AN ANALYSIS OF DEPENDENT CLAUSES IN LOOK
AHEAD 1, A TEXT BOOK FOR SENIOR HIGH
SCHOOL STUDENTS YEAR X
A GRADUATING PAPER
Submitted to the Board of Examiners as a partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of Sarjana Pendidikan Islam (S.Pd.I)
English Education Department of Teacher Training and Education
Faculty State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga
By:
YAHYA SETIYA WAHYUDI
11310072
ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY
STATE INSTITUTE FOR ISLAMIC STUDIES (IAIN)
SALATIGA
2015
DECLARATION
In the name of Allah, The Most Gracious and Most Mercifull.
Hereby the writer fully declares that this Graduating Paper is written by
the writer and it is not containing materials writen or has been published by
other people except the information from references and also the writer is
capable of accounting for this Graduating Paper if in future this is can be proved
of containing other‟s ideas, or in fact, the writer imitates the others‟ graduating
paper.
In addition, the writer really hopes that this declaration can be understood
for all human being.
Salatiga, August 11th 2015
The Writer
Yahya Setiya Wahyudi
NIM. 11310072
ii
MINISTRY OF RELIGIOUS AFFAIRS
STATE INSTITUTE FOR ISLAMIC STUDIES (IAIN)
SALATIGA
Jl. Stadion 03 Telp (0298) 323706, 323433 Fax. 323433 Salatiga 50721
Website:www.stainsalatiga.ac.idEmail:[email protected]
Salatiga, August 11th2015
Noor Malihah, Ph.D.
The Lecturer of Teacher Training and Education Faculty
State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga
ATTENTIVE CONSULTANT’S NOTE
Case : Yahya Setiya Wahyudi’s Graduating Paper
Dear,
Dean of Teacher Training and Education
Faculty
Assalamu‟alaikum Wr.Wb
After reading and correcting Yahya Setiya Wahyudi‟s graduating paper entitle AN
ANALYSIS OF DEPENDENT CLAUSES IN LOOK AHEAD 1, A TEXT
BOOK FOR SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS YEAR X, I have decided
and would like to propose that if it could be accepted by Teacher Training and
Education Faculty, I hope it would be examined as soon as possible.
Wassalamu‟alaikum Wr. Wb.
Consultant
Noor Malihah, Ph.D.
NIP. 19771128 2006040 2 002
iii
GRADUATING PAPER
AN ANALYSIS OF DEPENDENT CLAUSES IN LOOK AHEAD 1, A TEXT
BOOK FOR SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS YEAR X
WRITTEN BY:
YAHYA SETIYA WAHYUDI
NIM: 11310072
has been brought to the board of examiners of English Education Department of
Teacher Training and Education Faculty at State Institute for Islamic Studies
(IAIN) Salatiga, in August 29th 2015 and hereby considered to completely fulfill
the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Pendidikan Islam (S.Pd.I) in English
and Education.
Boards of examiners,
Head
: Hanung Triyoko, S.S.M.Hum.,M.Ed.
__________________
Secretary
: Noor Malihah, Ph.D.
__________________
1st Examiner : Setia Rini, M.Pd.
__________________
2nd Examiner : Rr. Dewi Wahyu Mustikasari, M.Pd.
__________________
Salatiga, August 29th 2015
Dean of Teacher Training
and Education Faculty
Suwardi, S.Pd.,M.Pd.
NIP. 19670121 199903 1 002
iv
MOTTO
Actually the challenging is not about how to manage the time, but how to manage
our self.
“Mario Teguh”
v
Dedication
This graduating paper is dedicated for :
1. Allah SWT
2. Prophet Muhammad SAW
3. My beloved Father (Nur Sholeh), Mother (Khoiriyah) , Brother (Yufit), and
also my beloved sister (Vanesa)
4. My beloved Grandmother (Mursiti), my beloved aunts (Farida and Ismiati)
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillahirabbil „alamin, thanks to Allah because the writer could
complete this research as one of the requirements for degree of Sarjana
Pendidikan Islam (S.Pd.I) in English Education Department of Teacher Training
and Education Faculty at State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga in
2015.
This research would not have been completed without supports, guidance,
advice, and help from individual‟s institution. Therefore, the writer would like to
express deep appreciation to:
1.
Dr. Rahmat Hariyadi, M.Pd., the Rector of State Institute for Islamic Studies
(IAIN) Salatiga.
2.
Suwardi, M.Pd., the Dean of Teacher Training and Education Faculty of
State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga.
3.
Noor Malihah, Ph.D., the Head of the English Education Department of
State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga and the consultant of this
research. Thank you for suggestion and recommendation for this research
from beginning until the end.
4.
All lecturers of English Education Department, the writer deeply thank you
all for your advice, knowledge, and kindness.
5.
All of staffs who help the writer in processing the research administration.
6.
All of the librarians who help the writer in finding the research references.
7.
All of my friends TBI 2010, thank you for everything.
vii
8.
All of you who I cannot mention one by one, thanks for your support and
kindness.
Salatiga, August 11th 2015
The writer
Yahya Setiya Wahyudi
113 10 072
viii
ABSTRACT
Wahyudi, Setiya Yahya. 2015. Analysis of Dependent Clauses in Look Ahead 1,
A Text Book for Senior High School Student Year X. A Graduating Paper,
Educational Faculty, English Department, State Institute for Islamic
Studies (IAIN).Consultant: Noor Malihah, Ph.D.
Key words: Clause, Dependent Clause, Sentence
This study deals with the dependent clause used in textbook of Look
Ahead 1 for Senior High School Student Year X. The objectives of the study,
namely (1) to identify and to describe the types of Dependent Clause used in the
text of Look Ahead 1. (2) To identify the most dominant types of Dependent
clause used in the text of Look Ahead 1.This research applies the descriptive
qualitative method.The objects are the dependent clauses, and the analyzed data
are sentences and/or phrases containing the dependent clauses are used in the texts
of Look Ahead 1. Based on the analysis, the writer found that there are three types
of dependent clauses used in text book Look Ahead 1; Adverbial Clause, Noun
Clause, and Adjective Clause. The most dominant types of dependent clause used
in text book Look Ahead 1 is Adverbial Clause (58%), Noun Clause (26%) and
the least frequent is Adjective Clause (16%). In addition, the writer also looked at
sub-types of dependent adverbial clause in Text Book “Look Ahead 1”. From 22
adverbial clauses, the writer identified five sub-types of Adverbial Clause;
Adverbial Clause of Time, Adverbial Clause of Cause, Adverbial Clause of
Result, Adverbial Clause of Condition, and Adverb Clause of Concession. Among
the five types, the most dominant adverbial in this data is adverbial clause of time
(55%).
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE................................................................................................................... i
DECLARATION ................................................................................................. ii
ATTENTIVE COUNSELOR NOTES ................................................................ iii
STATEMENT OF CERTIFICATION …………………………………………...iv
MOTTO............................................................................................................... v
DEDICATION.................................................................................................... vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT .................................................................................... vii
ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………...xi
TABLE OF CONTENT ....................................................................................... x
LIST OF FIGURE AND TABLE ..................................................................... xiii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study............................................................................. 1
B. Limitation of the Study ............................................................................... 4
C. Statements of the Problem .......................................................................... 4
D. Objectives of Study..................................................................................... 5
E. Benefits of the Research ............................................................................. 5
F. Definition of the Key terms ......................................................................... 6
x
G. Graduating Paper Organization ................................................................... 7
CHAPTER II: THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Sentence ..................................................................................................... 9
B. Clause ....................................................................................................... 17
C. Independent Clause ................................................................................... 19
D. Dependent Clause ..................................................................................... 21
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY
A. Type of the Research ................................................................................ 29
B. Object of the Research .............................................................................. 30
C. Data Source .............................................................................................. 30
D. Method of Collecting Data ........................................................................ 31
E. Technique of Analysis Data ...................................................................... 33
CHAPTER IV: DATA ANALYSIS
A. Types of Dependent Clause....................................................................... 34
B. Adverb Clause .......................................................................................... 41
CHAPTER V : CLOSURE
A. Conclusions .............................................................................................. 51
B. Suggestions............................................................................................... 52
xi
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
xii
LIST OF FIGURE AND TABLE
Figure 3.1 Coding of the Data ...................................................................................32
Figure 4.1 Distribution of Dependent Clause Type ………………………………...35
Figure 4.2 Distribution of Adverbial Clause Types ............................................. 42
Table 2.1 Independent Clause ............................................................................ 20
Table 2.2 Dependent Clause ............................................................................... 22
Table 2.3 Subordinating Conjunctions ............................................................... 25
Table 4.1 Distribution of Dependent Clause Types ............................................. 34
Table 4.2 Distribution of Adverbial Clause Types…….………………………...42
xiii
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Language is the most important thing for the people. They use
language to communicate and deliver messages to other. Besides that,
language is used by the people to get information. Language enables people
to communicate and cooperate with each other. Through the language, the
people are able to create and get everything that they want. The language
makes the interaction happened. When the interactions are happened, the
people need effort to understand about the language that they use. It is caused
in the language there are explicit and implicit meaning.
