Name:
Skill Sheet 4.1
Acceleration Problems
This skill sheet will allow you to practice solving acceleration problems. Remember that acceleration is the
rate of change in the speed of an object. In other words, at what rate does an object speed up or slow down? A
positive value for acceleration refers to the rate of speeding up, and negative value for acceleration refers to
the rate of slowing down. The rate of slowing down is also called deceleration. To determine the rate of
acceleration, you use the formula:
speed – Beginning speedAcceleration = Final
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Change in Time
1. Solving acceleration problems
Solve the following problems using the equation for acceleration. Remember the units for acceleration are meters
per second per second or m/sec2. The first problem is done for you.
1.
A biker goes from a speed of 0.0 m/sec to a final speed of 25.0 m/sec in 10 seconds. What is the acceleration
of the bicycle?
25.0
m- – 0.0
m25.0
m---------------------------------------sec
2.5 m
sec
sec
acceleration = ------------------------------------ = ---------------- = ------------2
10 sec
10 sec
sec
2.
A skater increases her velocity from 2.0 m/sec to 10.0 m/sec in 3.0 seconds. What is the acceleration of the
skater?
3.
While traveling along a highway a driver slows from 24 m/sec to 15 m/sec in 12 seconds. What is the
automobile’s acceleration? (Remember that a negative value indicates a slowing down or deceleration.)
4.
A parachute on a racing dragster opens and changes the speed of the car from 85 m/sec to 45 m/sec in a
period of 4.5 seconds. What is the acceleration of the dragster?
5.
The cheetah, which is the fastest land mammal, can accelerate from 0.0 mi/hr to 70.0 mi/hr in 3.0 seconds.
What is the acceleration of the cheetah? Give your answer in units of mph/sec.
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Skill Sheet 4.1 Acceleration Problems
6.
The Lamborghini Diablo sports car can accelerate from 0.0 km/hr to 99.2 km/hr in 4.0 seconds. What is the
acceleration of this car? Give your answer in units of kilometers per hour/sec.
7.
Which has greater acceleration, the cheetah or the Lamborghini Diablo? (To figure this out, you must
remember that there are 1.6 kilometers in 1 mile.) Be sure to show your calculations.
2. Solving for other variables
Now that you have practiced a few acceleration problems, you can rearrange the acceleration formula so that you
can solve for other variables such as time and final speed.
Final speed = Beginning speed + ( acceleration × time )
speed – Beginning speedTime = Final
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Acceleration
1.
A cart rolling down an incline for 5.0 seconds has an acceleration of 4.0 m/sec2. If the cart has a beginning
speed of 2.0 m/sec, what is its final speed?
2.
A car accelerates at a rate of 3.0 m/sec2. If its original speed is 8.0 m/sec, how many seconds will it take the
car to reach a final speed of 25.0 m/sec?
3.
A car traveling at a speed of 30.0 m/sec encounters an emergency and comes to a complete stop. How much
time will it take for the car to stop if its rate of deceleration is -4.0 m/sec2?
4.
If a car can go from 0.0 to 60.0 mi/hr in 8.0 seconds, what would be its final speed after 5.0 seconds if its
starting speed were 50.0 mi/hr?
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Skill Sheet 2.2
Converting Units
All measurements have two parts, an amount shown as a number and a unit shown as a word. For example,
your height might be 64 (the amount) inches (the unit). This measurement is equivalent to 5 feet 4 inches.
Why might you use feet and inches to describe your height versus inches only? The type of unit you use
depends on how large or how small a measurement is. For example, the distance to your school might be
158,400 inches or 2.5 miles. Do you see why you might use miles to describe this distance? You will practice
converting between units in this skill sheet.
1. Canceling units or ‘crossing out’
Canceling units is the key to converting units. Here are the four concepts involved. Take it a step at a time to see
what is happening.
1.
One factor multiplied by a fraction is equal to a single fraction:
1m
cm × 1 m23 cm × ------------------ = 23
-----------------------------100 cm
100 cm
2.
Units are just like algebraic variables. Think of them as multiplied by their amounts:
23
cm × 1 m- 23 × cm × 1 × m
-----------------------------= ----------------------------------------100 cm
100 × cm
3.
Anything divided by itself is equal to 1:
1--- = 1
1
4.
23
------ = 1
23
cm
------- = 1
cm
One times anything is equal to that thing, so multiplying by 1 does not change the value:
1×3 = 3
1 × cup = cup
1 × gram = gram
See how each of these concepts works together. The first two concepts are applied to three separate fractions:
1,000 m 1 mile
100 × km × 1,000 × m × 1 × mile100 km × -------------------- × -------------------- = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 km
1,609 m
1 × km × 1,609 × m
Scanning this combined fraction above, we see two cases of like terms in the numerator and the denominator.
Kilometers (km) and meters (m) appear in the numerator and the denominator. The third concept above says that
anything divided by itself is equal to 1. Therefore, we can cancel out these terms.
1
1
1,000 m 1 mile
100
×
km
×
1,000
×
m
× 1 × mile
100 km × -------------------- × -------------------- = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 km
1,609 m
1 × km × 1,609 × m
The fourth concept says that the two 1’s that resulted from canceling will not change the final value. Note that the
single remaining unit (miles) is carried over as the unit in the result. To provide a final check, determine whether
the resulting unit—in this case, miles—makes sense. Does it make sense to say that 100 kilometers is equal to
62.1 miles?
