$%&'%( )$*'+,%
!"# $%&# %' ("# ("#$)%"*&+,# -+$-.&*(+%, +,
*/$.0( -&+)*(# -"*,1#
!"#"$ %& '()$*>+ ,-.*()/ 0& !-/-)/?+ 1234)/ 5& 6#3.*"$@ 7 89:$"; <& =")>"$A
> !"#$%&'"(& )* +"),-."(-",/ 0%"1)( 2&$&" 3(.4"%,.&5/ 6)%4$77.,/ 0%"1)( 89::;/ 32<
? 6)77"1" )* 0-"$(.- $(= <&'),#>"%.- 2-."(-",/ 0%"1)( 2&$&" 3(.4"%,.&5/ 6)%4$77.,/ 0%"1)( 89::;/ 32<
@ 67.'$&" $(= ?(4.%)('"(&$7 @>5,.-,/ 3(.4"%,.&5 )* A"%(/ @>5,.-, B(,&.&C&"/ 2.=7"%,&%$,," D/ :E;F A"%(/ 2G.&H"%7$(=
A 2->))7 )* ?$%&> $(= 0-"$( 2-."(-",/ 3(.4"%,.&5 )* I.-&)%.$/ @0 A)J :EDD/ I.-&)%.$/ A%.&.,> 6)7C'K.$ ILM :@N/ 6$($=$
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
12" ?3//-@-(-#A 3B ) $":C.": 8#()9#-. #2"$432)(-9" .-$.C()#-39 -9 $"/?39/" #3 -9.$")/"/ -9 D$""923C/"ED)/ .39."9#$)#-39/ 2)/ @""9
:"439/#$)#": -9 ) 9C4@"$ 3B /-4C()#-39/ ;-#2 D"9"$)( .-$.C()#-39 43:"(/ 3B #2" .3C?(": 3.")9F)#43/?2"$" /A/#"4& GC# -#
$"4)-9/ :-BH.C(# #3 )//"// #2" (-*"(-233: 3B BC#C$" .2)9D"/ -9 #2" #2"$432)(-9" .-$.C()#-39+ 4)-9(A 3;-9D #3 ?33$(A .39/#$)-9":
43:"( ?)$)4"#"$-I)#-39/ )9: C9."$#)-9#-"/ -9 #2" $"/?39/" 3B #2" .(-4)#" /A/#"4 #3 D$""923C/" ;)$4-9D& 89)(A/"/ 3B ?)/# )@$C?#
.(-4)#" .2)9D"/ 2"(? #3 /3(>" #2"/" ?$3@("4/& J)#) )9: 43:"(/ @3#2 /CDD"/# #2)# )@$C?# .(-4)#" .2)9D" :C$-9D #2" ()/# D().-)#-39
3$-D-9)#": #2$3CD2 .2)9D"/ -9 #2" 8#()9#-. #2"$432)(-9" .-$.C()#-39 -9 $"/?39/" #3 /4)(( .2)9D"/ -9 #2" 2A:$3(3D-.)( .A.("&
8#43/?2"$-. )9: 3.")9-. $"/?39/"/ #3 #2"/" .2)9D"/ ;"$" #2"9 #$)9/4-##": D(3@)((A #2$3CD2 ) 9C4@"$ 3B B"":@).*/& 12"
?)()"3.(-4)#" :)#) )9: #2" 43:"( $"/C(#/ )(/3 -9:-.)#" #2)# #2" /#)@-(-#A 3B #2" #2"$432)(-9" .-$.C()#-39 :"?"9:/ 39 #2" 4")9
.(-4)#" /#)#"&
!
B: <;:65 6CC:;7D ;EF=67: 7B9<8GB F7D BFGB B:67 ;6H6;F7I
9:E67FJ: 7< 7B: D899<85KF5G E65KL 7B:9:MI =<K:967F5G
K6FEIL D:6D<56E 65K F57:965586E 7:=H:96789: N8;7867F<5DL
65K 7B9<8GB F7D 6MFEF7I 7< 7965DH<97 B:67 C9<= <5:
E<;67F<5 7< 65<7B:94 O5 7B: !<97B "7E657F;L KFCC:9:57F6E
D<E69 B:67F5G M:73::5 BFGB 65K E<3 E67F78K:D 7:5KD 7< 6;;:E:967:
D89C6;: 367:9D H<E:369KD 3B:9:6D C9:DB367:9 F5H87 7< BFGB E67F78K:D
7<G:7B:9 3F7B E<3PE67F78K: :J6H<967F<5 7:5K 7< M96Q: 7BFD N<34
#<K6IL 7B: C<9=:9 7B:9=6E C<9;F5G K<=F567:D 7B: E677:9 B6EF5:
RC9:DB367:9S C<9;F5G 65K 7B: =:9FKF<56E <J:97895F5G F5 7B: "7E657F;
K9FJ:D D89C6;: 367:9D 5<97B369KL 3BFE: K::H 367:9 7B67 C<9=D F5 7B:
!<9KF; T:6D N<3D D<87B369K 6D !<97B "7E657F; U::H V67:9
R!"UVS4 #BFD 7B:9=<B6EF5: ;F9;8E67F<5 R#WXS FD 9:DH<5DFME: C<9
=8;B <C 7B: 7<76E <;:65F; H<E:369K B:67 7965DH<97 F5 7B: "7E657F;L
H:6QF5G 67 6M<87 ,!. ! 2!Y ZV R, ZV :[86ED ,2,- 3677DS 67 .+! !
R9:C4 ,S4
!< D8;B K::H <J:97895F5G <;;89D F5 7B: !<97B Z6;F\;L 3B:9:
D89C6;: 367:9D 69: 7<< C9:DB 7< DF5Q.4 #B: E6;Q <C 6 =:9FKF<56E E65K
M699F:9 F5 7B: T<87B:95 );:65 H9:;E8K:D 7B: :]FD7:5;: <C D79<5G
:6D7^3:D7 H9:DD89: G96KF:57D 5::K:K 7< M6E65;: 6 D<87B369K G:<DP
79<HBF; D89C6;: N<3L D< 7B67 H<E:369K B:67 7965DH<97 6DD<;F67:K 3F7B
7B: #WX FD D=6EE 7B:9:4 U::HP367:9 C<9=67F<5 F5 7B: T<87B:95
);:65 <;;89D 6E<5G 7B: "5769;7F; ;<57F5:576E DB:EC F5 7B: V:KK:EE
65K %<DD T:6D :F7B:9 7B9<8GB F57:5D: :J6H<967F<5 <9L =<9: 7IHF;6EEIL
7B9<8GB M9F5: 9:_:;7F<5 7B67 H9<K8;:D K:5D: 367:9 7B67 DF5QD K<35
65K 6E<5G 7B: DE<H:Y4 O5 6KKF7F<5L D8H:9;<<E:K 367:9 =6I M: C<9=:K
67 7B: M6D: <C 7B: 7BF;Q N<67F5G F;: DB:EJ:D K89F5G C9::`F5G <9 =:E7F5G
65K 7BFD K:5D: 367:9 =6I F5 7895 N<3 K<35DE<H:+4
#B: FK:6 7B67 7B: "7E657F; #WX =6I B6J: =65I DH::KD FD 5<3 6
;:5789I <EK.L M87 5<7 857FE 7B: ,ab2D KFK 6 [8657F767FJ:L 6EM:F7
FK:6EF`:KL C96=:3<9Q :=:9G: 7< :]HE6F5 7B: HBIDF;D M:BF5K 7B:
H<7:57F6E :]FD7:5;: <C 7B:D: =8E7FHE: :[8FEFM9F6-4 T8MD:[8:57EIL
<;:65b 65K ;<8HE:K 67=<DHB:9:^<;:65 G:5:96E ;F9;8E67F<5 =<K:ED
RcXdDS R9:C4 eS 3:9: DB<35 7< D8HH<97 =8E7FHE: :[8FEFM9F64 T8;B
D78KF:D B6J: 9:J:6E:K 7B67 =8E7FHE: :[8FEFM9F6 :]FD7 M:;68D: 7B:
67=<DHB:9: 9:DH<5KD 7< 65<=6EF:D <C D:6 D89C6;: 7:=H:96789:L M87
5<7 D6EF5F7If4 #B:I B6J: C897B:9 DB<35 7B67 7965DF7F<5D M:73::5
KFCC:9:57 D767:D 69: <C7:5 6M98H7 65K ;65 M: F5K8;:K 7B9<8GB D=6EE
H:9789M67F<5D 7< 7B: BIK9<E<GF;6E ;I;E:4
#B: ;<5;:H7 <C =8E7FHE: :[8FEFM9F6 <C 7B: #WX 65K 7B: 7965DF7F<5D
M:73::5 7B:D: D767:D FD 5<3 ;<==<5EI F5J<Q:K 6D 6 =:;B65FD= 7<
:]HE6F5 7B: 6M98H7 ;EF=67: ;B65G:D 7B67 3:9: ;B696;7:9FD7F; <C 7B:
E6D7 GE6;F67F<5aL,24 W:9: 3: 9:C:9 7< 65 6M98H7 ;B65G: 6D 6 H:9DFD7:57
7965DF7F<5 <C ;EF=67: R<J:9 D8M;<57F5:576E D;6E:S 7B67 <;;89D <5 7B:
7F=:D;6E: <C K:;6K:D4 "E7B<8GB 85K:9D765KF5G 7B: =:;B65FD=D
M:BF5K 6M98H7 ;EF=67: 7965DF7F<5D F5 7B: H6D7 FD F57:9:D7F5G F5 F7D
<35 9FGB7L 7B:9: FD 6 H9:DDF5G 5::K 7< G6F5 F5DFGB7 F57< 7B: EFQ:EFB<<K
<C 7B:F9 C8789: <;;899:5;:,,L,.4 d<D7L M87 5<7 6EEL ;<8HE:K cXd
H9<_:;7F<5D <C 7B: 73:57IP\9D7 ;:5789I ;EF=67: DB<3 6 9:K8;7F<5 F5
7B: D79:5G7B <C 7B: "7E657F; <J:97895F5G ;F9;8E67F<5 3F7B F5;9:6DF5G
;<5;:57967F<5D <C G9::5B<8D: G6D:D,Y gFC 7B: 369=F5G FD D79<5G
:5<8GB 65K D8D76F5:K E<5G :5<8GBL 6 ;<=HE:7: ;<EE6HD: ;655<7 M:
:];E8K:K,+L,-4 #B: D8;;:DDC8E DF=8E67F<5 <C H6D7 6M98H7 :J:57D 7B67
69: C<85K F5 7B: H6E6:<;EF=67: 9:;<9K FD 7B: <5EI 7:D7 <C =<K:E
\K:EF7I F5 :D7F=67F5G 7B: H<DDFMFEF7I <C E69G: <;:65^67=<DHB:9:
9:<9G65F`67F<5D 3B:5 H9<_:;7F5G C8789: ;EF=67: ;B65G:4
!)/# .2)9D"/ -9 #2" #2"$432)(-9" .-$.C()#-39
X<5DFK:96ME: H9<G9:DD B6D M::5 =6K: F5 EF5QF5G H6D7 6M98H7 ;B65G:D
F5 !<97B "7E657F; D89C6;:P<;:65 65K 67=<DHB:9F; 7:=H:96789: 3F7B
;B65G:D F5 K::H <;:65 ;F9;8E67F<5L ;<5\9=F5G 7B: F=H<97657 9<E:
7B67 =6_<9 9:<9G65F`67F<5D <C 7B: "7E657F; #WX B6J: HE6I:K F5
6M98H7 ;EF=67: ;B65G:4 "E7B<8GB 6 ;<57F588= <C H<DDFME: =<K:D <C
!"UV C<9=67F<5 =6I :]FD7,bL H6E6:<;:65<G96HBF; 9:;<9KD D8GG:D7
7B67 7B: E69G:D7 ;B65G:D F5 !<97B "7E657F; ;EF=67: 3:9: 6DD<;F67:K
3F7B 7965DF7F<5D 6=<5G 7B9:: H<DDFME: =<K:Dh 6 =<K:95 =<K:L 6
GE6;F6E =<K:L 65K 6 W:F59F;B =<K:a4 #B: =<K:95 =<K: FD ;B69P
6;7:9F`:K MI 7B: C<9=67F<5 <C K::H 367:9 F5 7B: !<9KF; T:6D 65K F7D
D8MD:[8:57 N<3 <J:9 7B: c9::5E65K^T;<7E65K 9FKG:,e4 #B: 5:3EI
C<9=:K !"UV N<3D F57< 7B: *6M96K<9 T:6 3B:9: F7 :5796F5D
9:;F9;8E67F5GL 9:E67FJ:EI ;<EK 65K C9:DB *6M96K<9 T:6 F57:9=:KF67:
