Chapter-3
Functional Structure
3.1 Introduction: Since independence, our country has made impressive
progress in different sectors of economy including agriculture, industry, medical,
education, science and technology. 132 India's developing economy, the nature and the
volw11e of her investments in the non-agricultural sector, the growing corpus of her
social legislation aimed at achieving greater mobility in all directions, the fast
developing economic and social situations favouring migration of population from
one area to another, the conscious aspirations of social change reflected in the series
of her Five Year Plans. the association in the common mind between industrialisation
and urbanisation, all demand that the function of towns should be investigated. For,
there are two opinions on the generally accepted idea that the town is the vortex of all
change and the pace and content of India's urban growth wi IIJo a great extent depend
on the pace and content of her economic development and social change
133
In Haryana, the reasons behind the rapid urban growth and change in the
functional characteristics of towns are that: First, after the partition of the country
rehabilitation of a large number 134 of 'displaced landless persons'
135
in urban
settlements boosted the urban growth as 51 per cent of them settled in urban areas.
131
Report of the Task Force on Planning and Developing of Small and Medium Towns, Ministry of
Work and Housing, Govt. of india, Delhi, 1977, Vol. I, p. I.
13
J Mitra, Asok, "A Functional Classification of India's Towns", An All India Seminar on
Population, 12-14 March 1964, Institute of Economic Growth, At Registrar General of India's
Office. p. I.
134
Number and percentages of Displaced Persons settled in the urban and Rural areas of each
District ( 1951)
Name of the Total number ol Number Senled Per cent to Number Sen led Per cent to
District
displaced persons in Rural Areas total number in Urban Areas total number
47937
38
Hisar
77720
62
127657
70194
57
Rohtak
53452
43
123646
Gurgaon
27728 1
56859
67
84587
33
132709
117762
47
Kamal
250471
53
86742
Ambala
188892
46
102150
54
Mohindergarh
4944
II
4391
89
553
378904
49
780197
51
399293
Total
Source: Census of lndta, 1951.
1 5
J The tcnn 'Displaced person' is meant those refugees, who have been displaced from their homes
in Pakistan.
76
Government services as well as private enterprises also expanded in response to this.
With the passage of time. most of the displaced persons also left \·illages and settled
in urban areas. Secondly. in late 60s. increased agricultural production due to the use
of high yielding varieties seeds. improvement in irrigation facilities and scientific
methods of farming. led to the establishment of many mandi towns and a ready
market for agricultural and other household goods. Thirdly, mechanization of
agriculture forced a large number of surplus landholder and landless labourers to
urban areas to seek jobs either in private or public sector, which changed the
demographic structure of the urban as well as rural areas. Fourthly, Government's
policies to develop a particular area by establishing agricultural and allied industries,
educational institutions, gave philip to the existing industries and also led to the
creation of new districts. Finally. the role of big urban centres is no less, a'i areas
around National Capital Territory Delhi. Union Territory Chandigarh and other big
urban centres of Haryana served as the ready markets for different products and also
lead to the growth of certain small and big industrial enterprises.
In brief: the process of brisk urbanization in the last few decades has been
responsible for the continuous increase in total urban population as well as its share in
the total population in Haryana. It is generally agreed that the process of urban growth
is highly associated with the direct and indirect growth of non-primary activities in
the economy, whether expansion of manufacturing industries or the services sector.
Urbanization and industrial development, in the Western world, so stably married
were often divorced in India 136 . Urbanization moved at a faster pace than
industrialization resulting in a direct shift from agriculture to service. Tertiary sector
expanded faster than the secondary sector, a factor contributing to the prevailing
unemployment situation in India. This chapter is an attempt to identify the functional
structure of small and medium towns and see the changes that has taken place over
the period. The research proposition that has been tested in this chapter is-
As !he size of/he town increases, itsfunclions lend lo get divers(fied
3.2 Methodology: - Most of the urban centres generally have multiple
functions, but all of them may not he equally important. Some of them may be very
136
Raj Bala ( 1986 ), "Trends in Urbanization in l ndia 190 1-198!". Rawat Publications. Jaipur
77
significant. while others might be inconsequential. A statistical basis is therefore
necessary for identifying the groups of significant functions, which represent the
functional characteristics of an area.
The ternary diagram given by Asok Mitra is found to be a convenient device
for functional classification of towns. In this study, an attempt has been made to
present a classification based on the predominant function of a town for the periods
1961, 1971 and 1991. It is generally agreed that the process of urban growth is highly
associated with the direct and indirect impact of non-agricultural activities in the
economy. Following Asok Mitra, in this study also, the seven non-agricultural
industrial categories as given in the Census of India i.e .. from Ill to IX have been
included, as it is intended to study the relationships of only the non-agricultural
categories. For the present study, the data for the Census years of 1961, 1971 and
1991 have been considered. The 1981 Census data was not suitable for this technique,
as the data was not given for the nine industrial categories ( lll, IV, V (b), VI to IX
industrial category's data were clubbed togcther).m
Asok
Mitra used the 'Ternary Diagram' to analyze the functional
classification of Indian towns based on 1961 Census data. Briefly speaking, the
method makes use of an equilateral triangle the sides of which graduate from 0 to 100
percent so that the percentage of three variables industry, trade and transport and
service can be represented on the diagram. The method of functional classification of
Indian towns was based on the concept of the predominance of a particular function
of a city. 138
For this classification Asok Mitra, has considered only non-agricultural
workers, therefore he has considered seven non-agricultural categories, III to IX,
while the agricultural categories I and II are excluded in this study. For each town
a percentage distribution was made of all workers into the seven non-agricultural
Census industrial categories. Besides, these 7 categories were grouped under three
rubrics A. B and C. to take the advantage of triangle coordinates. The sum of
workers in Census industrial categories III to IX was taken as I 00. These seven
non-agricultural categories are grouped under 3 broad functional types: 137
138
Census of India, I98I, Series 6, 1-!aryana, Part X A, Town Directory. 198I
Asok Mitra Op. Cit., p. I.
7li
Table- 3.1
Functional Groups of Towns and their Categories
Functional Group of Towns
Census Industrial Category
A. Industry
Ill (Livestock. Forestry. Fishing. Hunting and ~~~tions.
Orchards and allied activities).
IV (Mining and Quarrying).
V(a) (Manufacturing. Processing, Servicing and Repairs in
Household Industry)
V(b) (Manufacturing. Processing. Servicing and Repairs in
other than Household lndustl)') and
VI (Construction).
VII (Trade and Commerce) and
VIII (Transport, Storage and Communications).
IX only (Other Services)
B. Trade and Transport
C. Services
Source: Asok Mitra, "A Functional Classification of India's Towns", An All India Seminar on Population,
12-14 March 1964. Institute of Economic Growth. At Registrar General of India's Office. p. 2.
These three broad functional classifications were next classified as follows.
I. Where the sum of percentages in ~!I,_}V, V andVI under group A was greater in
value by 20 percent or more than the sum of percentages of VII and YII} in B or
the percentage of IX in C. the town was called a Manufacturin?, Town.
2. Where the sum of percentages of VII and VIII in B was greater in value by 20
percent or more than the sum of values in A or C, the town was called a Trade
and Tramportlown.
3. Where the percentage of IX in C was greater in value by 20 percent or more than
the sum of percentages of A or in B, the town was called a Service Town.
Towns and Town Groups, which fall within the above three categories
invariably, satisfy what is later described as town with "predominant function
accentuated''.
classification.
A
further
refinement
stemmed
from
this
broad
three-fold
139
I. Where the percentage of Ill was observed to be greater than that of IV, V or VI by
10 percent or more. the town was called a Mining or Plantation Town.
Where the percentage of IV was observed to be greater than that of III. Vor VI by
I 0 percent or more, the town was called an Artisan Town.
1
)"
Asok Mitra, Op. Cit., p. 2.
71)
3. Where the percentage ofV \vas observed to be greater than that of IlL IV or VI by
I 0 percent or more, the tO\vn was called a Manufacturing Town.
4.
Where the percentage of VII was observed to be greater than that of VIII by I 0
percent or more, the to\\TI was called a Trading Town.
5. Where the percentage of VIII was observed to be greater than that of VII by I 0
percent or more, the to\\TI was called a Tramport Town.
This fivefold classification satisfy those towns which have predominant
functions Moderately diversified, so there were numerous instances where the
percentage difference were by no means clear-cut, and their functions were Highly
diversified. Then only method was to label a to\\TI according to the highest percentage
value of any one category even if that value ·failed to qualify for the predominance
tests indicated above.
The need therefore arose of further stratification to distinguish the strong and
weak strains of functional classification of To\\Tis. This was accomplished with the
help of triangular coordinates. Asok Mitra divided the triangle into six sub-triangles
representing different combinations. These sub-triangles representing different
combinations were further divided· into four parts by three circles with centre at the
middle ofthe triangle and radius equal to 6-2/3, I 1-2/3 and 16-2/3. The inferences are
as follows
140
: -
I. Any to\\TI having its position inside the first circle will have its functions Highly
diversified.