100 × 1 × 1,000 × 1 × 1 × mile- = 62.1 miles
------------------------------------------------------------------------1 × 1 × 1,609 × 1
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Skill Sheet 2.2 Converting Units
2. Choosing conversion factors
The first step of converting units is to select a conversion factor that matches the units of the problem. Sometimes
you need more than one conversion factor to solve the problem. For each problem below, circle one or more
conversion factors that you would use to solve each problem. You do not need to solve these problems.
Problem
Conversion Factors
Example:
3, 043 meters equals how many kilometers?
10
mm---------------1 cm
10
cm-------------1m
1 km -------------------1, 000 m
The problem involves meters and kilometers. The circled conversion factor shows the relationship between
meters and kilometers (1 km = 1,000 m) so this is the conversion factor to use.
1.
183 cm equals how many meters?
10
mm---------------1 cm
1m----------------100 cm
1,000
m------------------1 km
1.
53 mm equals how many centimeters?
10
mm---------------1 cm
10
cm-------------1m
1,000
m------------------1 km
1.
73,680 cm equals how many kilometers?
10
mm---------------1 cm
1m----------------100 cm
1 km ------------------1,000 m
3. Applying the conversion factor correctly
Conversion problems are solved with one or more conversion factors. In the conversion process, the starting unit
is canceled, leaving only the ending unit in the answer. To do this, the unit to be canceled must appear in the
denominator of the conversion factor. Sometimes this requires you to invert the conversion factor. Solve each
problem with the conversion factor as is or inverted.
Problem
Conversion factors
Example:
1.5 miles is equal to how many kilometers?.
1 kilometer
1.5 miles × ---------------------------- = 2.4 kilometers
0.624 miles
1.
0.624
miles--------------------------1 kilometer
1 kilometer--------------------------0.624 miles
In this problem, the conversion factor
needs to be inverted.
4.3 centimeters is equal to how many millimeters?
10
millimeters---------------------------------1 centimeter
M
1.
8,700 milligrams is equal to how many grams?
1.
4.3 Astronomical Units is equal to how many kilometers?
10
milligrams
--------------------------------1 gram
2
149,597,870.7
kilometers-----------------------------------------------------------1 Astronomical Unit
Skill Sheet 2.2 Converting Units
4. Practice problems
Solve the following problems using the conversion factors found on the back cover of your text, Foundations of
Physics. Additional conversion factors are included with each problem. Round final answers to the nearest tenth.
In problems with more than one conversion factor, work each conversion factor one at a time, working from left
to right. Treat the result of the first conversion as though it were the beginning of a new problem and ensure that
the new unit to be canceled is in the denominator of the next conversion factor.
Use the following rules to check your work:
•
If the ending unit is larger than the starting unit, the ending amount must be
smaller that the starting amount. Example: 12 eggs = 1 dozen
Dozen is a larger unit than egg; 1 is smaller than 12.
•
If the ending unit is smaller, the ending amount must be larger than the
starting amount.
Example: 1 meter = 100 centimeters
Centimeter is smaller than meter; 100 is larger than 1.
•
The final unit after conversion must answer the original question.
1.
Fill in the following table:
Starting amount and unit
Ending amount and unit
3.0 inches
_____ meters
3.7 gallons
_____ liters
47.0 pounds
_____ kilograms
3.0 pints
_____ liters
230 grams
_____ kilograms
42 millimeters
_____ centimeters
1,000 milliliters
_____ liters
24.3 meters
_____ kilometers
Conversion factors: 0.4536 kilograms = 1 pound or
2.
0.4536
kg----------------------;
1 pound
8 pints = 1 gallon or
8 pints-----------------1 gallon
The volume of a European hot tub is 2,800 liters, but the building code for floor joist size to support the tub
is in gallons. How many gallons should the builder use to calculate the weight of the filled tub?
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Skill Sheet 2.2 Converting Units
3.
A bullet fired from a .22-caliber rifle leaves the barrel at 1,200 feet per second. How fast is that in meters per
second?
meters--------------------------------Conversion factor: 0.3048 meters = 1 foot or 0.3048
1 foot
4.
One reason that SI units are not popular in the United States is that converting English units directly into SI
units results in numbers with decimals. What would the weight be of a 2-pound can of coffee in grams?
Conversion factor:
grams
----------------------------453.6 grams = 1 pound or 453.6
1 pound
5.
The beverage industry in the United States has been eager to use SI units. One liter of a beverage has 1,000
milliliters. Calculate how many milliliters are in one quart. Why do you think it would be a good marketing
move to sell beverages by the liter rather than by the quart?
Conversion factor:
4 quarts
4 quarts = 1 gallon or -----------------1 gallon
6.
A young French girl went to the market and bought 200 grams of cheese for her mother. About how many
ounces of cheese did she buy?
Conversion factors:
grams
----------------------------453.6 grams = 1 pound or 453.6
1 pound
16 ounces = 1 pound or
7.
16 ounces
-----------------------1 pound
Challenge problem: Here is a good multipart problem that gives you an eye-opening idea of the immense
distances of space. It is also completely imaginary. Although we know sound cannot travel through a
vacuum, imagine that sound can travel in space at the same speed it travels through air under standard
conditions. Our sun has just erupted in an enormous solar flare. We will see it in about 8 1/2 minutes because
of the speed of light. But how long after the flare would we hear it under these imaginary conditions? Round
to the nearest whole number after each step.
Conversion factors:
Distance to sun = 93,000,000 miles
Speed of sound under standard conditions = 343 meters per second.
One kilometer = 0.62 miles
One kilometer = 1,000 meters
One hour = 3,600 seconds.
One year = 8,766 hours.
HINT: Convert the sun's distance to meters and calculate the number of seconds, then convert the number of
seconds to years.
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