History of Christian Missions, Shawn Daggett, Spring 2007 page 1
Overview of the History of Christian Missions
Main Emphasis:
1. Clip from Hawaii. Arriving.
2. History of missions is an inspiring story
Great________
a. Alexander Cross
Great ___________
a. Adoniram Judson
Great _________
a. David Brainard
b. Jesuits—internal source of renewal and strength
c. Hudson Taylor
d. J.C. Shewmaker
3. History of missions offers important lessons
Christianity is the only _________ ________
Missionaries have sometimes done more _______ than _____
a. Hawaii, Hiram Bingham
b. John Eliot, Natick, MA
c. Maori of New Zealand
God works …
a. African evangelized far more by Africans that Westerners.
b. Ethiopia.
Going for the Globe:
1. Major periods of mission history according to Latourette:
a. 1500-1800 Roman Catholic, geographic discoveries to Americas, Asia, and Africa
b. 1800-2000 Protestant & Evangelical missions, scientific discoveries.
2. Major Characteristics:
_________ not progressive growth of Christianity. No longer exists in the country of its
birth.
_________. DNA code of Christianity requires translation and transportation.
Truly ___________. Only religion that is capable making any country its home.
3. Major Places and People:
Paul and Apostles to Turkey, Greece, Rome, Spain and N. Africa. Thomas to India.
Aedesius and Frumentus (shipwrecked sailors) to Ethiopia
Armenia 3C, Ulfilas 4C, Goths
Patrick to Ireland, 5C. Britain by Celts, Romans, and conquest. 6C
Germany by Boniface 7C
Cyril and Methodius 9C to Slavonic peoples. Prince Vladamir or Russia 10C
Nestorians to China 7C, Raymond Lull to Saracens, 1315
Francis Xavier to Japan 16C. 300,000 Xns by 1600. Matteo Ricci, clockmaker, China
Roberto de Nobili to India
John Eliot and David Brainerd to American Indians 17C
Wiliam Carey 1792, Enquiry into Obligation. Serampore, India.
Protestant missions to the world, Colonialism.
Nationalism backlash in Africa, China, Vietnam.
Protestants lost in 1928, Hocking Report
Evangelicals surge
History of Christian Missions, Shawn Daggett, Spring 2007 page 2
Mission Work of Paul
Self-supported Worker (R. Hock)
1. Tentmaker and artisan
He had the right to receive support but his modus operandi was to________ _______.
Though he taught in the synagogues, his real evangelism took place in the _______.
He grew up under the teaching of _________. Rabbis taught a _______. Gamaliel
“Excellent is the study of Torah together with worldly occupation.”
Rabbinic Maxim: “Whoever does not teach his son a craft teaches him to be a robber.”
Probably learned trade from his father.
2. Texts:
Thessalonica. Surely you remember, brothers, our toil and hardship; we worked night
and day in order not to be a burden to anyone while we preached the gospel of God to
you. (1 Thes 2:9).
Corinth. We work hard with our own hands. When we are cursed, we bless; when we
are persecuted, we endure it; (1 Cor 4:12).
and because he was a tentmaker as they were, he stayed and worked with them. (Acts
18:3).
Later at Ephesus. God did extraordinary miracles through Paul, so that even
handkerchiefs and aprons that had touched him were taken to the sick, and their
illnesses were cured and the evil spirits left them. (Acts 19:11-12). You yourselves
know that these hands of mine have supplied my own needs and the needs of my
companions. (Acts 20:34).
Not just in 2 and 3rd missionary journeys but also earlier with Barnabas. Or is it only I
and Barnabas who must work for a living? (1 cor 9:6).
Generalized policy: But I have not used any of these rights. And I am not writing this in
the hope that you will do such things for me. I would rather die than have anyone
deprive me of this boast. Yet when I preach the gospel, I cannot boast, for I am
compelled to preach. Woe to me if I do not preach the gospel! If I preach voluntarily, I
have a reward; if not voluntarily, I am simply discharging the trust committed to me.
What then is my reward? Just this: that in preaching the gospel I may offer it free of
charge, and so not make use of my rights in preaching it. (1 Cor 9:15-18).
3. However...He taught the churches to ___________ __________ ___________.
1Co 9:9 For it is written in the Law of Moses: “Do not muzzle an ox while it is treading
out the grain.” Is it about oxen that God is concerned?