2. Any to\\TI having its position inside the second circle will have its functions
Moderately diversified.
3. Any to\\TI having its position inside the third circle will have its predominant
function accentuated.
4. Any to\\n having its position outside any of the three circles will have its
predominant function highly accentuated.
The value ranges of A, B and C in the three circles and outside them in the field will
therefore be as follows 141 :
140
141
_
Ibid. p. 2.
Ibid, p. 3.
xo
Ranges ojjJercentage \'(1/ues o/A. 13 and C·in the degrees qjfimclions <ltowns
Sector
(Co-ordinate)
Circles
Functions
I. Highly Diversified
A
B
I
c
A
B
l'
A
2. Moderately Diversified
II
3. One Sector Accentuated
III
B
l'
( )utstdc of 3
circles hut
within the tick!
A
4. One Sector llighly Accentuated
B
c
Minimum
Percentage
Value
Maximum
Percentage
Value
26
26
26
21
21
21
16
16
16
Oto 16
0 to 16
()to 16
40
40
40
45
45
45
50
50
50
50 to 100
50 to I()()
50 to I()()
The six suhtrianglcs themselves. f\.m11ed by the intersection of perpendiculars.
offered scope for further refinement as follows. A town according to its position
within any of the six subtrianglcs would tend to have the characteristics noted against
each.
142
Degree of Intensity ofFunclions according to Position <?[Town in any <?f the Six SubTriangles ofTriangular Coordinates
Predominant Function
Subtriangle
I Secondary Functions
Low Industry
Medium Trade and Transport
High Service/
1
Low Trade and Transport
Medium Industry
High Servicev
!
Low Trade and Transport
i
Medium Service
High Industry~_.-./
Low Service
Medium Trade and Transport
i
High Industry · /
Low Service
Medium Industry
High Trade and Transport
Low Industry
Medium Service
Htgh Trade and Transport
j
I
Service Towns
II
i
i
Ill
Industrial Towns
/IV
I
v
I
•,
Trade and Transport Towns
VI
142
Ibid, p. 3.
XI
3.3 Position of the Towns in Sub-Triangles and Circles (1961-1991)
Table 3.2
Degree of Intensity of Functions According to Position of Town in any of the Six
Sub-Triangular Co-Ordinates in Towns ofHaryana, 1961
Subtrianl(les
I
I
Functional Type Degree of
Functional Di,·ersification
or Accentuation
•·unctions
!\lodtratrly
Divrnifted
Functions
llighl}'
Divenified
PrTdominant
Function
Accentuated
J
Sen·icr Towns
Low Industry
Medium Trade and Tr<UlSJX'rt
llig.h Service
8
3
J
2
Namaul.
Bawai.Nuh
'lllalll"Sar.
I\ an ina
Low Trade m1d Transport
Mcdmrn lndustl)'
lligh Service
Shahbad.
Jhajjur. llodal.
Fenm:pur
Ztrka. Sadaura
2
I
l'ataudi
Predominant
Function
llighly
Accentuated
0
14
0
6
()
8
Total
5
II
2
Industrial Towns
Ill
Low Trade <Uld Transpon
Medium Scrv1cc
lligh Industry
IV
J
Low Service
Mcdturn Trude and T1iU1spor1
I hg.h Industry
Trade
and
Transpor1
Towns
I
(jharaunda
2
J
3
I
0
6
Kad;wr. 1\h.:rl
San1pla.
<'hhachhrauh
I
Buria
()
5
I
Charkhi f)adn
()
0
0
I
6
13
2
5
26
I
Ladwil
Bcri. Nilokhcri
9
Rl-wari. l'dmwa.
Julana. Kaithal.
Narwana,
Bahadwgarh.
Uchana. Jind.
Gohana
v
Low Service
Medium Industry
High Trade & Transport
llansi. l"dlwal,
Sohna. Pundri
VI
Low Industry
Medium Service
High Trade & Transport
Tohana,
Saftdon
Fatehabad.
16
19
Total
4
2
4
Atdi,
Maham.
Mallen~
2
()
Haileymandi.
Kalanwali
2
3
Uklanamandi.
Jakhalmandi,
Kalka
5
Mandi
Dabwali,
Loharu
6
15
II
46
Source: Calculated from Census of India data.
3.3.1 Position of the Towns in Sub-Triangles and Circles, 1961
Table 3.2 and Fig. 3.1 give the degree of intensity of functions according to
the position of towns in the six sub-triangular co-ordinates in 1961. It indicates that
the concentration of towns is more in Vth and Vlth sub-triangles represent trade and
transport. And these triangles have 26 tO\\'TJS. The sub-triangles I and II represent
service and has 14 to\\ns while sub-triangles III and IV represents industry and have
6 towns. Ternary diagram has three circles. Any town having its position inside the
first circle will have its functions highly diversified, inside the second circle will have
its functions moderately diversified, and inside the third circle will have its
predominant function accentuated. While any town located outside the three circles
Fl ;\CTIO!'iAL CLASSIFICATION OF TOWNS
H:\RYANA 1961
Method: Ternary Diagram
.
'
'
,, J
·"
,I
---
Sen ice
Fig . 3.1
\viii have its predominant fw1ction highly accentuated. This Table also shows that
there are 8 service. 2 industry and 6 trade & transport tmms which are located inside
the first circle having their functions highly diversified. while 3 service, 3 industry
and 13 trade & transport towns placed inside the second circle have their functions
moderately diversified. 3 service, I industry and 2 trade and transport towns are
located inside the third circle and have their predominant function accentuated. There
are 5 trade & transport towns located outside the three circles having their
predominant function highly accentuated.
3.3.2 Position of the Towns in Sub-Triangles and Circles, 1971
Table 3.3
Degree of Intensity of Functions According to Position of Town in any of the Six SubTriangular Co-Ordinates in Towns ofHaryana, 1971
Subtrian.:In
Funclional Type l>f)!rrr or
Funclional l>i,·rrsificalion
or Accrnlualion
Funclions
llit:hl)'
l>iHrsifird
I
~nictTowns
3
I
II
2
Ill
IV
3
v
Low lndu~try
Medium Trade and Transpon
High Service
Low Trade and Transpon
Medium Service
High Industry
Low Service
Medium Trade and Transpon
Hi~ Industry
Uin-rsilird
ll'rrdominanl
Funclion
1
Accrnrualrd
2
3
J
Prrdominanl
Funclion llighly
Accrnlualrd
I
9
0
7
Toll! I
2
Bahadurgarh.
Bawal
Bun a.
Chhachhrauli,
lkri
Thancsar.
Kanina
I
lndri
{)
0
I
Nilokhcri
2
0
0
0
I
I
i {)
0
0
0
0
0
I
Shah bad
I
16
I 12
II
39
6
Rewari,
Mandi
Dabwali, Tohana,
Kalanwali.
Uchana,
Uldanamandi
16
0
I
I
0
6
I
Low Industry
Medium Service
High Trade and T ranspon
I
!
4
Charkhi
Dadri,
Gharaunda,
Ganaur,
Radaur
2
Ferozepur
Zhirka.
Sad aura
VI
I
Tolal
:\lodrrarel~·
2
Low Trade and Transpon
Medium Industry
High Service
I nd uslrial Towns
Tradt
and
Tnuuport
Towns
Low Service
Medium Industry
High Trade & Transpon
Funclions
I
3
Hansi,
Narwana,
Sohna
3
Hodal, Ladwa.
Farrukhnagar
I ~alwal.
9
Jind, Kailhal.
Fatchabad.
Safidon,
Mahendragarh,
Julana.
Pataudi.
I
Namaul.
Jha]ar.
Gharaunda,
I
I Pundri.
! Mal1am.
N aram !!artl
13
i
')
Loharu. Nuh
i
14
5
Gohana
I
Kalka.
llaile)'Tilandi,
Jakhalmandi,
Arch
23
13
49
I
Source: Calculated from Census of India data.
Table 3.3 and Fig. 3 .II show that in 1971, there were 39 trade and transport, 9
service and 1 industry towns. This Table also shows that 3 service and 6 trade and
X'l
JT.'\TTJO:\ .-\L CL.\SSIFIC..\ TIO\ OF TOWNS
11:\HY:\ ., :\ I<J 7 1
·' lethod: Ternary Di:t)!ram
'
~~~--~~------~------~------~------~------~------~------~------~------~
0
/-
40
so
Srrvicr
- - - - - - ---- - - - - - --
Fig. 3.11
60
70
80
90
0
transport towns are inside the first circle and have their functions highly diversified. 3
service and I 0 trade and transport towns lie inside the second circle having their
functions moderately diversified. 2 sen· ice and 12 trade and transport towns are
inside the third circle having their predominant function accentuated and one service.
one industry and II trade and transport towns are outside the
~rec
circles with their
predominant function highly accentuated. This analysis again shows that in 1971 also.
there is a predominance of trade and transport towns,
3.3.3 Position of the Towns in Sub-Triangles and Circles, 1991
Table 3.4
Degree of Intensity of Functions According to Position of Town in any of the Six SubTriangular Co-Ordinates in Towns of Haryana, 1991
Functional T)'J>< llrgf'ff of
FunclioM
1-'unctional [)i,·tnific•tion ur
Accn~tuation
lligbly
Un·rnir...t
I
St-n'icr Towns
)
4
l .ow I ndlL~ry
Mcdaurn l"r;u.ic: iUid
~
I
4
Naraml!'u h. S..""laun1.