However, common people make interaction and communication
unstructured, but still the most important is that their speech can be
understood and accepted by others. As Parker (1986:12, cited in Sartika, et
al., 2013:1) argues that what people have to do in communication is how they
use language to communicate rather than the way of language is structured
internally.
Yule (1996:47) also says that in the effort to express and asserting
himself, people are not only produce grammatical structure sentences, but
they also produce or show actions in that language. Because of that the study
of language is needed. The study of the language is not separated with the
history behind it.
In the study of language, gaining the main message in every single
sentence is very important for the students in understanding what the true
meaning of given text by the teacher. It means that they have to automatically
identify all kind of sentences that they will probably face. According to
Duffield et al (2007:1, cited in Abadi, 2011:1), proper identification and
treatment of complex sentence contains of clauses are needed.
There are some kinds of sentence; simple sentence, complex
sentence, compound sentence, compound-complex sentence. One of kinds of
sentence is a complex sentence. A complex sentence is constructed by two
kinds of clauses and those are well known as independent clause and
dependent clause. Similarly, Sekali (2012:2) argues that:
A complex sentence is defined as multiple-clause sentence,
i.e. a sentence composed of at least two verbs (or predicates)
linked within a hierarchical complementing structure
(subordination) or conjoined in a non-embedded structure
(coordination).
He determines that complex sentence is defined as combination of
two clauses which are linked by specific morpheme such as and, or, and but
or in equivalent morpheme. Furthermore, when independent clause is located
at the beginning clause in complex sentence, it must be followed by
competition such as adverbial, adjective and noun (and, or, and but). In other
condition that when dependent clause is located at the first clause inside
complex sentence, it must be followed by comma. Thus, within complex
sentence, there are some marks or conjunctions to identify where the
independent and dependent clause are located in a complex sentence.
2
A single independent clause can be a sentence, by itself. However,
dependent clauses are used to make sentences more complete and more
interesting. Using conjunctions and proper punctuation, dependent and
independent clauses can be joined together to create interesting and complex
compound sentences that are fun and engaging to read. Below are examples
dependent and independent clause:
(1)
When I went to the store, I didn't buy any bread.
(2)
I didn't buy any bread when I went to the store.
(3)
I went to the store.
From the example (1), there are dependent clause (DC) “when I went
to the store” and independent clause(IC) “I didn’t buy any bread”. The
construction is “DC, IC”. The example (2), the construction is “IC DC” that
are independent clause(IC) “I didn’t buy any bread” and dependent clause
(DC) “when I went to the store”. The last example (3) is absolutely identified
as independent clause.
Bossone (1997:38), explains, basically, independent and dependent
clause have the same pattern of sentence because both of them have subject
and predicate, but each of them has different characteristic and function.
Independent clause can stand alone without any supporting complement and
it is the main message that writer or speaker deliver to the reader.
3
In the language learning for the tenth grade students, Look Ahead 1
is used as the learning material. In the Look Ahead 1 book, there is many of
using complex sentences almost in each text. From those reason, the students
have to understand about independent and dependent clause as an arranger of
the complex sentence. From the thing, the students able to understand the text
well. By that condition, the writer is interested to analyze the using of
independent and dependent clause in the Look Ahead 1 book. Finally the
writer conducts the research entitled “AN ANALYSIS OF DEPENDENT
CLAUSES IN LOOK AHEAD 1, A TEXT BOOK FOR SENIOR HIGH
SCHOOL STUDENTS YEAR X.”
B. Limitation of the Study
The study focuses on analyzing of the dependent clause in the texts
of the textbook entitled Look Ahead 1 for senior high school year X. The
writer uses this limitation in order to give a clear description of discussion in
this study. The writer expects the results of this study can help not only for
student to be aware of the importance of dependent clause but also for the
lecturers of English to develope effective measure for teaching English
especially to teach the dependent clause material.
C. Statements of the Problem
Based on the background of the study, the writer has some questions
that are mentioned as below:
4
1.
What types of dependent clauses are used in the text book: Look Ahead 1
for Senior High School Students year X?
2.
What is the dominant dependent clause used in of the text book: Look
Ahead 1 for Senior High School Students year X?
D. Objectives of the Study
In accordance with the prolem above, the objectives or the aims of
the study are:
1.
To find the types of dependent clause found in the text book: Look
Ahead 1 for Senior High School Students year X.
2.
To find the most dominant dependent clause found in the text book: Look
Ahead 1 for Senior High School Students year X?
E. Benefits of the Study
The study contributes some positive impacts for the lecturers,
students, other writers, and institution
1.
Students
This study gives clear explanation about the construction of
dependent and independent clause that are used in the text of Look
Ahead an English Course Book for Grade X of Senior High School
2.
Lecturer
This study is to develop the lecturer‟s insight by dealing with the
dependent and independent clause in different perspectives.
5
3.
Other Writers
This study gives more information to the next writer who will
conduct this study or want to discuss with the related study.
4.
Institution
This study is expected to be useful for the institution as reference
for the students in studying sentence, especially about the dependent and
independent clause.
F. Definition of Key Terms
There are some key terms in this paper. The writer wants to clarify
the meaning briefly to avoid misunderstanding; some key terms are defined
as listed below:
1.
Analysis
Analysis is a separation into parts possibility with coment and
judgement (Hornby, 1974:29).
2.
Clause
Srijono (2001:65) states that clause is an occurrence of a subject
and predicate in a string of meaning words. Clause can be divided into
independent or main clause and dependent or sub clause.
3.
Dependent Clause
Dependent clause can be a noun clause, adjective clause, and
adverb clause (Srijono, 2001:65).
6
4.
Independent Clause
The independent clause can be a sentence (Srijono, 2001:65).
Independent clause can stand alone without any supporting complement
and it is the main message that writer or spoken delivers to the reader
5.
Look Ahead
Look Ahead is an English Course Book for the student of senior
high school written by Sudarwati (2007).
G. Graduating Paper Organization
This study consists of five chapters. The Writer organizes the
graduating paper to make readers more easily in comprehending the content.
Chapter I:
Introduction that includes Background of the Study,
Statement of the Problems, Objectives of the Study,
Benefitsof the Study, Clarification of Key Terms, and
Graduating Paper Organization.
Chapter II:
Review of Related Theories such as theoritical foundation
wich
includes
the
meaning
of
Analysis,
Clause,
Independent dan Dependent Clause.
Chapter III:
Research Method. This chapter describes type of research,
object of research, data and data source, method of
collecting data, and technique of analysis data.
Chapter IV:
Data Analysis. It concerns with data analysis of research
finding.
7
Chapter V:
Closure which consists of Conclusion and Suggestion.
The last part is References and Appendices.
8
CHAPTER II
THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK
Chapter II describes some theories which are related to the topic of this
study. The writer discusses the sentence, clauses, independent clause, and
dependent clause.
A. Sentence
In the study of language many definitions about the sentence. One of
them is explained by Frank (1972:220), he explains the sentence as follow:
Traditional grammar defines a sentence in one of two ways.
The first by meaning, according to this definition, a sentence
is a “complete thought.” Such a definition is inadequate,
however, because, of the vagueness of the term “complete
thought.” By seeing or hearing a statement, how do we know
it is a “thought,” and what makes it “complete”? Then by
function, according to this definition, a sentence consists of a
subject and a predicate. This definition is more satisfactory
because it is actually possible to identify the structural
functions of subject and predicate n a sentence.
Fromkin (1988:164) adds some points about a sentence. He argues that
sentences are not general random sequence of words and morphemes
nevertheless conform to detail pattern determined by the syntactic rule of the
language. It means sentences are not ordinary form, but they have to be
constructed by the description of what speakers do. Sentence is a group of
word that has at least a subject (the main of sentence) and one predicate and it
has the perfect (complete) meaning.