1Ti 5:18 For the Scripture says, “Do not muzzle the ox while it is treading out the
grain,” and “The worker deserves his wages.”
Especially under the GR value of reciprocity:
a. 1Co 9:11 If we have sown spiritual seed among you, is it too much if we reap a
material harvest from you?
b. Ga 6:6 Anyone who receives instruction in the word must share all good things with
his instructor.
c. Ro 15:27 They were pleased to do it, and indeed they owe it to them. For if the
Gentiles have shared in the Jews’ spiritual blessings, they owe it to the Jews to share
with them their material blessings.
Paul the Traveler (R. Hock)
1. Acts records __________ missionary journeys and a trip to _________. Romans 15 tells us
of his plans to go to _________. Titus contains evidence that work continued after an
eventual release.
2. Seemd to be his goal to....
History of Christian Missions, Shawn Daggett, Spring 2007 page 3
“by the power of signs and miracles, through the power of the Spirit. So from Jerusalem all
the way round to Illyricum, I have fully proclaimed the gospel of Christ.” Romans 15:19,
NIV.
3. Though he traveled ____________ miles (Hock) in his day, this was not uncommon.
Artisan had made 72 trips to Rome from Phrygia, written on tombstone.
4. ___________ because students normally traveled to their teachers.
5. There is evidence that GR philosphers taught even while ___________.
6. Endured difficult conditions at times 2 Cor. 11:24-27
7. Stayed in __________ not inns. Ex. Jason, Acts 17:6-7
Principles (R. Allen)
1.
2.
3. 1 Th 2:10
4.
5.
City, Urban Work (Meeks)
1. Palestinean ___________, Pauline work ________ (Theissen)
2. Not parables, but __________.
3. Nature of the city:
Strategic Points (R. Allen)
1. Allen says “No plan from the beginning.” Gal. 4:13, “because of an illness.”
2. Preferred city over village and province over city.
3. The message was to _________ from teaching centers.
4. Cities of Roman administration
5. Centers of Greek ______
and __________. Spoke and wrote in Greek. Based on
general spread of education.
6. Centers of Jewish ________________. Personal connection, some level of Judaism having
official recognition. Places where strict adherence to Jewishness was expected.
7. Centers of ________________. Unity for competition’s sake. Market not only of goods
but of ideas.
Class
1. Jews First, true continuation of Judaism. Draw or drawback?
2. Among the poorest. (Deisman and Celsus)
3. “Brothers, think of what you were when you were called. Not many of you were wise by
human standards; not many were influential; not many were of noble birth. But God chose
the foolish things of the world to shame the wise; God chose the weak things of the world
to shame the strong. He chose the lowly things of this world and the despised things--and
the things that are not--to nullify the things that are, so that no-one may boast before him.”
1 Corinthians 1:26-29, NIV.
4. Women of standing (Romans 16)
History of Christian Missions, Shawn Daggett, Spring 2007 page 4
Audience: (R. Allen)
1.
2.
3. Acts 17:17
4. 1 Th. 1:9-10
Moral Situation:
1. Troubled age in which “Man was in search of a soul.” “What the Stoics aimed at,
Christianity produced.” (Stephen Neill).
2. Particular conditions (Allen)
Preaching
1. His preaching in the synagogues his building on past truth. Five elements:
appeal to the past to win sympathy by a statment of truth.
“statement of facts, an assertion of things which can be understood, apprehended,
accepted, disputed, or proved.” 63
answer of objections
grave warning.
Four characteristics of message to Gentiles:
1. “conciliatoriness and sympathy with the condition of his hearers,” 64.
2. courage in acknowledgement of difficulties
3. respect. an appeal to the highest faculties in man. “St Paul speaks to men as naturally
religious persons, and appeals to them as living souls conscious of spiritual powers and
spiritual needs” 64
4. “unhesitating confidence in the truth of his message.” 64.
Paul expected his hearers to be moved.
1. Paul expected to bring his hearers to a point of decision. “There was none of the
indeterminate, inconclusive talking, which we are apt to describe as ‘sowing the seed’.” 74
he didn’t scatter seeds, he planted.
2. He risked rejection because he demanded a response. 75 He didn’t stay in one spot for
years and years. We ought to return to the practice of “shaking the lap”
3. His gospel was not individualistic. They couldn’t find salvation alone but in their
participation in the “perfecting of the Body of Christ.” 76.