Bawal. Mll,tafal•"'
Subtrian
-glr
l"rart~JXUl
lltgh Scrvtcc
Sbahbad.
Jll3J)af
t'unrtions Moderately
Uinnif~t•tl
l)rrdomiiUint
Function
Accmtuatrd
PRdominant
4
4
Function lliKhly
Accrntuatrd
Total
6
17
J
Bcri. nmnesar
Bahadur~h.
Nilokhcri. Rad<tur,
Chhachhrauli
0
J
II
Low T rddc and l ran.'qlurt
Mcdunn Industry
ll1gh Scrv1cc
I
Farokllj•tr
0
0
2
Industrial Town•
0
I
I
)
I
3
Dharuhera, Pinjre
Ill
Low T radc and T ran.'JX'Il
Mc!ium Service
High lndu.<try
0
I
Dundaheta
(lluria)
IV
l.ow Service
Medium T f'll<k and Tntnsport
High lndustrv
0
0
0
)
TI'IHk and Tf1UI5port Towns
~
15
6
v
Low Servic~
Medium Industry
High T radc & T ranspor1
21
7
I
Kalka
Hanst. Palwal. Falchabad,
Samall<ha. l'undn, Taoru,
Tosham
14
Rrwari. Cbarlhi Dadri,
Hodal, Gharaunda,
Ganaur. Ladwa, Sohna,
Bawani Khera,
Haileyrnandi, Ferorepur
Jhirla, Namaund,
Pataud1, Siwam.
Farrukhna ,.,.
Low Industry
Medium Service
High Trade & T ranspon
VI
Panchkula Urban
!:.'<late, ll.ab!yal.
Uncha Srwana
(Rural). H.M.T
Pinjore
!0
4
5
5
'0) 7(
~
4
Kharl<hoda.
Kalaya!,
Halhin,
Hassanpur
I
Toral
13
Bila.<;J>ur
8
26
16
4
Namaul, Narwana.
Mandi Dabwali.
Barwala. Kalanwalt.
Olccka. Ellenabad,
Ralia
12
Taraon Julana
'
9
lind, Kaithal,
T ohana. Gohana.
Pehowa. Salidon.
lndri, Kanina. Nuh
Uklanamand1,
Uchana, Assandh,
Jakhalmandi, Alcli,
Loharu, Malmm,
Punahana, Namaul,
Kheri Sampla,
~7
18
39
Mahendraprlt,
Kalanaur
20
25
79
Source: Calculated from Census of India data.
Table 3.4 and Fig. 3.111 show that in 1991, there were 56 trade and transport,
I 7 sen·ice and 5 industry towns. One service and 5 trade and transport to\vns have
their functions highly diversified, while 6 sen,ice, one industry and 21 trade <md
transport towns have their functions moderately diversified. Four service, one
industry and 15 trade and transport towns have their predominant function
accentuated and 6 service, 3 industry and 16 trade and transport towns have their
X4
IT:\CTIO:\AL CL:\SSIFIC:\TIO .~ OF TOWNS
L\STER:\ 11 .-\RY .- \:\ .\ PL\1:\' 1991
1\lethod: Tern:H)' Diagram
10
20
30
40
50
Service
'- L______ -----Fig. 3.111
60
70
80
90
respective predominant function highly accentuated. This shows that there
IS
an
increase in service towns in 1991.
Eastern Plain:
Table3.5
Degree oflntensity of Functions According to Position of Town in any of the Six SubTriangular Co-Ordinates in Towns of Eastern Haryima Plain, 1991
Functional Tn~e ~rtt of
Functional Di\·tnific•rion or
Accmtuation
I
St-nic~ Towns
I
Low Industry
Medium Trade and Transport
lligh Service
Low Trade and Transport
Medium Industry
High Service
Industrial Towns
SubTria-
ox'•
II
2
Ill
IV
Low Trade and Transport
Medium Servtcc
High lndustrv
Low Service
Mcdtum Trade and Tnutspnrt
High lndustn·
Functions
Function~
lli~hly
Dinrsifonl
Modrrat<l)'
l>iHnifonl
J
2
Shahh:ul. JltajJar
Total
Acrmtuated
Prroominant
Function lli~:hly
Acr<ntuated
J
4
6
16
J
Naraingarh,
Sadaura.
4
J
Beri. Thanesar.
Bilaspur
12
J
l'anchkula Url>an
Estate. Babiyal.
Uncha Siwana
4
Mustal>tl~td
llahadurgarlt.
Nilokheri. Radaur.
Chltachhrauli
I
Farakhpur
()
0
()
()
I
3
0
0
0
0
0
3
~
9
6
23
2
Samalkha.
l'undn
1
Narwana. Taraon.
v
Low Service
Medium lnduSif)'
High Trade & Transport
II
Low Industry
Medium Service
High Trade & Transport
I ,~haridtoda,
J
Gltardunda,
j KaJayotl
Ganaur, l.adwa
TotaJ
J
0
Tradt and Transport
Towns
VI
I
2
2
PinJre (Rural).
II M. T. I'mjon:
0
3
I
Predominant
Function
l'alb
6
8
Bun a
Julana
I
Checka
7
Jiod, Kaitltal,
GoltaJta, Pehowa,
Saftdon. tndri
5
Uchana. Assandh,
Malwn. Kheri
Sampla. Kalanaur
16
14
14
41
6
Source: Calculated from Census of lndJa data.
3.3.3.1 Position of the Towns in Sub-Triangles and Circles in Eastern
Plain, 1991- Table 3.5 and Fig. 3JV show that in 1991, there are twenty-three trade
and transport, sixteen service and three industry towns. Three service and three trade
and transport towns are highly diversified category, while three service and five trade
and transport towns are moderately diversified. Four service, one industry and nine
trade and transport towns have their predominant function accentuated and 6 service,
2 industry and 6 trade and transport tovms have their respective predominant function
highly accentuated. The Table shows that the in eastern plain both trade and transport
towns are important.
Medium Towns in Eastern Plain:
Table 3.6 indicates that in 1991, there are ten trade and transport, five service
and no industry towns. Two service and one trade and transport towns have their
FllNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF TOWNS
EASTERN HARYANA PLAIN 1991
J\tcthud :
Tcrnar~ Dia~:ram
1
/.
I
I
'
\
l.z \,
/
\
\
i
IV
Ill
Fig. J.IV
\
functions highly diversified. while only two trade and transport tovms have their
functions moderately diversified. One savice and six trade and transport towns have
their predominant function accentuated and there are two service and one trade and
transport towns have their predominant function highly accentuated. This shows that
in eastern plain two third of the towns have trade and transport functions and one
third are service towns.
Table3.6
Degree of Intensity of Functions According to Position of Town in any of the Six SubTriangular Co-Ordinates in Medium Towns of Eastern Haryana Plain, 1991
SubTriangl.,.
Funclionul Tyflt' Dq:rer or
Functional l)i\·rnification
or Accmtuation
•·unctioM
llighly
Dinnifltd
t'unt:tion.!'
Motltrattly
Uinrsifltd
hnction
Accrntuatnl
Prtdominanl
Function llighl)'
Accmluatnl
Total
I
Servin· Towns
2
0
I
2
s
2
Shah !>a<I.
Jha11ar
()
I
I
IW...ttu~;uh
ll~,;.tnl':-.otr
0
()
0
I
l'dOChkula IJrhan
L<talc
I
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
(}
()
0
0
0
I
1
I
10
I
II
2
Ill
IV
J
v
VI
TOIId
Low Industry
Mcd ium Trade :md
Transport
lligh Ser.Ke
Low Trade and Tnmsport
Medium Industry
lligh Service
Industrial Towns
Low Trade and Transport
1\.kdiurn Service
lligh Industry
Low Scrv1ce
Medium Trade and
Transport
High Industry
Trade and Transport
Towns
Low Service
Medium Industry
Hill.h Trade & Transport
Low Industry
Medium Service
High Trade & Transport
Prt'dominant
4
I
i
6
i
I
I·
3
0
7
J
IS
I
I
Kalka
()
0
!
Ghardwkla.
Ganaur
1
1
Narwana
Source: Calculated from Census of India data.
5
Jmtl. Karthal.
Gobana. Pehowa.
Saftdon
'
' (llcck.a
Small Towns in Eastern Plai11:
Table 3. 7 shows that in I99I, there are II trade and transport, II service and
3 industry towns. I service and 2 trade and transport towns have their functions
highly diversified, while 3 service and I trade and transport to\\TIS have their
functions moderately diversified. Three service. one industry and 3 trade and
transport towns have their predominant function accentuated and there are 4 service.