9
Similar to Frank, Lehman (1976) in Srijono (2001:65) defines sentence
as the sequence of particular syntactic items adjoined into a unit and must be
illustrated by certain patterns of arrangement, alteration, and inflection in any
specified language. The example Mother bought fried chicken is a sentence
which adjoined from some words with a certain pattern of arrangement,
alteration, and inflection agrees with Lehman‟s definition of sentence. From
the explaining of the definition of the sentence above the writer can summarize
that sentence is the largest unit for analyzed, because sentence are formed by a
group of words that not only has a simple form but can be combined in various
ways to form complex sentence. There are many kinds of sentence, simple
sentence, complex sentence, and compound sentence.
1. Simple Sentence
According to Mas‟ud (1992:62), a simple sentence is a sentence that
consists of one subject and one predicate. Besides that, Risdiyanto
(2010:38) explains that a simple sentence is also called as an independent
clause. An independent clause consists of a subject and a verb, and that
clause states the complete thought. Risdiyanto illustrates examples of simple
sentence in (1), (2), (3) :
(1) He
writes
Subject
Predicate (Verb)
(2) He
Subject
is not writing
Predicate (Verb)
a letter.
a letter now.
10
(3) He
Subject
didn’t come
Predicate (Verb)
yesterday.
The third examples above are the simple sentence. The underlined
words are the major part of the simple sentence, which are subject and
predicate. Both of the elements are formed the complete thought in the
sentence. The differentiate of the sentences above is about the tenses that is
used. The data (a) is simple present, data (b) is present continuous, and data
(c) is simple past.
2. Complex Sentence
According to Mas‟ud (1992:64), complex sentence consists of the
main clause (principal clause) adjoined with one or more dependent clause
(subordinate clause). In further explanation, Sekali (2012:2) as cited by
Abadi (2011:50) describes that a complex sentence is defined as group of
words which contains two different clauses. A complex sentence is also
composed by at least two predicates linked within a hierarchical
complementing structure or conjoined in a non embedded structure. In brief,
the forms of complex sentence are a dependent clause joined to an
independent clause. Sekali describes the forms of complex sentence in (4),
(5), (6).
(4)
Although he is being sick,
Dependent clause
he goes to school today.
Independent clause
(5)
I was at the airport
Independent clause
(6)
Meta introduces her new friend,
Independent clause
before you arrived from London.
Dependent clause
who has blonde hair.
Dependent clause
11
(7)
Linda, who is the winner at model competition, is my best
friend.
Dependent clause
In the complex sentence, the independent clause can be located
after or before the dependent clause. It can be seen in the example (5) and
(6). It is also for the dependent clause, it can come at first sentence (example
4). Dependent clause can also be occurred in the middle of the sentence
(example 7). The complex sentence always has the subordinator words; they
are “because”, “since”, “after”, “although”, or “that”, “who”, “which”.
Risdianto (2010:40).
3. Compound Sentence
Mas‟ud (1992:63) explains that a compound sentence is a sentence
that consists of the two or more equivalent sentences, it means that each
sentence does not hanging one other. The following is an example of a
compound sentence from Mas‟ud.
(8) Father went to Jakarta and mother went to Bandung
I
II
In the example above, when one of the clauses is deleted, the other
one has the complete meaning. If clause (I) is deleted, the clause (II)
constantly has the meaning. The other way, if the clause (II) is deleted, the
clause (I) constantly has the meaning too. The clauses in the compound
sentence are called the independent clause (coordinate clause).
12
In addition, Risdiyanto (2010:38) describes the compound sentence is
a sentence that consists of two clause independently and they are connected
by the coordinator. The coordinator are for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.
4. Parts of the Sentence
Sentence has a structure in that there are rules that decide the units
that can co-occur in the sentence. As we know that a sentence is a group of
word that has at least a subject and one predicate and it has the complete
meaning. It means that the structure of sentence can be the constituents:
Subject (S) + Predicate (P). The explanation about Subject and Predicate are
define as follow;
a. Subject
Wren and Martin (2000:2) describe that subject is the part of
sentence which names the person or thing we are speaking about. The
subject of a sentence usually comes first, but occasionally it is put after
the predicate.
Morley (2000:92) states that the subject is inherently associated
with specification of anentity (or 'thing', as it is frequently referred to in
systemic literature), whether abstract orconcrete, animate or inanimate.
Syntactically, it is typically associated with a nominal phrase orclause. In
view of its agreement with the verb, the subject therefore answers the
question 'Who/whatdoes/did the verbing?' or 'Who or what is/was the
13
complement?' or, in respect of a passive sentence, 'Who or what is/was
verbed?'
As described above, from the perspective of its meaning function the
subject inherently names a participating entity/participant/thing (and is thus
labeled nominative), it may also denote possession of the 'thing' ('whose?') or other relationships of associative 'ownership' - rather than the thing itself.
They are expressed by a genitive phrase or possessive pronoun. The
following is examples from Morley.
(9)
Mine is fine but Jill's needs a new battery.
(10)
Bill's was the most surprising reaction.
Very occasionally, in meaning terms the subject may refer not to
an entity but to a feature, characteristic, property or quality, an
attribute, and thus be an attributive subject, e.g.
(11)
Very red would be too dazzling.
(12)
Fresh and clean is what we want.
(13)
In good condition would be more acceptable.
Therefore, that the use of 'attributive' here expresses what might
be thought of as a semantically adjectival subject, not the modifying
role of an adjective within the structure of a nominal phrase (Morley,
14
2000:95). Much less rarely it may refer to a circumstance and thus be a
circumstantial subject, e.g.
(14)
Tomorrow / now / in the evening would be best.
(15)
Under the table / behind the chair / just there is a good
place.
(16)
By train / on foot would be quicker.
Syntactically, attributive and circumstantial subjects behave in
the standard way: as elements of structure they control the form of the
verb, they can be substituted by a pronoun.
b. Predicate
Regarding Wren and Martin (2000:2), a predicate is the part of
sentence which tells something about the subject. Greenbaum and Nelson
(2002:21) state that the predicate consists of the verb and any other
elements of the sentence apart from the subject:
(17)
I
Subject
learned all this much later.
Predicate
(18)
The chef
is a young man with broad experience of the
world.
Predicate
Subject
(19)
The fate of the land
Subject
parallels the fate of the culture.
Predicate
15
The most important constituent of the predicate is the verb. Indeed,
it is the most important constituent in the sentence, since regular
sentences may consist of only a verb: imperatives such as Help! and
Look! The verb of the sentence may consist of more than one word: could
have been imagining. The main verb in this verb phrase comes last:
imagining. The verbs that come before the main verb are auxiliary verbs
(helping verbs), or simply auxiliaries: could have been.
According to Morley (2000:95), the Predicator is associated with
the verbal phrase and realizes the process, of which there are three main
semantic types recognized in systemic literature: Material (earlier called
'action' process) e.g. wash, climb, cook, etc. Mental processes are
processes of 'sensing', in that in place of an actorthey involve a senser
and a phenomenon in processes of perception (e.g. see, hear),
affection(e.g. like, fear) and cognition (e.g. think, know). Relational
processes are processes of' being', of which there are two types identification and attribution. For example;
Material:
(20)
Jill has washed the clothes already.
(21)
We shall be climbing Ben Nevis on Tuesday.
Mental:
(22)
The decision pleased me.
(23)
I liked the orchestral accompaniment.
16
Relational:
(24)
Jean is a student now.
(25)
This machine has become a boon.
B. Clause
Warriner (1982:93) defines the clauses in English as group of words
which grammatically contain of the subject and predicate. According to Miller
(2002:6), the clause is the construction between verbs and phrases in different
types. A perfect clause contains a phrase referring to an action or position, a
phrase or phrases referring to the people and things include in the action or
position and possibly phrases referring to place and time. In line with the
statement, Bossone (1981:38) as cited by Abadi (2011:39) defines a clause is a
group of words that contains of a subject and a predicate.
In further explanation, Srijono (2001:65) states that a clause is an
occurrence of a subject and predicate in a string of meaning words. A clause
can be divided into independent or main clause and dependent or sub clause.
The independent clause can be a sentence, besides dependent clause can be a
noun clause, adjective clause, and adverb clause. Miller (2002:62) gives the
explanation that put clauses together into sentences, for this activity, the main
clauses and the different types of subordinate clause are essential. Some
sentences in texts consist of a single main clause, but many consist of several
clauses. Depending on what types of clause are combined, two types of multiclause sentence are distinguished.
17
Moreover, Frank (1972:222) states that a clause may be defined in the
same way as a sentence. It is full predication that contains a subject and a
predicate with a finite verb. There are two kinds of clause, independent and
dependent clause. The independent clause is a full predication that may stand
alone as a sentence. The dependent clause has a special introductory word that
makes the predication “depend” on an independent clause.