367:9D,e 7B67 69: E69G:EI ;<5\5:K 7< 7B: D8MH<E69 GI9: <C 7B: !<97B
"7E657F;,f M:C<9: H9<G9:DDF5G D<87B369K4 U89F5G 7B: GE6;F6E =<K:L
!"UV H9<M6MEI C<9=:K 7B9<8GB <H:5P<;:65 ;<5J:;7F<5 F5 7B:
D8MH<E69 !<97B "7E657F;L DF5QF5G 7< K:H7BD <C E:DD 7B65 .L-22 =
R9:C4 ,aS4 08<I65;I E<DD MI M9F5: 9:_:;7F<5 85K:9 D:6 F;: F5 7B:
!<9KF; T:6D =6I B6J: H9<JFK:K 65 6KKF7F<56E D<89;: <C GE6;F6EP
=<K: !"UV.24 /F56EEIL K89F5G 7B: W:F59F;B =<K:L "5769;7F;P
K:9FJ:K 367:9D \EE:K 7B: !<97B "7E657F; M6DF5 7< K:H7BD 6D DB6EE<3
6D ,L222 = R9:C4 .,S4
$%&'%( )$*'+,%
XB65G:D F5 7B: E<;67F<5L K:H7B 65K J<E8=: <C 5:3EI C<9=:K
!"UV 6DD<;F67:K 3F7B =<K: DBFC7D 69: 5<3 9:E67FJ:EI 3:EE
;<5D796F5:KL M87 7B: =6G5F78K: <C 9:E67:K ;B65G:D F5 7B: 967: <C
7B: <J:97895F5G ;F9;8E67F<5 65K K::H <;:65 J:57FE67F<5 9:=6F5D
;<579<J:9DF6E..L.Y4 O5 7BFD 9:G69KL 67=<DHB:9F; 96KF<;69M<5
R:]H9:DD:K 6D !,+X67=L 7B: H:9 =FE K:JF67F<5 C9<= 6 ,+X D765K69K
6C7:9 ;<99:;7F<5 C<9 96KF<6;7FJ: K:;6I 65K C96;7F<567F<5S <CC:9D G9:67
H9<=FD: C<9 FK:57FCIF5G H6D7 ;B65G:D F5 7B: GE<M6EEI F57:G967:K #WX4
!,+X67= FD 6 C85;7F<5 <C 7B: H9<K8;7F<5 967: <C ,+X F5 7B: 8HH:9
67=<DHB:9: 65K 7B: DF`:D <C 65K :];B65G: 967:D M:73::5 7B: =6_<9
;69M<5 9:D:9J<F9D4 X<5DFK:96ME: 3<9Q I:7 9:=6F5D M:C<9: H9<K8;P
7F<5P967: :CC:;7D 69: [8657F\:K D< 6D 7< IF:EK 6 9:DFK86E !,+X67= DFG56E
7B67 85F[8:EI 9:N:;7D ;B65G:D F5 <;:65 J:57FE67F<5 M6;Q 7< ..42 QI9
M:C<9: H9:D:57 R0ZSL <9 7B: H:9F<K F5 3BF;B :]FD7F5G 9:;<9KD DB<3
;<B:9:57 ;B65G:D F5 !,+X67= R/FG4 ,6S4 "D 6 \9D7 6HH9<]F=67F<5L 3:
6;;<857 C<9 7B: E<5GP7:9= K:;9:6D: F5 ,+X H9<K8;7F<5 967: 7B67
9:D8E7:K H9F=69FEI C9<= 6 G96K86E F5;9:6D: F5 7B: G:<=6G5:7F; \:EK
F57:5DF7I <J:9 7B: E6D7 .. QI9 R9:C4 .+SL FD<E67F5G ;B65G:D F5 !,+X67=
7B67L <5 DB<97:9 7F=:D;6E:D R",2Y I9SL 69: E69G:EI K8: 7< ;B65G:D F5
;<D=F; 96KF67F<5 <9 <;:65 J:57FE67F<54
Z<E69 F;: ;<9: 9:;<9KD <C 7B: ;<D=<G:5F; 96KF<58;EFK: ,20: ;65 M:
8D:K 7< :D7F=67: H6D7 ;B65G:D F5 ;<D=F; 96KF67F<5 M:;68D: ,20: FD
96HFKEI R,^. I9S 9:=<J:K C9<= 7B: 67=<DHB:9: 7< 7B: F;: D89C6;: MI
H9:;FHF767F<54 )5 7BFD M6DFDL 7B: ,20: 9:;<9K C9<= 7B: cOTZ. F;:
10Be
b
15
20
–100
0
100
Ice accumulation rate (m yr –1)
a
(103 atoms cm–2 yr –1) Detrended Δ14C (‰)
10
100
0
200
0.1
0.2
300
0.3
400
0.4
10
15
Age (kyr BP)
20
5-DC$" L !"#$%&'(") "* &+,"&- "* .')+%&./ -+0&+)-+- !12!%0# 0" 134+ 567 -%0% *&"#
08+ 9:;<= ',+ ,"&+> )? @')+%&./ -+0&+)-+- &+,"&-( "* !12!%0# 6(+- 0" ')*+& ,8%)A+( ')
08+ A."B%. 08+&#"8%.')+ ,'&,6.%0'") B+0C++) D>D %)- ==>3 E/& 4<> F+,"&-( '),.6-+ 0&++
&')A( G(".'- A&++) .')+HI=? J%&J+( *&"# 08+ !%&'%," B%(') GB.6+ ,'&,.+(HKK? J%&J+( *&"#
@%E+ ;6'A+0(6? L%$%) GA&+/ ,'&,.+( C'08 +&&"& B%&(HIK? %)- MNO8P-%0+- ,"&%.( G&+,'&,.+( C'08 +&&"& B%&(HI2> O8+ 08') &+- .')+ '( %) +(0'#%0+ "* $&"-6,0'")P&%0+ -+,&+%(+
') !12!%0# B+0C++) 11>Q %)- 1=>D E/& 4< G*&"# &+*> =R C'08 %A+ #"-+. #"-'S+- 0" B+
") 9:;<= 0'#+(,%.+HT J+&0',%. (,%.+ '( "**(+0 B/ U3V> W+ .')+%&./ -+0&+)-+- 08+
,"#B')+- !12!%0# &+,"&-( *"& 08+ ')0+&J%. Q 0" =Q E/& ') "&-+& 0" %,,"6)0 *"& 08+ .")AP
0+&# -+,&+%(+ ') 12! $&"-6,0'") &%0+ 08%0 &+(6.0+- $&'#%&'./ *&"# % )+%&./ .')+%&
'),&+%(+ ') 08+ A+"#%A)+0', S+.- ')0+)('0/ "J+& 08'( 0'#+=2> ;8"&0P0+&# J%&'%0'")( ')
08+ A+"#%A)+0', S+.- ')0+)('0/ #%/ %.(" ,")0&'B60+? B60 +7'(0')A A+"#%A)+0', &+,"&-(
(8"C')A J%&'%B'.'0/ -6&')A 08'( ')0+&J%. %&+ )"0 ,"8+&+)0> @? F+,"&-( "* 134+ 567 GS..+,'&,.+(H %)- ',+ %,,6#6.%0'") &%0+ GB.6+ .')+H *&"# 9:;<= ',+ ,"&+> 134+ 567 '( 08+
$&"-6,0 "* 08+ 134+ ,"),+)0&%0'")=Q %)- 08+ ',+ %,,6#6.%0'") &%0+IQ %J+&%A+- "J+& 08+
(%#$.+ ')0+&J%. "* 08+ 134+ #+%(6&+#+)0(> W+ -" )"0 (8"C 08+ %,,6#6.%0'") &%0+ %)13
4+ 567 &+,"&-( *&"# 12>R 0" 11>Q E/& 4< B+,%6(+ 08+ 134+ 567 J%&'%0'")( ') 08'(
')0+&J%. %&+ -"#')%0+- B/ 08+ .%&A+ J%&'%0'")( ') ()"C %,,6#6.%0'") &%0+? 086(
"B(,6&')A $&"-6,0'")P&%0+ ,")0&".( ") 134+ -6&')A 08'( 0'#+> X,,6#6.%0'")P&%0+
J%&'%B'.'0/ C%( (#%.. B+*"&+ 12>R E/& 4<? 086( ')-',%0')A 08%0 08+&+ '( .'00.+ $"0+)0'%.
')56+),+ "* ,8%)A+( ') ()"C*%.. &%0+ ") 134+ 567>
;<9:.- D8GG:D7D 7B67 ;B65G:D F5 ;<D=<G:5F; H9<K8;7F<5 967:D 69: 65
85EFQ:EI ;68D: <C \9D7P<9K:9 ;B65G:D F5 !,+X67= M:73::5 ,-42 65K
..42 QI9 R/FG4 ,MS4 0:73::5 ,,4- 65K ,-42 QI9 0ZL 7B: ,20: DFG56E F5 7B:
cOTZ. F;: ;<9: FD =<9: D79<5GEI F5N8:5;:K MI ;EF=67:L M87 6 K:76FE:K
656EIDFD D8GG:D7D 7B67 6 G:<=6G5:7F; F5N8:5;: =6I B6J: M::5
F=H<97657 F5 :]HE6F5F5G 7B: K:;9:6D: F5 !,+X67= K89F5G 7B: 1<85G:9
U9I6D ;<EK :J:57.bL.e R/FG4 ,6S4 #B: 73< E69G: F5;9:6D:D F5 ,20: N8] 67
,24, 65K ,,4, QI9 0ZL 3BF;B =6I 9:N:;7 D<E69 J69F6MFEF7I.bL ;<99:DH<5K
7< 73< F5;9:6D:D F5 !,+X67= <C 6M<87 Y2i4 R#B: D=6EE 6G: <CCD:7D
F5KF;67: 7B67 7B: cOTZ. 7F=:D;6E: FD 7<< <EK F5 7BFD F57:9J6E MI 6M<87
b2 I:69D.b4S O5 ;<5796D7L 7B: N8;7867F<5D F5 !,+X67= M:C<9: ,+4b QI9 0Z
3F7B 6=HEF78K:D <C <J:9 f2i K< 5<7 B6J: ;<99:DH<5KF5G N8;786P
7F<5D F5 ,20: N8]L 65K 7B8D H9<M6MEI 9:N:;7 ;B65G:D F5 7B: #WXL
6E7B<8GB 6 G:<=6G5:7F; F5N8:5;: ;655<7 I:7 M: 98E:K <87 C<9
:]HE6F5F5G D<=: <C 7B: DFG56E4
!"UV FD H9:D:57EI 7B: =6_<9 D<89;: <C ,+X 7< 7B: K::H D:6.fL 65K
;B65G:D F5 7B: D79:5G7B <C 7BFD 367:9 =6DD R65K F7D H9:C<9=:K
H9<H:97F:DS H9<M6MEI K<=F567: 7B: J69F67F<5D F5 !,+X67= 6DD<;F67:K
3F7B 7B: GE<M6E ;69M<5 ;I;E: <J:9 7B: E6D7 ..42 QI94 #B:D: ;B65G:D ;65
M: =<K8E67:K MI ;B65G:D F5 7B: #WX :ED:3B:9:L M87 D89C6;: 367:9D
F5 7B: T<87B:95 );:65 65K !<97B Z6;F\; 69: 5<3 <EK.fL 65K =6I
B6J: M::5 DFG5F\;657EI <EK:9 K89F5G GE6;F6E H:9F<KD.aL D8GG:D7F5G
7B67 65I F5;9:6D: F5 C<9=67F<5 <C K::H <9 F57:9=:KF67: 367:9D F5
7B:D: 9:GF<5D 3FEE B6J: 6 E:DD:9 F=H6;7 <5 7B: !,+X67= M8KG:7 7B65
;B65G:D F5 !"UV4
#B: BIH<7B:DFD 7B67 ;B65G:D F5 !,+X67= E69G:EI 9:N:;7 J69F67F<5D
F5 7B: "7E657F; #WX FD D8HH<97:K MI 7B: 9:E67F<5 M:73::5 \9D7P<9K:9
;B65G:D F5 !,+X67= 65K F5 H9<]F:D 7B67 9:;<9K ;B65G:D F5 7B: J<E8=:
<C !"UV 65K !<97B "7E657F; ;EF=67: R/FG4 .S4 WFGB !,+X67= K89F5G
7B: *6D7 cE6;F6E d6]F=8= R*cdS R/FG4 .;S FD 6DD<;F67:K 3F7B 7B:
GE6;F6E =<K: <C !"UV,a 65K ;<EK !<97B "7E657F; 67=<DHB:9F;Y2
