Investigation of 3D Printing Technologies and Their
Potential Application in Space Exploration
A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree
of Bachelor of Science (Honours) in Computing
By Dion Rowlands
Department of Computing & Information Systems
Cardiff School of Management
Cardiff Metropolitan University
April 2016
Declaration
I hereby declare that this dissertation entitled Investigation of 3D Printing
Technologies and Potential Application in Space Exploration is entirely my own
work, and it has never been submitted nor is it currently being submitted for any
other degree.
Candidate: Dion Wyn Rowlands
Signature:
Date:
Supervisor: Professor Tom Crick
Signature:
Date:
ii
Abstract
This paper aims to investigate and analyse 3D printing technologies currently available
and to evaluate their potential use in the Space Exploration Industry. This area of
research is also important in many aspects of everyday life and is not just limited to
this sector; being able to focus their application into this area will result
in inadvertent technological advances that will be of use on a global scale, having a
significant beneficial effect on the economy and the worldwide environment.
The main research focuses on 3D printing techniques and their possible applications
based on specifications and available materials in order to identify future use in the
Space Exploration sector. Establishing the potential usage of each form of printing
allows for future technologies to be developed and manufactured using these
advanced techniques.
The technologies identified in this paper cover a range of applications including rapid
prototyping, construction of mechanical and engineering quality components and
structural parts, development and manufacture of rockets themselves from engines,
fuselage, fairing and critical systems; their use in micro gravity environments and the
importance of additive manufacture for the colonisation of other worlds.
iii
Contents
Declaration ........................................................................................................................................... ii
Abstract................................................................................................................................................ iii
List of Figures .................................................................................................................................... vi
1
Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1
2
Methodology ................................................................................................................................. 3
3
Literature Review and Research ............................................................................................. 4
4
3.1
Introduction to 3D Printing .............................................................................................. 4
3.2
Advantages of 3D printing ................................................................................................ 5
3.3
How can 3D printing be used in Space? ........................................................................ 6
3.4
3D Printing and its place in the Space Industry ......................................................... 7
3D Printing Technologies ................................................................................................................ 8
4.1
Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) ................................................................................ 9
4.1.1
Capabilities and Specification.................................................................................. 9
4.1.2
Usable Materials ....................................................................................................... 10
4.1.3
Future use in the Space Industry ......................................................................... 10
4.2
Stereolithography (SLA) ................................................................................................. 11
4.2.1
Printer Capabilities and Specification ................................................................. 11
4.2.2
Usable Materials ....................................................................................................... 12
4.2.3
Future use in the Space Industry ......................................................................... 12
4.3
Digital Light Processing (DLP)...................................................................................... 13
4.3.1
Capabilities and Specification................................................................................ 13
4.3.2
Usable Materials ....................................................................................................... 13
4.3.3
Future use in the Space Industry ......................................................................... 13
4.4
Selective Heat Sintering (SHS) ..................................................................................... 14
4.4.1
Capabilities and Specification................................................................................ 14
4.4.2
Usable Materials ....................................................................................................... 14
4.4.3
Future use in the Space Industry ......................................................................... 14
4.5
Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)..................................................................................... 15
4.5.1
Capabilities and Specification................................................................................ 15
4.5.2
Usable Materials ....................................................................................................... 16
4.5.3
Future use in the Space Industry ......................................................................... 16
4.6
Selective Laser Melting (SLM) ...................................................................................... 17
4.6.1
Capabilities and Specification................................................................................ 17
iv
4.6.2
Usable Materials ....................................................................................................... 18
4.6.3
Future use in the Space Industry ......................................................................... 18
4.7
Electron Beam Melting (EBM) ...................................................................................... 19
4.7.1
Capabilities and Specification................................................................................ 19
4.7.2
Usable Materials ....................................................................................................... 20
4.7.3
Future use in the Space Industry ......................................................................... 20
4.8
Binder Jetting (BJ) ........................................................................................................... 21
4.8.1
Capabilities and Specification................................................................................ 21
4.8.2
Usable Materials ....................................................................................................... 22
4.8.3
Future use in the Space Industry ......................................................................... 22
4.9
Material Jetting (MJ) ...................................................................................................... 23
4.9.1
Capabilities and Specification................................................................................ 23
4.9.2
Usable Materials ....................................................................................................... 24
4.9.3
Future use in the Space Industry ......................................................................... 24
4.10
Directed Energy Deposition (DED)............................................................................... 25
4.10.1
Capabilities and Specification................................................................................ 25
4.10.2
Usable Materials ....................................................................................................... 25
4.10.3
Future use in the Space Industry ......................................................................... 25
4.11
Bio Printing ........................................................................................................................ 26
4.11.1
5
Future use in the Space Industry ......................................................................... 26
Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 27
5.1
Recommendations for Further Research. ............................................................................. 27
5.1.1
Material Research ......................................................................................................... 28
5.1.2
Sustainability ................................................................................................................. 28
5.1.3
Material Sourcing .......................................................................................................... 28
5.1.4
Bio Printing .................................................................................................................... 28
6
Bibliography............................................................................................................................... 29
7
Appendix ....................................................................................................................................... 31
v
List of Figures
Illustrations 1-4, 6-8 courtesy of
Figure 1 ................................................................................................................................................... 9
Figure 2 ................................................................................................................................................. 11
Figure 3 ................................................................................................................................................. 15
Figure 4 ................................................................................................................................................. 17
Figure 5 ................................................................................................................................................. 18
Figure 6 ................................................................................................................................................. 19
Figure 7 ................................................................................................................................................. 21
Figure 8 ................................................................................................................................................. 23
Figure 9 ................................................................................................................................................. 26
vi
1 Introduction
The future and viability of space travel is becoming increasingly dependent on
resources and costs as well as sustainable use and re-use of Earth’s finite
materials and resources; launch energy costs as well as consequential pollution
affecting global warming must also be vitally minimised. Alternative and efficient
means of fabrication beyond the Earth’s atmosphere would respond radically to
these issues and developments in 3D printing appear to be the solution –
eradicating payloads of bulk volume and weight of pre-formed equipment with
compact formless base materials for off-planet space fabrication. This report
investigates current 3D printing techniques and the potential expansion and
development into low gravity space production as well as planet bound
manufacture.
Investigation of 3D printing technologies and the research and collation of existing
3D printing systems and the base materials they need for production could be used
to identify and facilitate future harvesting of base resources potentially available
on other planets which could be used for the fabrication of materials and
components outside of Earth influence.