2 industry and 5 trade and transport towns are outside the three circles having their
predominant function highly accentuated. The above analysis shows that in case of
S6
small tovms in eastern plain scrv1ce as well as trade and transport functions are
equally important.
Table 3.7
Degree of Intensity of Functions According to Position of Town in any of the Six SubTriangular Co-Ordinates in Small Towns of Eastern Haryana Plain, 1991
SubTri•n~tlrs
I
I
II
2
Ill
IV
3
v
VI
Total
Function1l Typ< ~....,of
Function1l Divrnifoc1tion
or Accmtuation
Stonier Towns
Low Indus try
Medium Trade and
Transport
High Service
Low Trade and Transport
Medium lndusli)'
H_!&1 Sc!Vlcc
Industrial Towns
l.ow Trade 1md Transport
Medium Service
High Jnduslrv
Low Service
Medium Trade and
Transport
High Industry
Tradr and Tr1nspor1
Towns
Low Serv1cc
Medium lndusii)'
High Trade & Transport
Low Industry
Medium Service
High Trade & Transport
Prtdominant
t'unction
Accrntulttd
Prtdomirllnt
t' unction llij:hly
AccraiWittd
Totol
3
3
4
II
,1
2
Sadaura.
Mustalahad
.1
Nilokheri.
Radaur.
Chhachhrauh
8
I
l·;uakllpllf
()
0
II
II
I
Functioru lli~thl)·
Oi•·•nif.N
Functions
Moderately
Oivenif.N
I
Nar.un~;,uh.
0
lkri. Bila.'pur
2
()
()
I
!luna
0
()
2
I
0
0
llab1yal.
lhocha Siwana
3
2
3
2
l~nJrc (RW"al).
II.MT l'injore
3
0
0
0
3
!i
II
2
2
Taraori. Julana
5
2
I
Kharlhoda.
Kalayal
Ladwa
3
4
I
lndri
Uc:hana. Assandh,
Maham. Kheri
9
Sam_E_Ia. Kalanaur
7
II
2S
Source: Calculated from Census of lnd1a data.
Western Plain:
3.3.3.2 Position of the Towns in Sub-Triangles and Circles in Western
Plain, 1991- Table 3.8 and Fig. 3.V indicate that in 1991, in Western Plain, there are
16 trade and transport towns. There is no service and industrial town in this plain. No
trade and transport town have their functions highly diversified, while 7 trade and
transport towns have their functions moderately diversified. There are only 3 trade
and transport towns have their predominant function accentuated and there are 6 trade
and transport towns have their predominant function highly accentuated. In western
plain, all the tO\\ TIS are in trade and transport category and some of them have trade
and transport highly functions accentuated.
Medium Towns in Western Plain:
Table 3. 9 shows that in 1991,
111
medi urn towns, in western plain there arc
only 7 trade and transport towns. There is no service and industrial town. There is no
K7
FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF TOWNS
WESTERN HARYANA PLAIN 1991
Method :
Ternar~
Diagntm
\
Fig. J.V
trade and transport towns having their functions highly diversified. while 3 trade and
transport towns have their fw1ctions moderately diversified. There are only 2 trade
and transport towns are inside the third circle having their predominant function
accentuated and there are 2 trade and transport towns are outside the three circles
having their predominant function highly accentuated.
Table 3.8
Degree of Intensity of Functions According to Position of Town in any of the Six SubTriangular Co-Ordinates in Ton·ns of Western Haryana Plain, 1991
SubTrianelr
I
I
II
2
Ill
IV
J
v
VI
Functional
Function•)
Accmtuation
Ty~
l>tgrw
l>h·•niftca lion
or
or
Srn;cr Towns
Low Industry
Medmrn Trade and Transpott
lligh Service
l.ow Trade mtd Transport
Medium Industry
llig.h Service
Industrial Towns
Low Trade and Trmtsport
Medium Service
llig.h Industry
Low Service
Medium Trade and Tnmspott
High Industry
Trade and Transport Towns
Low Service
Medium Industry
High Trade & Transport
Low Industry
Medium Service
High Trade & Transport
Tobll
t·unctions
lliehly
Functions
Diversif~
P!Tdominanl
Function lliehly
Accentuated
Total
IJh·rrsif~
P!Tdominant
Function
Accrntuattd
0
0
0
0
0
()
0
0
0
0
0
()
0
0
0
II
()
0
0
0
0
()
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
3
6
16
3
2
Barwala,
3
Mandi Dabwali,
g
Kalanwali
Ellenabad. Ratia
0
0
l\lod•ratol~·
Hansi,
Fatehabad,
Tosharn
0
4
Charkhi
Dadri.
I
Uldanamandi..
Bawani
Khera.
Tobana
Jakhalmaodi,
Loharu
6
3
Narnaund. Siwam
0
7
J
g
16
Source: Calculated from Census oflnd1a data.
Small Towns in Western Plain:
Table 3. 10 shows that in 1991, in western plain there are mne trade and
transport towns. There is no service or industrial town. There is no trade and transport
towns have their functions highly diversified, \\-nile four trade and transport towns lie
inside the second circle having their functions moderately diversified. Only one trade
and transport town lies inside the third circle having their predominant function
accentuated and there are four trade and transport to\\-ns lie outside the thr~ circles
having their predominant function highly accentuated. It is observed that in western
plain. most of the small towns have trade and transport function highly accentuated.
Tablc3.9
Degree of Intensity of Functions According to Position of Town in any of the Six SubTriangular Co-Ordinates in Medium Towns of Western Haryana Plain, 1991
Pndominanl Function
Highly Accmlualed
Tolal
0
Pndominanl
t'unction
A«mlualtd
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
II
0
0
0
II
0
0
0
0
()
()
0
0
{)
0
J
2
II
I
Barwala
2
2
7
2
ll;ul'i,
Farch;1had
Mand1 Dabwali,
Elknabad
5
Functional T)·pt l)eg....., of
Functional Divrnification or
Acc:mlualion
S.,nitt To,.·n•
Low Industry
Medium Trade and Transport
lftgh Serv1cc
Sui>lraingl~
I
I
Low Tradc and TrariSIX>r1
Mtdium Indus~!}·
IIi •h SctVICC
II
2
lndu.•lrial To"m
l.AJW Trade and Tr.uiSIX>r1
Mcdi11m Servi'c:
lligh lnduslr\·
I...ow Service
Mcdmm Trade and TratiSIX>rl
lli1;h lndlL•tn·
Trad~ and TraiU(Mlr1 Tu .. n•
Ill
IV
J
Functiom
Highly
Divrnifotd
:\loci~ rattly
0
l ..ow Service
v
Medium lr1dustry
IIi •h Trddc & lratiSJX>r1
Low lrtdus1ry
Mcdatun Service:
llrgh Trade & Tr.uL'IX>r1
VI
()
II
Tolal
Functtom
Di>~nifotd
t 'harl.h• Dadri
I
I
Tohar1a
0
2
J
2
2
7
Source: Calculated from Census of India data.
Table3.10
Degree of Intensity of Functions According to Position of Town in any of the Six SubTriangular Co-Ordinates in Small Towns of Western Haryana Plain, 1991
Functional Typt Dtg....., of
functional Divrnificalion or
Acc:mtualion
S.,nittTowm
Low Industry
Medium Tradc: and Transport
High Sc:rv.ce
Sui>Triangk
I
I
Low Tradc and Tr.mspon
Med1um Industry
lligh Service
lndu.•trial Town•
Low T radc and Transpor1
Medium ServiCe
High lndi!Sir\
Low Scrvtcc
Medium T radc: and Transporr
Hrgh lndustrv
II
2
Ill
IV
3
v
VI
Total
I
T~ aad "[_
raaspot1 T ""M
Low ScrviCC
Mcdiwn lndustn
Hrgll_ Tradc: and
Low Industr;
Mc:d1um Scrv1ce
lh~h Trade: and Transpon
Transport
0
Divrnifotd
0
Pndominanl
t'unction
Acc:mtualed
0
Prtdominanl
Function Highly
Accmtualed
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
"
I
"
9
t'unctiom
Highly
Div~fotd
0
FunctioM
i'llod~ ...dy
I
losham
I
Kalanwah
J
()
H;:1wam 1\.h(."fa.
Namaund.
S1"a111
II
Source: Calculated from Census of lnd1a data. "
S9
I
Raila
'
Total
0
3
0
Uklanarnand1.
Jakhalrmndi, Loharu
'
(>
I
4
9
Southern Plain:
3.3.3.3 Position of the Towns in Sub-Triangles and Circles in Southern
Plain, 1991:- Table 3.11 and Fig. 3.YI show that in 1991. in southern plain. there are
seventeen trade and transport, one service and two industry towns. Only two trade
and transport towns have their functions highly diversified. while one service, one
industry and eleven trade and transport have their functions moderately diversified.
There is only one trade and transport town inside the third circle having their
predominant function accentuated and one industry and three trade and transport
towns outside the three circles having their predominant function highly accentuated.
This analysis shows that most of the towns have trade and transport functions
moderately balanced.