R/FG4 .KS 65K D:6 D89C6;:Y, R/FG4 .:S 7:=H:96789:D4 #B: D8MD:[8:57
K:;9:6D: F5 !,+X67= 7< :DD:57F6EEI F57:9GE6;F6E E:J:ED 36D 6DD<;F67:K
3F7B 369=F5G F5 7B: !<97B "7E657F; 9:GF<5L 3BFE: 6 D8MD:[8:57
E<5GP7:9= F5;9:6D: M:73::5 ,a42 QI9 0Z 7< ,+4e QI9 0Z ;<F5;FK:D 3F7B
7B: )EK:D7 U9I6D ;<<EF5GL K89F5G 3BF;B W:F59F;B :J:57 , RW,S
<;;899:K R!,e4- QI9 0ZS R/FG4 .MS4 U89F5G W,L !,+X67= 96HFKEI
F5;9:6D:K 7< E:J:ED DF=FE69 7< 7B: *cd R/FG4 .;SL 3B:9:6D 7B:
J<E8=: <C !"UV K89F5G 7B: W:F59F;B =<K: R6D F5C:99:K C9<=
G:<;B:=F;6E H9<]F:DS 36D #-2j <C 7B67 K89F5G 7B: *cd.,4 %:E67FJ:
7< 7B: GE6;F6E =<K:L 7B:D: 9:E67F<5D D8GG:D7 7B67 7B: W:F59F;B =<K:
9:N:;7D D<=: ;<=MF567F<5 <C C897B:9 DB6EE<3F5G <C !"UV 7<
F57:9=:KF67: K:H7BD 3BFE: =6F576F5F5G DF=FE69 967:D <C <J:97895F5GL
65K 6 ;<=H:5D67<9I F5;9:6D: F5 K::HP367:9 C<9=67F<5 :ED:3B:9:4
" E69G: K:;9:6D: F5 !,+X67= 7< F57:9GE6;F6E E:J:ED ;<F5;FK:D 3F7B 7B:
<5D:7 <C 7B: 0kEEF5G^"EE:9kK 369= F57:9J6E 67 69<85K ,+4e QI9 0Zl
7B: 6M98H7 369=F5G 9:;<9K:K F5 7B: cOTZ. F;: ;<9:Y. R/FG4 .KS
6HH:69D 7< M: 6 5<5EF5:69 9:DH<5D: 7< 7B: =<9: G96K86E F5;9:6D: F5
7B: #WX R/FG4 .;S4 " D8MD:[8:57 F5;9:6D: F5 !,+X67= M:G65 H9:;FD:EI
67 7B: <5D:7 <C 7B: 1<85G:9 U9I6D ;<EK F57:9J6E 67 ,Y42 QI9 0Z
R/FG4 .;SYY4 #B: K:;9:6D: F5 !,+X67= K89F5G 7B: 9:=6F5K:9 <C 7B:
1<85G:9 U9I6D =6I M: 7B: 9:D8E7 <C 65 F5;9:6D: F5 7B: H9<K8;7F<5
967: <C ,+X R9:CD .bL .eS R/FG4 ,6SL D8GG:D7F5G 7B67 7B: #WX 9:=6F5:K
3:6Q:5:K 857FE 7B: :5K <C 7B: 1<85G:9 U9I6D 67 ,,4- QI9 0Z 3B:5 F7
6M98H7EI D3F7;B:K M6;Q 7< 7B: =<K:95 =<K:.e4
K".2)9-/4/ 3B ?)/# )@$C?# .(-4)#" .2)9D"/
#B: C9:DB367:9 M8KG:7 F5 7B: !<97B "7E657F; FD <5: <C 7B: =6_<9
;<=H<5:57D 7B67 G<J:95D 7B: D79:5G7B <C 7B: "7E657F; #WXL 65K
KI56=F;6E <;:65 =<K:ED DB<3 7B67 7B: #WX FD D:5DF7FJ: 7<
C9:DB367:9 H:9789M67F<5D <5 <9K:9 <C 24, TJ R, TJ ! ,2b =Y D$, S
R9:CD Y+^YbS4 " ;E:69 G<6E C<9 85K:9D765KF5G H6D7 ;B65G:D F5 7B:
#WXL 7B:9:C<9:L FD 7< FK:57FCI 7B: =:;B65FD=D 7B67 F5N8:5;:K 7B:
!<97B "7E657F; C9:DB367:9 M8KG:74 %:;<5D798;7F<5D <C ;B65G:D F5 7B:
C9:DB367:9 N8] C9<= F;: DB::7D 69<85K 7B: !<97B "7E657F; 9:J:6E
G<<K 6G9::=:57 3F7B H6D7 ;B65G:D F5 7B: #WX 65K !<97B "7E657F;
;EF=67: R/FG4 .6^:SL FK:57FCIF5G 7B:D: H9<;:DD:D 6D M:F5G F=H<97657
$%&'%( )$*'+,%
0.12
0.08
H0
H1
12
12
6
6
0
0
72.5° N
–38
δ18O (‰)
0
100
d
–42
e
37.7° N
T (°C)
15
13
11
27
12.1° N
25
g
23
19
T (°C)
T (°C)
9
f
h
IRD/g
18
–100
Δ14C (‰)
c
0.16
41.1° S
17
15
–34
80.0° S
13
–38
δ18O (‰)
b
TB::7+2L 3B:9: F7D F=H6;7 <5 7B: "7E657F; #WX 3<8EK M: D8MD765P
7F6EEI 9:K8;:K4
dFEE:55F6EPD;6E: R,2Y I9S ;B65G:D F5 7B: "7E657F; #WX 7B67
F5J<EJ:K 7965DF7F<5D C9<= =<K:95 7< GE6;F6E =<K:D <C !"UV 69:
=65FC:D7:K 6D K96=67F; N8;7867F<5D <C !<97B "7E657F; ;EF=67:
9:C:99:K 7< 6D U65DG669K^):D;BG:9 RU^)S :J:57DL :6;B B6JF5G
6 ;B696;7:9FD7F; H677:95 <C 6M98H7 RI:69D 7< K:;6K:DS 369=F5G
THC strength
a
Detrital CaCO3 (%) Fresh water (Sv)
F5 ;68DF5G 6M98H7 ;EF=67: ;B65G:YeLYf4 Z696K<]F;6EEIL 6E7B<8GB 7B:
#WX F5 ;899:57 =<K:ED 9:DH<5KD 7< C9:DB367:9 C<9;F5GD 3F7B<87
K:E6IL 7B: E69G:D7 K:GE6;F6E =:E7367:9 :J:57 <5 9:;<9KL 9:C:99:K 7< 6D
=:E7367:9 H8ED: ," RdVZP,"SL <;;89D =<9: 7B65 ,L222 I:69D
M:C<9: 7B: 5:]7 DFG5F\;657 ;B65G: F5 7B: #WX 6DD<;F67:K 3F7B 7B:
1<85G:9 U9I6D ;<EK F57:9J6EYa4 #BFD H696K<] =6I M: 9:D<EJ:KL
B<3:J:9L FC dVZP," <9FGF567:K E69G:EI C9<= 7B: "5769;7F; O;:
–42
12
14
16
18
Age (kyr BP)
5-DC$" M !"#$%&'(") "* &+,")(0&6,0+- *"&,')A( %)- &+($")(+( ') 08+ X0.%)0', B%(')
-6&')A 08+ .%(0 -+A.%,'%0'") G11Y== E/& 4<H> O'#+ (+&'+( "* ,8%)A+( ') *&+(8C%0+&
*"&,')A G)? @H %)- &+($")(+ "* 08+ OZ! %( ')*+&&+- B/ S&(0P"&-+& ,8%)A+( ') !12!%0# G.H>
<%)+.( :Y2 (8"C %0#"($8+&', %)- (+% (6&*%,+ 0+#$+&%06&+ ,8%)A+( -6&')A 08+ .%(0
-+A.%,'%0'") %.")A % )"&08Y("608 0&%)(+,0 "* 08+ X0.%)0', B%(') GI=>Q! [ 0" U3! ;H?
'..6(0&%0')A 08+ "$+&%0'") "* 08+ B'$".%& (++(%C ') &+($")(+ 0" .%&A+ ,8%)A+( ') 08+
X0.%)0', OZ!> )? !8%)A+( ') *&+(8C%0+& &6)"** *&"# ["&08 X#+&',% 08&"6A8 08+ Z6-(")
%)- ;0 @%C&+),+ F'J+&(KU> OC" J+&0',%. .'A80PA&+/ B%&( '-+)0'*/ ')0+&J%.( "* +)8%),+*&+(8C%0+& 567 0" 08+ ["&08 X0.%)0', *&"# 08+(+ ("6&,+( %( C+.. %( *&"# ',+B+&A(
')*+&&+- *&"# &+,"&-( G)"0 (8"C)H "* 0"0%. ',+P&%*0+- -+B&'( G:F\HKI> @? !8%)A+( ') 08+
%#"6)0 "* :F\ ,")0%')')A -+0&'0%. ,%&B")%0+ .'08"."A'+(? C'08 .%&A+ '),&+%(+( '-+)0'*/')A
0'#+( "* Z+')&',8 +J+)0( Z1 G'-+)0'S+- B/ -%&E+&PA&+/ J+&0',%. B%&H %)- Z3> O8+ :F\
&+,"&-( %&+ *&"# ["&08 X0.%)0', ,"&+( ]^=KP3U1 GB.6+ ,6&J+HKI %)- ;MU11U GB.%,E
20
22
,6&J+HK1> .? \+0&+)-+- &+,"&- "* !12!%0# *&"# @%E+ ;6'A+0(6? L%$%)IK? C'08 S&(0P"&-+&
,8%)A+( ')-',%0')A ,8%)A+( ') 08+ #+&'-'")%. "J+&06&)')A "* 08+ X0.%)0', OZ! G(++ 0+70HT
% (0&")A+& OZ! '( ')-',%0+- B/ #"&+ )+A%0'J+ J%.6+( "* !12!%0#> :? O8+ 9:;<= ',+P,"&+
"7/A+)P'("0"$+ &+,"&-IR?II> F+(6.0( "* ,%.'B&%0')A 08+ '("0"$', $%.%+"08+&#"#+0+& B/
J%&'"6( #+08"-( (8"C % 0+#$+&%06&+ -+$&+(('") "* =3 !! %0 08+ @%(0 9.%,'%. ^%7'#6#
!=1>3 E/& 4< G&+*> K3H? % C%&#')A "* 13 !! %0 08+ ")(+0 "* 08+ 4_..')A %0 !12>R E/& 4<
G&+*> K=H? %)- % C%&#')A "* 1Q !! %0 08+ +)- "* 08+ `"6)A+& \&/%( !11>Q E/& 4<
G&+*> 21H> "? F+,"&- "* (+% (6&*%,+ 0+#$+&%06&+( G;;O(H -+&'J+- *&"# %.E+)")+(
#+%(6&+- ') ["&08 X0.%)0', ,"&+ ;MU11U G&+*> K1H> B? F+,"&- "* ;;O( -+&'J+- *&"#
%.E+)")+( #+%(6&+- ') 0&"$',%. ["&08 X0.%)0', ,"&+ ^KQ33KP2 G&+*> IUH> D? F+,"&- "*
;;O( -+&'J+- *&"# %.E+)")+( #+%(6&+- ') ;"608 X0.%)0', ,"&+ O[3QIP=1P<!= G&+*> IDH>
O8+ 0'#+(,%.+ *"& 08'( &+,"&- '( $&"J'('")%. GL> ;%,8(? $+&(")%. ,"##6)',%0'")H> 2? O8+
4/&- ',+P,"&+ "7/A+)P'("0"$+ &+,"&-Q3>
$%&'%( )$*'+,%
C<EE<3:K MI G96K86E R;:5789F:DS ;<<EF5G4 #B: E69G:D7 ;B65G:D
R%,- !X <J:9 c9::5E65KS+, <;;899:K K89F5G 7F=:D <C F57:9=:KF67:
GE<M6E F;: J<E8=:L X).L <9 F5D<E67F<5+.4 O5 c9::5E65K F;: ;<9:
9:;<9KDL 6M98H7 369=F5GD :]BFMF7 6 H9:C:99:K 36F7F5G 7F=: <C
,"-22 ! -22 I9 R9:C4 +YS4 #BFD DH6;F5G FD DF=FE69 7< 6 ,L222^.L222PI9
;EF=67: ;I;E: FK:57F\:K C9<= =69F5: 9:;<9KD K89F5G F57:9GE6;F6E 6D
3:EE 6D GE6;F6E H:9F<KDL E:6KF5G D<=: 7< DH:;8E67: 7B67 U^) :J:57D
=6I M: 6=HEF\:K :]H9:DDF<5D <C 65 <5G<F5G H:9DFD7:57 65K D76ME:
;EF=67: ;I;E:YeL+Y4 W<3:J:9L 7BFD 7F=:D;6E: <C J69F6MFEF7I K<:D 5<7
;<5D796F5 <5: =:;B65FD= <J:9 65<7B:94 T:J:96E =:;B65FD=D =6I
B6J: <H:967:K _<F57EIL 65K 7B: 9:E67FJ: ;<579FM87F<5 <C H<7:57F6E
=:;B65FD=D H9<M6MEI ;B65G:K F5 9:DH<5D: 7< 7B: E69G:PD;6E:
;B65G:D F5 GE<M6E M<85K69I ;<5KF7F<5D 7B67 6;;<=H65F:K 7B: E6D7
K:GE6;F67F<54
"7=<DHB:9F; 7965D=FDDF<5 <C 7B: U^) DFG56E M:I<5K 7B: !<97B
"7E657F; 9:GF<5 FD D8GG:D7:K MI BFGBP9:D<E87F<5 ;EF=67: 9:;<9KD 7B67
KFDHE6I 7B: D6=: D798;789: <C ;B65G: 7B67L 3F7BF5 K67F5G 85;:976F5P
7F:DL FD DI5;B9<5<8D 3F7B 7B: !<97B "7E657F; DFG56E4 O7 FD 6ED<
D8GG:D7:K MI DF=8E67F<5D 8DF5G 67=<DHB:9F; cXdD++L 6E7B<8GB
7B:D: =<K:ED B6J: I:7 7< F5;E8K: 6EE H<7:57F6E C::KM6;QD 7B67 =6I
M: F=H<97657 F5 7965D=F77F5G 7B: DFG56E 7< 9:GF<5D C69 C9<= 7B:
!<97B "7E657F;4 c9::5E65K F;:P;<9: 9:;<9KD <C =:7B65: 65K &,f)
D79<5GEI D8HH<97 7B: BIH<7B:DFD <C !<97B "7E657F; C<9;F5G F5 DB<3P
F5G 6 5:69EI F5D765765:<8D 9:DH<5D: <C 7B: 79<HF;6E 367:9 M6E65;: 7<
;B65G:D F5 BFGBPE67F78K: 7:=H:96789:Y.L+,4 Z6E6:<;EF=67: 9:;<9KD
FK:57FCI 6KKF7F<56E 67=<DHB:9F; 9:DH<5D:D 7< !<97B "7E657F; ;EF=67:
7B67 3<8EK H<7:57F6EEI C897B:9 6=HEFCI 65K 7965D=F7 7B: U^) DFG56E4
#B:D: F5;E8K: ;B65G:D F5 R,S 7B: D79:5G7B <C 796K: 3F5KD 65K
6DD<;F67:K <;:65F; 8H3:EEF5G+-L R.S 7B: H<DF7F<5 <C 7B: O57:979<HF;6E
X<5J:9G:5;: m<5:L 3F7B 677:5K657 :CC:;7D <5 367:9 J6H<89 7965DP
H<97 C<9 7B: "7E657F; 7< 7B: Z6;F\; M6DF5+bL RYS 7B: D79:5G7B <C 7B:
"DF65 =<5D<<5+eL R+S D:6 D89C6;: 7:=H:96789:D <C 7B: Z6;F\; 369=
H<<E+f 65K R-S J:57FE67F<5 <C 7B: !<97B Z6;F\;+a4
" E69G: 9:K8;7F<5 F5 7B: #WX K89F5G 7B: W:F59F;B =<K: R/FG4 .;S
;68D:D 6KKF7F<56E ;<<EF5G F5 7B: !<97B "7E657F;Y, R/FG4 .:SL 3BFE:
;<57:=H<965:<8D 369=F5G <MD:9J:K F5 D<=: 9:GF<5D <C 7B: T<87BP
:95 W:=FDHB:9:aL-2 F5KF;67:D 7B67 7B: E69G: 9:K8;7F<5 F5 !"UV
C<9=67F<5 K:;9:6D:K =:9FKF<56E B:67 7965DH<97 C9<= 7B: T<87B
"7E657F; R/FG4 .C^BS4 " DF=FE69 nMFH<E69 D::D63o :CC:;7 =6I B<EK C<9
7B: 1<85G:9 U9I6D :J:57-, R/FG4 .SL M87 7B: 6MD:5;: <C 6 ;<=H696ME:
7B:9=6EEI 657FHB6D:K D<87B:95 DFG56E 6DD<;F67:K 3F7B =65I <C 7B:
<EK:9 U^) :J:57D-2 D8GG:D7D 7B67 65I ;B65G:D F5 <;:65F; B:67
7965DH<97 6;;<=H65IF5G 7B: ;B65G:D C9<= =<K:95 7< GE6;F6E
;F9;8E67F<5 =<K:D 3:9: :F7B:9 7<< D=6EE <9 7<< DB<97 7< M: ;E:69EI
9:GFD7:9:K F5 :]FD7F5G ;EF=67: 9:;<9KD4
V: 7B8D :]H:;7 7< D:: 73< =:;B65FD=D <C J69F6MFEF7I F5 ;EF=67:
9:E67:K 7< ;B65G:D F5 7B: #WXh <5: 6DD<;F67:K 3F7B 67=<DHB:9F;
7965D=FDDF<5 65K <5: 6DD<;F67:K 3F7B 65 <;:65F; D::D63L 6E7B<8GB
7B:D: 69: 5<7 F5K:H:5K:57 6D 65 <;:65F; ;B65G: 5:;:DD69FEI F=HEF:D
65 67=<DHB:9F; 9:DH<5D: 65K JF;: J:9D64 V: 8D: :=HF9F;6E <97B<P
G<56E C85;7F<5 R&)/S 656EIDFD 7< H9<JFK: 65 <M_:;7FJ: ;B696;7:9F`6P
7F<5 <C 7B:D: =<K:D <C ;EF=67: J69F6MFEF7I K89F5G 7B: E6D7
K:GE6;F67F<5 MI 9:K8;F5G ,f 3:EEPK67:K 7F=: D:9F:D <C ;EF=67:
;B65G: R/FG4 YS F57< DH67F6EEI ;<B:9:57L <97B<G<56E :FG:5J:;7<9D4
)89 656EIDFD F5KF;67:D 7B67 7B: E6D7 K:GE6;F67F<5 36D K<=F567:K MI
73< ;EF=67: 9:DH<5D:D4 #B: \9D7 &)/ Rbfj <C J69F65;:S ;6H789:D 7B:
GE<M6E 369=F5G C9<= GE6;F6E 7< F57:9GE6;F6E ;<5KF7F<5D 7B67 :J<EJ:K
<J:9 6 7F=:D;6E: <C 6M<87 ,2 QI94 O5;E8K:K F5 7BFD &)/ FD 7B:
F57:998H7F<5 <C 7B: 369=F5G 79:5K MI 7B: 1<85G:9 U9I6D4 #B:
D:;<5K &)/ R,-j <C 7B: J69F65;:S [8657F\:D 7B: DH67F6E 65K
7:=H<96E :]H9:DDF<5 <C =FEE:55F6E ;B65G:D ;:579:K 67 ,b 65K
,. QI9 0Z R/FG4 Y6S4 #B: DH67F6E H677:95 <C 7BFD &)/L 3F7B 5:G67FJ:
D;<9:D <J:9 "5769;7F;6 R:];:H7 #6IE<9 U<=:S 65K F5 7B: T<87B
"7E657F; 65K H<DF7FJ: D;<9:D 67 6EE <7B:9 DF7:D R/FG4 +MSL FD ;<5DFD7:57
3F7B 65 67=<DHB:9F; 7965D=FDDF<5 <C 7B: !<97B "7E657F; DFG56E
:];:H7 C<9 7B<D: 69:6D F5 7B: T<87B:95 W:=FDHB:9: 3B:9: <H:967F<5
<C 7B: D::D63 K89F5G 7B: E6D7 K:GE6;F67F<5 H9<K8;:K 65 657FHB6D:K
9:DH<5D: 6D H9:KF;7:K MI 6 E69G: ;B65G: F5 7B: #WX-.^-+4 V: \5K 7B67
6 DF=FE69 DH67F6E H677:95 B<EKD C<9 7B: F57:9J6E M:73::5 .b 65K
-2 QI9 0ZL F5KF;67F5G 7B67 7B: D::D63 <H:967:K K89F5G 7BFD 7F=: 6D
3:EE-24
K3:"((-9D )@$C?# .(-4)#" .2)9D"
d<K:EEF5G 6M98H7 ;EF=67: ;B65G: C6;:D D:J:96E ;B6EE:5G:Dh R,S 6
KFDH69F7I F5 7F=:D;6E:D M:73::5 7965DF:57 D767:D RE6D7F5G =65I
;:5789F:DS 65K =<K: ;B65G:D R<;;899F5G F5 6 C:3 I:69D 7< K:;6K:DSl
R.S 6 ;<=H9<=FD: F5 =<K:E ;<=HE:]F7I K8: 7< E<5G F57:G967F<5D 65K
D8C\;F:57 =<K:E 9:D<E87F<5 7< ;6H789: 6M98H75:DDl 65K RYS 85;:9P
76F57F:D F5 F5F7F6E ;<5KF7F<5D K8: 7< H67;BI ;<J:96G: 6D 3:EE 6D
;6EFM967F<5 H9<ME:=D F5 H6E6:<;EF=67F; H9<]I K6764 "E7B<8GB 67
H9:D:57 7B:9: :]FD7D 5< D:ECP;<5DFD7:57 =<K:E 7B67 DF=8E67:DL 3F7B<87
H9:D;9FM:K C<9;F5GL ;B65G:D 7B67 9:D:=ME: 7B: H6E6:<;EF=67F; 9:;<9KL
F=H<97657 H9<G9:DD B6D M::5 =6K:4
"M98H7 ;B65G: =65FC:D7D F7D:EC F5 73< KFCC:9:57 36ID F5 ;EF=67:
=<K:EDh 65 6M98H7 7965DF7F<5 6;9<DD 6 7B9:DB<EK 7< 6 5:3 :[8FEFMP
9F8= D767:L <9 6 9:DH<5D: 7< 6 C6D7 C<9;F5G4 "E7B<8GB =8E7FHE:
:[8FEFM9F6 69: 5<7 5:;:DD69I C<9 6M98H7 ;B65G:Y-L 7B: H6E6:<;EF=67F;
9:;<9KD D8GG:D7 7B67 7B: <;:65^67=<DHB:9: DID7:= =6I B6J: H9:P
C:99:K =<K:D <C <H:967F<5L 7B67 FDL 7B: DID7:= <H:967:D EFQ: 6 nNFHP
N<Ho =:;B65FD=--4 #BFD F=HEF:D 7B: :]FD7:5;: <C BID7:9:DFD <C 7B:
#WX,bLY+L-bL 3BF;B 6HH:69D 7< M: ;<==<5 F5 ;<8HE:K ;EF=67:
=<K:ED4 W<3:J:9L 7B: DB6H: 65K D798;789: <C 7B: BID7:9:DFD E<<H
D79<5GEI K:H:5KD <5 =<K:E H696=:7:9D 65K 7B:9:C<9: FD D7FEE 6
7856ME: C:6789:-e D< 7B67 7B: :]6;7 E<;67F<5 <C 7B9:DB<EKD ;655<7
I:7 M: K:7:9=F5:K 3F7B ;899:57 =<K:ED4 !:J:97B:E:DDL F7 FD ;E:69 7B67
7B9:DB<EKD 65K B:5;: 7B: D76MFEF7I H9<H:97F:D <C 7B: #WX K:H:5K
C85K6=:576EEI <5 7B: =:65 ;EF=67: D767:fL-f4
" 58=M:9 <C <;:65 65K ;<8HE:K 67=<DHB:9:^<;:65 =<K:ED B6J:
C<85K 7B: :]FD7:5;: <C 7B9:: KFD7F5;7 =<K:D <C 7B: ;<5J:I<9 7B67 69:
[86EF767FJ:EI 7B: D6=: 6D 7B: =<K:95L GE6;F6E 65K W:F59F;B =<K:D
FK:57F\:K MI H6E6:<;EF=67: K676,bL-aLb24 #B:D: 65K <7B:9 =<K:ED B6J:
6ED< 9:J:6E:K 7B67 7965DF7F<5D ;65 M: 79FGG:9:K MI ;B65G:D F5 7B:
C9:DB367:9 M6E65;: <C 7B: !<97B "7E657F; 65K ;B65G:D F5 =<K:D 69:
6DD<;F67:K 3F7B ;B65G:D F5 7B: B:67 M8KG:7 <C 7B: "7E657F; M6DF54 /<9