To date, developments have reached an exciting and positive status turning a
visionary concept into reality. So much so that, even at this moment, the
International Space Station is experimenting and creating 3D printed objects in
orbit around the Earth (NASA, 2016), the micro gravity environment on board
poses new challenges and pushed the development of these 3D printing
technologies to a new level.
3D printing micro gravity environments such as those in Low Earth Orbit is
possible and has been proven on board the International Space Station, where
astronauts have been able to manufacture tools and accessories through the use
of a 3D printer. This however is not possible with all forms of 3D printing and this
paper aims to investigate which methods would be suitable for such environments.
Not only is manufacture in orbit of huge advantage, the ability to manufacture on
other worlds is a not so distant prospect, as space exploration becomes more viable
and sustainable, analysis of planetary make-up and potential harvesting of base
materials for 3D production could see the rise of independent colonies that are able
to produce equipment and supplies they need without support from Earth.
The rapid progress in 3D printing development over the past 10 years has inspired
the investigation and realisation that limitless space travel can actually be viable.
So much so that numerous private corporations are already attracting investors
into the industry – as well as customers prepared to pay vast sums of money for
the privilege and experience of space travel. The success of these corporations has
already seen the creation of thousands of jobs across the United States and future
development of the sector could see a global economic boom as a new space race
among corporate entities seeking profit among the stars.
1
3D printing beyond the planet and its gravitational force would resolve the
majority of issues concerning the impact on resources, energy and costs of
launching fully formed and functioning components and crafts through and
beyond the Earth’s atmosphere. Combined with other technologies currently
under development, this could aid in minimising the environmental impact of
space exploration to a negligible amount.
3D printing seems to be the most progressive, efficient and viable process to enable
the New Space Age to proliferate with minimal negative effect on the Earth and
its finite resources. Future 3D printing could be self-sustainable from resources
found on The Moon and other planets and their moons.
The Format of this dissertation will start with a Methodology overview to
introduce the research methods used and how it will be undertaken. Literature
Review and Research will take up the majority of this paper and all of the research
undertaken will be included in this section. Recommendation for future areas of
research based on the investigation of this paper. Conclusions of the research
undertaken.
Based on the investigation of 3D printing technologies undertaken in this paper,
recommendations for future research with a final conclusion of the outcomes and
their importance to the subject area are outlined.
2
2 Methodology
The research methodology chosen for this project is secondary research. The
decision to use this type of research comes from an analysis of the best sources of
information and reliability that are currently available and accessible.
Primary research has not been chosen as it would not be viable for this project due
to the specialist contemporary nature of the topic. 3D printing is a current and up
and coming global industry; its use in space travel and exploration is at the cutting
edge of research and development. Primary research and data gathering in this
field would be unlikely to yield plausible data and would be of cursory value to this
project due to the inevitable classification of its high-octane commercial value. In
addition to this the opportunity to interview and gather primary information from
professionals in the industry would be impractical and highly likely to be
unobtainable. The associated cost of conducting primary research on the subject
would not make it feasible for this level of research.
The literature review in this dissertation will take the form of the main research
undertaken to investigate 3D printing technologies and their uses, as well as
including discussion on how they can be used for future space exploration
missions.
The main bulk of the information will come from already well documented
research that will be analysed to reach the best conclusion. Publications on the
subject will provide many of the research answers required. Details of specific
printers and technologies will be taken from research papers and journals as well
as commercial companies to evaluate the current level of technology available.
The conclusion will consider any further research and development into
techniques, avenues and conditions that may be necessary to develop effective
resource 3D printing in micro/non-gravitational environments in outer space.
3
3 Literature Review and Research
3.1 Introduction to 3D Printing
3D printing is the coined term for a form of additive manufacturing that makes
use of printing technology to create 3D objects from the ground up. This type of
manufacturing has many advantages over traditional methods that have been
common place since the beginning of human history.
Ever since man discovered fire and how to make tools, the way to create these tools
and weapons was to carve, chip and grind the material down to the required shape.
Even today this is the most widespread form of manufacturing with the twist of
modern technology such as the extrusion or casting metals, plastics in moulds for
single or mass production prevalent today. But despite its use for millennia its
apparent draw backs are clearer than ever. The manufacturing process results in
a colossal amount of waste materials and bi-products to achieve completion of the
final product. This alone requires a rethinking of how we manufacture goods for
us to advance as a society, maximise efficiency in materials and process energy
and minimise, if not totally eradicate waste, for long-term sustainability.
3D printing solves these issues effectively and efficiently and can be used for
almost all forms of manufacture that use long- established and currently outdated
techniques. The process of 3D printing is incredibly straight-forward in its basic
form and can be highly complex at the other end of the spectrum; it reflects and
responds to what is required and how it needs to be done.
Essentially 3D printing comes in three main forms being Material Extrusion – in
which a thermoplastic material is melted and deposited by the printer in layers to
create and object, Powder Bed Fusion – where powdered material is fussed
through the use of high powered lasers or heat sources to produce an object and
Light Polymerisation – in which a light source is used to solidify a liquid polymer
to form a solid 3D object (Winnan, 2012). Other forms of 3D printing can be said
to exist although they mainly fit under the above categories. Examples and
explanations of the above types of 3D printing are included in this chapter.
4
3.2 Advantages of 3D printing
As stated above, the main factor when looking at the advantages of 3D printing is
the reduction of waste material to almost zero. This is a huge advantage over
traditional methods of manufacture which allows for products to be made with less
input material which should also result in increased efficiency and profits.
Setup costs of 3D printing technology are also far less than other forms of
manufacture, many overheads can be eliminated/waived due to the technological
operation. Currently a lot of manufacture requires specialised machines and parts
to be produced well before production can start, costing upwards of millions of
pounds before a single product comes off the line. These can include many products
ranging from simple toys such as Lego to complex parts such as car panels. These
pre-production overheads, time and expense, are minimised if not totally
eliminated by 3D printing. There is no need for specialised machines to be
produced - each printer is capable of creating a product on demand. Furthermore,
once a product is completed the printer can immediately be programmed using
specialised software to produce a completely different product - eliminating any
downtime otherwise required to change conventional production line setup. All
that is necessary is for the product to have been already designed in a 3D digital
environment and then fed to the printer in layers, allowing the object to be created,
much in the same way as a traditional printer operates (Barnatt, 2013).
Other advantages include the ability to create single or multiple items as and
when they are needed, eliminating the need to wait for the setup of conventional
manufacturing lines traditionally essential for viable mass production. Single or
multiple replacements can easily be printed to specification in any desired
material. The ability to do this also allows for more localised production of parts,
for example if a car needs a new bumper and there are currently none in stock, a
new one may have to be shipped from the other side of the world. This costs time,
money and is a strain on the environment. However with 3D printing technology,
the new bumper can easily be manufactured on site with locally sourced materials,
lowering the repair time and cost with minimal impact on the environment.