In short, the difference between independent clause and dependent
clause is very clear because independent clause has different function with
dependent clause in a complex sentence. Clauses although divide become two
types, but in developing the dependent clause, the clause can be expanded into
three types dependent clauses such as adverbial clause, adjective clause and
noun clause. Below are examples of clauses;
(26)
I read. (independent clause)
(27)
I borrow your pen. (independent clause)
(28)
Reading many books is my hobby. (independent clause)
(29)
As you are in the room. (dependent adverbial clause)
(30)
Who
is
the
first
popular
person.
(dependent
adjective/relative clause)
(31)
That he is a rich man. (dependent noun clause)
18
C. Independent Clause
Kriptrayoch and Sojisirikul (2005:1) describe an independent clause
(IC) has one subject and verb combination and expresses a complete thought. It
can be a sentence by itself. Independent clause is a group of words which
grammatically not only contain both subject and predicate but also can stand
alone without any following complement. A simple sentence is an independent
clause e.g.
(32)
Paris has excellent art museums.
(33)
It was cold and windy yesterday.
Bossone (1981:39) as cited by Abadi (2011:42) explains that an
independent clause can be a very simple sentence with just a subject and verb,
or it contained additional words or phrase. Here are examples of them as
follow;
(34)
He walked into the disco.
(35)
The music pounded in our ears.
(36)
It was fantastic night.
19
Table 2.1
Independent Clause
Meaning
To add an
idea
Coordinators
And
To show
time
or
sequence
To show
result
To
introduce
an
alternative
To
emphasize
To provide
an example
To
generalize
or
summarize
So
Conjunctive
Adverbs
in addition,
furthermore,
moreover, also
Example
Women follow more healthful
diets, and they go to doctors more
often.
first, second, then,
next, later,
meanwhile,
finally
First, robots can perform
repetitive tasks without becoming
tired or bored. Second, they can
fulfill tasks requiring pinpoint
accuracy.
therefore, thus,
consequently,
as a result
Native and nonnative English
speakers have different needs;
therefore, most schools provide
separate classes for each group.
otherwise
Students must take final exams;
otherwise, they receive a grade of
incomplete.
in fact, of course,
indeed, certainly
The little girl hated spiders; in
fact, she was terrified by them.
for example,
for instance
In the operating room, robotic
equipment can assist the surgeon.
For instance, a robot can kill a
brain tumor.
in general,
overall, in short
Hermes is not only the messenger
of Zeus, but the patron of thieves.
In general, he is the god of
authorized and unauthorized
transfers.
Or
Source: Yale Graduate School Writing Center. Online Tutorial. Retrieved at November
3th 2014, time 15:54
20
D. Dependent Clause
Dependent clause is defined as clause which embedded independent
clause in complex sentence (Koutsoudas, 1966:269 cited by Abadi, 2011:42).
Bossone (1977:40), furthermore says that dependent clause depends on (need)
an independent clause to make sense (1977:40). In other words, existing of
dependent clause in complex sentence is just to support independent clause in
complex sentence. Moreover, dependent clause usually modifies the adverb,
adjective and noun.
Kriptrayoch and Sojisirikul (2005:1) describe a dependent clause (DC)
is an independent clause with a subordinating conjunction added to the
beginning of it. They illustrated DC in example (37) - (39):
(37)
….because it has excellent art museums….
(38)
….although it was cold and wind yesterday….
(39)
….after we finished our homework and cleaned up the
kitchen….
A dependent clause does not express a complete thought, so it is not a
sentence by itself. It needs to be joined to an independent clause to make sense
as we can see from the examples below:
(40)
Art students should visit Paris because it has excellent art
museums.
Art students should visit Paris
because it has excellent art museums
Independent Clause
Dependent Clause
21
(41)
We went on a hike although it was cold and windy
yesterday.
We went on a hike
Independent Clause
although it was cold and windy yesterday
Dependent
Clause
(42)
We watched TV after we finished our homework and
cleaned up the kitchen.
We watched TV
Independent Clause
after we finished our homework and cleaned up the kitchen
Dependent Clause
Commonly, grammarians divide dependent clause become three types
such as adverbial clause, adjective clause and noun clause. All kinds of
dependent summarized in table 2.2.
Table 2.2
Dependent Clause
Types of clauses
1. Noun clauses
Subordinators
Examples
what, where, why,
how, where, when,
who whom, which,
whose, whether,
that, if
He knows that his
business
will
be
successful.
That there is a hole in
the ozone layer of the
earth’s atmosphere is
well known.
22
who, whom,
which, whose,
that, where, when
Men who are not
married are called
bachelors.
Last year we traveled
to San Francisco,
which is famous for
its architecture.
a. time
when, before,
after, until, since,
as soon as
When he won the
money, he decided to
buy a car.
b. place
where, wherever
She drove wherever
she wanted.
c. cause
because, as, since
She got a parking
ticket because she
parked illegally.
d. purpose
so that, in order
that
He drove fast so that
he could get to work
on time.
e. result
so ... that, such ...
that
He drove so fast that
he got a speeding
ticket.
f. condition
if, unless
If she hadn’t won the
lottery, she would
have
been
very
unhappy.
g. concession
although, even
though
Although she thought
she was a good
driver, she got a lot of
tickets for speeding.
2. Adjective clauses
3. Adverb clauses
Source: Yale Graduate School Writing Center. Online Tutorial. Retrieved at
November 3th 2014, time 15:54
The table above shows the kind of dependent clause. Each of them is
described in clear explanation bellow:
23
1. Dependent (adverbial) clause
Dependent adverbial clause is employed as a supporting to adverb in a
complex sentence. Furthermore, Wren and Martin (2000:186) notice that
adverb clause in a complex sentence is a subordinate clause which does the
work of an adverb, and so qualifies some noun or pronoun in the main
clause. In particular, the meaning is that adverbial clause elaborates adverb
to be more detail than a simple word adverb.
According to Frank (1972:234), most types of adverbial clauses are
considered as modifying the verb of the main clause, some more loosely
than others. A few types, such as clause of time or clauses of places, are
sometimes interpreted as modifiers of the entire sentence. Combining
adverbial clause and independent clause in complex sentence can be
exchanged construction clause‟s location between first and second clause. In
detail, independent clause is sometime located at the first clause but
sometime dependent clause takes at the first position. Below are examples
of the adverbial clauses;
(43) Independent clause takes the first clause and followed by adverbial
clause.
Linda did not come to my birthday party because she was very tired.
Subordinating conjunction
24
(44) Dependent clause takes at the first clause and then followed by
independent clause.
If I were a rich, I would help the poor.
Subordinate conjunction
At the first example (43), the independent clause is located in the first
clause, there does not need special supporting punctuation mark (comma).
But in sentence (44), dependent clause exchange position at the first place,
the sentence needs a supporting comma to construct the complex sentence. In
short, comma therefore is needed when alteration pattern of complex sentence
from dependent clause followed by independent clause. In this case, a comma
has function to end dependent clause. In separating the kind of adverbial
clauses, it can be recognized by identifying some conjunctions such as table
below;
Table 2.3
The Subordinating Conjunctions
Time
After, As, As soon as, Before, Once,
Since, Until, When, While
Manner
As, As If, As Though, Like
Cause and Effect
Although, though, whereas, While,
Except, That
Condition
Because, in that, Now that, Since, So
that
Condition
If, In Case, Provide (That), Unless
Purpose
So that, In order that
Comparison
As …. as, More than, Less than, Than
(Source: Klammer, Thomas P ., Shultz, Muriel R., Della Volpe, Angela..
Analyzing English Grammar.Pearson Education, 2007.)
25
2. Dependent (Adjective or Relative) Clause
Different with adverbial clause which clause is employed as adverb, in
this case the study is dependent clause which is used as adjective.
Commonly, it is almost same with the definition of adverbial clause but in
constructing the complex sentence has little difference. Frank (1972:276)
explains, in an adjective clause, a full subject and predicate is changed by
means of special introductory word which has the same referent as the
preceding noun or pronoun. The form and position of this introductory word
subordinates the adjective clause to main clause.
According Wren and Martin (2000:188) relative clause is a
subordinate clause which does the work of an adjective, and so qualifies
some nouns or pronouns in the main clause. The conjunctions which are
used in the adjective clause are usually relative pronouns such as who,
whose, whom, which, and that. All relative pronouns therefore are
functioned to link or to connect independent clause and dependent clause. In
the same way, Bossone (1977:43) often calls relative clause because these
are started relative pronouns. Moreover, Frank (1972:276) describes that the
function of adjective clause is modify a preceding noun or a pronoun.