E69G: 9:K8;7F<5D F5 !"UV C<9=67F<5L 7BFD E:6KD 7< 7B: D6=: nD::D63
:CC:;7o D::5 F5 7B: K676Y+L-.L-Y R/FGD .L +S4
%:;:57 =<K:EEF5G FK:6D H<D78E67: 65 67=<DHB:9:^<;:65 DID7:=
K89F5G 7B: E6D7 GE6;F67F<5 7B67 36D :]79:=:EI ;E<D: 7< 6 7B9:DB<EKL
7B8D 9:[8F9F5G J:9I 3:6Q C9:DB367:9 C<9;F5G 7< 79FGG:9 6M98H7
;B65G:D <C 7B: #WX,bLb24 VB:7B:9 7B: D:[8:5;: <C 6M98H7 :J:57D
<9FGF567:D C9<= 85Q5<35 H:9F<KF; C<9;F5G+YLb2 <9 F5D76MFEF7F:D 65K
C::KM6;QD 6DD<;F67:K 3F7B ;F9;8=P"7E657F; F;: DB::7D,bLYf 9:=6F5D 65
<H:5 [8:D7F<54 /897B:9=<9:L [86EF767FJ: ;<5DFD7:5;: 3F7B 7B:
H6E6:<;EF=67F; 9:;<9KD 9:=6F5D J:9I D:5DF7FJ: 7< H696=:7:9 ;B<F;:D
F5 7B:D: =<K:ED4 #B: M6DF; [8:D7F<5 6M<87 7B: <9FGF5 <C 6M98H7
;B65G: FD 7B:9:C<9: 5<7 D<EJ:K4 W<3:J:9L 6EE =<K:E DF=8E67F<5D
857FE 5<3 H<F57 7<369KD 7B: Q:I 9<E: <C 7B: C9:DB367:9 M6E65;: F5
7B: "7E657F; );:654 d<9: 9:6EFD7F; =<K:ED 65K F=H9<J:K 9:;<5P
D798;7F<5D <C 7B: J69F<8D ;<=H<5:57D <C 7B: BIK9<E<GF;6E ;I;E:
RH9:;FHF767F<5L 985P<CCL F;:M:9G KFD;B69G:L D:6 F;:S 69: 89G:57EI
5::K:K4
Z9<G9:DD 7<369KD 6 =:;B65FD7F; 85K:9D765KF5G <C 6M98H7 ;EF=67:
;B65G: ;65 M: :]H:;7:K C9<= =<9: ;<=HE:7: =<K:ED4 #B:D: 69:
;<8HE:K =<K:ED 3F7B BFGB:9 9:D<E87F<5L =<K:ED 7B67 5< E<5G:9
9:[8F9: N8] 6K_8D7=:57DL 65K =<K:ED 7B67 F5;E8K: MF<G:<;B:=F;6E
;I;E:D4 #B: E677:9 3FEE :56ME: 6 KF9:;7 65K [8657F767FJ: ;<=H69FD<5
3F7B H6E6:<;EF=67F; K676 RC<9 :]6=HE:L 7B: D76ME: FD<7<H:D <C 367:9
65K ;69M<5SL 65K DFG5F\;657EI C6;FEF767: =<K:EPM6D:K BIH<7B:DFD
7:D7F5G4 #B: 796;:9 !,+X67= 6CC<9KD 6KKF7F<56E ;<5D796F57D 65K B:EHD
7< :D7F=67: B<3 =8;B <C 7B: <MD:9J:K ;B65G:D R/FG4 ,6S ;65 M:
6DD<;F67:K 3F7B ;B65G:D F5 7B: #WX.e4 %:D8E7D M6D:K <5 DF=HEF\:K
<;:65 =<K:ED DB<3 7B67 6 DB87K<35 <C 7B: "7E657F; #WX H9<K8;:D 6
DFG5F\;657 F5;9:6D: F5 !,+X67= M87 7B: 6=HEF78K:D 69: <5EI 6M<87
B6EC <C 7B<D: <MD:9J:K.e4 /897B:9 =<K:E DF=8E67F<5D 69: 5::K:K
$%&'%( )$*'+,%
7< C8EEI :]HE<9: 7B: K:H:5K:5;: <C !,+X67= ;B65G:D <5 =<K:E
H696=:7:9D4
#9<HF;6E Z6;F\; J69F6MFEF7I 9:H9:D:57D 7B: K<=F5657 =<K: <C
=<K:95 ;EF=67: J69F6MFEF7I 3F7B F7D :CC:;7D C:E7 6;9<DD 7B: GE<M:4
"E7B<8GB 6 M6DF; 85K:9D765KF5G <C 7B: HBIDF;D <C &!T) B6D M::5
6;BF:J:KL F7 FD D7FEE 5<7 ;E:69 B<3 &!T) 9:DH<5KD F5 ;<EK:9 65K
369=:9 =:65 ;EF=67:D4 /<9 :]6=HE:L D<=: =<K:ED D8GG:D7 7B67
79<HF;6E Z6;F\; J69F6MFEF7I 3FEE 9:=6F5 DF=FE69 7< 7B: H9:D:57L
3B:9:6D <7B:9D D8GG:D7 D79<5G:9 65K =<9: C9:[8:57 369= :J:57D
;<8EK M: F5 D7<9: F5 6 369=:9 C8789: ;EF=67:4 !:J:97B:E:DDL F7 FD
6HH69:57 7B67 "7E657F;P7<PZ6;F\; =<FD789: 7965DH<97 FD D:5DF7FJ: 7<
7B: HB6D: <C &!T)b,L D< 7B67 6 H:9DFD7:57 79:5K 7<369KD 65 :5B65;:K
A
0
80N
60N
40N
h
f
b,c
e
20N
0
k
20S
n
q
p
60S
80S
20N
2
c
0
0
–2
s
0
20S
m
o
40S
a
40N
i
l
r
Z8MEF;67F<5 <C 7B: 9:D8E7D C9<= 7B: \9D7 F;: ;<9: C9<= T8==F7L
c9::5E65KL K:76FEF5G 6M98H7 ;EF=67: ;B65G: K89F5G 7B: E6D7
GE6;F67F<5bY =<7FJ67:K 65 F57:5DFJ: F5J:D7FG67F<5 C<9 :JFK:5;: <C
DF=FE69 ;EF=67: F5D76MFEF7I <;;899F5G :ED:3B:9: <5 7B: GE<M: 65K F7D
;68D:D4 #B: 9:D8E7F5G H6E6:<;EF=67: 9:;<9KD ;E:69EI 9:J:6E 7B: GE<M6E
:]7:57 <C =FEE:55F6EPD;6E: ;EF=67: J69F6MFEF7IL 3F7B J69IF5G 9:DH<5D:D
7B67 69: ;<5DFD7:57 3F7B 67=<DHB:9F; 65K <;:65F; ;B65G:D 6DD<;F67:K
5
0
–5
60N
j
J-/.C//-39
B
80N
d
g
C9:[8:5;I <C 369= :J:57Db. ;<8EK E:6K 7< 65 F5;9:6D: F5 5:7 :]H<97 <C
=<FD789: C9<= 7B: "7E657F; 6;9<DD 7B: OD7B=8D <C Z656=6L 7B:9:MI
H<DDFMEI 6CC:;7F5G 7B: #WX4
40S
60S
80S
2
0
d
–2
e
0
–2
2
0
f
–2
2
0
g
–2
5-DC$" N O'#+P8'(0"&/ "* 08+ S&(0 0C" +#$'&',%. "&08"A")%. *6),0'")( Gabc(H -+0+&#')+*&"# 1U 0'#+ (+&'+(> 8? \%0% (%#$.')A .",%0'")(> G? O'#+ (+&'+(> O8+(+ -%0% (+0(
$&"J'-+ 0'#+ (+&'+( "* ,.'#%0+ ,8%)A+ C'08 0+#$"&%. (%#$.')A &+(".60'") "* %B"60 =Q3
/+%&( "& .+((> X.. 0'#+ (+&'+( C+&+ ')0+&$".%0+- 0" % ,")(0%)0 (%#$.')A ')0+&J%. "* 1=Q
/+%&(> [6#+&',%. +7$+&'#+)0( -+#")(0&%0+ 08%0 08+ &+(6.0( $&+(+)0+- 8+&+ %&+
')(+)('0'J+ 0" *%,0"&P"*P= ,8%)A+( ') 08+ (+.+,0+- ,")(0%)0 (%#$.')A ')0+&J%.> X.. -%0%
(+0( C+&+ 08+) 0&%)(*"&#+- 0" #+%) d+&" %)- (0%)-%&- -+J'%0'") "* ")+> W+ )"0+ 08%0
C8+&+ 08+ (+,")- abc '( )+A%0'J+? 0'#+ (+&'+( %&+ ,8%&%,0+&'d+- B/ +%&./ C%&#')A B60 %
C+%E+& `"6)A+& \&/%(T C8+&+ 08+ (+,")- abc '( $"('0'J+? 08+ `"6)A+& \&/%( 0+)-( 0"
B+ % #"&+ ('A)'S,%)0 +J+)0> W+ +#$8%('d+ 08%0 08+ $%00+&) "* 08+ (+,")- abc -+$+)-(
(0&")A./ ") 08+ e6%.'0/ "* 08+ 0'#+(,%.+ %)- 08+ $&+,'('") "* 08+ (/),8&")'d%0'")
B+0C++) 08+(+ $%.%+",.'#%0', &+,"&-( G*"& +7%#$.+ &+*( U3? U1H> )? O8+ 0'#+ (+&'+( *"&
08+ S&(0 0C" abc(? C8+&+ 08+ B.6+ .')+ '( 08+ S&(0 abc %)- 08+ &+- .')+ '( (+,")- abc>
O8+ S&(0 abc %,,"6)0( *"& RUf "* 08+ -%0% J%&'%),+ C8'.+ 08+ (+,")- abc %,,"6)0( *"&
1Qf> @Y/? <."0( "* 08+ "&'A')%. 0'#+ (+&'+( %)- 08+ &+(6.0( "* 08+ abc %)%./('(> O8+
)"&#%.'d+- 0'#+ (+&'+( *&"# +%,8 .",%0'") GB.%,E .')+H? 08+ C+'A80+- abc( 6(')A 08+
C+'A80( *&"# ) GB.6+ .')+ '( S&(0 abc? &+- .')+ '( (+,")- abcH? %)- 08+ (6# "* 08+ S&(0
b
–2
2
2
0
h
–2
2
0
–2
i
2
0
–2
k
2
0
–2
m
2
0
–2
o
2
0
–2
q
2
0
s
–2
10
2
0
2
0
j
–2
2
0
l
–2
2
0
n
–2
2
0
p
–2
12
14
16
Age (kyr BP)
18
2
0
–2
10
r
12
14
16
Age (kyr BP)
18
20
20
0C" abc( GA&++) .')+H> @? b7/A+)P'("0"$+ &+,"&- *&"# 08+ 9:;<= ',+ ,"&+IR?II>
.? ^+08%)+ &+,"&- *&"# 08+ 9:;<= ',+ ,"&+Q3> :? <+&,+)0%A+( "* !"#$%#&#'()*+,-)
.)/01*"+2) G(>H *&"# ["&08 X0.%)0', ,"&+ ]^=KPU1 G&+*> KIH> "? F+.%0'J+ %B6)-%),+ "* %
&%-'".%&'%) %((+#B.%A+ '-+)0'S+- ') )"&08+%(0+&) <%,'S, ,"&+ aWDQ32P1I<! G&+*> U=H>
B? <+&,+)0%A+( "* !3 .)/01*"+2) G(>H *&"# b\< ;'0+ 131D ') 08+ )"&08+%(0+&) <%,'S,UK>
D? X.E+)")+P-+&'J+- (+% (6&*%,+ 0+#$+&%06&+( *&"# 08+ (6B0&"$',%. )"&08+%(0
X0.%)0',K1> 2? !8%)A+( ') 08+ B'"06&B%0'") ')-+7 *&"# b\< ;'0+ UDK ') 08+ ;%)0% 4%&B%&%
B%(')2D> -? O"0%. "&A%)', ,%&B") *&"# X&%B'%) ;+% (+-'#+)0(2I> O? X.E+)")+P-+&'J+- (+%
(6&*%,+ 0+#$+&%06&+( *&"# 08+ 0&"$',%. ["&08 X0.%)0',IU> *? b7/A+)P'("0"$+ &+,"&- *&"#
08+ Z6%(,%&%) ',+ ,"&+? <+&6U2> (? b7/A+) '("0"$+ &+,"&- *&"# 08+ ;%g%#% ',+ ,"&+?
4".'J'%UQ> 4? X.E+)")+P-+&'J+- (+% (6&*%,+ 0+#$+&%06&+( *&"# 08+ 0&"$',%. :)-'%)
b,+%)UR> 9? <+&,+)0%A+( "* !3 .)/01*"+2) G(>H *&"# 08+ ;"608 X0.%)0',UI> 3? F+('-6%.