History of Christian Missions, Shawn Daggett, Spring 2007 page 5
How the West was Won
Christianity’s Expansion to Rome and Beyond
64 – 391 C.E.
The Growth of Christianity (R. Starks)
1. From 1,000 to____________ by 350 C.E.
2. A growth rate of about _______% per decade.
3. Controversial:
4. Expansion in the Greco-Roman world because it retained what was __________ about
Judaism and _____________ what was culturally _________. (Ex. Acts 15 decision about
circumcision)
Reasons for Growth
1. _____________ devastated cities in which half of the population would be wiped out.
2. _____________ were treated with greater respect.
_________ and __________ (by exposure) of females common in the GR society.
Forbidden among Christians:
a. divorce
b. abortion
c. birth control
d. exposure, killing of babies
Stronger __________.
GR non-Christians were_____% men and often mistreated.
Ratio inverted with…
NT texts: Exogamy? Did upper class women marry outside the church and convert their
husbands?
a. 1 Cor. 7
b. 1 Peter 3
3. _____________ responded to by Christians with a viable solution.
Cities like Antioch, Rome were __________
Mystery religions like Mythraism ________ (only for males, high arbitrary demands).
Christianity offered
a.
b.
History of Christian Missions, Shawn Daggett, Spring 2007 page 6
4. ___________ encountered:
People confused _________ with _________. Healing equated with source of power.
Replaced the __________ throughout the GR world, but without the cultural trappings.
Spoke to dualism of ________/________ effectively. Galatians 5:22 (works of the
flesh, fruit of the Spirit) and Romans 8 (flesh vs. spirit).
__________ considered to be a virtue in philosphical schools. Christian ascetics were
seen as strong proof of conviction.
5. Martyrdom
New Testament Documents: Solutions to Jewish Problems (H. C. Kee)
1. Mark— Christians have found a new set of boundaries. No longer clean/unclean but
relationship with God.
2. Paul— Christians of all peoples who trust in God.
3. Matthew— Jesus is the new Moses.
Lessons to be Learned (A. Walls)
1. The Indigenization Principle: “Christianity has, as a part of its genetic code, the ability to
make itself at home in any culture.”
2. The Pilgrim Principle: “Christianity is never completey at home in any culture.
3. Disciple the Nations: is the main verb of Matthew 28:18-20.
History of Christian Missions, Shawn Daggett, Spring 2007 page 7
Barbarians: You Fill Us Ulfilas
To the Borders and Beyond
1. Gaul and Spain: Irenaeus 130-200 C.E.
2. Britain: transplanted Romans.
3. Egypt, Alexandria: Clement 150-215 C.E., and Origen 185-254
4. Cyrene: Simon of Cyrene carried the cross. Present at Pentecost.
5. North Africa: Tunis, Algeria
Tertullian 160-220
Cyprian d. 258
Augustine of Hippo 354-430
Donatist schism: treatment of those who denied Christ.
6. Edessa in N. Mesopotamia
___________ _________ _________ to Jesus. Bids Jesus come to heal in exchange for
promise to be disciple. Evidence that Syriac Christianity thrived and expanded.
7. India:
Poem found in __________ ___ _________. Connection with India. Lord wants to send
Thomas who is reluctant. Thomas is sold as a slave to an _____ __ ____
Commissioned to build palace but builds spiritual home in heaven by distributing alms
to the poor provisions of the king. When king demands to see palace, Thomas: “Thou
canst not see it now, but when thou departest this life then shalt thou see it.” King
incensed, Thomas in jail, miraculaous intervention all put right. King baptized.
8. Ethiopia: __________ and ____________ at Axum (Aksum)
4C two young Christians men of Tyre.
_______________, sailors killed, young men spared taken as slaves to court of King at
Axum. Won favor of king, appointed to high office. Converts won.
Aedesius returned to Tyre, Frumentius asked Athanasius (296-373) to send more
priests, “Who could be found more suitable than yourself” consecrated him bishop. 341
ce. From lay person to bishop (not unusual, Ambrose of Milan).
Archelogical evidence has more recently given credence to this story.
Up until 1959, the Abuna (leader of the Ethiopian church) was always a foreigner
appointed by the church in Egypt.