Here are examples of adjective (relative) clauses;
(45)
Sutoyo, who is the present president, is suspected
corruption.
The relative clause works as an adjective, modifying the
noun “Sutoyo”.
26
(46)
Bali, which is in Indonesia, has beautiful beach.
The relative clause works as an adjective, modifying the
noun “Bali”.
(47)
Sinta takes the book that is put on the table.
The relative clause works as an adjective, modifying the
noun “book”.
(48)
My mother has a friend who can get me a ticket.
The relative clause works as an adjective, modifying the
noun “friend”.
3. Dependent (Noun) Clause
Frank (1972:283) explains that in a noun clause, the full subject and
predicate are retained, but the structure is changed by addition a special
introductory word, by a special word order, or by both. These changes
permit the noun clause to fill the same positions and to serve the same
functions as noun.
According to Wren and Martin (2000:190), noun clause is a
subordinate clause which does the work of a noun, and so qualifies some
noun or pronoun in the main clause. Commonly, noun clause is used only
where a noun could be used: subject of the sentence, direct object, and
object of the preposition (Bossone, 1977:44). In same case, Wren and
27
Martin (2000:196) detail divide the function of noun clause to be five
categories such as subject of the verb, object of the transitive verb, object of
the prepositional, in apposition of noun and pronoun, and complement of a
verb of incomplete verb. Here are examples of them;
(49)
That SBY is the sixth president of Indonesia is the fact.
The noun clause is used as subject of the sentence.
(50)
The president knew that the letter on his desk was sent by
minister a week ago.
The noun clause is used as object of the transitive verb or
direct object of verb “knew”.
(51)
There is no meaning in what you say.
The noun clause is used as object of the preposition “in”.
(52)
You must never forget this, that honesty is the best policy.
The noun clause is used as apposition of the pronoun
“this”.
(53)
My wish is that the truth will appear in the court.
The noun clause is used as object of the incomplete verb of
verb “is”.
28
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
In this chapter, there were five sections discussed, they were type of
research, object of research, data and data source, method of collecting data, and
technique of analysis data. The explanation of each point is discussed further into
wide explanation.
A. Type of Research
The type of the research used by the writer is descriptive-qualitative
research. According to Bogdan and Taylor (1975:5) in Moleong (2011:4)
Qualitative research is defined as a research procedure which produces
descriptive data in the form of words written or spoken of the person. In other
opinion, Creswell (1994:1) qualitative research is defined as an inquiry process
of understanding a social or human problem, based on building a complex,
holistic picture, formed with words, reporting detailed views of informants, and
conducted in a natural settings.
In line with the above statement, Kirk and Miller (1986:9) as cited by
Moleong (2002:3) define that qualitative research method is specific tradition
in social science, which fundamentally relies on the observation of humans in
its own region and relate to the person in a language and terminologies.
In this research the writer used descriptive research approach.
According to Arikunto (2010:3), descriptive research is the study intended to
29
investigate the situation, condition, circumstances, events, and other activities,
and the result presented in the form of the research report. According to
Bodgan and Biklen (1982) in Creswell (1994:171), the descriptive method is
collecting the qualitative data, analyzing it and writing the result. In line with
that statement, Bodgan and Taylor (1975) in Moleong (2004:4) state that the
steps of descriptive method are collecting data, analyzing data and drawing
conclusion.
B. Object of Research
The object of the research was the sentences written in the text of Look
Ahead 1 Book for Year X of Senior High School. The total number of the text
that was analyzed by the writer was 14 texts. From the text, the writer collected
any dependent clause to limit the object. Dependent clause appeared in the
compound and complex sentences.
C. Data Source
According to Arikunto (2010:172), data source is subject where the data
acquired. In line with the statement, Moleong (1998) in Arikunto (2010:22)
states that data sources of qualitative research is presented in spoken or written
that accurate by the researcher, and the things detail monitored in order to be
able to catch the implicit meaning on the document or the thing. Data source
should be original, however if the original source is difficult to get, photocopy
or imitation is not be a problem, as long as the evidence can be acquired.
30
In this research the text of Look Ahead 1, an English Course book for
Grade X of senior high school by Sudarwati (2007) is used. It stands as
primary data source. According to Arikunto (2010:22), Primary data source is
data in the verbal form or word that spoken, gesture or attitude done by the
trustworthy subject, in other word this is research subject related to researched
variable. The writer chose Look Ahead 1 book because; it provided kinds of
dependent and independent clause in its texts and it was easy to be analyzed for
the writer.
D. Method of collecting Data
The writer used documentation as the method of collecting data in this
research. According to Suharsimi (2010: 274), a documentation method is
finding data that is relevant by using book, transcript, newspaper, magazine,
ancient inscription, notes of a meeting, agenda, etc. Compared to other method
this method is recommended for a beginner because of its easiness. In the term
if a mistake is made, the data sources still remain as they are without any
changes. Documentation method is observed not living but inanimate object.
The procedures in documentation are:
a. Taking 14 texts of Look Ahead 1, textbook for year X of senior high
school.
b. Reading and identifying the texts in the Look Ahead 1 text book containing
the dependent clause.
31
c. Collecting the data sources by taking note any clauses containing
dependent clauses the in the textbook of Look Ahead 1 for year X of senior
high school.
d. Coding the data
According to Miles and Huberman (1992:87) code is resume or
symbol that applied on the group of words – sentence or paragraph from
the field notes – in order to produce those words. Moreover, Miles and
Huberman (1992:88) explain that codes are a tool that organize and
rearrange the words so it is possible the analyst able to find quickly, draw,
then classify all of the parts that are connected with the theme.
Coding as a method make the data become easier to be understand
and it has the function as a statistic factor in classifying the different parts
into the meaningful whole form. In this research, the writer made codes for
example:
Figure 3.1
Coding of the Data
<IND/DEP 009 01 002>
Number of Data
Paragraph
Page
Dependent Clause
Independent Clause
32
a. IND is representative of Independent clause.
b. DEP is representative of Dependent clause.
c. The first three digits (009) is representative of page.
d. The second two digits (01) is representative of number of paragraph
e. The last three digits (002) is representative of number of data.
E. Technique of Data Analysis
The writer analyzes the data using the following steps:
a. Identifying the type of dependent clauses found in the texts of Look Ahead 1
book.
b. Describing the dependent and independent clause.
c. Identifying the dominant dependent and independent clause.
33
CHAPTER IV
DATA ANALYSIS
In this chapter, the writer presented the data and the analysis of the
dependent and independent clauses that are found in the text of Look Ahead 1 an
English Course Book for grade X of senior high school by Sudarwati (2007). This
chapter discovered the problem of statements in the Chapter I, they are; what are
the types of dependent clause used in the text book: Look Ahead 1 for Senior High
School Students year X and what is the most dominant type of dependent clause
in the text book: Look Ahead 1 for Senior High School Students year X.
1. Types of Dependent Clause found in the text book: Look Ahead 1 for
Senior High School Students year X.
In my data, there are 38 dependent clauses. Among the 38 dependent
clauses, the writer identified 3 types of dependent clause depending on the
theory in the Chapter II. They are adverbial clauses, noun clauses and
adjective clauses. Distribution of dependent clauses in my data is illustrated
in table 4.1 and figure 4.1.
Table 4.1 Distribution of Dependent Clause Types
No.
1.
2.
3.
Type of Dependent Clause
Adverbial Clause
Noun Clause
Adjective Clause
Total
Number of
Clauses
22
10
6
38
Percentage
58 %
26 %
16 %
100 %
34
25
20
15
Adverb Clause
10
Noun Clause
Adejcetive Clause
5
0
Type of Dependent Clause
Figure 4.1 Distribution of Dependent Clause Types
Table 4.1 and figure 4.1. Show the distribution of dependent clause
types in my data. It can be seen that adverbial is the most frequent type of
dependent clause (58%). Noun clause is about half frequent (26%) than
adverbial clauses. The least frequent dependent. Clause existing in my data is
adjective clause (16%). Examples of each type of dependent clause will be
exemplified in (1) - (9).
(1) <DEP00901002>
I think my first memories began when I started school at about five
years old.
In the example (1), there are two clauses. The first clause “I think my
first memories began” is as main clause or independent clause (IC). An
independent clause (IC) has one subject and verb combination and expresses
a complete thought . The independent clause is constructed by subject “I” and
35
verb combination “think my first memories began”. And then, the second
clause “when I started school at about five years old” is dependent clause
(DC) which is considered as adverbial clause because it is employed as a
supporting to adverbial in a complex sentence. One of the characteristics of
adverbial clause is the existing conjunction “when”. The type of DC is
adverbial clause of time.