Table 3.11
Degree of Intensity of Functions According to Position of Town in any of the Six SubTriangular Co-Ordinates in Towns of Southern Haryana Plain, 1991
Functionall')·pr l)rgrTt' of
F~nall>n~licalioa or
Accmluation
t'unt.:tionJ
lli£bl)
l>inniflt'd
I
Scn-icr Towns
II
I
()
Prnlominant
Function
lligbly
Accrntuatnl
0
I
Low lndustr)·
Medium 1'rade and Transpon
High Service
()
I
Bawal
0
0
I
0
0
0
0
0
0
I
0
I
2
0
I
Dundahera
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
II
I
l
if
0
0
2
9
Rewari, Hodal, Sohna,
llaokymando. Ferozepur
Jhorla. Pataudi,
Farrukhnao:ar. Kanma Nuh
I
Punahana
3
Atdi. Nantalol.
Mahendn!g;Jril
15
13
I
4
20
Subl'rian~:k
II
2
Ill
IV
J
v
VI
Toool
low Trade and Tran.<p0<1
Mediwn Industry
Hil!h Service
lnd115trial Towns
low Trade and T111115p0r1
Medium Service
Hiclllndustrv
low Service
Medium Trade and T111115p0r1
High JndUSIJV
TradraadT._nTlow Service
Medium IndUSII)'
High Trade and T111115p0r1
Low Industry
Medium Scr.ior
Hogh Trade and Transpu<1
i
0
Function~
1\fotlrrald)·
lli,·rniflt'd
2
Palwal,
Prnlominant
Funclioo
Accrntuatnl
I
Dharuhera
l'otal
I
2
Taom
2
Hath on,
llassanpur
2
Source: Calculated from Census oflnd1a data.
Medium Towns in Southern Plain - Table 3.12 shows that in 1991. medium
towns in southern plain. there are only 4 trade and transport towns. There is no trade
and transport town. who have their functions highly diversified, while 3 trade and
transport towns inside the second circle and have their functions moderately
diversified. No trade and transport town has their predominant function accentuated.
90
FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF TOWNS
SOUTHERN HAR\' ANA PLAIN 1991
Ml'lhod :
Tl·rnar~
Diaj.!ram
II
IV
io
·s
VI
Fig. J.VI
Ill
There is I trade and transport tO\\TIS outside the three circles having their predominant
function highly accentuated. Above analysis shows that three-fourth of the medium
towns have their trade and transport functions moderately balanced.
Table 3.12
Degree of Intensity of Functions According to Position of Town in any of the Six Sub-Triangular
Co-Ordinates in Medium Towns of Southern Haryana Plain, 1991
Functional Type l)q:rft of
f"unctional Dh·~nification or
Accrntuahon
Sen·icr To~·ru
Sui>Trian~le
I
Tol.tl
Accrntuatt"tt
l,rniominant
t-'unction
IIi.: hi)'
Accrntuattd
II
0
II
0
0
II
0
()
()
0
()
0
()
0
0
0
0
II
II
0
0
0
()
0
0
()
0
0
0
0
J
0
I
4
0
I
Palwal
[)
()
I
0
1
Rcwan, llodal
()
I
Nan1.1ul
1
0
J
0
I
4
•·unction.~
Function!~.
PrT<Iominanl
lfi~hl~·
\luderaltl~
Function
DinnifM'tl
Hi-.niflt'd
II
Lo\\' Industry
I
Medium Trade and Tr.ulSIU1
I h ~h scr.1cc
II
Medium
lA>" Trade ruld Tran•Jxlft
lndu~f!
High Scr.·icc
2
Industrial To"m
IA>w Trade and Tran'Jxlrt
Mc:dimn Scf\-'ICC
I h •h ltldustrY
I .tlW Service
Medium Trade and Trarl'p<.•t
High Industry
Ill
IV
J
Tra<k and Tran.•port To""'
Low Scr.·icc
Medium lndu.•ll)'
lli!:h Trade & lrans(l<>rt
l..m- Industry
Medium Service
I h •h Trude & Transport
v
VI
Total
Source: Calculated from Census of India data.
Table 3.13
Degree of Intensity of Functions According to Position of Town in any of the Six Sub-Triangular
Co-Ordinates in Small Towns of Southern Haryana Plain, 1991
Functiooal Type Degree of
Functioaal Oi\-ersitication cw
SubTrian~
Functions
lli!,-lily
Oiver.;iflcd
0
~uation
SeniuTowas
I
I
Predominruu
Functions Moderately
Oiv=ified
I
I
Ba"al
Low Trade and Transpon
Medium lndusuy
High Scr.icc:
0
0
0
2
Industrial Towns
0
I
0
Ill
Low Trade and Transport
Medium Service
0
I
Dundahera
0
0
0
0
2
8
II
Medium Trade and Transport
High Service
High lndtJ5Iry
IV
Total
I
I
L.ooo-~·
0
I
PredomillMI
Function Highh
Acccutualcd
0
Function
Accentuated
0
Low Scr.icc
Mcdrum Trade and Transport
~
0
i
j
0
I
0
0
I
2
I I
Dharuhc:ra
2
0
0
I
2
13
!
l)
l
HighlndUSir\'
J
v
T ndr and T nmport To" n>
Low Service
I
Medium!~
!
I lid• Tradc & Transpon
i
()
I
VI
Low lnduslr)'
Medmm Sc:rvM;C
I h gh Trade & Transp<.lfl
c
Hartun
llass.anpur
I
iI laoru
I
i
!u
'
S..>lma, !L.illc:Jllla:JdJ,
FtwJ.cpur Jlurl..:a.
Pa1aud1. Fam1khrt;Jgar,
I
l)unaiJ<uaa
i
i2
Atd1,
Mahcmh a~arh
I2
3
16
Kamna, Nuh
Total
2
If)
I
Source: Calculated from Census of lnd1a data.
IJJ
Table 3.13 shows that in southem plain. in small towns. 13 are trade and
transport. 1 service and 2 industry. Only 2 trade and transport towns have their
functions highly diversified, while 1 sen·ice, I industry and 8 trade and transport
towns have their functions moderately diversified. There is only 1 trade and transport
town, who have their predominant function accentuated and I industry and 2 trade
and transport towns have their predominant function highly accentuated. The Table
also reveals that most of the towns arc in second circle and have their functions
moderately diversified
3.4 Analysis of Functions of Towns: - It has been observed that small towns
of India are little more than large market villages, with some very local administrative
functions added.
143
Haryana is no exception to it. as 26 out of 46 (in 1961 ), 39 out of
49 (in 1971) and 56 out of 78 (in I 991) arc trade and transport towns. As these urban
centres start serving their hinterland with other functions like district/tehsil/block
headquarters, educationaL medical and manufacturing or repairing activity centres of
agricultural and other machinery. their functions get highly or moderately diversified.
The functional classification of the towns of Haryana is given in Appendix I. The
following analysis brings out the functional character of towns between 1961 and
1991.
As the Table 3. I4 and Fig. 3.VIl reveal, there were 45 per cent of the towns in
I 961 with highly diversified fimctions, followed by 30 per cent of the towns with
moderately diversified fimctions. There were five (8.33 per cent) towns in which
trade and transport were highly accentuated. These were Kalka, Kalanwali,
Haileymandi, Uklanamandi and Jakhalmandi. There were no towns in 1961 in which
service was highly accentuated.
In 1971, most of the to'Wns (26 per cent) had moderately diversified functions.
Next in importance were the towns with highly diversified functions and trade and
transport towns, either accentuated or highly accentuated trade and transport
functions. The well-laid transport network is responsible for the increasing proportion
of town in the trade and transport category.
141
Raj Bala ( 1986 ), Op. Cit.
92
Proportionate Share of Towns according to their Functional Character
(1961-1991)
50
45
45
'''
40
u
35
""
.c
en 30
eo!
Q,l
~ 25
c::
Q,l
<J
""
20
Q,l
~
15
10
5
0
Highly
Diversified
Moderately
Diversified
Industry Highly
Accentuated
~1961
Industry
Accentuated
Trade&
Transport
Highly
Accentuated
Functional Character
lil1971
Fig. 3.VII
Trade &
Transport
Accentuated
01991
Service Highly
Accentuated
Service
Accentuated
In I 991. t0\\11S \Vith moderately diversified functions increased in number and
38.46 per cent of the tovms had such functions. Towns with trade and transport
accentuation remained the same in terms of proportionate share while the absolute
number of towns increased from 12 in 1971 to 15 in 1991. One noticeable fact is that
while in I 961, 45 per cent of the towns had highly diversified functions, in I 991 only
14 per cent had such functions. This is due to the increase in any one of the economic
activities in the towns.
