Unit 12: Integrated Science
CHAPTER 2
Matter is anything that takes up space.
Ex.
2.1 Properties of Matter
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How It Looks
How It Feels
How It Smells
How It Sounds
What It Does
(Shiny, Dull, Color, etc.)
(Hard, Soft, Rough, Smooth, etc.)
(Sweet, Sharp, Terrible, No Smell, etc.)
(Loud, Soft, Echo, No Sound, etc.)
(Bounce, Stretch, Tear, Break, Magnetism etc.)
2.2 States of Matter
All MATTER exists as either
SOLIDS
LIQUIDS
or
GASES.
These are called the three states of matter.
There is also a forth state called the PLASMA state
Solids
Has a definite shape and does not lose its shape.
It has a definite Mass and a definite Volume
This means that a solid will always look the same,
take up the same amount of space, and have the
same amount of molecules in it.
Mr. J.Agius Personal Notes
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Unit 12: Integrated Science
Liquid
It does not have a definite shape.
It takes the shape of any container.
It has a definite Mass and a definite Volume
This means that liquids will always take up the
same amount of space and have the same
amount of molecules in it. However, because it
does not have a definite shape, it takes the shape
of its container.
Gases
Does not have a definite shape or volume and takes
up all space in a container.
This means that a gas does not always take up the
same amount of space, nor does it weigh the same
all the time. Like liquids, gases take the shape of
their containers. However, they will fill the space
they are given. That is why they don't always take
up the same amount of space!!
The sun (made up of many gases), smoke from fire, and water vapor in clouds are all
gases too. Can you think of more?
Plasma
Plasma fluid is made up of electrically charged atomic particles (ions and electrons). It
has specific properties that make its behavior markedly different from that of other states
of matter, such as gases.
Plasma, is formed when atoms, instead of being combined
into more complex structures, are broken up into their main
constituent parts. This happens in natural environments
such as the stars, where the temperature is very high, greater
than tens of thousands, or even millions, of degrees.
Mr. J.Agius Personal Notes
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Unit 12: Integrated Science
On Earth, the heat generated by electrical discharges in
gases can also generate plasmas:
Ex: Lightning strokes turn the air into very hot plasma,
though only for a very short time.
Another important plasma is the Earth’s
ionosphere, a layer of ions and electrons
mixed with the neutral gases of the
atmosphere, about 100 km (60 mi) above
the Earth’s surface. In the ionosphere,
electrons are stripped from the atoms by
the ultraviolet light and X-rays emitted by
the Sun.
2.3 Measuring Matter
VOLUME
The amount of space matter takes up.
Use a measuring cup or graduate to find volume.
MASS
Mass is the amount of matter in an object.
Use a balance or scale to find mass.
If you thing what kind of equation has volume and mass as two properties, your answer
will be the Density. This means that with these two measurements you can find the
density of any material.
Mr. J.Agius Personal Notes
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Unit 12: Integrated Science
2.4 Physical Changes in Matter
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Cut
Tear
Folded
Written On
Painted
Liquid
Solid
Gas
Mixture
Solution
2.5 Chemical Changes in Matter
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New Matter is formed.
– Burning
– Rusting
– Cooking
– Film Processing
2.6 Particle Theory
In a solid…
The particles are packed VERY CLOSELY
TOGETHER and…
…each particle exerts a LARGE PULL FORCE
on every other particle around it.
Each particle can ONLY VIBRATE (move to
and fro)…
…about its FIXED POSITION which doesn’t
change.
Solids are;
1. generally arranged with unique symmetrical regularity.
2. tightly held together with little space between the molecules (or atoms)
3. incompressible.
Strong electrostatic forces, which vary from compound to compound, hold the molecules
together.
All solids have some molecular motion. All solids have vibrational modes of energy.
Mr. J.Agius Personal Notes
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Unit 12: Integrated Science
Types of Solids
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Ice is only one form of a solid.
Crystalline solids have ordered uniform arrangement of the atoms. Some
crystalline solids are diamonds, metals, and salts.
Amorphous solids are disordered and do not break cleanly. Some amorphous
solids are glass and plastics.
In a liquid…
The
particles
are
packed
CLOSELY
TOGETHER …
…and each particle exerts a SMALL PULL
FORCE on every other particle around it.
The particles MOVE AROUND…
…in ANY DIRECTION within the liquid.
The Liquid State
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The atoms (or molecules) in the liquid state are held together by attractive forces.
These forces are stronger than those between a gas but less than the forces holding
a solid together.
Liquids have both vibrational and rotational modes of energy.
Surface tension, solubility, and capillary action are all properties of a liquid which
aid in distinguishing one liquid from another.
In a gas…
The particles are FAR APART from each other…
…and there is NO PULL FORCE between the
particles.
The particles MOVE AROUND QUICKLY…
…in ANY DIRECTION within their container.
The Gaseous State
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Steam, vapors, mists, and wind are all different forms of gases.
Gas particles are very weakly held together so the particles are very far apart.
Gases have vibrational, rotational, and translational modes of energy.
Mr. J.Agius Personal Notes
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Unit 12: Integrated Science
2.7 Properties of Solids, Liquids and Gases
Solids, Liquids and Gases have certain Properties that enable us to distinguish between
each of the states. These properties can be easily explained if we use the Particle Theory
to consider how the particles are Arranged and Move in each state.
Mr. J.Agius Personal Notes
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