Developing the case in the previous example, it would be viable to customise the
bumper to the customer’s requirements before it is attached to the car. These
changes can easily be made in the design software prior to printing, with very little
time and money spent in comparison with traditional fabrication. The new bumper
may have its colour changed, new pieces added or its shape changed completely.
This is a huge advantage to consumers as it allows for the products they purchase
to be personalised for them.
A further advantage of 3D printing is its ability to create unique moulds for other
methods of manufacture. Conventionally it is quite common for the moulds used
in casting to be the most expensive components to fabricate, especially in smallscale production. 3D printing allows for these to be formed economically and to the
exacting standards required.
5
3.3 How can 3D printing be used in Space?
Due to the many advantages of 3D printing previously noted, it is clear that using
3D printing as a primary form of manufacture on Earth as well as for extraterrestrial production is crucial in a sustainable future. The technology is already
being used by companies to build components here on Earth, which will eventually
be used to send people and materials to LEO (Low Earth Orbit), The Moon and
beyond. NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Agency) are already testing the
application of 3D printing in space on board the ISS (International Space Station)
with the use of a material extrusion printer. By using this technology, the ISS is
the inaugural agency to manufacture in actual orbit around Earth, proving that
such techniques can be used in an alien environment.
Not only has the technology proven that it can function in a micro gravity
environment, it has also proved that it can produce usable tools for use in such
arenas. NASA was able to produce a full working socket wrench on board the ISS,
which astronauts were able to use during regular maintenance of the station. This
shows how useful the technology can be and showcases how it can be used in the
future to reproduce all necessary products upon demand (Winnan, 2012).
The use of 3D printing on the ISS has shown how the technology can be used.
Albeit just an inaugural implementation of the technology in this environment,
creating tools and parts to use on the ISS and other space craft is just a small step
towards what can be accomplished. 3D printing technology could be used in the
future to build entire spacecraft or the stations themselves; orbital
superstructures are a not-so-distant possibility due to this technology. It is not too
much to think that within our lifetime we could see space dry-docks building new
ships meaning that reusable launch vehicles and orbiters could come and go on a
regular basis, be it a traditional rocket and capsule based system, a shuttle or even
an advanced (yet to be perfected) technology such as a SSTO (Single Stage To
Orbit) craft. We could even see space hotels built from the base/space station
through the use of 3D printing. It is remarkable and exciting that this is all
possible here and now, and especially that 3D printing is at the forefront of this
frontier.
This can all be possible thanks to how 3D printing operates, allowing for anything
required to be made on site without the need to ship in pre-formed parts from
elsewhere. Currently all objects, bar the few things printed on board, have to be
manufactured and sent up on costly re-supply missions which can be too
infrequent to be cost effective and too timely when waiting for critical parts. Resupply missions can be months apart and only when a full cargo load is guaranteed
can the mission be launched at a huge cost. By sending the un-formed materials
themselves, there is no need to wait for a full cargo hold of various parts. The
orbiter can be filled easily with raw materials ready for printing and can then be
viably incorporated within a re-supply mission to the station. Once the materials
are there they can be used to create the parts that are needed, without delay and
the need to wait for the next scheduled re-supply mission. 3D printing will allow
for a stockpile of material to be sent up to orbit ready for fabrication at any time.
Not only will this save time on board by being able to print what’s needed rather
6
than waiting for a re-supply mission, it will also bring down manufacturing costs
as previously referred.
This is not the only advantage that the space industry will gain from 3D printing.
As well as the huge advantages the implementation of 3D printing in orbit has
over sending specific supplies on-board rockets, it will likely revolutionise the
process and manufacture of the rockets themselves. Currently some forms of 3D
printing are being employed to help manufacture engines for trial rockets.
Although still in the research and development stages, they have proven to
withstand rigorous testing and will see active integration in the near future. The
advantage of 3D printing to create these engines is that the entire complexity of
the engine can be printed at once. Highly complex designs that are impossible by
other methods of manufacture can easily be implemented in the 3D process. This
allows for efficient manufacture of the engines themselves to an extremely high
standard, using materials specifically designed to be strong and light-weight.
Not only can 3D printing be used on Earth and its orbit, but also on other celestial
bodies such as The Moon and Mars or even further afield. The use of 3D printers
on these celestial bodies can evolve into many forms, anything from
manufacturing the habitats that humans would occupy, the items within those
habitats, tools, machines and even components to build rovers or a return launch
vehicles which would drastically reduce the amount of energy, materials and
supplies that would need to be sent from Earth. All this is possible through the
use of 3D printing. Combining the technology with the ability to source required
materials from the planets themselves will allow for self-sufficiency outside of our
planet. This is key to the colonisation of other worlds, and 3D printing is a means
to that end.
3.4 3D Printing and its place in the Space Industry
Cost and sustainability are the main issues to resolve to enable viable future space
missions alongside commercial accessibility, not only for Governments and large
Corporations but also the broader populace. The astronomical price tag associated
with the launching of even the smallest of objects into orbit and beyond has made
it impossible for anyone besides large Government organisations such as NASA
ESA (European Space Agency) and Roscosmos (Roscosmos State Corporation for
Space Activities); currently with standard satellite launches costing around $100
million (Ulalaunch.com, 2016) and ISS re-supply and crew transfer missions
costing around $210 million per launch (Space.com, 2013). Much of this cost is
embodied and lost within the launch vehicle which is designed for disposable
single use. Even a partially reusable system in the form of the Space Shuttle costs
$450 million per launch.
There is currently a shift in how space exploration is undertaken with a booming
private investment into the relatively new industry breeding healthy competition
within the cutting-edge sector. There are a number of corporate entities that are
making significant strides to make space more accessible. Notably the main
players in this sector are ULA (United Launch Alliance), SpaceX (Space
7
Explorations) and Boeing (The Boeing Company). Thanks to these companies and
their research and development into launch systems, a standard ISS re-supply
mission has a price tag of $60 million (SpaceX, 2016) through SpaceX’ contract
with NASA – a saving in the region of $140 million per mission. This number is
set to drop further with CEO of SpaceX, Elon Musk aiming for a tenfold decrease
in launch costs. This is thanks to advanced manufacturing techniques through the
use of 3D printing along with a focus on reusability of the launch vehicles
themselves, conventionally the single largest expense during a launch. SpaceX
aims to bring down the cost of launches 10 fold through the use of 3D printing to
manufacture the components along with extensive reusability measures for the
vehicles themselves.