Monophysites— human and divine nature of Jesus are so close they are described as
“one nature.”
9. Armenia
Gregory known as Thaumaturgus the wonder worker. Born 213 C.E.
Student under _____________
History of Christian Missions, Shawn Daggett, Spring 2007 page 8
Made bishop of ________________ with only “17 Christians, at death only 17 pagans.”
Gregory the Enlightener (240-332, C.E.) from Cappadocia to ______________.
a. When Armenia passed under Persia, escaped to Rome, Christian educated and
returned to Armenia after liberation.
b. Refused to ___________ __________ at alter of goddess Anahit. Imprisoned and
tortured at length.
c. Eventual interest, conversion, and ordination of the king (Tiridates) to Catholicos of
Armenian Church. Hand in hand with Gregory for conversion/Christianization of
nation.
Remarkable in two ways:
a.
b.
10. Barbarian Nations (westward and north of Danube). Conversion of the _________
Ulfilas (311-383 C.E.) father of ____________ _______________.
Family taken prisoner by the Goths. Mother a Christian slave.
Ulfilas became a leader among his people as a_____________ bridge.
Translated all but the ___________ into Gothic language. Avoided the kings because
the people were too warlike to begin with.
Arian Christianity: non-orthodox (Jesus was created by God, not completely divine).
History of Christian Missions, Shawn Daggett, Spring 2007 page 9
Saint Patrick
Intro:
1. Druids and Celts
2. Constantine, Roman gods fall.
3. Patrick was born in ___________.
4. The _____________ is an account written by Patrick which tells his life story.
5. He was most certainly an _____________.
6. His family had been Christians for ________ generations.
7. Patrick commmitted a ________ that would come back to haunt him.
Arrival into Ireland
1. Patrick made into a Saint by scribes 2 centuries later in order to …
2. Patrick tells of slavery in Confessio.
Stripped of privilege.
Feared God had left him captive in punishment for ______ of youth.
Was not sacrificed to pagan gods as feared. Prayed and fasted for deliverance.
Heard voice promising that he would return home. “See, your _______ is ready.”
Trusted the voice. After 6 years of slavery. Ran 200 miles. According to legend, 3 day
boat trip to England with idol worshipping sailors, 40 days in desert. Confessio says
offered to pay passage,
He was tested by the sailors who told him to…
3. Three days later arrived home.
Near starvation, Patrick “Turn trustingly with all your heart to the Lord.” Came upon
honey and pigs.
He refused to offer anything to the false gods. Attacked by Satan in the form of one of
the pagans, called ___________
4. Angel writing a letter from the Irish, “We beg you, come again and ________ among us.”
5. Patrick heard the voices but resisted the call
knew he needed to be educated as a priest.
6. Christianity before his arrival?
Ireland wasn’t entirely ________
Scholars agthat there was already a __________ there.
Duels with Druids
1. Celebration to sun god.
Lights fire to God, in defiance of Irish law that no _________ be built.
Prophecy was that unless such said fire be put out that night, it would never…
Druids __________ Patrick.
Called to king who offers ___________ drink which ___________. Court astonished.
2. Duel with Druid magician.
The Druid causes the weather to ____________
Patrick makes it vanish saying…
Patrick sets house a fire. But…
3. Patrick began comparing the two ________.
Those worshipping the sun would be punished,
those worshipping the true Son will be rewarded.
History of Christian Missions, Shawn Daggett, Spring 2007 page 10
Patrick’s Encounter With Culture: Inculturation or Syncretism?
1. Encounter with Immorality:
Patrick blessed well of powerful ___________ goddess (maligned by the church)
Other minor goddesses were absorbed.
Division of goddesses into good and bad, virgin or _________.
2. Power Encounter with the Ravens:
Kings mated with _________ as with _______, raven.
Fearful ___________ that only the druids climbed.
Patrick believed, “My God is greater,” and so he wanted to climb mountain in order to
_____________
Patrick encounters ________. Demons of the mind. Struggles for ____ days with Raven
God’s holy white birds appeared. Symbol of God’s desire for a non ________ _______
This feast day became a Xn day, Ravens became demons.
3. Power over _________:
Another myth about snakes.
A snake was believed to be the _______ of the devil
Patrick banished her after 40 day battle.
