MUSCLES AND ORGAN SYSTEMS
Objectives for Exam #1:
1. Provide an overview of the systems and structures of the human body.
2. Describe the sectional planes and directions that can be used to describe the
orientation of a tissue or body part.
3. Provide information on muscle cells, tissue and organs, as well as the tendons and
ligaments connecting organs.
4. Describe impacts of exercise on organ systems.
Objective for Portfolio #1:
Observe, draw, and label microscopic views of muscle tissues.
Part I: Video Questions
1. How many humans are born each day? __________________
2. How are thigh bones engineered to absorb impact?
3. Which famous building’s design was inspired by the structure of bone? _______________
4. Why are cells constantly remodeling bone?
5. How can you strengthen your bones? ___________________
6. Approximately how many years does it take to completely remodel your skeleton?
__________________
7. What is the biggest organ of the body? ____________________
8. How does skin keep the body cool?
9. Why is it important to have collagen in the skin?
10. What do platelets do? _____________________
11. What type of information is used to help us balance?
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12. What problems with balance do astronauts experience after returning to Earth?
13. How may NASA solve the loss of balance associated with long space flights, such as a
mission to Mars?
Part II: Muscle and Organ System Stations
Station A: Body Sections
1. In order to examine an organ or tissue in detail, a section (slice) is often cut through it.
There are various terms used to describe the orientation of a section, so it is clear what
you are looking at under the microscope. On the human body images below, label the
three slices, or sectional planes, that can be made: transverse (cross-section), sagittal
(longitudinal), and frontal.
2. Add directional information to your drawing: Superior (top), Inferior (bottom), Anterior
(front), Posterior (back), left, and right.
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Station B: Overview of Organ Systems
1. Use the Systems of the Human Body poster and the Human Body book (p. 38-43) to fill in
the basic functions of the various organ systems (the organ systems are listed in the order
we cover them in BI 103):
Organ System
Basic Functions
Integumentary System
Skeletal System
Muscular System
Digestive System
Respiratory System
Cardiovascular System
Urinary (Excretory) System
Nervous System
Endocrine System
Reproductive System(s)
Lymphatic System
Station C: Muscular Tissues and Cells
1. Using the display, record (write and/or sketch) the following information about muscle
types:
Characteristic
Skeletal Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
General Shape
Striated or not
Voluntary or
Involuntary
Easily fatigued or can
sustain long
contractions
Location in the Body
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Smooth Muscle
2. In the three following photos, label which model represents skeletal muscle, which
represents smooth muscle, and which represents cardiac muscle.
3. A muscle cell is also called a muscle fiber. From the Muscle Tissues poster’s longitudinal
section (L.S.) of skeletal muscle (middle), how many muscle fibers can be seen? _______
4. Cardiac muscle fibers are connected by intercalated discs. What function do these
intercalated discs serve? __________________________________ What do they look
like under the microscope? ______________________________________________
Station D: Muscular System
1. The muscular system is comprised of skeletal muscles. How many muscle organs make
up the skeletal muscle system? _____________ Label below each of the skeletal muscle
organs (and groups of muscles) you are responsible for in this course: deltoid, pectoral,
tricep, bicep, abdominals, oblique, gluteus maximus, quadriceps, hamstring, tibialis
anterior (shin), gastrocnemius (calf). Mouth/face muscles are addressed in the TMJ
section.
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2. From the display, sketch and label the following parts of a muscle organ (bundles within
bundles): Fascicle, muscle fiber (cell), myofibrils, myofilaments.
Station E: Muscular and Skeletal Interactions
Moving Together
1. Interact with the moving arm display. From the display, describe what happens to the
biceps and triceps (which contracts, which relaxes) when you lift toward the body, and then
lower away from the body.
2. The biceps and triceps muscles flank the humerus bone of the upper arm. How, then, are
these muscles able to raise the forearm?
Tendons and Ligaments
3. From the Skeletal poster, tendons connect ___________ to ___________, and the
ligaments connect ___________ to ____________.
4. Tendons and ligaments are primarily composed of ____________________ connective
tissue. What cells produce the collagen fibers? ____________________ Sketch what a
tendon looks like under the microscope and label the fibroblasts:
5. From the Understanding Carpal Tunnel Syndrome mini-poster, how does carpal tunnel
syndrome (CTS) relate to the transverse carpal ligament?
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The Knee
6. A majority of humans experience disorders associated with the knee joint at some time in
their lives. This is in part due to the degree of impact on the joint through frequent use.
Referring to the model of the knee and The Knee Joint poster, label the bones that come
together in the knee joint (Human Body, p.76-77):
7. In addition to tendons and ligaments, the knee joint has cartilage connective tissue. The
meniscus is made of one type of cartilage, called ______________________. Find the
meniscus in the model. From the Knee Injuries mini-poster what is the function of the
meniscus? ______________________________________________ If a knee is twisted
quickly, what can happen to the menisci? Considering what the menisci do, why is this
potentially a serious injury?