SpaceX recently successfully landed the first stage of their Falcon 9 rocket after
its use during a re-supply launch to the ISS on an autonomous barge in the
Atlantic. This form of reusability is a huge milestone in making space more
accessible. Combining this reusable technology with 3D printing will allow for a
massively reduced cost of producing and manufacturing in orbit and with future
possibilities of production on other celestial bodies. The use of a reusable launch
system will allow for materials to be cheaply sent to orbit for use in 3D printers
(SpaceX, 2016).
Combining the use of 3D printing to manufacture components efficiently and
accurately with minimal material and waste will bring down the costs of putting
together launch systems, as well as allowing for orbital structures and components
to be created in orbit without the need for expensive manufacture on Earth and
the costly launch of components individually. 3D printers used in orbit will allow
for the base materials simply themselves to be sent to be used in the creation
process. These materials would not require specialised fairings and can be
compacted to use as little room as possible allowing much more flexibility and
reduced bulk and cost for launches.
4 3D Printing Technologies
The next chapter will be investigating the technologies that are currently
available for 3D printing. The chapter will give examples of all types of 3D
printers, their function, the materials available for use with each printer as well
as their capabilities and possible use within the space exploration sector. A general
specification covering the following parameters is included for each 3D printer
investigated:
●
●
●
●
●
●
Maximal build envelope – The maximum build size.
Minimum feature size – The smallest scale printable.
Accuracy – How accurate the print it to the design.
Minimum layer thickness – Thickness of each layer.
Typical surface finish – Smoothness of the printed product.
Density – How dense the final material is after printing.
8
4.1 Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM)
Fused Deposition Modelling also known as FDM is the most common form of
printing found today for home use. It is a highly effective type of printing and is
simple to setup and use. It is also the type of printer NASA (National Aeronautics
and Space Administration) sent to the ISS (International Space Station) to
conduct it’s microgravity 3D printing experiments. FDM printing is a non-complex
method of 3D printing which, for the most part, makes use of a thermoplastic
compound fed in the form of a filament to a heated tip. The heat melts the filament
and deposits it onto a build plate which is then lowered allowing the thermoplastic
to cool briefly before the next layer is added. This process is time consuming but it
is by far the cheapest form of 3D printing available. Figure 1 below represents how
FDM printing operates (Barnatt, 2013).
Figure 1
4.1.1 Capabilities and Specification
General specifications for a FDM printer:




Maximal build envelope: 914x610x914 mm3
Minimum feature size: 0.178 mm
Typical tolerance: +/-0.178 mm (can be improved through post-processing)
Minimum layer thickness: 0.178 mm
The main use of an FDM printer is to produce low fidelity objects. This makes it
perfect for prototyping and creating non critical components and tools such as the
socket wrench printed on board the ISS for use by NASA Astronauts.
9
4.1.2 Usable Materials
Currently FDM printers most commonly print objects using a thermoplastic
compound as well as some metallic compounds. The two main types of
thermoplastics used are Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) and Polylactic
Acid (PLA) with a variety of others available also.
A combination of these materials can be used to create various properties for the
plastics, allowing for a variation between solid plastics and soft malleable
materials (Structural Characteristics of Fused Deposition Modeling Polycarbonate
Material, 2013).
4.1.3 Future use in the Space Industry
As previously stated the simplicity of this form of 3D printing is ideal for long term
use in missions. It can be used to create tools as they are needed without having
to await a resupply mission from Earth. Due and to the use of thermoplastics in
the creation of objects when the tool is no longer needed by astronauts it can be
melted down and reused to create another needed component. This would reduce
the need for resupply missions for materials and allow a more sustainable use of
materials in space.
Not only would be initial materials costs be taken into account but due to the
nature of the materials that are used in FDM printing, it allows them to easily be
recycled, Once the component that has been printed using the thermoplastic is no
longer required or is damaged and unusable, it is a simple matter of reheating and
melting the polymer back into the filament. This is a huge advantage when taking
into consideration the limited amount of materials that can be transported on
board a single rocket.
10
4.2 Stereolithography (SLA)
Stereolithography printing or SLA printing comes under the banner of “photo
polymerisation printing” in which “photopolymers” are solidified when exposed to
a UV or similar light source. SLA printers were the first of this type of printer to
be developed in 1970 (Barnatt, 2013). The SLA solidifies the photopolymers in a
resin tank by using a computer controlled laser to build each layer as the build
platform is lowered or raised in the photopolymer resin tank in order to create the
object. Figure 2 below represents how SLA printing operates.
Figure 2
4.2.1 Printer Capabilities and Specification
General Specifications for an SLA printer:
●
●
●
●
Minimum feature size: 0.1 mm
Typical tolerance: +/-0.15 mm
Minimum layer thickness: 0.016 mm
Maximal build envelope: 2’100 x 700 x 800 mm3
SLA printers can quickly and accurately produce small scale components with a
high level of detail. A significant disadvantage to the use of photopolymers in this
type of 3D printing is the instability of the polymers over time, making them
effective only for short term use. Even so they can still provide engineering quality
parts in the short term. Another use of these plastics is to create temporary casts
and moulds as well as rapid prototypes. However, once the object has been printed
there is considerable post processing required in order to complete the object, once
the printing process has been completed the objects must be thoroughly cleaned to
11
remove excess resin as well as the removal of support structures from the object
before then being cured using a UV light source.
4.2.2 Usable Materials
The materials used in SLA printing are photopolymers that react to Ultraviolet
light. These photopolymers mainly consist of plastics, with some exceptions, as
certain ceramics that can be supplied as a porcelain resin for printing and wax can
also be used.
The types of materials used for SLA printing are limited due to the way in which
the printer is operated. Materials are required to be in a liquid form and be
reactive to light for the printing to take place. These requirements introduce the
greatest drawback to SLA printing in that any object formed using SLA is not
durable over the long term. Future developments with this technology may see an
expansion in available materials with longer shelf lives.
4.2.3 Future use in the Space Industry
Due to the nature of the materials involved in SLA printing its utilizing in the
space industry is limited but it is not without its uses. The need for light weight
components is always a high priority, SLA has the capacity to create very
lightweight components that can be used in the short term on board craft.
The combined ability of being able to create lightweight and high quality
engineering standard components (in the short term) could see use for disposable
components on board launch vehicles such as fairings or other single use
components.
The greatest use for SLA would be the creation of prototypes or moulds to be used
with other forms of manufacture – such as casting. The quick turn around this
form of printing has is ideal for creating numerous prototypes for testing during
development stages of projects.