4. Where the truth lies:
Confessio speaks nothing of miracles but speaks instead of _________ with own British
___________. Going among the pagans.
Controversy and Struggles:
1. Accusations against Patrick:
Bought the ___________ of his converts.
Churched questioned his buying this freedom from ________.
Got permission to get into the territories by gifts to kings.
Immersed himself in _________. Accusations that he had gone native, adopting ways of
Druids in teaching children.
Accused of taking gifts in exchange for _________. He always returned gifts because of
the “concept of _____________”, accepting the gift would put you under the control of
the one who gives the gift. ß
History of Christian Missions, Shawn Daggett, Spring 2007 page 11
Christianity to the Far East:
The Untold Story
Why is this story seldom told?
1. China, over ____________ in population, is promoted by missiologists as an
“______________” country.
2. Chinese churches exist though numbers are difficult to ____________.
3. There have been at least ____________ major waves of missions to China.
4. Christianity split in ______ C.E.
Controversies over the____________ ___ ____________
a. Arianism—
b. Nestorianism—
c. Monophysitism—
The rise of ____________ cut Eastern Christianity off from the West.
5. Western Church historians have followed the story west of Islam.
East of Palestine:
1. Muslims cut ________________________. Western Christians were probably unaware of
Nestorians who followed ____________ routes eastward in 635 C.E.
2. Muslim Abbasid Calips, were founders of the great ____________ culture of ___________
had need of Christians and ____________ them from the 8th through 13 centuries.
On to China
1. Situation in China in 635 C.E.
2. Arrival of Nestorian Christianity to China:
Moved straight across Central Asia along the ________ route.
Bishop named ____________, from across Euphrates and Tigris, to ____________
History of Christian Missions, Shawn Daggett, Spring 2007 page 12
Christianity spread to ________ provinces and churches built in ___________+ cities.
3. Favor under the Emperor
Tang Tai Zung, emperor, issued an edict of ____________. 635 C.E. amongst antiChristian Buddhists.
Protection continued during the ____________ dynasty from 618-907 C.E.
4. Evidence
Discovery of Hsianful Nestorian ____________ (dating to 781) in 1623 C.E.
Eight century ____________ found (beginning of 20C) in a grotto of Dun-huang.
a. Monastic books on how to improve ____________.
b. Hymn to the Trinity.
c. Gloria in Excelsis.
d. Imperial ____________ referring to Nestorian Christianity.
e. Syriac documents
f. Stone crosses bearing inscriptions
Disappearance of Christianity?
1. Persecutions began in 845 C.E. under the Emperor Wu Zung.
2. Causes:
Close ties of the Nestorians with the previous ____________ ____________.
Celibate Monks were thought to be disrepectful of ____________.
No continuing close ties with …
Used Buddhist (and to less extent Taoist and Confucian) terms and concepts for
communicating the gospel. Later Christianity would be ____________ up by
Buddhism.
In 845 Emperor Wu Tsung, who was a Taoist, issued decree ____________ Buddhism,
dissolving monasteries. Nestorians were monks, so applied to them too.
In 987 monk sent to inquire in China, reports no trace of Christians there.
Discussion:
1. What lessons about missions and God can be learned from this story?
a.
b.
History of Christian Missions, Shawn Daggett, Spring 2007 page 13
Traders and Translators:
Xavier, Ricci & de Nobili
Climate of Exploration, Discovery, and Trade
1. Two discoveries that changed European world
2. Created desires to take________ of the __________ and to find other Christians in land
beyond Muslims
3. Great World Powers were:
13-14 centuries:
15C
1493 Pope Alex VI issued three bulls dividing world between _______ and________
Line moved 370 degrees west to include Brazil.
The Society of Jesus: The Jesuits
1. 1534 __________ ___________ together with 6 friends, by rigid commitment, under pope,
for reconversion of heretics formed the __________ of ___________.
2. Japan and Francis Xavier (Basque) 1506-52. Devoted statesman, sent by king of
Portugal to India in 1542.
Goa—morally …
Moved to work with the ______________ __________ on Cormandel coast of whom
10,000 baptized in mass for protection by Portugese.
a. Legend that he had gift of tongues though actual evidence suggests rudimentary
knowledge of Tamil.
b. But he did hammer out trans of Lord’s prayer, creed, 10 commandments. Attracted
the young and put them to work.
c. When he arrived Christians were a __________, when he left a _________. Jesuits
gathered Paravas in 16 disciplined villages. His work has endured.