"7/A+)P'("0"$+ &+,"&- #+%(6&+- ") $.%)E0")', *"&%#')'*+&% *"& 08+ ;"608 X0.%)0',UU>
?? O8+ ]"(0"E ',+P,"&+ -+60+&'6# &+,"&-UD> P? \+60+&'6# &+,"&- *&"# 08+ \"#+ ! ',+
,"&+D3> $? b7/A+)P'("0"$+ &+,"&- *&"# 08+ O%/."& \"#+ ',+ ,"&+U3> /? b7/A+)P'("0"$+
&+,"&- *&"# 08+ 4/&- ',+ ,"&+Q3>
$%&'%( )$*'+,%
a
0
0.79
0.95
80N
40N
20N
60N
0.76
0.89
0.66
0.90
0.85
20S
40N
0
b
60N
0.02
0.24
0.39
0.22
0.19
20S
0.91
40S
0.96 0.89
0.87 0.98
80S
80S
0
0
80N
80N
0.38
0.13
60S
60N
0.13
0.65
40N
20N
0.87
–0.46
0
20S
0.61
60S
20N
20N
-0.21
0.80
40S
40N
60N
0.94
0.61
0.86
0
80N
0
–0.52
20S
0.06
–0.63
40S
60S
40S
–0.17 0.08
–0.30
–0.10
80S
0
60S
80S
5-DC$" Q O8+ ($%0'%. $%00+&) "* 08+ S&(0 0C" +#$'&',%. "&08"A")%. *6),0'")( +70&%,0+*&"# 08+ -%0% (+0 G(++ c'A> K%H> [6#B+&( (8"C) %&+ ."%-')A( "* 08+ S&(0 0C" abc( *"&
1U -+A.%,'%. 0'#+ (+&'+(> @"%-')A( ')-',%0+ 08+ '#$"&0%),+ "* +%,8 abc ') +7$.%')')A
08+ J%&'%0'")( ') +%,8 0'#+ (+&'+(> O" &+,")(0&6,0 08+ )"&#%.'d+- G#+%) d+&" %)(0%)-%&- -+J'%0'") "* ")+H 0'#+ (+&'+( %0 %)/ ")+ .",%0'")? C+ 0%E+ 08+ ."%-')A( (8"C)
') c'A> K%? #6.0'$./ 08+# B/ 08+ 0'#+ (+&'+( "* 08+ abc( %)- %-- 08+# 0"A+08+&> O8+
0C" ."%-')A( )+70 0" 08+ 9&++).%)- ('0+ ,"&&+($")- 0" 08+ 9:;<= "7/A+) '("0"$+
G6$$+&H %)- #+08%)+ G."C+&H &+,"&-(> )? c'&(0 abcT @? (+,")- abc>
3F7B ;B65G:D F5 7B: "7E657F; #WX R/FGD YL +S4 d<9:<J:9L 7B: 9:E67F<5
M:73::5 7F=:D <C F5;9:6D:K C9:DB367:9 N8] 7< 7B: !<97B "7E657F; 65K
;<99:DH<5KF5G K:;9:6D:D F5 7B: #WX R/FG4 .S D8HH<97D =<K:EEF5G
9:D8E7D DB<3F5G 7B67 7B: #WX 36D D:5DF7FJ: 7< D=6EE ;B65G:D F5 7B:
BIK9<E<GF;6E ;I;E: R<9K:9 <C 24, TJS K89F5G 7B: E6D7 GE6;F67F<5Y-LYbLb24
VF7B 9:DH:;7 7< ;68D: 65K :CC:;7L B<3:J:9L <89 85K:9D765KF5G <C
6M98H7 ;EF=67: ;B65G: 9:=6F5D F5;<=HE:7:4 O5D<C69 6D 7B: H6E6:<P
;EF=67: 9:;<9K H9<JFK:D 7B: C85K6=:576E M6DFD C<9 :J6E867F5G 7B:
6MFEF7I <C =<K:ED 7< ;<99:;7EI DF=8E67: M:B6JF<89 <C 7B: #WXL
6KKF7F<56E F5C<9=67F<5 FD 5::K:K 7< 6KK9:DD 7B:D: FDD8:D4 O5 H697F;8P
E69L D:J:96E 69:6D 7B67 9:[8F9: F==:KF67: 677:57F<5 F5;E8K:h R,S 65
F5;9:6D: F5 7B: KFD79FM87F<5 <C DF7:D F5 7B: Z6;F\; 65K T<87B:95
);:65Dl R.S K:J:E<H=:57 <C 5:3 7<<ED 7< DI5;B9<5F`: H6E6:<;EFP
=67F; 9:;<9KD 65K ;<5D796F5 HB6DF5G 9:E67F<5Dl RYS F=H9<J:=:57D F5
;6EFM967F5G 7B: ;EF=67: DFG56E C9<= H9<]I 9:;<9KDl 65K R+S C897B:9
656EIDFD <C 7B: !,+X67= 9:;<9K C<9 7B: E6D7 -2 QI9 0Z4
" J69F:7I <C DF=8E67F<5D C9<= ;<8HE:K =<K:ED <C J69IF5G ;<=P
HE:]F7F:D 69: M:GF55F5G 7< DF=8E67: 7B: 7:=H<96E :J<E87F<5 65K
GE<M6E DFG56789: <C =FEE:55F6EPD;6E: ;B65G: 9:J:6E:K MI 7B: H6E6:<P
;EF=67: 9:;<9KL 65K H9<JFK: F=H<97657 F5DFGB7D F57< 7B: =:;B65P
FD=D <C ;B65G:4 O5 H697F;8E69L H6E6:<;EF=67: 9:;<9KD 65K =<K:EEF5G
:]H:9F=:57D 69: H9<JFKF5G 6 C96=:3<9Q C<9 7B: H<DDFME: =6G5F78K:
<C C8789: 369=F5G 65K 7B: 9:DH<5D: <C 7B: F57:9;<55:;7:K &697B
DID7:= 7< D8;B 6 369=F5G4 d<9:<J:9L ;<8HE:K cXd :]H:9F=:57D
F5;<9H<967F5G G:<E<GF; K676 RC<9 :]6=HE:L ;<57F5:576E 985<CC
BFD7<9ISYbLb+ H9<JFK: 5:3 ;<5D796F57D <5 7B: =:;B65FD=D <C 6M98H7
;EF=67: ;B65G: 65K 3FEE E:6K 7< =<K:E F=H9<J:=:57D 7B67 69:
:DD:57F6E C<9 6;BF:JF5G 7B: 6MFEF7I 7< DF=8E67: C8789: ;EF=67:4 !:J:9P
7B:E:DDL =<K:EEF5G H6D7 6M98H7 ;EF=67: ;B65G: 9:=6F5D <5: <C 7B:
G9:67:D7 ;B6EE:5G:D C<9 H6E6:<;EF=67: =<K:EE:9D4 /897B:9 H9<G9:DD
3FEE H9<M6MEI M: 9:6EF`:K 6D C8EEI F57:96;7FJ: 65K 5<5PN8] 6K_8D7:K
;<8HE:K &697B DID7:= =<K:ED 69: K:J:E<H:K 7B67 79:67 7B: C8EE 965G:
<C ;EF=67: C::KM6;QD,b4
T<=: =<K:EEF5G :]H:9F=:57D \5K 7B67 K89F5G 7B: 5:]7 C:3
;:5789F:DL 7B: #WX =<J:D 7< 65 n<CC o D767: F5 9:DH<5D: 7< F5;9:6DF5G
G9::5B<8D: G6D:D,+L,-Lb-4 " 9:K8;7F<5 <C 7B: =:9FKF<56E B:67 7965DH<97
F57< 7B: ;F9;8=P"7E657F; 9:GF<5 3<8EK H697F6EEI ;<=H:5D67: 7B:
369=F5G K8: 7< F5;9:6DF5G G9::5B<8D: G6D:DL 6E7B<8GB D8;B 6
;B65G: ;<8EK B6J: D:9F<8D ;EF=67F; ;<5D:[8:5;:D C<9 7B: ;EF=67:
F5 7B: ;F9;8=P"7E657F; 9:GF<5 7B9<8GB =<KFCIF5G E<5GP:D76MEFDB:K
9:GF<56E 6F9^D:6 7:=H:96789: ;<5796D7DL D:6D<56E J69F67F<5D F5 7B:
KF9:;7F<5 65K D79:5G7B <C 3F5K H677:95Dbb 65K 7B: E<;67F<5 <C
;<5J:;7FJ: 69:6Dbe4 #B: F=HEF;67F<5 <C D8;B ;B65G:D <5 9:GF<56E
;EF=67: 9:=6F5D E69G:EI 85:]HE<9:K4 %:<9G65F`67F<5D F5 7B: #WX
3<8EK 6ED< ;B65G: 7B: KFD79FM87F<5 <C 367:9 =6DD:D 65K B:5;: 7B:
K:5DF7I F5 7B: 3<9EK <;:654 " 369=:9 65K =<9: D7967F\:K !<97B
"7E657F; 3<8EK 6ED< 76Q: 8H E:DD 657B9<H<G:5F; X). R9:C4 bfS4 )5 7B:
<7B:9 B65KL <7B:9 :]H:9F=:57D D8GG:D7 EF77E: <9 5< 9:K8;7F<5 <C 7B:
#WX 7< 7B: D6=: G9::5B<8D: G6D C<9;F5G,Y4 #BFD F5KF;67:D 7B:
H<DDFME: K<=F565;: <C 5:G67FJ: C::KM6;Q =:;B65FD=D D8;B 6D
;B65G:D F5 7B: 6=HEF78K: 65K C9:[8:5;I <C &!T)baL <9 =<KF\;6P
7F<5D <C 67=<DHB:9F; J69F6MFEF7I H677:95D F5 7B: !<97B:95
W:=FDHB:9:e24
#B: C67: <C 7B: #WX F5 7B: ;<=F5G ;:5789I E69G:EI K:H:5KD <5 7B:
9:DH<5D: <C 6F9^D:6 B:67 65K C9:DB367:9 N8]:D 7< 7B: F5;9:6D:K E<6K
<C G9::5B<8D: G6D:D4 $5;:976F57F:D F5 =<K:EE:K 9:DH<5D:D 69:
H697F;8E69EI E69G: C<9 7B: E677:9,Y4 d<9:<J:9L 7B: 7B9:DB<EK C<9 7B:
<;;899:5;: <C 65 6M98H7 ;B65G: F5 6 H697F;8E69 ;EF=67: =<K:E
K:H:5KD <5 H<<9EI ;<5D796F5:K H696=:7:9F`67F<5D <C D8MPG9FKP
D;6E: <;:65 =F]F5G-e4 0:;68D: 6 ;<=HE:7: #WX DB87K<35 FD 6
7B9:DB<EK HB:5<=:5<5L 7B: 6DD:DD=:57 <C 7B: EFQ:EFB<<K <C D8;B
65 :J:57 =8D7 F5J<EJ: :5D:=ME: =<K:E DF=8E67F<5De,L 6D 3:EE 6D
;<57F58:K :CC<97D 7< DF=8E67: H6D7 6M98H7 ;EF=67: ;B65G:D 7B67 D<
9:=69Q6MEI 6CC:;7:K 7B: GE<M6E ;EF=67: DID7:=4
!
,4 c656;B68KL "4 p V85D;BL X4 O=H9<J:K :D7F=67:D <C GE<M6E <;:65 ;F9;8E67F<5L B:67 7965DH<97 65K
=F]F5G C9<= BIK9<G96HBF; K6764 O$&C%" "#$% +-Y^+-e R.222S4
.4 V:6J:9L "4 q4L 0F7`L X4 d4L /655F5GL "4 /4 p W<EE65KL d4 d4 #B:9=<B6EF5: ;F9;8E67F<5h WFGB E67F78K:
HB:5<=:56 65K 7B: KFCC:9:5;: M:73::5 7B: Z6;F\; 65K "7E657F;4 <((CP Q"4P ?$%&> @7$("&P 2-.P &'% .Y,^
.f- R,aaaS4
Y4 rFEE3<97BL Z4 U4 U::H ;<5J:;7F<5 F5 7B: 3<9EK <;:654 Q"4P +")#>5,P 2#$-" @>5,P &(% ,^.b R,afYS4
+4 c98=MF5:L %4 V4 " =<K:E <C 7B: C<9=67F<5 <C BFGBPD6EF5F7I DB:EC 367:9 <5 H<E69 ;<57F5:576E DB:EJ:D4
RP +")#>5,P Q",P )*% ..2+a^..2b. R,aa,S4
-4 T7<==:EL W4 #B:9=<B6EF5: ;<5J:;7F<5 3F7B 73< D76ME: 9:GF=:D <C N<34 S"77C, (+% ..+^.Y2 R,ab,S4
b4 09I65L /4 WFGBPE67F78K: D6EF5F7I :CC:;7D 65K F57:9B:=FDHB:9F; 7B:9=<B6EF5: ;F9;8E67F<5D4 O$&C%" +&+%
Y2,^Y2+ R,afbS4
e4 d656M:L T4 p T7<8CC:9L %4 q4 #3< D76ME: :[8FEFM9F6 <C 6 ;<8HE:K <;:65P67=<DHB:9: =<K:E4 RP 67.'P (%
f+,^fbb R,affS4
f4 V:6J:9L "4 q4 F5 O$&C%$7 67.'$&" I$%.$K.7.&5 )( !"-$="T&)T6"(&C%5 S.'" 2-$7", R:KD d697F5D<5L U4 c4 "&
$7PS Yb-^Yf, R!67F<56E %:D:69;B X<85;FEL !67F<56E ";6K:=I Z9:DDL V6DBF5G7<5 UXL ,aa-S4
a4 "EE:IL %4 04 p XE69QL Z4 $4 #B: GE6;F67F<5 <C 7B: 5<97B:95 B:=FDHB:9:h 6 GE<M6E H:9DH:;7FJ:4 <((CP Q"4P
?$%&> @7$("&P 2-.P &'% ,+a^,f. R,aaaS4
,24 T7<;Q:9L #4 /4 Z6D7 65K C8789: 9:<9G65F`67F<5 F5 7B: ;EF=67: DID7:=4 UC$&P 2-.P Q"4P ()% Y2,^Y,a
R.222S4
,,4 09<:;Q:9L V4 T4 #B:9=<B6EF5: ;F9;8E67F<5L 7B: ";BFEE:D B::E <C <89 ;EF=67: DID7:=h VFEE =65P=6K:
X). 8HD:7 7B: ;899:57 M6E65;:s 2-."(-" &'$% ,-f.^,-ff R,aaeS4