12
4.3 Digital Light Processing (DLP)
Digital light processing or DLP is another form of photopolymerization, similar to
that of SLA printing previously discussed, with the main difference being the use
of a conventional light source such as an arc lamp (found in film projectors) in
place of the focussed laser light in SLA printing (Barnatt, 2013). The projector
makes use of rapidly moving mirrors which project a whole layer of the object at
once resulting in a faster way of printing than the SLA technique. DLP can also
have higher fidelity due to the entirety of the light being able to focus on a small
section of the object.
4.3.1 Capabilities and Specification
General specifications for a DLP printer:




Maximal build envelope: 144x90x250 mm3
Minimum feature size: 0.075 mm
Typical tolerance: +/- 0.075 mm (can be improved through post-processing)
Minimum layer thickness: 12.5 mm
DLP printing is an incredibly accurate and high resolution 3D printing technology.
DLP uses the same basic concepts as SLA printing and would therefore require
the same support structures to be implemented during printing, adding to the
overall manufacturing time of the print along with requiring the final product to
go through UV curing to be fully usable.
A big advantage of this form of printing over SLA is that the starting materials
required can be placed in a relatively shallow vat, as the product that is being
printed is lifted from the liquid material rather than lowered into it. This reduces
the overall setup costs as the photopolymer liquid resin can be costly.
4.3.2 Usable Materials
The materials used in DLP are of the same category as SLA printing, based
photopolymers that react to Ultraviolet light which consist of plastics, ceramics
and wax.
4.3.3 Future use in the Space Industry
In the many aspects that DLP printing is similar to SLA printing it would
therefore have very similar uses as part of the prototyping and development stages
of production.
Along with the creation of test parts and prototypes, DLP is capable of producing
engineering quality parts for short term use, much like SLA. Thanks to the
resolution and accuracy of DLP printing it would be possible for the printer to be
used to create high accuracy critical parts for use. The ability of this form of 3D
printing to create highly complex shapes is also of use for advanced construction
of components that would be impossible using traditional manufacturing
techniques.
13
4.4 Selective Heat Sintering (SHS)
Selective Heat Sintering or SHS is a form of 3D printing which is used to melt and
bind plastic powders into solid plastic objects. It is compact, cheap and effective.
It does this by having a print bed spread with a thin layer of powdered plastic, a
heated nozzle then follows the pattern of the object to create the first layer. As
each layer is completed the print bed is lowered and a fresh layer of powder is
added. This process continues until the final result has been achieved (Barnatt,
2013).
4.4.1 Capabilities and Specification
General specifications for a SHS printer:
● Maximal build envelope: 200 x 157 x 150 mm3
● Minimum feature size: 0.1 mm
● Typical tolerance: +/-0.15 mm
● Minimum layer thickness: 0.016 mm
SHS printing is best suited for the manufacturing or prototypes along with the
production of fit and form testing parts. One advantage to this form of printing is
the ability to quickly produce object for functional testing.
4.4.2 Usable Materials
SHS printing makes use of powdered plastics as well as some waxes that can easily
be melted and fused. It would be possible for other powder based materials to be
used that do not have a high melting point
4.4.3 Future use in the Space Industry
The use of SHS would be limited to mainly the creation of prototypes, this form of
printing disadvantage in that it does not create fully solid objects can be of
hindrance, however when developing non critical components this form of printing
produces lightweight materials due the semi-solid nature of the final result. This
would allow for lighter components to be printed that could be used in non-critical
systems.
14
4.5 Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)
Selective Laser Sintering or SLS falls under the “powder bed fusion” category and
is the most widespread form of this type of printing. The concept closely follows
that of SLA printing. However, instead of using photopolymer resin the tanks are
filled with a powder which the laser partially melts fusing the granules. As each
layer is completed the powder bed is lowered and a new layer of powder is rolled
on top ready to be moulded by the laser (Barnatt, 2013). This continues layer by
layer until the object is complete. Fig- below represents how Selective Laser
Sintering printing operates.
Figure 3
4.5.1 Capabilities and Specification
General specification for a SLS printer:
●
●
●
●
Maximal build envelope: 550x550x750 mm3
Minimum feature size: 0.15 mm
Typical tolerance: +/-0.25 mm (can be improved through post-processing)
Minimum layer thickness: 0.1 mm
Selective Laser Sintering can be used to create high quality prototypes as well as
support parts. It can also be used to create small scale mechanical parts due to the
pinpoint accuracy of the laser being used to fuse the powders together allowing for
a functioning parts to be usable right after manufacture.
The use of a powder bed also created a natural support for the object being printed.
As is the case with other powder based 3D printing systems, this allows for much
15
more complex shapes to be printed without the need for supports to be printed
alongside, making the process a lot quicker in the post processing stage.
4.5.2 Usable Materials
There are a wide range of plastics available for use in Selective Laser Sintering
printing with more and more becoming available. This allows for this form of
printing to be very versatile and allows the creation of a multitude of components
(Bin and Yuwen, 2009).
4.5.3 Future use in the Space Industry
SLS can be a powerful prototyping tool that can be used to make quick and
effective parts for testing. This make it ideal for testing new designs of components
and parts or even making temporary replacements while a fully functioning
replacement is completed. Due to the issue stated previously with using a powder
based system in a micro gravity environment, this form of printing would be
limited to planetary bodies unless an artificial gravity environment could be
established in space.
This form of 3D printing is an easy solution to prototyping needs, allowing for the
quick production of complex shapes for testing along with a short print time and
post processing requirements. This makes it ideal for testing new aerodynamic
designs and features that could be implemented on space craft and launch
vehicles. Currently McLaren use this form of 3D printing to that effect to test new
prototypes for aerodynamic designs.
The ability of this form of printing to create small scale mechanical parts that
could maintain equipment in orbit or other planets, these mechanical parts could
be used as simple replacements while fully functioning parts are fashioned which
stronger and longer lasting materials using other forms of manufacture.
16
4.6 Selective Laser Melting (SLM)
Selective Laser Melting or SLM is so similar to SLS printing it is offer considered
as a sub category of SLS, however unlike SLS printing the SLM printer fully melts
the powder which it is fusing as opposed to partial melting or sintering. A fine
layer of metallic powder (such as stainless steel) is placed on a printing bed, a high
powered laser then focuses on each point of the object to melt and fuse the powder
to create a solid object. The print bed is then lowered and a fresh layer of powder
is added; the process is repeated to create a solid metal object (Barnatt, 2013).
Figure 4 below represents how Selective Laser Melting printing operates.