Xavier in ____________ (1546-7) already penetrated by Portugese. Headed toward
Japan only known by Marco Polo who had never been there but had heard.
a. Anjiro (Yajiro) had _________ __________ in Japan and escaped to Goa, met
Xavier and spoke with him with excitement about his homeland and their capacity
for reason. He lead them there. …
b.
c. Japanese however, in political disorder, anxious for ______ (esp. guns which they
then copied), open to preaching, dissatisfied with ____________.
d. Missionaries suffered cold and hunger.
e. Xavier had high respect for Japanese people as ____________. In this there was a
development in Missions. In Latin America and other missions, people seen as
__________ __________, necessity to tear down on previous belief before building
new. With these people Xavier sought to __________, __________ __________
f. He left after two years three little groups of converts.
g. Until 1593 wk in Japan cont’d by Jesuits exclusively. First converts poor, 1563
marked beginning of conversion of the Daimyos (provincial leaders). Omura
Sumitada first converted. In 1571 he had 5,600 Christian subjects, by 1575 there
were 50,000 Christians.
History of Christian Missions, Shawn Daggett, Spring 2007 page 14
__________ __________ (1579), Italian jesuit, built on Xavier’s work and left mark on
Japanese mission in three ways:
a.
Dress in silk not in poor cotton to have access to
more than just the poorest classes.
b.
Took four young noble men. Left in 1582 and
returned in 1590 having been rec’d by King Philip of Spain and Pope Gregory 8th.
c.
Seminary opened. Awaited arrival and survival of
a bishop in 1601.
d. 300,000 baptized believers by 1600.
e. Change in politics, from disarray to central leadership of Hideyoshi, under his son,
ferocious persecution of Christians.
(1) Jesuits weakend by arrival of disputing with Dominicans from Manila.
(2) British and Dutch arrived
(3) Franciscans perceived as forerunners to foreign domination
f. 1587 first order of expulsion, not enforced, but persecution in earnest beginning in
1614. 1617 first martyrdoms. Japanese wanted __________, not just __________.
Christians were __________ brought to the point of death in order to get them to
apostasize. In 1633 first Jesuits did apostasize. 1900 Christians, 62 Europeans
killed. 2Cs to pass before open again to the Gospel.
3. China and Matteo Ricci
Valignano brought __________ __________ to __________ to learn Chinese. Allowed
to enter in 1583 and arrived eventually to capital in 1600.
a. Bearing gifts and attitude of humility, the imperial court of Wan-li persuaded to
keep him.
b. Emperor never saw anyone but eunochs and harem.
c. Fascinated with __________, kept Ricci to maintain them.
d. Ricci also showed talent of __________ __________. Allowed to stay in capital for
10 years, formation of nucleus began.
Problem of __________ for Christian ideas. Followed Xavier’s example of respect and
knew that Chinese suspicion of everything foreign required Christianity to be foreign as
little as possible.
a.
“those who adore heaven instead of the Lord of
heaven are like a man who, desiring to pay the Emperor homage, prostrates himself
before the imperial palace at Peking and venerates its beauty.”
b.
used in wide sense could also be used of Confucius
(later St. Confucius).
c.
seen as symbolic and allowed.
Mission flourished with Imperial dependent favor. 2,000 members at time of Ricci’s
death in May 1610.
Intermitment persecutions ensued.
Taking on the Cloak of Culture in India
1. 1605 __________ de __________ (1577-1656).
Worked first in the south, __________ for 50 years
a. center of __________ culture, classical lit, Hindu philosophy.
b. Nobili __________ himself from immigrant converts of Father Fernandez,
considered __________, untouchables.
Nobili set out to win the Indians by becoming an __________. Abandoning everything
that would offend including meat, leather shoes, and contact with Europeans.
Mastered classics of Tamil, later Telugu and Sanskrit
Cut himself off from…
History of Christian Missions, Shawn Daggett, Spring 2007 page 15
Taught:
a. unity of God
b. doctrine of creation w/ scholastic method adapted from Europe.