Table 3.14
Functional ChamcterofTowns ofHaryana (1961-1991)
Functional Character of Towns
Highly Diversified
Moderately Diversified
Industry Highly Accentuated
lndust_ry Accentuated
Trade and Transport Highlv Accentuated
Trade and Transport Accentuated
Service Highly Accentuated
Service Accentuated
Highly Diversified
Moderately Diversified
Industry Highly Accentuated
Industry Accentuated
Trade and Transport Highlv Accentuated
Trade and Transport Accentuated
Service Highly Accentuated
Service Accentuated
Highly Diversified
Moderately Diversified
lndus!IY_ Highly Accentuated
Industry Accentuated
Trade and Transport Highly Accentuated
Trade and Transport Accentuated
Service H ighJy Accentuated
Service Accentuated
1961
No. of
o;o
Towns
27
45.00
18
30.00
3
5.00
3
5.00
5
8.33
2
3.33
0
0.00
2
3.33
Medium Towns
7
39.89
4
22.22
3
16.67
2
II. II
0
0.00
I
5.56
0
0.00
5.56
I
Small Towns
20
47.62
14
33.33
0
0.00
I
2.38
5
11.90
I
2.38
0
0.00
I
2.38
1971
No. of
o;o
Towns
15
24.19
16
25.81
5
8.06
I
1.61
II
17.74
12
19.35
I
1.61
I
1.61
1991
No. of
o;o
Towns
14.1
II
38.48
30
3.85
3
0.00
0
12.82
10
19.23
15
5.13
4
6.41
5
6
3
4
I
2
6
0
I
26.03
13.04
17.89
4.35
8.70
26.09
0.00
4.35
0
0
3
7
2
I
15.38
34.62
0.00
0.00
11.54
26.92
7.62
3.85
9
23.08
33.33
2.56
0.00
23.08
15.38
2.56
0.00
7
21
3
0
7
8
2
4
13.46
40.38
5.77
0.00
13.46
15.38
3.85
7.67
13
I
0
9
6
I
0
4
9
Towns with service accentuation have increased considerably in number.
More than I 0 per cent of the towns in 1991 had services either accentuated or highly
accentuated. This is due to the increasing importance of both the formal and infonnal
sector in the service sector and also due to the importance given to education and civil
administration. which led to the establishment of educational institutions and creation
of new districts from 7 in 1971 to 12 in I 981 and I 6 in 1991. This can be
93
1
substantiated by the growth of tO\\llS with services as the mam activity m 1991.
Appendix II and Fig.3. VIII show the gnmth rate of tovms between 1961 and 1991.
While there was rapid growth in trade and transport town between 1961-71, in 197191 service activities became important.
3.4.1 Analysis of Medium and Small Towns:-
Medium Towns: The overall trend in the function of the medium towns
follows that of the total scenario. In 1961, there were 7 towns (39 .89%) \\ith highly
diversified functions and 4 towns (22.22 per cent) with moderately diversified
functions. Trade and transport was accentuated in only one town, Jind and in Gurgaon
services were accentuated. There were three towns viz., Bhiwani, Yamunanagar and
Faridabad Town Group with highly accentuated industry while the two towns Panipat
and Jagadhri had accentuation of industries. There was no medium town in 1961,
which had highly accentuated trade and transport or highly accentuated services.
In 1971, towns with highly diversified or moderately diversified functions
dominated the scene. There were 6 to\\ns (26.03%) \\ith highly diversified functions
and 3 towns ( 13.04%) with moderately diversified functions. In 4 towns (Faridabad
Township, Bhiwani, Jagadhri and Shahbad) industry was highly accentuated while in
one town (Y amunanagar) industry was accentuated. In 26.09 per cent of the towns,
i.e., in six towns trade and transport was accentuated. Gurgaon in 1971 also had
services as its predominant function. But there was no town with highly accentuated
service activities.
In 1991, the number of tov.ns as well as the proportionate share of highly
diversified functions decreased. There were only 4 towns (15.38%) in 1991 with
highly diversified functions. On the other hand, towns having moderately diversified
functions increased in number. Nine towns (34.62%) had moderately diversified
functions. There was no town having either highly accentuated or accentuated
industries. There was an increase in the number of trade and transport towns in 1991.
While 27 per cent had accentuation of trade and transport activities. 11.54 per cent
had high accentuation of the same. Highly accentuated service tO\\ns which \vas
absent both in 1961 and 1971 have emerged in 1991. The two towns of Thanesar and
Panchkula Urban Estate had highly accentuated service in 1991 while Bahadurgarh
had accentuation of service activities (Appendix I).
94
Growth Rate of Towns According to their Functions (1961-1991)
600.00
500.00
400.00
300.00
r.l
~
a:
.c
i0
...
200.00
~
100.00
0.00
-100.00
Service Highly
Accentuated
Accentuated
Accentuated
-200.00
Functions
lill)
1961-1971
Fig. 3.VIII
EB 1971-1991
Accentuated
From the above analysis and Tahle 3.14 and Fig. 3.IX, it becomes clear that in
medium towns the functional character has shifted from highly diversified (40 per
cent in 1961) to moderately diversified (35 per cent in 1991) and trade and transport
(27 per cent in 1991) activities over the thirty year period. The emergence of service
towns in 1991 is the most important fact about the functional structure of the medium
towns, as there was no such town in 1961 and 1971. With the increase in population
the need for basic facilities like educational institutions, medical facilities and
administrative machinery also increases. If these facilities rules over other functions
like industry or trade and transport, the towns is termed as service towns because in
such towns service is the most important activity of the population. From the above
analysis the importance of towns that have trade and transport as its main activity is
very clear. The well-connected transport network has been responsible for the
development of these towns.
Small Towns: Like the medium towns in the small towns also highly
diversified and moderately diversified functions accounted for more than 80 per cent
of the towns in 1961. Twenty towns had highly diversified functions while 14 towns
had moderately diversified functions (Appendix 1). Next important economic activity
was trade and transport as in 5 towns ( 1 I. 90%) highly accentuated trade and transport
was found in 1961. These towns are Kalka, Kalanwali, Haileymandi, Uklanamandi
and Jakhalmandi. Buria was the only town in 1961 with accentuation of industries
while Pataudi had service functions accewuated. There was no small town, which had
services or industry highly accentuated in 1961.
In 1971, though there were 13 towns (33.33%) having moderately diversified
functions, most of the towns had trade and transport as the important economic
activity. Along with the 5 towns that had highly accentuated trade and transport
activity in 1961 were added Tohana, Jagadhri Railway Workshop Colony, Uchana
and Ateli in 1971. Six other towns also had accentuation of trade and transport
activities in 1971. Faridabad M.C. in 1971 had highly accentuated industry and
Nilokheri had highly accentuated services. Buria which had accentuation of industries
in 1961, had a shift in its functional character with the service sector gaining
importance over the period. Pataudi the service town of 1961 had increased trade and
transport in 1971 and thus experienced a change in its functional character.
95
Growth Rate of Towns According to their Functions (1961-1991)
600.00
500.00
400.00
-
300.00
..c
200.00
u
~
0::
i0
~
\.-'
100.00
0.00
-100.00
Service Highly
Accentuated
Accentuated
Highly
Accentuated
Accentuated
-200.00
Functioru
liliJ 1961-1971
Fig. 3.1X
EE 1971-1991
Accentuated
In 1991 also 40 per cent of the towns had moderately diversified functions.
The towns having highly diversified fw1ction have been decreasing in number since
1971. There were only 7 tovms in 1991 as against 9 in 1971 in this category. The
importance of trade and transport activity continued even during 1990s. There were 7
towns ( 13.46%) viz., Ratia. Assandh, Uchana. Loharu. Uklanan1andi, Jakhalmandi
and Ateli in 1991 with highly accentuated trade and transport function. while 8 towns
(15.38%) (Kalanwali, Mahendragarh, Taraori. Maham. Julana. Indri, Punahana and
Kheri Sampla) have shown trade and transport accentuated. The towns of Babiyal and
Uncha Siwana have shown service function highly accentuated, while 4 towns (Beri,
Nilokheri, Chhachhrauli and Bilaspur have shown service function accentuated.
Three towns {Dharuhera, Pinjore (Rural) and H.M.T. Pinjore} had industry function
highly accentuated (Appendix I).
The above analysis and Fig. 3.X reveal that in small towns the trend is almost
the same as in mediwn towns. In small towns the shift is from highly diversified
(48% in 1961) to moderately diversified (40.38% of the towns in 1991 ). The trade
and transport towns were at the third position in 1961, but in 1991, they are at the
second position. In case of industry towns only 3 small towns were industrial towns
in 1991. There was no small town in 1961 and 1971 in this category. It is also
observed from Table 3.14 that there was only I service town each in 1961 and 1971,
but in 1991, these towns increased to 6, which indicates the government's concern in
developing basic infrastructure to develop the small towns. The industrial towns are
very few in Haryana which shows that the
to~ns
are basically 'mandi' towns or trade
and transport towns. With the addition of some educational, medical and
administrative activities, the towns switch into multi-functional activities and thus
become highly diversified or moderately diversified.
3.5 Regional Analysis of Functional Character of Towns: As the distribution of towns is uneven in the three plains depending on the
physiography and location a regional analysis of the functional character of the towns
becomes all the more important. In all the regions, there is a dominance of towns,
having highly diversified or moderately diversified or trade and transport functions.