Figure 4
4.6.1 Capabilities and Specification
General specifications for a SLM printer:
●
●
●
●
●
●
Maximal build envelope: 600x400x500 mm3
Minimum feature size: 0.04-0.2 mm
Accuracy: +/- 0.05-0.2 mm (+/- 0.1-0.2%)
Minimum layer thickness: 0.03 mm
Typical surface finish: 4 – 10 microns RA
Density: Up to 99.9%
SLM can produce almost perfectly solid objects out of metals that are easily
produced, allowing for it to be very versatile and be used for a number of
applications such as the printing of the SuperDraco Rocket Engines by SpaceX
seen below in Figure 5.
17
Figure 5
4.6.2 Usable Materials
The previously seen SuperDraco engine was printed using the superalloy Inconel,
a perfect example of this form of 3D printing being used for high complex
operations with the use of specialised materials. SLM can also make use of a
variety of other metallic powders including Stainless Steel.
4.6.3 Future use in the Space Industry
Currently this form of printing is being used to create the first ever 3D printed
rocket engines that will see used on board the Dragon MkII capsule developed by
SpaceX. This opens the door for a whole new world of possibilities within the
industry having been proven to not only to be capable of producing the working
engines
themselves,
they
have
also
been
shown
to
have
superior strength, ductility, and fracture resistance, with a lower variability
in material properties post manufacturing (SpaceX, 2016) making SLM printing a
key form of manufacture in the future of space exploration.
Not only can the rocket engines themselves be printed, other less critical parts can
be produced. Eventually it is envisaged that it will be possible that entire sections
of the launch vehicles and orbiters themselves will be printed versions using this
form of 3D printing.
18
4.7 Electron Beam Melting (EBM)
Electron Beam Melting otherwise known as EBM, is a printing process that makes
use of a focused beam to heat up and melt a powder creating a solid object much
like Selective Laser Sintering and Selective Laser Melting printing techniques,
however, the technology behind it is far more sophisticated and therefore provides
a far more superior quality result. The way this printing method differs from the
previously mentioned printers is that it uses an electron beam which is either
manipulated by complex electromagnetic fields within a vacuum chamber or by a
series of lenses. The electron beam is passed over the high grade material powder
3 times, first to bring the powder to an optimal working temperature, the second
time to outline the object and finally to fill in the object itself. Each layer is built
up as the print bed is dropped and fine layer of powder is added on top of the object
ready to be hardened (Barnatt, 2013). Due to the technology behind this process it
is able to produce 100% solid objects, with zero distortion, making it ideal for the
aerospace industry. Figure 6 below represents how Electron Beam Melting
operates.
Figure 6
4.7.1 Capabilities and Specification
Electronic Beam Melting is capable complex solid metal parts that are
mechanically functional. This allows for long term replacement parts to be created.
It is capable of creating working prototypes for testing as well as support
structures due to the ability to create highly dense parts. This form of printing
comes with a series of drawbacks, it is a slow and costly process and the finished
parts require a lot of post processing and finishing.
19
General specifications for and EBM printer:
Maximal build envelope: 350 x 350 x 380mm3
Minimum feature size: 0.1 mm
Typical tolerance: +/- 0.2 mm (can be improved through machining)
Minimum layer thickness: 0.05 mm
Typical surface finish: 20.3 – 25.4microns RA (can be improved through postprocessing)
● Density: Up to 99.9%
●
●
●
●
●
4.7.2 Usable Materials
EBM makes use of very high quality metals such as Cobalt-chromium alloys,
Nickel-based alloys and Titanium for objects production. The very quality of these
materials do make the process costly but the finished products are of a superior
standard and have proven to be value for money and definitely worth the initial
financial outlay.
4.7.3 Future use in the Space Industry
The need for high quality alloys in the manufacturing process makes EBM a more
specialised form of printing and the end result means it can be used in various
mission-critical applications. Due to the ability of this form of printing to produce
objects of a superior standard with almost perfect density, it provides the
possibility of printing the Rocket Engines themselves – a process which is
currently being pioneered by SpaceX (see SLM printing), as well as mechanical
parts to be used on rockets, habitats, machinery and finally high tolerance critical
parts and structures.
The ability of EBM to fabricate robust, dependable and heavy duty components
due to the high quality alloys employed in the manufacturing process make it a
suitable method to for the creation of mission critical components.
20
4.8 Binder Jetting (BJ)
Binder Jetting or BJ is a form of 3D printing which is widespread in the
commercial world, mainly for its ability to create quick and effective prototyping.
The concept of binder jetting is very simple, the print bed is covered with a
powdered form of the material to be ‘bound’ and the print head then deposits an
adhesive over the powder to create the object’s shape, once a layer is completed
the print bed will lower and a fresh layer of powder added and the process begins
again (Lipson and Kurman, n.d.). This is a very cheap, fast and effective form of
3D printing and is considered by many to be ‘true’ 3D printing. Figure 7 below
represents how binder jetting operates.
Figure 7
4.8.1 Capabilities and Specification
General Specifications for a Binder Jett printer:
●
●
●
●
●
●
Maximal build envelope: 4’000 x 2’000 x 1’000 mm3
Minimum feature size: 0.1 mm
Typical tolerance: +/-0.13 mm
Minimum layer thickness: 0.09 mm
Fast build speed
Full colour parts
Binder Jetting is a very quick and effective form of prototyping as well as
producing effective moulds and casts for other manufacturing techniques. This
form of printing also allows for full colour printing to be achieved by the use of
coloured powders. Due to the way in which this printer operated, freshly printed
21
objects have very little mechanical function as it’s difficult to fully print moving
parts due to the rough nature of the final product.
4.8.2 Usable Materials
A huge advantage of Binder Jetting is its ability to be used with any material than
can be provided in powder form, such as Plastics, Metals, Ceramics, Wood and
Sand. This is due to the fact that it ‘glues’ the powder particles to bind them rather
than fusing through melting the particles, as is common with other powder based
printing systems. This allows for this form of printing to be highly versatile, the
ability to use various material opens up its application to many areas.
4.8.3 Future use in the Space Industry
Binder Jetting being a very versatile form of 3D printing could have bondless uses
in the space industry, everything from the creation of utensils on board spacecraft
for use by astronauts to the creation of habitats on other worlds. If resources and
materials can be sources extra terrestrially then using this form of printing would
allow for endless possibilities in space foraging and faring.
An unfortunate disadvantage of this form of printing, including the other forms of
powder based 3D printing, is its un-viability for use in a microgravity
environment. It would be near impossible to get the powder to remain stationary
and for the binder to properly collect the particles together to construct the object.