Converted:
a. 10 young men of good caste.
b. by 1609, 63 more including a few Brahmans.
c. Converts were allowed to keep…
Controversy:
a. Nobili just a new guru? did they understand the import of what they had done?
b. A Parava spilled the __________. de Nobili defended self: “I am not a parangi...I
came from Rome where my family holds the same rank as respectable Rajas hold in
this country...” see interesting quote p 185.
Charges from Rome:
a.
b.
c. Reply from Rome __________ de Nobili. Hindu converts to maintain traditions but
abandon anything pagan attached.
Results:
a. Extending mission to Trichinopoly and Salem he divided mission into two parts
working among upper and lower castes.
b. During 1607-20, 178 persons of good caste baptized.
c. By 1623, many either apostatized or followed him to Trichinopoly.
d. 1643 Jesuit Annual Letter says 600 of higher castes baptized
e. Superhuman self-sacrifice necessary
f. failed to develop Indian ministry.
Observations:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. Tucker’s observation of Catholic missions in South America also true to some extent of the
rest of the new world: “The great obstacle to missions in the New World was the colonists
themselves and their cruel treatment of the native Indians.”
History of Christian Missions, Shawn Daggett, Spring 2007 page 16
Less is Moravian
Pietism and the Moravian Missionary Movement
Pietism: The Spark that Lit the Flame
1. Protestant missions were nearly non-___________:
Luther thought Christ would return soon.
Great Commission thought to already be fulfilled
Too busy with the task of reformation
Protestant countries were landlocked
2. Philipp Jakob Spener: wrote Pia Desideria in 1675.
His aim was not to creat sect,
but to gather those people who were most deeply concerned for their own salvation and
that of others.
Demand for personal conversion, holiness, close fellowship, witness.
3. King Frederick IV of Denmark having no missionary of his own to send, turned to Halle
Germany.
Bartholomew Ziegenbalg 23 yrs old died 13 years later.
Henry Plütschau
Tranquebar in July 1706.
Ziegenbalg a great correspondent
Difficulties: hostility of Danes, harassment from govenor, Danish clerics, finding
teacher of Tamil.
Five Major principles:
a. Church and School go together. Read the Bible
b. Bible must be available in their language
c. Preaching based on accurate knowledge of people. (scolded by people back home
that he was sent to root out Hinduism, not propagate superstition in Europe).
d. Aim: definite personal conversion
e. ASAP Indian church, Indian ministry.
350 members at Ziegenbalg’s death.
4. Hans Egede to Greenland, 1722
Encountered great difficulty with both Eskimo language and superstition.
Break through by:
a. Compassion: Both he and his wife were kind through sickness, burrying dead
during small pox epidemic. “You have been more kind to us than we have been to
one another; you have fed us when we were famished; you have buried our dead,
who would else have been a prey to dogs, foxes, and ravens; and in particular you
have told us of God and how to become blessed, so that we may now die gladly, in
expectation of a better life hereafter.”
b. Second generation: His son Paul, spoke language, returned for break through with
people. 1734
Moravians
1. Christian refugees fleeing persecution fleg to Zinzendorf’s Hernhut.
2. Pietistic community of self-supporting every Christian a missionary.
3. Thinking Egede was about to leave, Moravians arrived in Greenland in 1733.
Christian David.
“The newcomers pick on the weaknesses of the old, with little regard for what the
pioneers have endured.”
4. Found speaking of existence of God not as effective as preaching Christ crucified.
5. Moravians to West Indies 1738.
History of Christian Missions, Shawn Daggett, Spring 2007 page 17
Lessons Learned from this Period:
1. Patronage of rich and noble important
2. Mission work and sacrifice is fueled by Holy Spirit revival
3. Vocational Missions are unbound by financial concerns
4. Model of missionary evolves:
from single missionary
married missionary who neglects family. Zinzendorf and his wife.
the missionary family
5. Mysticism and missions:
can produce arrogance, pride and elitism
a “good warm feeling” is like a drug. More and more is needed.
can lead to the deification of self
6. The most common problems that missionaries have are with each other. Ex. Egede and
Christian David.
History of Christian Missions, Shawn Daggett, Spring 2007 page 18
John Eliot
Apostle to the Indians and
the Establishment of
“Praying Towns”
Background
1. England:
Born _________, died 1690, raised in rural Widford and Nazeing (Essex).
Master at Little Baddow school and influenced and awakened by Puritan preacher,
_________ _________.
With no promise of ministerial work in England, Eliot sailed for __________________,
arriving in Boston 1631.