8. In addition to fibrocartilage, the other two types of cartilage are hyaline cartilage and elastic
cartilage. Describe the differences in appearance between the three types of cartilage as
well as locations in the human body.
Cartilage Type
Appearance
Location in the Body
Fibrocartilage
Hyaline Cartilage
Elastic Cartilage
TMJ
9. From the Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) mini-poster, TMJ syndrome is a disorder of the
temperomandibular joint. What types of organs come together at the TMJ?
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10. From the Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) mini-poster, what can cause TMJ?
11. From the TMJ model, label the following on the photo below: inflamed area, displaced
temporo-mandibular disc, tooth problems (cracks, cavities, plaque)
Station F: Exercise and Muscles
1. Try the hand grip “strength test.” How many PSI (pounds per square inch) do you get for
your right hand? _______ Your left hand? _______ Referring to The Muscular System
poster (bottom right), do only a few muscles contract as you grip, or do many muscles
contract together? ___________________
2. Sitting down, lay one forearm on the table, palm up. Holding a tennis ball in the palm of
the hand, squeeze the tennis ball firmly and repeatedly for 30 seconds. Rest for 30
seconds and then repeat. Describe what is happening to hand muscles.
3. Stand in the doorway and with your hands at your side (see demonstration image in
doorway). With your hands, press outwards on the doorframe with force and hold that
position for several seconds. When you release and walk away from the door frame, what
happens to your arms? _______________________ With assistance of the display,
explain what is happening.
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4. From the Sports Injuries poster (bottom) describe each of the following injuries (what
happens and typical locations):
Injury
What happens
Typical Locations
Sprain
Strain
Contusion
Fracture
Dislocation
Rupture
Station G: Physiological Impact of Exercise
1. Thought Question: List all of the organ systems that have to coordinate activity when you
exercise (if you cannot visualize exercising, jog briefly in place to see what happens).
2. Think about the last time you exercised. In response to (during) exercise, fill in what
happens to each of the following:
Physiological Response
Muscle cell oxygen consumption
Breathing rate
Tidal volume (respiratory)
Heart rate
Heart stroke volume (blood moved)
Systolic blood pressure
Blood flow to digestive organs
Blood flow to muscle & heart
Blood flow to skin
Sweating
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Increase or Decrease?
3. Fuel for exercise and activity is stored in three different forms: ATP, glycogen
(carbohydrates), and triglycerides (lipids). Fill in the amount stored and rate of use for
each of these three energy-rich molecules.
Fuel
Amount Stored
(Time)
Amount Stored
(Distance)
Rate of Use (Power)
ATP
Glycogen
Triglycerides
Station H: Exercise Guidelines
In 2008 the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) released Physical Activity
Guidelines for Americans. If you would like a copy of the guidelines, the document is available
on-line at: http://health.gov/paguidelines/pdf/paguide.pdf
1. What is the recommended duration of daily physical activity recommended for children and
adults?
2.
What three types of physical activity are recommended?
3.
List examples of moderate exercise and examples of vigorous exercise.
Part III: Muscle Microscope Observations (for Portfolio #1)
Skill: Observe, draw, and label microscopic views of muscle tissues. Drawing and labeling
microscopic images can make it easier to interpret lecture and media images.
Assignment: Draw and correctly label microscope views of muscle tissues (cardiac, skeletal,
smooth). You will need to move the slides around to find the correct cells to draw and label.
Use the handouts provided to find the correct tissue under the microscope before you start
drawing. Be sure not to copy the photos in the handouts or other student’s drawings. Draw
and label the tissues and cells you actually see under the microscope. You may need to use
an arrow to point to the specific structure you are labeling. These drawings need to be
completed in lab (or week 2 office hours) and stamped in order to receive credit.
Assessment: This assignment is worth 3.0 points. Each labeled drawing is worth 1.0 point
(0.5 pt for drawing the correct specimen, 0.5 pt for correct labeling). Deductions will be made
if drawings are direct copies of the handouts. This assignment requires a stamp to receive
credit.
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Muscle Microscope Observations
(Include this page in Portfolio #1)
Keep your other Muscles and Organ Systems activity pages to study for the exam
Sketch the three different types of muscle tissue at 400X
Hint: Plasma membranes are the edges of cells.
Cardiac (400X)
Skeletal (400X)
Label: plasma membrane
of the cardiac muscle cells
Label: plasma membrane & nuclei
of the skeletal muscle cells
Smooth (400X)
Label: plasma membrane
of the smooth muscle cells
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STAMP
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