produce
humoral
this
many
The
reason
for
related
to the
be
in vitro,
leukocytes
without
erytherythwith
than
can
the
missing
with
effect
own.
it may
preservation
to
formation
in vitro
of the
our
more
of the
him
in leukemia.
at a slow
rate
in the marrow
in
marrow
Cohen
and
led
marrow
the
triamcinolone.
observations
marrow
inhibits
many
fibroblasts.)
and
studies13
in the
but
contain
form
of leukocytes
differentiated
fibroblasts
to
apparent,
response
our
with
leave
comparable
is not
aspirates
that
place
of
on
studies
formation
in tissue
cultures
has been
previously
by Fames
and
1 reported
stimulation
growth
from
marrow
aspirates
growing
in wells
generally
observation
they
clear
taking
circulation,
in this paper
are consistent
their
light.
The
inhibitory
fibroblast
prednisolone
under
effects
mechanisms.
( A recent
21
abundantly
before
cytolytic
observations
reported
may be considered
in
prednisolone
it
regulation
for which
some
to ( 1 ) , the classic
example
the marrow
of blasts
in pa-
the influence
of androgens
stage
postulated,
kinetic
cell formation
the
peripheral
JR.
of differentiated
and
reach
the circulation.
erythrostimulatory
in vitro,
and
For the third
destroyed
or
( 2 ), the
For
in vivo and
may be cited.
there
is more
intramedullary
quently
accounted
for in
parently
division
before
they
of cells
steps
is probably
subject
to humoral
may be summarized.
With
regard
of adrenal
corticosteroids
to clear
acute
ropoietin,
( 2 ) the
cell division,
destruction
( 3 ) the
cells,
H. REISNER,
he
from
differentiaon the abnormal
appear
an
significant.
undifferentiated
umpomi a surface,
cell
with
the
From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 15, 2017. For personal use only.
TISSUE
CULTURE
OF
Testosterone
milieu
proposed
latory
At
BONE
also
467
MARROW
inhibited
fibroblasts,
but
experiments.
of the literature
The
strong
yielded
of estrogenic
hormones.
Von
Haam
higher
dilutions
stimulated
and
in
fibroblast
stimulated
growth
in
fibroblast
vitro
in
growth
Bimes
et al.’#{176}
noted
that
in vitro
but
not chick
faster
differentiation
estrogen.
In
rats18
and
C3H
mice2#{176}and
and
to
induced
in
on
our
stimulation
There
not
of
absent
in
by other
Fibroblast
cultures;
cell
leukocytes
cultures
stimulants
growth
are
also
confined
to
whether
this
was
growth
noted
pretreated
in
tumors
in
in
in
BALB,
BC mice
action
of
The
a stimulatory
ef-
this
an
a suppressive
but
cell
Fox’7
mice
is merely
action
on
eryth-
suggestion.
Erythropoiesis
simply
overshadowed
in characteristic
clusters,
similar
to leukocyte
proliferation
was not inhibited
but was
active
and prednisolone
hormonal
action
respiration.24
cyte
with
vironment
ment.
Studies
the cultures
the
to
against
estrogens
in rats.
leukemia
asked
due
grew
That
different
a higher
respiratory
that
could
support
are
with
formation
underway
prednisolone
of stem
in this
respect.
change
is to depress
able environments
related
to the
is the basis
of Osgood’s
gradient
on
be
estrogens
in
not
inhibit
erythropoiesis
x-ray-induced
leukemia
by testosterone.22
be
was
activity
lymphoid
mecholanthrene)
arguments
estrone
of
the effects
in vitro of the hormones
studied
were
only speculate
on their
mode
of action.
Fibroblasts
of respiratory
activity
as evidenced
by the rate
with
testosterone
thesize
that the
for
the
from
to inhibit
incidence
2. It may
leukocytes
that
did
HeLa
cells.
cultures
to
control
Kelly’5
found
subcutaneously
shown
appear
in the
a stimu-
by
to those
such as phytoovershadowed
leukopoiesis.
While
we can
amount
the
or
granulopoiesis
several
The
produced
in vitro
hemagglutinin.23
by the
the
at stage
are
granulopoiesis.
increase
would
granulopoiesis
ropoiesis.
been
incidence
of
and
inhibited
experiments
apparent
was
a metabolic
granulopoiesis
of similar
inhibited
endothelial
marrow
have
(x-ray
and DBA
mice.
The
enhanced
by estradiol
estrone
in
estrogens
hamsters19
androgens.
implanted
and testosterone
or uterine
granulocytes
vivo
stimulus
to
several
reports
and Cappel’
reported
greater
concentrations
contrast
to
in sponges
estradiol
fibroblasts
of
with
fect
it created
more
favorable
for erythropoiesis.
This
would
be explicable
schema
by an inhibitory
action
at the stem
cell level,
and
action
at the second
stage.
the start
of these
experiments
estrogen
was chosen
as a natural
for the testosterone
unexpected.
Review
CDA
was
in addition
types
availability
principle
investigate
also suggest
cells
from
the
In contrast,
the
cultures
pH only
slowly.
One
may
hypothe activity
of enzymes
essential
of blood
cells
thrive
only
in favor-
of oxygen
and nutrients
per cell
theory
of cell growth.25
A granulo-
activity
would
an erythroblast
to
easily
demonstrable,
have
the greatest
of acid formation
in
not
with
grow
in
a lower
a metabolic
enenergy
require-
this point.
The hypocellularity
that it may have
a direct
marrow
endothelial
of
action
structures.
SUMMARY
In cultures
serum
and
of normal
balanced
human
salt
bone
solution,
marrow
estrone
in a medium
stimulated
of 20 per
granulopoiesis;
cent
horse
testos-
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468
EDWARD
terone
inhibited
fibroblast
prednisolone
differentiation
formation
inhibited
fibroblast
of all blood
elements
markedly
In
culturas
de
normal
equin
e de
esseva
marcatemente
poiese;
e prednisolona
permitteva
IN
medulla
80 pro
facite:
le
ossee
REISNER,
JR.
erythropoiesis;
and
allowed
medio
de
continued
INTERLINGUA
human
tin
in
20
pro
cento
cento
de balanciate
solution
salin,
le sequente
obEstrona
stimulava
le granulopoiese;
testosterona
formation
de fibroblastos
e stimulava
le erythro-
inhibiva
le continue
stimulated
formation
completely
in smaller
numbers.
SUMMARIO
de sero
servationes
inhibiva
and
H.
completemente
differentiation
le formation
de omne
de
elementos
fibroblastos
sanguinee
e
in reducite
ntmmeros.
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by
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of
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1961.
of
castration,
E.:
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OF
BONE
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L.
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J.
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of
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incidence
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Fur-
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to
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mitosis
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nor-
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L.,
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G.
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structure
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From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 15, 2017. For personal use only.
1966 27: 460-469
Tissue Culture of Bone Marrow: II. Effect of Steroid Hormones on
Hematopoiesis in Vitro
EDWARD H. REISNER, JR.
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