There are possible solutions to this problem through the use of artificial gravity
such as centrifugal force, such technology is early on in the research department
therefore may not see much function in the near future.
It is highly likely that Binder Jetting will see most use on Earth for the
construction of components to send to orbit and for use on other planets such as
Mars and The Moon due to an abundance of usable materials. Nevertheless, it’s
versatility with materials would make it ideal for use where a constant supply of
specialised materials is limited as this form of printing can be adapted to make
use of any material provided in powdered form.
22
4.9 Material Jetting (MJ)
Material Jetting or MJ (also known as Polyjetting) is a form of 3D printing which
uses a multi-nozzle head to deposit a liquid polymer on to the print bed. This is
then solidified by UV light as each layer is built up as the print bed is lowered.
The advantage of Material Jetting is (due to) the multi-nozzle head; it is possible
to print multiple polymers simultaneously with up to 14 separate photopolymers
able to be deposited on to the object at simultaneously? This also allows for support
structures (a form of scaffold to support the object during printing) to be created
with a soluble material making it quick and easy to clean and finish final pieces
compared to other types of 3D printing. Figure 8 below represents how Material
Jetting operates.
Figure 8
4.9.1 Capabilities and Specification
General Specifications for a MJ printer:
●
●
●
●
Maximal build envelope: 300 x 185 x 200 mm3
Minimum feature size: 0.1 mm
Typical tolerance: +/-0.025 mm
Minimum layer thickness: 0.013 mm
Material Jetting can be used to create high quality finished pieces for applications
such as fit testing – in order to evaluate whether a component will match the end
requirements and prototyping. Due to the necessity for the use of wax-like
materials, the longevity of the finished pieces and their lifespan is limited, making
them only useful for short term limited use in most cases.
23
4.9.2 Usable Materials
The printer with its multi-nozzle head is limited to the use of a few types of waxlike materials that are comprised of plastic and of course was itself.
The photopolymers used in this form of printing can be varied and mixed during
printing but having multiple nozzles mixing the polymers as they print or by
having the polymers pre mixed in the material tanks to allow the final product to
have various properties such as a more solid but brittle or a rubbery and malleable
finish that differ to a single input of polymers could create.
4.9.3 Future use in the Space Industry
The main use for this form of 3D printing would be to create quick prototypes and
testing parts prior to the full manufacture of the associated component. Due to the
types of materials used they can be recycled and this should assist in keeping down
the costs of material transfers to orbit.
24
4.10 Directed Energy Deposition (DED)
Directed Energy Deposition or DED is a way of 3D printing solid metals using a
high powered laser and metallic powders. In this type of printer the metallic
powder which can be comprised of multiple metals such as nickel and chrome
which can be fused in order to create an alloy. The powder is directed into a high
powered laser which melts and binds the metals together to form an object. The
advantage of this form of 3D printing is its ability to create a complete object from
scratch or repair existing object by depositing the powders metals onto the object
to be fused by the laser directly. In the repair of existing objects it’s ability is
impressive/exciting due to the final results providing fully dense metal parts hence
cracks and breakages in existing metal can be completely repaired (Lipson and
Kurman, n.d.).
4.10.1 Capabilities and Specification
General Specifications for a DED printer:
 Maximal build envelope: 914x610x914 mm3
 Minimum feature size: 0.089 mm
 Typical tolerance: +/-0.089 mm (can be improved through post-processing)
 Minimum layer thickness: 0.089 mm
4.10.2 Usable Materials
DED makes use of metals in the printing process; the use of polymers and ceramics
is not possible due to the functionality of the printing process. The two high quality
metals used in this form of 3D printing are Cobalt Chrome and Titanium
4.10.3 Future use in the Space Industry
This form of 3D printing could see many uses in the Space industry through its
ability to form solid metallic objects from scratch as well as the ability to repair
existing parts.
The use of high quality materials in this form of printing make it ideal for the
construction of new components for both launch vehicles and the space craft
themselves. Combined with the ability to repair any damaged components make
DED a very powerful tool. Any minor structural damage that would otherwise
render the vehicle unusable should in theory be able to be repaired using this form
of printing, reducing the costs and turnaround time on launches as new
components would not need to be fabricated for use.
25
4.11 Bio Printing
Bio Printing is an upcoming technology that takes 3D printing technologies to a
new level. Through the use of 3D printing technology it has become possible to use
Stem Cells as the printing material in order to produce living tissue. This living
tissue can be applied directly to the body in order to aid rapid healing but can also
be used to print replacement organs for patients, meeting their exact needs and
matching their requirements (da Graca and Filardo, 2011). Figure 9 below
displays a conceptual design of a Bio Printer.
Figure 9
This form of 3D Printing is still in the early stages of development, but is seeing
increased research and development due to the incredible results already seen, a
functioning Heart Valve has been successfully printed (Asme.org, 2013). This
technology could result to be a game changer for the medical community and
showcases the versatile nature of 3D printing.
4.11.1 Future use in the Space Industry
The advantages of Bio Printing are obvious and for the same reasons their use in
space exploration cannot be ignored. When conducting deep space mission or
during the colonisation of others world, being cut off from Earth and with a limited
donor pool the ability to survive due to organ failure is slim to none, but the ability
to print a new organ could potentially save lives. Not only would this but the
ability to aid in the healing of wounds aid greatly in keeping the crew fit for
service.
26
5 Conclusion
This research was to explore 3D Printing Technologies and their applications in
Space Exploration; the potential and practicality of effective resource 3D printing
in micro/non-gravitational environments in outer space and the usage of the
technology on Earth and other celestial bodies.
Research methods included the review of all accessible reports and data on current
developments, methods and applications on Earth as well as the International
Space Station in orbit around Earth.
Secondary research was the main source of information for this paper; literature
on the general usage of 3D printing and the current technologies was investigated
as well the study of reports and press releases by NASA and the European Space
Agency, SpaceX and ULA along with journal publications that include analysis of
3D printing technology and materials.
The most significant findings of this paper are the identification of various 3D
printing technologies for use, not only in the Space Industry on the ground, but in
the microgravity environments of Space Exploration. The implications of this
study shows that the technology is viable and could have widespread use
throughout the industry for the production of almost all components used for the
launching of craft and satellites into orbit, including components and structural
parts of the craft and satellites themselves, with the future possibilities for use on
other worlds for the creation of permanent colonies.
This study also illustrates the significant economic benefits for the Space Industry
by utilising 3D printing, and vastly reduced environmental impact, due to its
radical shift from traditional fabrication methods and the ability to localise
production.