,.4 "EE:IL %4 04 "& $74 <K%C#& 67.'$&" 6>$(1"V B("4.&$K7" 2C%#%.,", R!67F<56E %:D:69;B X<85;FEL !67F<56E
";6K:=I Z9:DDL V6DBF5G7<5 UXL F5 7B: H9:DDS4
,Y4 X8M6D;BL $4 "& $74 F5 67.'$&" 6>$(1" FEE;WS>" 2-."(&.X- A$,.,V 6)(&%.KC&.)( )* M)%Y.(1 +%)C# B &) &>"
S>.%= <,,",,'"(& Q"#)%& )* &>" B(&"%1)4"%('"(&$7 @$("7 )( 67.'$&" 6>$(1" R:KD W<8GB7<5L q4 #4 "& $7PS
-.-^-f. RX6=M9FKG: $5FJ4 Z9:DDL X6=M9FKG:L .22,S4
,+4 d656M:L T4 p T7<8CC:9L %4 q4 X:5789IPD;6E: :CC:;7D <C F5;9:6D:K 67=<DHB:9F; X). <5 7B: <;:65P
67=<DHB:9: DID7:=4 O$&C%" +*"% .,-^.,f R,aaYS4
,-4 T7<;Q:9L #4 /4 p T;B=F775:9L "4 O5N8:5;: <C X). :=FDDF<5 967:D <5 7B: D76MFEF7I <C 7B: 7B:9=<B6EF5:
;F9;8E67F<54 O$&C%" +$$% fb.^fb- R,aaeS4
,b4 T;B=F775:9L "4L 1<DBF=<9FL d4 p V:6J:9L "4 q4 O5D76MFEF7I <C GE6;F6E ;EF=67: F5 65 :697B DID7:= =<K:E4
2-."(-" RF5 7B: H9:DDS4
,e4 UF;QD<5L %4 %4 p 09<35L q4 #B: H9<K8;7F<5 <C !<97B "7E657F; K::H 367:9h T<89;:DL DF5QD 65K H67B36ID4
RP +")#>5,P Q",P ))% ,.Y,a^,.Y+, R,aa+S4
,f4 d;X6975:IL d4 T4 %:;F9;8E67F5G ;<=H<5:57D 7< 7B: K::H M<85K69I ;899:57 <C 7B: 5<97B:95 !<97B
"7E657F;4 @%)1P 0-"$()1%P &)% .fY^YfY R,aa.S4
,a4 *6M:I9F:L *4 "& $74 XB65G:D F5 J:97F;6E D798;789: <C 7B: !<97B "7E657F; );:65 M:73::5 GE6;F6E 65K
=<K:95 7F=:D4 UC$&P 2-.P Q"4P ((% +2,^+,Y R,aa.S4
.24 (FK6EL *4L *6M:I9F:L *4 p J65 V::9F5GL #4 X4 &4 0:57BF; &,f) 9:;<9KD F5 7B: !<97B "7E657F; <J:9 7B: E6D7
GE6;F6E H:9F<K Rb2^,2 QI9Sh &JFK:5;: C<9 M9F5: C<9=67F<54 @$7")-"$()1%$#>5 (+% .+-^.-, R,aafS4
.,4 T6957B:F5L d4 "& $74 XB65G:D F5 :6D7 "7E657F; K::H367:9 ;F9;8E67F<5 <J:9 7B: E6D7 Y2L222 I:69Dh &FGB7
7F=: DEF;: 9:;<5D798;7F<5D4 @$7")-"$()1%$#>5 )% .2a^.be R,aa+S4
$%&'%( )$*'+,%
..4 18L &4 /4L /965;<FDL %4 p 06;<5L d4 Z4 TF=FE69 967:D <C =<K:95 65K E6D7PGE6;F6E <;:65 7B:9=<B6EF5:
;F9;8E67F<5 F5C:99:K C9<= 96KF<;B:=F;6E K6764 O$&C%" +')% bfa^ba+ R,aabS4
.Y4 %87M:9GL %4 *4L W:==F5GL T4 %4 p c<EKD7:F5L T4 *4 %:K8;:K !<97B "7E657F; U::H V67:9 N8] 7< 7B:
GE6;F6E T<87B:95 );:65 F5C:99:K C9<= 5:<KI=F8= FD<7<H: 967F<D4 O$&C%" "#,% aY-^aYf R.222S4
.+4 /965QL d4 X<=H69FD<5 <C ;<D=<G:5F; 96KF<58;EFK: H9<K8;7F<5 65K G:<=6G5:7F; \:EK F57:5DF7I <J:9
7B: E6D7 .22L222 I:69D4 @>.7P S%$(,P QP 2)-P Z)(=P < +,$% ,2fa^,,2e R.222S4
.-4 /F5Q:EL %4 X4 p !FDBFF`8=FL r4 0:9IEEF8= ,2 ;<5;:57967F<5D F5 7B: c9::5E65K O;: TB::7 Z9<_:;7 . F;:
;<9: C9<= Y^+2 Q64 RP +")#>5,P Q",P (#&% .bbaa^.be2b R,aaeS4
.b4 d8D;B:E:9L %4L 0::9L q4L V6G5:9L c4 p /F5Q:EL %4 X4 XB65G:D F5 K::HP367:9 C<9=67F<5 K89F5G 7B:
1<85G:9 U9I6D :J:57 F5C:99:K C9<= ,20: 65K ,+X 9:;<9KD4 O$&C%" "#$% -be^-e2 R.222S4
.e4 d69;B6EL )4L T7<;Q:9L #4 /4 p d8D;B:E:9L %4 "7=<DHB:9F; 96KF<;69M<5 K89F5G 7B: 1<85G:9 U9I6Dh
H9<K8;7F<5L J:57FE67F<5L <9 M<7Bs ?$%&> @7$("& 2-.P Z"&&P ($,% YfY^Ya- R.22,S4
.f4 09<:;Q:9L V4 T4L dF]L "4L "5K9::L d4 p ):D;BG:9L W4 %6KF<;69M<5 =:6D89:=:57D <5 ;<:]FD7F5G
M:57BF; 65K HE65Q7F; C<96=F5FC:96 DB:EEDh H<7:57F6E C<9 9:;<5D798;7F5G <;:65 J:57FE67F<5 7F=:D <J:9 7B:
H6D7 .2222 I:69D4 OC-7P B(,&%C'P ["&>)=, @>5,P Q",P -,% YY,^YYa R,af+S4
.a4 TFQ:DL &4 *4L T6=D<5L X4 %4L c8FEK:9D<5L #4 Z4 p W<369KL V4 %4 )EK 96KF<;69M<5 6G:D F5 7B: D<87B3:D7
Z6;F\; );:65 K89F5G 7B: E6D7 GE6;F6E H:9F<K 65K K:GE6;F67F<54 O$&C%" "#,% ---^--a R.222S4
Y24 X8CC:IL r4 d4 "& $74 *69G: "9;7F; 7:=H:96789: ;B65G: 67 7B: VFD;<5DF5PW<E<;:5: GE6;F6E 7965DF7F<54
2-."(-" &'#% +--^+-f R,aa-S4
Y,4 069KL &4L %<D7:QL /4L #89<5L q4P*4 p c:5K9:68L T4 WIK9<E<GF;6E F=H6;7 <C W:F59F;B :J:57D F5 7B:
D8M79<HF;6E 5<97B:6D7 "7E657F;4 2-."(-" &$)% ,Y.,^,Y.+ R,aaaS4
Y.4 T:J:9F5GB68DL q4 Z4 p 09<<QL &4 q4 "M98H7 ;EF=67: ;B65G: 67 7B: :5K <C 7B: E6D7 GE6;F6E H:9F<K F5C:99:K
C9<= 796HH:K 6F9 F5 H<E69 F;:4 2-."(-" &$*% aY2^aY+ R,aaaS4
YY4 W8GB:5L r4 "4L T<87B<5L q4 %4L *:B=65L T4 q4 p )J:9H:;QL q4 #4 TI5;B9<5<8D 96KF<;69M<5 65K ;EF=67:
DBFC7D K89F5G 7B: E6D7 K:GE6;F67F<54 2-."(-" &)#% ,a-,^,a-+ R.222S4
Y+4 T7<;Q:9L #4 /4 p V9FGB7L U4 c4 %6HFK 7965DF7F<5D <C 7B: <;:65oD K::H ;F9;8E67F<5 F5K8;:K MI ;B65G:D F5
D89C6;: 367:9 N8]:D4 O$&C%" +,(% e.a^eY. R,aa,S4
Y-4 d656M:L T4 p T7<8CC:9L %4 q4 X<8HE:K <;:65P67=<DHB:9: =<K:E 9:DH<5D: 7< C9:DB367:9 F5H87h
;<=H69FD<5 7< 1<85G:9 U9I6D :J:574 @$7")-"$()1%$#>5 (&% Y.,^YYb R,aaeS4
Yb4 /655F5GL "4 /4 p V:6J:9L "4 q4 #:=H<96EPG:<G96HBF;6E =:E7367:9 F5N8:5;:D <5 7B: !<97B "7E657F;
X<5J:I<9h O=HEF;67F<5D C<9 7B: 1<85G:9 U9I6D4 @$7")-"$()1%$#>5 (&% Y2e^Y.2 R,aaeS4
Ye4 0<5KL c4 X4 "& $74 F5 ["->$(.,', )* +7)K$7 67.'$&" 6>$(1" $& [.77"((.$7 S.'",-$7", R:KD XE69QL Z4 $4L
V:MML %4 T4 p r:FG3F5L *4 U4S Y-^-f Rc:<HBIDF;6E d<5<G96HB ,,.L "=:9F;65 c:<HBIDF;6E $5F<5L
V6DBF5G7<5 UXL ,aaaS4
Yf4 XE69QL Z4 $4 "& $74 /9:DB367:9 C<9;F5G <C 6M98H7 ;EF=67: ;B65G: K89F5G 7B: E6D7 GE6;F67F<54 2-."(-" &)+%
.fY^.fe R.22,S4
Ya4 /6F9M65QDL %4 c4 " ,eL222PI:69 GE6;F<P:8D767F; D:6 E:J:E 9:;<9Kh F5N8:5;: <C GE6;F6E =:E7F5G 967:D <5 7B:
1<85G:9 U9I6D :J:57 65K K::H <;:65 ;F9;8E67F<54 O$&C%" +"&% bYe^b+. R,afaS4
+24 XE69QL Z4 $4L dF79<JF;6L q4 t4L dFE5:L c4 "4 p #6=FDF:6L d4 T:6PE:J:E \5G:9H9F57F5G 6D 6 KF9:;7 7:D7 C<9 7B:
D<89;: <C GE<M6E =:E7367:9 H8ED: ,"4 2-."(-" RD8M=F77:KS4
+,4 T:J:9F5GB68DL q4 Z4L T<3:9DL #4L 09<<QL &4 q4L "EE:IL %4 04 p 0:5K:9L d4 *4 #F=F5G <C 6M98H7 ;EF=67:
;B65G: 67 7B: :5K <C 7B: 1<85G:9 U9I6D F57:9J6E C9<= 7B:9=6EEI C96;7F<567:K G6D:D F5 H<E69 F;:4 O$&C%"
+)(% ,+,^,+b R,aafS4
+.4 d;d658DL q4 /4L )HH<L U4 V4 p X8EE:5L q4 *4 " 24-P=FEEF<5PI:69 9:;<9K <C =FEE:55F6EPD;6E: ;EF=67:
J69F6MFEF7I F5 7B: !<97B "7E657F;4 2-."(-" &$+% ae,^ae- R,aaaS4
+Y4 "EE:IL %4 04L "565K6Q9FDB565L T4 p q85GL Z4 T7<;B6D7F; 9:D<565;: F5 7B: !<97B "7E657F;4 @$7")-"$()T
1%$#>5 (*% ,a2^,af R.22,S4
++4 W<D7:7E:9L T4 V4L XE69QL Z4 $4L 0697E:F5L Z4 q4L dF]L "4 X4 p ZFDF6DL !4 "7=<DHB:9F; 7965D=FDDF<5 <C !<97B
"7E657F; W:F59F;B :J:57D4 RP +")#>5,P Q",P (#"% Ya+e^Ya-. R,aaaS4
+-4 W8GB:5L r4 "4L )J:9H:;QL q4 #4L Z:7:9D<5L *4 X4 p #98=M<9:L T4 %6HFK ;EF=67: ;B65G:D F5 7B: 79<HF;6E
"7E657F; 9:GF<5 K89F5G 7B: E6D7 K:GE6;F67F<54 O$&C%" +$#% -,^-+ R,aabS4
+b4 Z:7:9D<5L *4 X4L W68GL c4 W4L W8GB:5L r4 "4 p %<BEL $4 %6HFK ;B65G:D F5 7B: BIK9<E<GF; ;I;E: <C 7B:
79<HF;6E "7E657F; K89F5G 7B: E6D7 GE6;F6E4 2-."(-" &)#% ,a+e^,a-, R.222S4
+e4 T;B8E`L W4L J<5 %6KL $4 p &9E:5Q:8D:9L W4 X<99:E67F<5D M:73::5 "96MF65 T:6 65K c9::5E65K ;EF=67:
<D;FEE67F<5D <C 7B: H6D7 ,,2L222 I:69D4 O$&C%" +)+% -+^-e R,aafS4
+f4 rF:56D7L d4L T7:F5Q:L T4L T7677:GG:9L r4 p X6EJ:97L T4 &4 TI5;B9<5<8D 79<HF;6E T<87B XBF56 T:6 TT#
;B65G: 65K c9::5E65K 369=F5G K89F5G K:GE6;F67F<54 2-."(-" &)(% .,Y.^.,Y+ R.22,S4
+a4 0:BEL %4 q4 p r:55:77L q4 Z4 09F:C F57:9D76KF6E :J:57D F5 7B: T6576 069M696 M6DF5L !& Z6;F\;L K89F5G 7B:
H6D7 b2 QI94 O$&C%" +')% .+Y^.+b R,aabS4
-24 0E85F:9L #4 p 09<<QL &4 q4 #F=F5G <C =FEE:55F6EPD;6E: ;EF=67: ;B65G: F5 "5769;7F;6 65K c9::5E65K
K89F5G 7B: E6D7 GE6;F6E H:9F<K4 2-."(-" &)(% ,2a^,,. R.22,S4
-,4 09<:;Q:9L V4 T4 Z6E:<;:65 ;F9;8E67F<5 K89F5G 7B: E6D7 K:GE6;F67F<5h " MFH<E69 D::D63s @$7")-"$()1%$#>5
(+% ,,a^,., R,aafS4