96
Proportionate Share of Small Towns according to their Functional Character
(1961-1991)
60 ~---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------~
50 ~~------------------------------------------------------------------------------~
r:--:40
40 r-· ... ---------=----tor::l-----------------------------------------------------------------1
t'l:l
.c
33 33
~
r.n
11.1
~
....
5
~
~
••
30 -- .. ·J---------4
..
..
..
20
---· ..
·-----·.·
13
..
12
13
15 15
--~6~-----------~~
10.- ..
o
23
23
R
+-~·~·~~--~~~~~~--oJu~~~~~LL~~~~·2~·~o__o__~~~~~~-~~-~2·~~~~--o~n~~wii~~4AL~~~~·2~·Lo~~~~
Highly
Diversified
Moderately
Diversified
Indu1try Highly
Accentuated
Industry
Accentuated
Trade &
Transport
Highly
Accentuated
Functional Character
Co196t
rn 1971
Fig.3.X
~1991
Trade &
Transport
Accentuated
Service Highly
Accentuated
Service
Accentuated
The towns having service and industry as their predominant function is very few in
number.
3.5.1 Eastern Plain- Most of the small and medium towns of the eastern
plain had highly diversified function in 1961. Out of the ten towns having moderately
diversified function in 1961, nine were small towns. There were four towns having
industry as the prominent function. Buria was the only small town while Panipat,
Yanlllnanagar and Jagadhri were medium towns. In Kalka (small town) trade and
transport was highly accentuated in 1961 and in Jind the only medium town trade and
transport was accentuated. There was no small and medium town with service
activities in 1961 (Table 3.15 and Figs. 3.XI, 3.XII and 3.XIII).
Table 3.15
Functional Character of Towns of Eastern Haryana (1961-1991)
Functional Character of Towns
Highlv Diversified
Moderately Diversified
Industry Highlv Accentuated
Industry Accentuated
T-rade and Transport Highly Accentuated
Trade and Transport Accentuated
Service Highly Accentuated
Service Accentuated
Medium Towns
Highly Diversified
Moderately Diversified
lndustrv Highly Accentuated
, Industry Accentuated
Trade and T•moputt H~ghly Accentuated
Trade and Transport Accentuated
Service Hig,hly Accentuated
Service Accentuated
SmaJJ Towns
Hig,hly Diversified
ModerateJy Diversified
Industry Hig,hlv Accentuated
lndustrv Accentuated
I Trade and Transport Highly Accentuated
! Trade and Transport Accentuated
i Service Highlv Accentuated
Service Accentuated
1961
No. of
Towns
14
10
I
3
I
I
0
0
4
I
I
2
0
I
0
0
10
9
0
I
I
10
0
0
46.67
33.33
3.33
10.00
3.33
3.33
0.00
0.00
1971
No. of
%
Towns
25.00
8
II
34.38
6.25
2
I
3.13
9.38
3
6
18.75
I
3.13
0
0.00
44.44
11.11
11.11
22.22
0.00
11.11
0.00
0.00
3
3
2
I
0
3
0
0
25.00
25.00
16.67
8.33
0.00
25.00
0.00
0.00
3
4
0
0
I
4
2
I
20.00
26.67
0.00
0.00
6.67
26.67
13.33
6.67
47.62
42.86
0.00
4.76
4.76
0.00
0.00
0.00
5
8
0
0
3
3
I
0
25.00
4
40.00
8
0.00
2
0.00
0
15.00
2
15.00 ; 5
5.00
2
0.00
4
14.81
29.63
7.41
0.00
i 7.41
! 18.52
7.41
14.81
%
i
1991
No. of
Towns
7
12
2
0
3
9
4
5
16.67
28.57
4.76
0.00
7.14
21.43
9.52
11.90
%
In 1971, moderately diversified function was important in both small and
medium towns. Trade and transport was the second ranking function. In three small
97
i
Proportionate Share of Towns according to their Functional Character in Eastern Plain
(1961-1991)
50
45
~
~--.4~----------------------~
r-;;.
=
=
:··1
!----------·----·- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
40 --- .·. -------------------------
-- ::: ---- - ________,3~-"30-=34=----..c
29
00 30 -- . .. . --------------- ~
...
J=--~
~
--------------------------
------------------------------------~
35
·.· 25
25 --
'f
------
1'7 ----
= 20
··---
.
.
.LI
19
ro..-..r----·· - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - { X : . I - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Q,
=
:...
c.. 15
10
f---
5
f---
---
-----
10
() 5
~
0
Highly
Diversified
Moderately
Diversified
Industry
Highly
Accentuated
..
..
9
3
]
nmo
r
Industry
Accentuated
~
~
Trade &
Transport
Highly
Accentuated
Functional Character
01961
m1971
Fig. 3.XI
10
.,
~1991
3
a-j
3
0
1111
0 0
Service
Trade&
Service Highly
Accentuated Accentuated
Transport
Accentuated
Proportionate Share of Medium Towns according ·to their Functional Character in
Eastern Plain (1961-1991)
50
45
44
40
35
30
~.·.
....~ 25
- <·
e
~
J:
~
~
= 20
~
!..1
J.
~
Q,
------------------------------------------------------------------------------~
-·.·---------------------·-----------------------------------------------------------~
-·.·~---------~~~~~~--------------------------------------~~~··~~---------------------4
4
:- : 25
-·.·
25
,.,
Zd
20
. • .,
---1.7
5 -.·.
...........z------.· ..
"
•
'7-:-
Kir-----~L----~
15 -.·.
10 -·.·
25
r------------------~
13
II
8
0
~
~
0 0~
0
0
Highly
Diversified
Moderately
Diversified
'7':"
Industry
Industry
Highly
Accentuated
Accentuated
01961
o
o_~
Service
Trade &
Service
Trade &
Accentuated
Transport
Transport
Highly
Highly
Accentuated Accentuated
Accentuated
Functional Character
[
0 0
liD 1971
Fig. 3.Xll
PW 1991
Proportionate Share of Small Towns aceording to their Functional Character in
Eastern Plain (1961-1991)
60
0
.J:Sl
50
--:-:~
cc
40
-
43
-----
r:-:"'
40
.c
Vl
30
u
-
~ 30 :--
c
.....
!:!
u
""' 20
10
,_
--- ·- ·- - - -
25
I
--- - - -
19
-- ·-·
15
15
.,
--
I--
0
Highly
Divenified
Moderately
Divenified
~-- -0·
Industry Highly
Ac~entuated
15
.,
--
5
5
[Jo
0
Industry
Accentuated
r:::.
I
Trade &
Transport
Highly
Accentuated
Functional Character
G1961
(1) 1971
Fig. J.XID
~1991
15
.,
5~
0
Trade &
Transport
Accentuated
ormE8J
Service Highly
Accentuated
0
0
Service
Accentuated
towns v1z .. Kalka. Jagadhri Railway Workshop Colony and Uchana trade and
transport was highly accentuated. There was no medium town having service function
while there was one small town, Nilokheri with highly accentuated service fun·ction.
In 199 I, towns having moderately diversified function were highest in
number. There was no medium town with industry function, while in the small town
category there was the town of Pinjore (Rural) having highly accentuated industry.
The number of service towns increased considerably over the period though trade and
transport is the second important economic activity of most of the towns (Appendix
I).
3.5.2 Western Plain- As can he observed from Table 3.I6, there was no
service or industry town in the western plain during the period I 96 I -199 I. All the
towns were either trade and transport towns. or towns with functions highly
diversified or moderately diversified in the region (Figs. 3.XIV, 3.XV and 3.XVI)
Table 3.16
Functional Character of Towns of Western Haryana (1961-1991)
Functional Character of Towns
Highly Diversified
Moderately Diversified
Industry Highly Accentuated
Industry Accentuated
Trade and Transport Highly Accentuated
Trade and Transport Accentuated
Service Highly Accentuated
Service Accentuated
Highly Diversified
Moderately Diversified
Industry Highly Accentuated
Industry Accentuated
Trade and T rcmspon Highly Accentuated
Trade and Transport Accentuated
Service Highly Accentuated
Service Accentuated
Highly Diversified
! Moderatelv Diversified
Industry Highly Accentuated
Industry Accentuated
Trade and Transport Highly Accentuated
Trade and Transport Accentuated
Service Highly Accentuated
Service Accentuated
1961
No. of
0
/o
Towns
6
50.00
2
16.67
0
0.00
0
0.00
3
25.00
I
8.33
0
0.00
0
0.00
Medium Towns
75.00
3
25.00
I
0
0.00
0
0.00
O· 0.00
0
0.00
0
0.00
0
0.00
Small Towns
I
37.50
-' !