(2) <DEP03902024>
If they are Germans they will be bang on time.
In the example (2), there are two clauses. The first clause “If they are
Germans” is as the dependent clause (DC) because it is an independent
clause with a subordinating conjunction added to the beginning of it and does
not express a complete thought, so it is not a sentence by itself. It is also
considered as adverbial clause because it is employed as a supporting to
adverbial in a complex sentence. It is shown by the existing conjunction “if”.
The type of the clause is the adverbial clause of condition. Then, the second
clause is identified as the independent clause (IC) because it has one subject
and verb combination and expresses a complete thought.
(3) <DEP03903026>
When the European Community began to increase in size several guide
books appeared giving advice on international etiquette.
36
In example (3), there are two clauses. The first clause “When the
European Community began to increase in” is as the dependent clause (DC)
because it is an independent clause with a subordinating conjunction added to
the beginning of it and does not express a complete thought, so it is not a
sentence by itself. It is also considered as adverbial clause because it is
employed as a supporting to adverbial in a complex sentence. It is shown by
the existing conjunction “when”. The type of the clause is the adverbial
clause of time. Then, the second clause is identified as the independent
clause (IC) because it has one subject and verb combination and expresses a
complete thought.
From the analysis above, it is clear that examples (1), (2), and (3) are
adverbial clauses. The writer will continue to exemplify noun clauses in this
data as in (4), (5), and (6).
(4) <DEP02702022>
Thai law does not recognize a sex change which Mongkon underwent
10 years ago.
In example (4), there are two clauses. The first clause “Thai law does
not recognize a sex change” is identified as the independent clause (IC),
because it has one subject and verb combination and expresses a complete
thought. The second clause “which Mongkon underwent 10 years ago” is
dependent clause (DC) which is considered as noun clause, because the noun
37
clause is used as apposition of the noun “a sex change”. One of the
characteristics of noun clause is the existing conjunction “which”.
(5) <DEP04105041>
Well, it was really sad the way, that Indian lost his fish and it was
unusual, too.
In example (5), there are two clauses. The first clause “Well, it was
really sad the way” is as the main clause or independent clause (IC) of the
sentence because it has one subject and verb combination and expresses a
complete thought. It can be a sentence by itself. The second clause is the sub
clause of the sentence or as the dependent clause (DC) because it is an
independent clause with a subordinating conjunction added to the beginning
of it and does not express a complete thought, so it is not a sentence by itself.
It is also considered as noun clause, because the noun clause is used as
apposition of the noun “the way”. There is the conjunction “that” which
becomes one of the characteristics of noun clause.
(6) <DEP10602055>
New Year‟s Day was drawing near, and Jim and Della began to think
what present they could afford to give each other.
38
In example (6), there are two clauses. The first clause “New Year’s
Day was drawing near, and Jim and Della began to think” is as the main
clause or independent clause (IC) of the sentence because it has one subject
and verb combination and expresses a complete thought. It can be a sentence
by itself. The second clause is the sub clause of the sentence or as the
dependent clause (DC) because it is an independent clause with a
subordinating conjunction added to the beginning of it and does not express a
complete thought, so it is not a sentence by itself. It is also considered as
noun clause, because the noun clause is used as direct object. There is the
conjunction “that” which becomes one of the characteristics of noun clause.
After presenting examples (4), (5) and (6), it is clear that those three
clauses are noun clauses. The next, the last type of dependent clauses in my
data, adjective clause, it will be exemplified as in (7), (8) and (9).
(7) <DEP04101029>
Once there was an Indian, who had a pet fish named Tommy, which he
kept in a barrel.
In the example (7), there are three clauses. The first clause “Once
there was an Indian” is as the main clause of the sentence or independent
clause (IC) of the sentence because it has one subject and verb combination
and expresses a complete thought. It can be a sentence by itself. The second
and the third clause are the sub clause of the sentence or dependent clause
39
(DC). The second clause is considered as adjective clause because it modifies
the noun “an Indian”. One of the characteristics of adjective clause is the
conjunction “who”. And the third clause is noun clause because it is used as
apposition of the noun “an Indian”.
(8) <DEP10801068>
Mathilda Loise was one of those pretty and charming girls who
seemed to have been born through some mistake of fortune into the
wrong family.
In the example (8), there are two clauses. The first clause “Mathilda
Loise was one of those pretty and charming girls” is as the main clause of the
sentence or independent clause (IC) of the sentence because it has one subject
and verb combination and expresses a complete thought. It can be a sentence
by itself. The second clause is the sub clause of the sentence or dependent
clause (DC). It is considered as adjective clause because it modifies the noun
“one of those pretty and charming girls”. One of the characteristics of
adjective clause is the conjunction “who”.
(9) <DEP01404013>
He was an angel and all of us who knew him were lucky.
40
In the example (9), there are two clauses. The first clause “He was an
angel and all of us were lucky” is as the main clause of the sentence or
independent clause (IC) of the sentence because it has one subject and verb
combination and expresses a complete thought. It can be a sentence by itself.
The second clause is the sub clause of the sentence or dependent clause (DC).
It is considered as adjective clause because it modifies the noun “us”. One of
the characteristics of adjective clause is the conjunction “who”.
After discussing types of dependent clauses in my data, the writer will
continue to discuss further, sub type of each clause, the writer identified that
adverbial clause can be classified more into several sub-types (Adverbial
Clause of Time, Cause, Result, Condition, and Concession, see Chapter II).
The writer will discuss each of them further in the next sections.
2.
The most dominant dependent clause found in the text book: Look Ahead
1 for Senior High School Students year X is Adverbial Clause.
As the writer has defined, adverbial clause in chapter II, Wren and
Martin (2000:186) notice that adverbial clause in a complex sentence is a
subordinate clause which does the work of an adverbial, and so qualifies
some noun or pronoun in the main clause. In my data there are 22 adverbial
clauses that the writer can classified further into adverbial of Time, Cause,
Result, Condition, and Concession. Distribution of adverbial clause type is
demonstrated in table 4.2 and figure 4.2.
41
Table 4.2 Distribution of Adverbial Clause Types
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Type of Dependent Adverbial
Clause
Adverbial Clause of Time
Adverbial Clause of Cause
Adverbial Clause of Result
Adverbial Clause of Condition
Adverbial Clause of Concession
Total
Number of
Clauses
12
5
2
2
1
22
Percentage
55 %
23 %
9 %
9%
4%
100 %
14
12
Adverb Clause of Time
10
Adverb Clause of Cause
8
Adverb Clause of Result
6
4
Adverb Clause of Condition
2
Adverb Clause of Concession
0
Types of Adverb Clause
Figure 4.2 Distribution of Adverbial Clause Types
Table 4.2 and figure 4.2 show the distribution of dependent adverbial
clause types in my data. It can be seen that Adverbial Clause of Time is most
frequent type of dependent adverbial clause in 12 data (55%). Adverbial
clause of cause about is half frequently than the adverbial clause of time
(23%). Adverbial clause of result and adverbial clause of condition are equal
42
in frequency, (9%). The least adverbial clause exists in my data is adverbial
clause of concession (4%). I assume that the high frequency is adverbial
clause of time because, time is an important aspect when people speak. In
addition, a Look Ahead is textbook for students, whose student should learn
about grammar. Talking about English grammar, it is closely related to tenses
or time. Therefore, there is a high probability that adverbial clause of time is
used frequently. Example of each type of Adverbial clause is defined in the
example (10) – (19). The writer exemplifying an example of adverbial clause
of time as follows:
(10)
<DEP09901049>
Siska and I have been close friend since we studied at senior high
school.
In the example (10), there are two clauses. The first clause “Siska and
I have been close friend” is as main clause or independent clause (IC)
because it has one subject and verb combination and expresses a complete
thought. It can be a sentence by itself. And then, the second clause “since we
studied at senior high school” is dependent clause (DC) which is considered
as adverbial clause of time because it is employed as a supporting to adverbial
of time in a complex sentence. One of the characteristics of adverbial clause
of time is the existing conjunction “when”.
43
(11) <DEP10602057>
Della always noticed sadly when Jim looked at his watch.