-.4 X9<3E:IL #4 q4 !<97B "7E657F; K::H 367:9 ;<<ED 7B: D<87B:95 B:=FDHB:9:4 @$7")-"$()1%$#>5 '% +fa^+ae
R,aa.S4
-Y4 T;BFEE:9L "4L dFQ<E6_:3F;`L $4 p (<DDL %4 #B: D76MFEF7I <C 7B: 7B:9=<B6EF5: ;F9;8E67F<5 F5 6 ;<8HE:K
<;:65P67=<DHB:9: G:5:96E ;F9;8E67F<5 =<K:E4 67.'P !5(P (+% Y.-^Y+e R,aaeS4
-+4 T7<;Q:9L #4 /4 #B: D::D63 :CC:;74 2-."(-" &$&% b,^b. R,aafS4
--4 ):D;BG:9L W4 "& $74 F5 67.'$&" @%)-",,", $(= 67.'$&" 2"(,.&.4.&5 R:KD W65D:5L q4 &4 p #6Q6B6DBFL #4S .aa^
Y2b Rc:<HBIDF;6E d<5<G96HB .aL "=:9F;65 c:<HBIDF;6E $5F<5L V6DBF5G7<5 UXL ,af+S4
-b4 dFQ<E6_:3F;`L $4 p d6F:9P%:F=:9L &4 dF]:K M<85K69I ;<5KF7F<5D F5 <;:65 G:5:96E ;F9;8E67F<5 =<K:ED
65K 7B:F9 F5N8:5;: <5 7B: D76MFEF7I <C 7B: =<K:EoD ;<5J:I<9 M:E74 RP +")#>5,P Q",P ))% ..bYY^..b++
R,aa+S4
-e4 T;B=F775:9L "4 p V:6J:9L "4 q4 U:H:5K:5;: <C =8E7FHE: ;EF=67: D767:D <5 <;:65 =F]F5G H696=:7:9D4
+")#>5,P Q",P Z"&&P &$% ,2.e^,2Y2 R.22,S4
-f4 #`FH:9=65L &4 O5B:9:57EI 85D76ME: ;EF=67: M:B6JF<89 K8: 7< 3:6Q 7B:9=<B6EF5: <;:65 ;F9;8E67F<54
O$&C%" +$*% -a.^-a- R,aaeS4
-a4 dFQ<E6_:3F;`L $4L d6F:9P%:F=:9L &4L X9<3E:IL #4 q4 p rF=L r4P14 &CC:;7 <C U96Q: 65K Z656=65F65
G67:36ID <5 7B: ;F9;8E67F<5 <C 65 <;:65 =<K:E4 @$7")-"$()1%$#>5 $% +2a^+.b R,aaYS4
b24 c65<H<EDQFL "4 p %6B=D7<9CL T4 %6HFK ;B65G:D <C GE6;F6E ;EF=67: DF=8E67:K F5 6 ;<8HE:K ;EF=67:
=<K:E4 O$&C%" "#)% ,-Y^,-f R.22,S4
b,4 T;B=F775:9L "4L "HH:5`:EE:9L X4 p T7<;Q:9L #4 /4 &5B65;:K "7E657F; C9:DB367:9 :]H<97 K89F5G &E !F5u<4
+")#>5,P Q",P Z"&&P &'% ,,bY^,,bb R.222S4
b.4 #F==:9=655L "4 "& $74 O5;9:6D:K &E !F5u< C9:[8:5;I F5 6 ;EF=67: =<K:E C<9;:K MI C8789: G9::5B<8D:
369=F5G4 O$&C%" +)$% ba+^bab R,aaaS4
bY4 q<B5D:5L T4 q4 "& $74 O99:G8E69 GE6;F6E F57:9D76KF6ED 9:;<9K:K F5 6 5:3 c9::5E65K F;: ;<9:4 O$&C%" +,)%
Y,,^Y,Y R,aa.S4
b+4 %F5KL U4 "& $74 &CC:;7D <C GE6;F6E =:E7367:9 F5 7B: cOTT ;<8HE:K 67=<DHB:9:P<;:65 =<K:Eh Z697 Oh !<97B
"7E657F; U::H V67:9 9:DH<5D:4 RP +")#>5,P Q",P (#*% .eYY-^.eY-+ R.22,S4
b-4 %6B=D7<9CL T4 p c65<H<EDQFL "4 *<5GP7:9= GE<M6E 369=F5G D;:569F<D ;<=H87:K 3F7B 65 :C\;F:57
;<8HE:K ;EF=67: =<K:E4 67.'P 6>$(1" "+% Y-Y^Ybe R,aaaS4
bb4 dFQ<E6_:3F;`L $4 p (<DDL %4 #B: 9<E: <C 7B: F5KFJFK86E 6F9PD:6 N8] ;<=H<5:57D F5 X).PF5K8;:K
;B65G:D <C 7B: <;:65oD ;F9;8E67F<5 65K ;EF=67:4 67.'P !5(P (*% b.e^b+. R.222S4
be4 V<<KL %4 "4L r::5L "4 04L dF7;B:EEL q4 /4 04 p c9:G<9IL q4 d4 XB65GF5G DH67F6E D798;789: <C 7B:
7B:9=<B6EF5: ;F9;8E67F<5 F5 9:DH<5D: 7< 67=<DHB:9F; X). C<9;F5G F5 6 ;EF=67: =<K:E4 O$&C%" +))%
-e.^-e- R,aaaS4
bf4 q<<DL /4L ZE6775:9L c4Pr4L T7<;Q:9L #4 /4L d69;B6EL )4 p T;B=F775:9L "4 cE<M6E 369=F5G 65K =69F5:
;69M<5 ;I;E: C::KM6;QD <5 C8789: 67=<DHB:9F; X).4 2-."(-" &$"% +b+^+be R,aaaS4
ba4 *67FCL d4L %<:;Q5:9L &4L dFQ<E6_:3F;`L $4 p (<DDL %4 #9<HF;6E D76MFEF`67F<5 <C 7B: 7B:9=<B6EF5:
;F9;8E67F<5 F5 6 G9::5B<8D: 369=F5G DF=8E67F<54 RP 67.'P (+% ,f2a^,f,Y R.222S4
e24 U:E3<97BL #4 *4 p UF]<5L r4 V4 O=HEF;67F<5D <C 7B: 9:;:57 79:5K F5 7B: "9;7F;v!<97B "7E657F;
)D;FEE67F<5 C<9 7B: !<97B "7E657F; 7B:9=<B6EF5: ;F9;8E67F<54 RP 67.'P (+% Ye.,^Ye.e R.222S4
e,4 r5877FL %4 p T7<;Q:9L #4 /4 *F=F7:K H9:KF;76MFEF7I <C 7B: C8789: 7B:9=<B6EF5: ;F9;8E67F<5 ;E<D: 7< 65
F5D76MFEF7I 7B9:DB<EK4 RP 67.'P (,% ,ea^,fb R.22.S4
e.4 T78FJ:9L d4 "& $74 O!#X"*af 96KF<;69M<5 6G: ;6EFM967F<5L .+L222 ;6E 0Z4 Q$=.)-$%K)( "#% ,2+,^,2fY
R,aafS4
eY4 rF7FG636L W4 p J65 K:9 ZEF;B7L q4 "7=<DHB:9F; 96KF<;69M<5 ;6EFM967F<5 M:I<5K ,,La22 ;6E 0Z C9<= *6Q:
T8FG:7D8 E6=F567:K D:KF=:57D4 Q$=.)-$%K)( "&% Yba^Yf2 R.222S4
e+4 069KL &4L "95<EKL d4L W6=:EF5L 04L #FD5:967P*6M<9K:L !4 p X6MF<;BL c4 %6KF<;69M<5 ;6EFM967F<5 MI
=:65D <C =6DD DH:;79<=:79F; .Y2#Bv.Y+$ 65K ,+X 6G:D <C ;<96EDh 65 8HK67:K K676M6D: F5;E8KF5G D6=HE:D
C9<= 069M6K<DL d8989<6 65K #6BF7F4 Q$=.)-$%K)( "#% ,2f-^,2a. R,aafS4
e-4 X8CC:IL r4 d4 p XE<3L c4 U4 #:=H:96789:L 6;;8=8E67F<5L 65K F;: DB::7 :E:J67F<5 F5 ;:5796E c9::5E65K
7B9<8GB 7B: E6D7 K:GE6;F6E 7965DF7F<54 RP +")#>5,P Q",P (#&% .bYfY^.bYab R,aaeS4
eb4 c9<<7:DL Z4 d4L T78FJ:9L d4L VBF7:L q4 V4 X4L q<B5D:5L T4 q4 p q<8`:EL q4 X<=H69FD<5 <C <]IG:5 FD<7<H:
9:;<9KD C9<= 7B: cOTZ. 65K c%OZ c9::5E65K F;: ;<9:D4 O$&C%" +**% --.^--+ R,aaYS4
ee4 d::D:L U4 "4 "& $74 #B: c9::5E65K O;: TB::7 Z9<_:;7 . K:H7BP6G: D;6E:h d:7B<KD 65K 9:D8E7D4 RP +")#>5,P
Q",P (#&% .b+,,^.b+.Y R,aaeS4
ef4 %8wBE:=655L X4L d8EF7`6L T4L d8EE:9L Z4 q4L V:C:9L c4 p m6B5L %4 V69=F5G <C 7B: 79<HF;6E "7E657F;
);:65 65K DE<3K<35 <C 7B:9=<B6EF5: ;F9;8E67F<5 K89F5G 7B: E6D7 K:GE6;F67F<54 O$&C%" "#&% -,,^-,+
R,aaaS4
ea4 T6;BDL q4 Z4L "5K:9D<5L %4 /4 p *:B=65L T4 q4 cE6;F6E D89C6;: 7:=H:96789:D <C 7B: D<87B:6D7 "7E657F;
);:654 2-."(-" &)+% .2ee^.2ea R.22,S4
f24 T7:FGL &4 q4 "& $74 TI5;B9<5<8D ;EF=67: ;B65G:D F5 "5769;7F;6 65K 7B: !<97B "7E657F;4 2-."(-" &$&% a.^aR,aafS4
f,4 d8EJ65:IL %4 "& $74 #B: 7965DF7F<5 C9<= 7B: E6D7 GE6;F6E H:9F<K F5 F5E65K 65K 5:69 ;<6D76E "5769;7F;64
+")#>5,P Q",P Z"&&P &'% .beY^.beb R.222S4
f.4 ZFDF6DL !4 c4L dF]L "4 X4 p W:8DD:9L *4 dFEE:55F6E D;6E: ;EF=67: J69F6MFEF7I <C 7B: 5<97B:6D7 Z6;F\;
);:65 65K 5<97B3:D7 !<97B "=:9F;6 M6D:K <5 96KF<E69F6 65K H<EE:54 UC$&P 2-.P Q"4P &#% ,-b,^,-eb
R.22,S4
fY4 dF]L "4 X4 "& $74 F5 ["->$(.,', )* +7)K$7 67.'$&" 6>$(1" $& [.77"((.$7 S.'",-$7", R:KD XE69QL Z4 $4L
V:MML %4 T4 p r:FG3F5L *4 U4S ,.e^,+f Rc:<HBIDF;6E d<5<G96HB ,,.L "=:9F;65 c:<HBIDF;6E $5F<5L
V6DBF5G7<5 UXL ,aaaS4
f+4 #B<=HD<5L *4 c4 "& $74 *67: GE6;F6E D76G: 65K W<E<;:5: 79<HF;6E F;: ;<9: 9:;<9KD C9<= W86D;6965L Z:984
2-."(-" &*)% +b^-2 R,aa-S4
f-4 #B<=HD<5L *4 c4 "& $74 " .-L222PI:69 79<HF;6E ;EF=67: BFD7<9I C9<= 0<EFJF65 F;: ;<9:D4 2-."(-" &$&%
,f-f^,fb+ R,aafS4
fb4 069KL &4L %<D7:QL /4 p T<5`<G5FL X4 O57:9B:=FDHB:9F; DI5;B9<5I <C 7B: E6D7 K:GE6;F67F<5 F5C:99:K C9<=
6EQ:5<5: H6E:<7B:9=<=:79I4 O$&C%" +$,% e2e^e,2 R,aaeS4
fe4 *F77E:L d4 c4 "& $74 #96K: 3F5K C<9;F5G <C 8H3:EEF5G D:6D<56EF7IL 65K W:F59F;B :J:57D 6D 6 9:DH<5D: 7<
D8MPdFE65Q<JF7;B ;EF=67: J69F6MFEF7I4 @$7")-"$()1%$#>5 (&% -bf^-eb R,aaeS4
ff4 XB69E:DL X4 U4L *I5;BPT7F:GEF7`L q4L !F55:=655L $4 T4 p /6F9M65QDL %4 c4 XEF=67: ;<55:;7F<5D M:73::5
7B: B:=FDHB:9:D 9:J:6E:K MI K::H D:6 D:KF=:57 ;<9:vF;: ;<9: ;<99:E67F<5D4 ?$%&> @7$("&P 2-.P Z"&&P ("&%
,a^.e R,aabS4
fa4 Z:7F7L q4 %4 "& $74 XEF=67: 65K 67=<DHB:9F; BFD7<9I <C 7B: H6D7 +.2L222 I:69D C9<= 7B: (<D7<Q F;: ;<9:L
"5769;7F;64 O$&C%" +))% +.a^+Yb R,aaaS4
a24 q<8`:EL q4 "& $74 " 5:3 .e QI BFGB 9:D<E87F<5 &6D7 "5769;7F; ;EF=67: 9:;<9K4 +")#>5,P Q",P Z"&&P &$% Y,aa^
Y.2. R.22,S4
8.*93;(":D"4"9#/
V: 7B65Q c4 0<5KL q4 q<8`:EL "4 dF]L %4 d8D;B:E:9L q4 T6;BD 65K q4 J65 K:9 ZEF;B7 C<9
H9<JFKF5G K676L 7B: !)""P!cUX Z6E:<;EF=67: Z9<G96= C<9 7B:F9 K676 9:H<DF7<9IL 65K
T4 W<D7:7E:9L "4 dF]L "4 T;B=F775:9 65K %4 T7<8CC:9 C<9 ;<==:57D4 #BFD 3<9Q 36D
D8HH<97:K MI G9657D C9<= 7B: &697B TID7:= WFD7<9I Z9<G96= <C 7B: $T !T/ RZ4$4X4 65K
!4c4Z4SL 7B: T3FDD !T/ R#4/4T4S 65K 7B: X656KF65 !T&%X R"4q4V4S4
X<99:DH<5K:5;: 65K 9:[8:D7D C<9 =67:9F6ED DB<8EK M: 6KK9:DD:K 7< Z4$4X4
R:P=6FEh ;E69QHx8;D4<9D74:K8S4