5.1 Recommendations for Further Research.
This study has been limited due to the fact that all research undertaken has been
secondary, further research into the subject area with the sue of both secondary
and primary research alongside the potential development and testing of the 3D
printing technologies to fully understand the potential of the techniques. This
would allow for a greater understanding of how the technologies could be
implemented in the future and is the logical next step to follow
On completing this paper, several areas for further research have been identified
to continue advancement in the subject area following investigation of the
techniques used in 3D printing and its application in Space Exploration. Primary
research to follow would include Material Research, Sustainability, Material
Sourcing, Bio Printing, Economics and Environment, all of which would not only
be applicable to Space Exploration Technology but to humanity on a global scale.
As recent history has shown, many inadvertent technological advancements and
benefits have resulted from the research and development of Space Technologies.
27
5.1.1 Material Research
Currently each 3D printing technique depends on specific forms of base
materials. Further research is required to identify and broaden the spectrum of
materials that can be adapted for fabrication especially within the space industry.
For example, research into heat resistant materials for use in thermal shielding
would be extremely beneficial.
5.1.2 Sustainability
For long duration missions or the colonisation of other worlds, manufacturing of
components would need to be sustainable without support from Earth. The
reusability of many of the components and their recycling to base materials for
new on-site 3D production would aid greatly in reducing weight and the need for
provisions for long term manned missions. Similarly the necessity for colonisation
attempts to be self-sustaining with regards to the repair and manufacture of goods
and components. Research is required into any possible effects of multi-recycling
of the base materials to assess if their sustainability is curtailed.
5.1.3 Material Sourcing
Future otherworld colonisations would rely entirely on locally sourced
materials. Further research into the adaptability of alien materials for use with
3D printing technologies along with research and development into adapting the
printing techniques to make use of these alien materials. This could be commenced
by the study of meteorite constituents as well as materials collected on space
missions.
5.1.4 Bio Printing
Research into this form of printing briefly touched upon in this paper would have
a huge impact on the feasibility of long term missions in Space with a potential
application to combat muscle degradation and colonisation. This form of printing
in itself would have benefit to not only Humans on deep space missions but for
people on Earth as an answer to transplant shortages and could have a global
beneficial impact on medicine.
28
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7 Appendix
20160406_License_Dion_Rowlands
Zurich, Switzerland, 06.04.2016
Additively Ltd, Switzerland grants Dion Rowlands a free usage license to use the material listed in Appendix A
for use in his paper at Cardiff Metropolitan University as long as the following conditions are met, depending
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Text: Illustration courtesy of Additively.com
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corner must be clearly visible
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No other publication mediums and or forms are permitted without prior written consent by Additively Ltd.
The licensee is not allowed to sell, rent, sub-license or distribute this material to any other third party without
prior written consent by Additively Ltd.
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additive-manufacturing-material-jetting-en.png
[email protected]
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[email protected]
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Ethics Approval Number: 20015D0567
When undertaking a research or enterprise project, Cardiff Met staff and students are obliged to complete this
form in order that the ethics implications of that project may be considered.
If the project requires ethics approval from an external agency (e,g., NHS), you will not need to seek
additional ethics approval from Cardiff Met. You should however complete Part One of this form and attach a
copy of your ethics letter(s) of approval in order that your School has a record of the project.
The document Ethics application guidance notes will help you complete this form. It is available from the
Cardiff Met website. The School or Unit in which you are based may also have produced some guidance
documents, please consult your supervisor or School Ethics Coordinator.
Once you have completed the form, sign the declaration and forward to the appropriate person(s) in your
School or Unit.
PLEASE NOTE:
Participant recruitment or data collection MUST NOT commence until ethics approval has been obtained.
PART ONE
Name of applicant:
Dion Rowlands
Supervisor (if student project):
Prof. Tom Crick
School / Unit:
CSM
Student number (if applicable):
ST20051044
Programme enrolled on (if applicable):
BSc (Hons) Computing
Project Title:
3D Printing in Space
Expected start date of data collection:
N/A
Approximate duration of data collection:
N/A
Funding Body (if applicable):
N/A
Other researcher(s) working on the project:
N/A
Will the study involve NHS patients or staff?
No
Will the study involve taking samples of human origin from participants?
No
Does your project fall entirely within one of the following categories:
Paper based, involving only documents in the public domain
Yes
Laboratory based, not involving human participants or human tissue samples
No
Practice based not involving human participants (eg curatorial, practice audit)
No
Compulsory projects in professional practice (eg Initial Teacher Education)
No
A project for which external approval has been obtained (e.g., NHS)
No
If you have answered YES to any of these questions, expand on your answer in the non-technical summary.
No further information regarding your project is required.
If you have answered NO to all of these questions, you must complete Part 2 of this form
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In no more than 150 words, give a non-technical summary of the project
Investigating current 3D printing technologies and analysing the potential application on human
spaceflights to low earth orbit, deep space and the colonisation of other worlds, to give a recommendation
on technologies and materials that could be used to achieve prolonged missions and to identify potential
future research areas.
DECLARATION:
I confirm that this project conforms with the Cardiff Met Research Governance Framework
I confirm that I will abide by the Cardiff Met requirements regarding confidentiality and anonymity when
conducting this project.
STUDENTS: I confirm that I will not disseminate any material produced as a result of this project without
the prior approval of my supervisor.
Signature of the applicant:
Date:
FOR STUDENT PROJECTS ONLY
Name of supervisor:
Date:
Signature of supervisor:
Research Ethics Committee use only
Decision reached:
Project approved
Project approved in principle
Decision deferred
Project not approved
Project rejected
Project reference number:
Name:
Date:
Signature:
Details of any conditions upon which approval is dependant:
PART TWO
A RESEARCH DESIGN
A1 Will you be using an approved protocol in your project?
A2 If yes, please state the name and code of the approved protocol to be used
A3 Describe the research design to be used in your project
A4 Will the project involve deceptive or covert research?
A5 If yes, give a rationale for the use of deceptive or covert research
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No
No
A6 Will the project have security sensitive implications?
No
A7 If yes, please explain what they are and the measures that are proposed to address them
B PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE
B1 What previous experience of research involving human participants relevant to this project do you
have?
B2 Student project only
What previous experience of research involving human participants relevant to this project does your
supervisor have?
C POTENTIAL RISKS
C1 What potential risks do you foresee?
C2 How will you deal with the potential risks?
When submitting your application you MUST attach a copy of the following:
 All information sheets
 Consent/assent form(s)
An exemplar information sheet and participant consent form are available from the Research section of the
Cardiff Met website.
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