In the example (11), there are two clauses. The first clause “Della
always noticed sadly” is as main clause or independent clause (IC) because it
has one subject and verb combination and expresses a complete thought . It
can be a sentence by itself. And then, the second clause “since we studied at
senior high school” is dependent clause (DC) because it is an independent
clause with a subordinating conjunction added to the beginning of it and does
not express a complete thought, so it is not a sentence by itself. It is also
considered as adverbial clause of time because it is employed as a supporting
to adverbial of time in a complex sentence. One of the characteristics of
adverbial clause of time is the existing conjunction “since”.
(12) <DEP10606066>
He dropped into a chair and laughed until tears came out his eyes.
In the example (12), there are two clauses. The first clause “He
dropped into a chair and laughed” is as main clause or independent clause
(IC) because it has one subject and verb combination and expresses a
complete thought. It can be a sentence by itself. And then, the second clause
is dependent clause (DC) because it is an independent clause with a
subordinating conjunction added to the beginning of it and does not express a
44
complete thought, so it is not a sentence by itself. It is also considered as
adverbial clause of time because it is employed as a supporting to adverbial of
time in a complex sentence. One of the characteristics of adverbial clause of
time is the existing conjunction “until”.
From the analysis above, it is clear that examples (10), (11), and (12)
are adverbial clause of time. The writer will continue to exemplify adverbial
clause of cause in this data as in (13), (14), and (15);
(13) <DEP09904053>
I could not see anyone, because the window was slightly open.
In the example (13), there are two clauses. The first clause “I could
not see anyone” is as main clause or independent clause (IC) because it has
one subject and verb combination and expresses a complete thought. It can be
a sentence by itself. And then, the second clause “because the window was
slightly open” is dependent clause (DC) because it is an independent clause
with a subordinating conjunction added to the beginning of it and does not
express a complete thought, so it is not a sentence by itself. It is also
considered as adverbial clause of cause because it is employed as a
supporting to adverbial of cause and effect in a complex sentence. One of the
characteristics of adverbial clause of cause is the existing conjunction
“because”.
45
(14)
<DEP11501075>
Among pets, I like dogs the best because they are tame animal and
they can be trained as a man’s friend.
In the example (14), there are two clauses. The first clause “Among
pets, I like dogs the best” is as main clause or independent clause (IC)
because it has one subject and verb combination and expresses a complete
thought. It can be a sentence by itself. And then, the second clause is
dependent clause (DC) because it is an independent clause with a
subordinating conjunction added to the beginning of it and does not express a
complete thought, so it is not a sentence by itself. It is also considered as
adverbial clause of cause because it is employed as a supporting to adverbial
of cause and effect in a complex sentence. One of the characteristics of
adverbial clause of cause is the existing conjunction “because”.
(15)
<DEP11504081>
I don‟t let him eat bones because they are not good for him.
In the example (15), there are two clauses. The first clause “I don’t let
him eat bones” is as main clause or independent clause (IC) because it has
one subject and verb combination and expresses a complete thought. It can be
a sentence by itself. And then, the second clause is dependent clause (DC)
because it is an independent clause with a subordinating conjunction added to
46
the beginning of it and does not express a complete thought, so it is not a
sentence by itself. It is also considered as adverbial clause of cause because it
is employed as a supporting to adverbial of cause and effect in a complex
sentence. One of the characteristics of adverbial clause of cause is the existing
conjunction “because”.
After presenting examples (13), (14), and (15), it is clear that those
three clauses are adverbial clause of cause. The next type of adverbial clause
is adverbial clause of result, will be exemplified as in (16) bellow;
(16)
<DEP18202085>
Short words save space, and so they are very common in newspaper
headlines.
In the example (16), there are two clauses. The first clause “Short
words save space” is as main clause or independent clause (IC) because it has
one subject and verb combination and expresses a complete thought. It can be
a sentence by itself. And then, the second clause is dependent clause (DC)
because it is an independent clause with a subordinating conjunction added to
the beginning of it and does not express a complete thought, so it is not a
sentence by itself. It is also considered as adverbial clause of result because it
is employed as a supporting to adverbial of result in a complex sentence. One
of the characteristics of adverbial clause of result is the existing conjunction
“and so”.
47
After presenting example (16), it is clear that that clause is adverbial
clause of cause. The next type of adverbial clause is adverbial clause of
condition, will be exemplified as in (17) and (18) bellow;
(17)
<DEP03902024>
If they are Germans they will be bang on time.
In the example (17), there are two clauses. The first clause “If they are
Germans” is as dependent clause (DC) because it is an independent clause
with a subordinating conjunction added to the beginning of it and does not
express a complete thought, so it is not a sentence by itself. It is also
considered as adverbial clause of result because it is employed as a
supporting to adverbial of conditional in a complex sentence. One of the
characteristics of adverbial clause of condition is the existing conjunction
“if”. And then, the second clause is main clause or independent clause (IC)
because it has one subject and verb combination and expresses a complete
thought. It can be a sentence by itself.
(18)
<DEP10602061>
How nice it would if only he could buy her a jeweled hair comb for her
hair.
48
In the example (18), there are two clauses. The first clause “How nice
it would” is as main clause or independent clause (IC) because it has one
subject and verb combination and expresses a complete thought . It can be a
sentence by itself. And then, the second clause is dependent clause (DC)
because it is an independent clause with a subordinating conjunction added to
the beginning of it and does not express a complete thought, so it is not a
sentence by itself. It is also considered as adverbial clause of result because it
is employed as a supporting to adverbial of conditional in a complex
sentence. One of the characteristics of adverbial clause of condition is the
existing conjunction “if”.
After presenting example (17) and (18), it is clear that that clause is
adverbial clause of cause. The next type, the last type of adverbial clause is
adverbial clause of concession, will be exemplified as in (19) bellow;
(19)
<DEP16001083>
Rainfall occurs throughout the year, although it is the heaviest from
November to May.
In the example (s), there are two clauses. The first clause “Rainfall
occurs throughout the year” is as main clause or independent clause (IC)
because it has one subject and verb combination and expresses a complete
thought. It can be a sentence by itself. And then, the second clause is
dependent clause (DC) because it is an independent clause with a
49
subordinating conjunction added to the beginning of it and does not express a
complete thought, so it is not a sentence by itself. It is also considered as
adverbial clause of concession because it is employed as a supporting to
adverbial of concessional in a complex sentence. One of the characteristics of
adverbial clause of concession is the existing conjunction “although”.
50
CHAPTER V
CLOSURE
After conducting, present the data, analyze the data and discussing the
result, in this chapter the writer would like to present the conclusion and
suggestion of this research which is entitled “The Analysis of Dependent Clause in
the Sentences of Text Book Look Ahead 1for Senior High School Student Year X”.
The writer also gives the suggestions for the other (the readers, the English
teachers, the other researchers, and the English students) in relation to the topic of
this graduating paper. Here the conclusion and the suggestion of the graduating
paper;
A. Conclusions
After analyzing the data of Independent and Dependent Clause, the
writer accomplished to the conclusion as follows:
1.
In the Text Book “Look Ahead 1”, the writer found 38 Dependent
Clauses. There are three types of Dependent Clause; Adverbial Clause,
Noun Clause, and Adjective Clause.
2.
From 38 dependent clauses, Adverbial Clause is the most dominant
Dependent Clause in my data (58%). There are 26% for noun clause and
the least frequent is Adjective Clause (16%). In addition, the writer also
looked at sub-types dependent adverbial clause in Text Book “Look
Ahead 1”. From 22 adverbial clauses, the writer identified five sub-types
51
of Adverbial Clause; Adverbial Clause of Time, Adverbial Clause of
Cause, Adverbial Clause of Result, Adverbial Clause of Condition, and
Adverb Clause of Concession. Among the five types, the most dominant
adverbial in this data is adverbial clause of time (55%). This is probably
because time is one of important aspect in life dealing with language,
thus, it is mostly used.
B. Suggestions
After analyzing the data and discussing the result, the writer gives
some suggestions which are addressed to the readers, English teachers, the
students, and future researcher.
1. Readers
The writer suggests to give more attention in understanding the
independent and dependent clause, because it will make them easier to
understand the text.
2.
Students
For the students who study sentence, in the case of the
independent and dependent clause, they can take this graduating paper as
a reference. They can understand the examples of dependent clause and
its types.
52
3.
English Teacher
The researcher hopes that the English teacher can use this study as one of
references in studying sentence especially to give more understanding
about independent and dependent clause.
4.
Future researcher
This research could be one of the references in studying sentence
and for the other researcher, the writer advice to use the title or topic, but
which has not been conducted yet.