2. New England:
Married Anne Mumford (1632), and
served as teaching minister in _________.
Evangelistic work with Indians began in 1644 with _________ years of difficult
language study (Algonquin) with young Indian Cochenoe.
Mission
1. Beginning of Mission:
In the fall of 1646 first preaching was _________ by Indians who “regarded it not.”
Successive visits to Waban’s wigwam using methods of ________ to teach the children
narration of _________ love to adults resulted in the first believers whom Eliot
purposefully hesitated to baptize until 1651.
2. Method:
His mission called for a change in _________ among the Indians. Eliot describes
progress: _________ were forsaken, morning and evening prayers initiated, the Sabbath
was enforced, and industriousness was valued.
He established “_________ _________” (such as Natick, 1651) because converts
needed to be separated from those having no interest in the gospel.
Eliot began _________________ of the Bible in 1649 (the first Bible printed in the new
land). His catechism was published in 1654, then Genesis and Matthew, and the NT in
1661. Others thought this wasted time should be used teaching the Indians English.
Trained _________, involving others in the work, in an unhurried process of church
building.
Results
1. Warfare
Rising tensions resulted in King _________ War (Wampanoag chief).
13 English towns and many more settlements devastated.
Some praying Indians _________ with the whites as _________ and fighters to tip war
in favor of settlers.
Highly under suspicion, praying Indians were banished to _________ _________ where
many died of starvation and illness.
Eliot brought what help he could and those exiled were in some respects better off than
those who left behind and were murdered.
Eliot continued to work though with less evident results after the war until his death in
1690 at the age of 85.
2. Example of Writing/Teaching:
His _________ _________ were written in English as an apology in which the
Christian is at first ridiculed and makes a firm courageous defense.
History of Christian Missions, Shawn Daggett, Spring 2007 page 19
There is also a certain _________ of self and work
a. The translation of Scriptures
b. There seem to be subliminal _________ to the English that evangelization of the
Indians would be less hindered if only the English Christians would live out their
beliefs (e.g. News of persecutions from abroad).
Piumbukhou is unsuccessful in reaching his relatives until he shows _________ in
thankfulness to God in prayer. Perhaps this was an indirect way of Eliot’s training his
Indians not to talk so much as to live and model Christianity before others.
Observations on the Times:
1. Triangle of missions:
2.
3. Missionaries greatest obstacle was
4. Missionaries often unsuccessful in ________ __________ David Brainerd didn’t reach
many in his life, but his example saved millions through the inspiration he was to those
who would go out.
5. Working alone is _________, ex. Brainerd
6. Working together is _________, ex. Whitman’s and Spauldings
7. Never kiss a _________ _________, ex. Jerusha, p. 93
8. Alignment with the _________ almost always is bad. p. 97 ex. of the Cherokees.
History of Christian Missions, Shawn Daggett, Spring 2007 page 20
Go West Young Doctor
Marcus and Narcissa Whitman
Background:
1. Spiritual motivation:
Inspired by the Second Great Awakening
Christianizing and Civilizing believed to go hand in hand
Stories of the Nez Perce Indians pleading for someone weighed heavy.
2. Families:
Narcissa
a. was the daughter of Stephen Prentiss,
b. well educated, bright.
c. Career minded, taught kindergarten,
d. but her heart was in missions.
e. ABCFM did not send single women to do missions.
Marcus:
a. Sunday school student of the father of one of the “haystack five” and the Hawaii
team.
b. At 21 began riding with a doctor (lacked funds to go to seminary).
c. Like Narcissa, influenced by recruiter Samuel Parker.
d. Heard that Narcissa was brooding over “single female” exclusion.
e. Marcus made survey trip but turned around when he got to the Great Divide.
f. Narcissa was happy to see him.
g. Married one day, and left the next for Missouri. February 1836.
“No Turning Back” video notes
1. What hardships did the Spauldings and Whitmans face?
2. What evidence did you observe of their personal spiritual growth and pilgrimage?
3. What initial attitude(s) did these missionaries display toward the Indians and their mission
work from the beginning? How did that attitude evolve?
4. Would the Indians have been better off without the whiteman’s (in this case the
Whitman’s) gospel?
5. What are some important lessons to learn from this moment of missions history?