53
REFERENCES:
Abadi, Daim M. 2011. A Descriptive Analysis of Students’ Ability in Identifying
Independent Clause and Dependent Clause in Complex Sentence of
Eleven Year Students of SMK N 2 Salatiga in The Academic Year
2012/201. Graduating Paper
Arikunto, Suharsimi. 2010. Prosedur Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan Praktik.
Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.
Bossone, M Richard. 1977. Book One, English Proficiency, Developing Your
Reading and Writing Power, New York: Macmillan Dictionary, Hal: 38.
Creswell, John W. 1994. Qualitative and Quantitative Aproach. California: Sage
Publication.
Frank, Marcella. 1972. Modern English (A Practial Reference Guide).USA:
Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Fromkin, Victoria. 1988. An Introduction to General Language. USA: Thomson
Wadsworth.
Hornby, A S. 1974. Oxford Advance Learner Ditionary of Current English.
Oxford University Press
Klammer, Thomas P. 2007. Analyzing English Grammar. Pearson Education,
2007
Koutsoudas, Andreas. 1966. Writing Transformational Grammars: an
introduction. New York/Indiana University: McGraw-Hill Book
Company.
Mas‟ud, Fuad. 1992. Essential of English Grammar (A Practical Guide).
Yogyakarta: BPFE
Miller, Jim. 2002. An introduction to English Syntax. Endiburgh: Endiburgh
University Press Ltd.
Miles, Matthew B. & Huberman, A. Michael. 1992. Analisis Data Kualitatif:
Buku Sumber tentang Metode-Metode Baru (Tjetjep Rohendi Rohili,
Penerjemah). Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia (UI Press).
Moleong, Lexy, J. 2002. Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: PT Remaja
Rosdakarya.
Morley, G. David. 2000. Syntax in Finctional Grammar (An Introduction to
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edition). Britain: Person Education Limited.
Risdianto, Faizal. 2010. Contextual English Grammar. Salatiga: STAIN Salatiga
Press.
Sekali, Martin. 2012. The emergence of complex sentence in a French child’s
language from 0;10 to 4;01: causal adverbial clauses and the concertina
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Srijono, Djoko. 2001. An Introductory Course of Linguistics. Surakarta:
Muhammadyah University Press.
Warrriner, John E. 1982. Warriner’s English Grammar and Composition; Second
Course. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Publisher.
Wren and Martin. 2000. New Edition High School; English Grammar and
Composition, New Delhi: S. Chand & Company ltd.
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2014, time 15:54
Yule, George. 2006. The Study of Language. New York: Cambridge University
Press.
APPENDICES
TABLE DATA
No.
Code
Clause
1.
<IND00901001>
I think my first memories began
2.
<IND00901003>
I remember
3.
<IND00901004>
I had a naughty friend
4.
<IND01402007>
He told me to stop plucking my eyebrows every
minutes
5.
<IND01402009>
By 6.30 p.m., we had shopped our brains out and
laughed so much
6.
<IND01404012>
He was an angel and all of us were lucky
7.
<IND02603014>
Then he entered
8.
<IND02604016>
Among his wel-known cubbist paintings are “The
Three Musicians” and “The man with a guitar”
9.
<IND02703018>
She had stuck her hand in the enclosure in an attempt
to touch the three-year old lion
10. <IND02703020>
The tourist was taken to hospital in Monpellier
11. <IND02702021>
Thai low does not recognize a sex change
12. <IND03901023>
We live in a global village but how well do we know
and understand each other
13. <IND03902025>
They will be bang on time.
14. <IND03903027>
Several guide books appeared giving advice on
international etiquette.
15. <IND04101028>
Once there was an Indian,
16. <IND04102031>
But the fish got pretty big and the Idian had to
change the water a good deal to keep him alive.
17. <IND04103032>
He began by taking Tommy out of the barrel for a
few minutes at a time pretty often, and then took him
out more often and kept him out longer.
18. <IND04104033>
By that time he had got pretty tame too and he used
to follow the Indian around a good deal.
19. <IND04104035>
Tommy went along too and got some for himself
20. <IND04104036>
The Indian thought of everything foe that fish,
21. <IND04105039>
but the Indian said He wouldn‟t sell a fish like that
for any
amount of money.
22. <IND04106040>
Well, it was really sad the way,
23. <IND04206042>
There was a bridge in the road and the Indian came
to it.
24. <IND04206043>
He saw there was a hole in it,but he went over it
without thinking.
25. <IND04206044>
A little later he looked around for Tommy But he
couldn‟t find him.
26. <IND04206045>
He went back away and called,but he still couldn‟t
see any sign of his pet.
27. <IND04207046>
Finally he came to the bridge and saw the hole and
he thought right away
28. <IND09901048>
Siska and I have been close friend
29. <IND09901050>
I was driving her car and we were on our way to the
mall.
30. <IND09902051>
I chased the car and it took more than 10 minutes for
me to finally manage to force the drive to stop.
31. <IND09903052>
I could not see anyone,
54
32. <IND10602054>
New Year‟s Day was drawing near, and Jim and
Della began to think
33. <IND10602056>
Della always noticed sadly
34. <IND10602058>
And Jim often thought,
35. <IND10602060>
How nice it would
36. <IND10604062>
Della wrapped the precious gift in a piece of colored
paper,then she curled her short hair.
37. <IND10604064>
he was speechless.
38. <IND10606065>
He dropped into a chair and laughed
39. <IND10801067>
Mathilda Loise was one of those pretty and charming
girl
40. <IND10801069>
She was unhappy
41. <IND10903072>
Every man in the party admired him and every
woman in the party was jealous of her beauty.
42. <IND11008073>
They looked for it everywhere but the diamond was
lost.
43. <IND11501074>
Among pets, I like dogs the best
44. <IND11503076>
You know,
45. <IND11502078>
He always barks loudly and noisly
46. <IND11504080>
I don‟t let him eat bones
47. <IND16001082>
Rainfall occurs throughout the year,
48. <IND18202084>
Short words save space,
49. <IND18202086>
Some of the short words in headlines are unusual in
ordinary English (e.g. curb meaning restriction), but
they are very common in newspaper headlines
50. <IND18202087>
Some are used in special senses
55
No.
Code
Adverb Clause of Time
1.
<DEP00901002>
When I started school at about five years old
2.
<DEP01402008>
as we were finishing,
3.
<DEP02703019>
when the animal sprung around and slashed at her
with its claw
4.
<DEP03903026>
When the European Community began to increase in
size
5.
<DEP04104037>
until Tommy didn‟t need any water at all
6.
<DEP04104034>
When the Indian went out to dig worms to eat,
7.
<DEP09901049>
since we studied at senior high school.
8.
<DEP10602057>
when Jim looked at his watch.
9.
<DEP10602059>
as he looked at Della combing her long hair.
10. <DEP10604063>
When Jim arrived home and saw her hair,
11. <DEP10606066>
until tears came out his eyes.
12. <DEP11502079>
when there is a stranger coming to my house.
Noun Clause
13. <DEP01402009>
he made a list of what he used.
14. <DEP01402011>
That we were exhausted
15. <DEP00901006>
Because he was fat
56
16. <DEP04101030>
which he kept in a barrel.
17. <DEP04105041>
That Indian lost his fish and it was unusual, too.
18. <DEP04207047>
that maybe his fish and fallen in there.
19. <DEP10602055>
what present they could afford to give each other.
20. <DEP10801071>
in which they lived,
21. <DEP11503077>
Volvo is a male dog.
22. <DEP18202088>
which they do not often have in ordinary language
(e.g. bid meaning „attempt‟).
Adjective Clause
23. <DEP00901005>
Named Giant
24. <DEP01404013>
who knew him were lucky
25. <DEP02603015>
what was called the blue period
26. <DEP02604017>
which depict the destruction of a Spanish town
27. <DEP02702022>
which Mongkon underwent 10 years ago.
28. <DEP04101029>
who had a pet fish named Tommy,
29. <DEP10801068>
who seemed to have been born through some mistake
of fortune into the wrong family.
Adverb Clause of Condition
30. <DEP03902024>
If they are Germans
31. <DEP10602061>
if only he could buy her a jeweled hair comb for her
hair.
57
Adverb Clause of Result
32. <DEP04105038>
So, people wanted to buy Tommy
33. <DEP18202085>
and so they are very common in newspaper
headlines.
Adverb Clause of Cause
34. <DEP09904053>
because the window was slightly open.
35. <DEP10801070>
because of the poor apartment with its shabby
furniture.
36. <DEP11501075>
because they are tame animal and they can be trained
as a man‟s friend.
37. <DEP11504081>
because they are not good for him.
Adverb Clause of Concession
38. <DEP16001083>
although it is the heaviest from November to May.
58