I
I i 12.50
0
0.00
0
0.00
3
37.50
I
12.50
0
0.00
0
0.00
~
1991
No. of
%
Towns
12.50
2
5 31.25
0.00
0
0.00
0
37.50
6
18.75
3
0.00
0
0.00
0
1971
No. of
0
/o
Towns
25.00
3
0.00
0
0.00
0
41.67
5
4
33.33
0.00
0
0.00
0
0.00
0
I
0
0
0
I
3
0
0
20.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
20.00
60.00
0.00
2
0
0
0
4
I
0
0
25.87
0.00
0.00
000
57.14
14.29
0.00
0.00
14.29
28.57
0.00
0.00
28.57
28.57
0.00
0.00
I
2
0
0
2
I
o.oo I
I
..,
L
0
0
I
3
0
0
4
I
0
0
I
11.11
33.33
0.00
000
44.44
I 1.1 I
0.00
0.00
Proportionate Share of Towns according to their Functional Character in
Western Plain (1961-1991)
60
50
50
-
42
~
~
.c
tl)
40 --
38
--·- ··--
31
~
C)l)
~
30
--
-
20
--
....c
33
Z3
-----
~
c.l
~
Q.,
1"7
l3
10
1----4
19
..
-:--:8
-
0
0 0 0
0
no
1:::1
0
0
Highly
Diversified
Moderately
Diversified
Industry
Industry
Accentuated
Highly
Accentuated
01961
0 0 0
Service
Service
Trade &
Trade &
Accentuated
Transport
Highly
Transport
Accentuated Accentuated
Highly
Accentuated
Functional Character
[
0 0 0
1111971
Fig. 3.XN
pjd
1991
Proportionate Share of Medium Towns according to their Functional Character in
Western Plain (1961-1991)
"11::.
80
~
"":"'""':'"
70
r-- .
60
~
60 - ·
l.o
eo:
.c:
rrJ
50
f--. . f---·
~
-=
~ 40
~ 30
l.o
f-- ... f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1
L_ ::: ____ --------2-5--~-----------------==29=---f
I
~
Q.,
.•.
.·. 20
20
..
10 -
·.·
~
29
20
-14--- .. 1 - - - f ' t l ' ' l l - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - n ' T T ' l ' ' l l " ' l l l f - - - - - - - i
..
:: 0
Highly
Diversified
Moderately
Diversified
0 0 0
0 0 0
Industry
Industry
Highly
Accentuated
Accentuated
0
0
0 0 0
Service
Trade &
Service
Trade &
Accentuated
Transport
Highly
Transport
Accentuated Accentuated
Highly
Accentuated
Functional Character
01961
0 0 0
IDJ 1971
Fig. J.XV
5i11991
Proportionate Share of Small Towns according to their Functional Character in
Western Plain (1961-1991)
~
~
:: 1=-----·-·-------r-~~-;-···
! 38
40
~ 30
=
I
.
1--
• •
1:: 20
•o
38
___________________________
........,...,_
' ..
i
tw
.
~-----··
-
I
•
I
.I
•
---··-------- - --;.~---·····-··-------·--·------ ••
L:: _j].~
11
1
[44
33
·1 - .:. 26---------------111[)(}---
-
~
---------------1
-----f.....-..t---
-----------------
..
I : :
:-: 0
0 j __ ...__......._._'-&..&._. --T--
Highly
Diversified
Moderately
Diversified
0
0
0
0
0
I
13 14 11
-:--:- ....... J - - - - - - - - - - - - - j i
I
:. : ........
.~-------;
0
0
-··-···-----------r-------T--'--~.4-L&-----.,
Industry
Industry
Highly
Accentuated
Accentuated
0
0
0
0
j
Service
Trade &
Trade &
Service
Accentuated
Transport
Transport
Highly
Accentuated Accentuated
Highly
Accentuated
Functional Character
01961
0
liD 1971
Fig. XVI
~
1991
3.5.3 Southern Plain - From Table 3.17 and Figs. 3.XVII, 3.XVIII and
3 .XIX, it is observed that in 1961. there was no medium town in the southern plain.
Among the 14 towns having diversified functions, 11 were small towns. Faridabad
Town Group was the only one medium town with highly accentuated industry. In the
small town of Haileymandi, trade and transport was highly accentuated. Gurgaon and
Pataudi were the two towns of 196 I having accentuation of service activities.
Table 3.17
Functional Character of Towns of Southern Haryana (1961-1991)
Functional Character of Towns
Highly Diversified
Moderately Diversified
Industry Highly Accentuated
Industry Accentuated
Trade and Transport Highly Accentuated
Trade and Transport Accentuated
Service Highly Accentuated
Service Accentuated
Highly Diversified
Moderately Diversified
Industry Highly Accentuated
Industry Accentuated
Trade and Transport Highly Accentuated
Trade and Transport Accentuated
Service Highly Accentuated
Service Accentuated
Highly Diversified
. Divcnified
Industry Highly Accentuated
Industry Accentuated
Trade and Transport Highly Accentuated
Trade and Transport Accentuated
Service Highly Accentuated
Service Accentuated
1971
1991
1961
No. of
No.
of
No.
of
0
0
o;o
/o
/o
Towns
Towns
Towns
4
9.52
7
38.89
25.53
2
14
66.67
5 29.41
7 38.89
11.76
4.076
I
2
I
5.56
0.00
0.00
0
0.00
0
0
4.76
3
17.65
I
I
5.56
14.29
2
11.76
3
0
0.00
0
0.00 .
0.00
0
0.00
0
5.88 .
0.00
I
0
2
11.11
Medium Towns
40.00
0.00
0
2
0
0.00
75.00
0
60.00
0.00'
3
3
0.00
I
20.00
0
20.00
I
0
0.00
0.00
0
0
0.00
I
20.00
0.00
0
0
0.00
25.00
0
0.00
I
0
0.00
0
0.00
0.00
0
0
0.00
I
20.00
0
0.00
I
20.00
Small Towns
11.76
7
2
16.67
2
53.85
51 41.67 !
Ill 64.77
4
30.77
8.33
5.88
I
0
0.00
I
0
0.00
0.00
0
0.00
0
2
16.67
I
7.69
I
5.88
2
16.67
2
11.76
0
0.00
0
0.00
0
0.00
0
0.00
0.00
I
0
7.69
0
0.00
In 1971, out of the 5 medium towns of the region, 2 had highly diversified
functions. Faridabad was the industrial town and Rewari was the trade and transport
town among the medium town group. Among the small towns most had diversified
function with trade and transport as the second ranking function.
In 199 I also, most of the towns had moderately diversified function.
Narnaul, the only medium town had trade and transport accentuation. Among the
99
Proportionate Share of Towns according to their Functional Character in
Southern Plain ( 1961-1991)
80 ,-------·
~
70
J____
60
t---- - - --- ----
~ 50
~
~
·--·-------·--··--------·--- ·-- - · - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
40
. - ---- - - ___ ____fl_ _
i
·····---------
------
___
'
_!
!
i---- - - ------- - ------~....
j
1----
1
39
~---------
~ 30
39
I
-------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - J I ( X ] -
--:-: 29
: -: 26______ --- . . -...-ol""t--
1..
•
~
Q..
•
- - - ----------·---------------------·
__,
10
10 -
0
0 0 0
0 0 0
..
+-L-~ilLLL~~~UULa~~~llU~~------~~~~~~--llllLC.~-----~~~~.
Highly
Diversified
i
18
i
[ I : ) - - - -1.-:;2.------------------.1..
2-ll-'4~---------:-~----- - j
Moderately
Diversified
Industry
Industry
Highly
Accentuated
Accentuated
Service
Service
Trade &
Trade &
Accentuated
Highly
Transport
Transport
Accentuated Accentuated
Highly
Accentuated
Functional Character
[J
1961
Oil 1971
Fig. J.XVII
PliJ 1991
Proportionate Shal!"e of Medium Towns according to their Functional Character in
Southern Plain (1961-1991)
: F-----·------·-
5
~=----~"=60=----~. .
~
-
6500
7
1d----
l------~~-
a..
~ 40 )_ ·---
i j
::
I
30
40
--
-----
1
--""--"-·""--"--------------- ----------""·-""-·~··""··JII
----------
·-------
rJ)
----------------------------"-
r--....-.n---------------------------------·"---~
---
20
20 20
20 20
:: F!- ; _: _~- -_o_-_~:::::~~--~"~~~~~~"_o-_"- -~-.~- - -~-~ ~- ~o~_-~o~ ~ ,. ~- - -~- -o~ ~ ~o~ ~ ~ o~ o~:~ ~ ~ o~ -o~ o~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - o-·_-J
Highly
Diversified
Moderately
Diversified
Industry
Industry
Accentuated
Highly
Accentuated
Service
Service
Trade &
Trade &
Accentuated
Transport
Highly
Transport
Accentuated Accentuated
Highly
Accentuated
Functional Character
Fig. 3.XVIII
Proportionate Share of Small Towns according to their Functional Character in
Southern Plain (1961-1991)
70
···-·---------------,.6~5--
60
Q.l
I.
-·--------------·------·-----cl(}ll---
50
. .
-
... ________ ______,
40
bl)
eo:
cQ.l:
---- -1
42
..c
Q.l
---------------~------------------~
··---·--------------------~.,l__ _
eo:
[/)
-----
__j
i
31
. .
30
-··
···--·-
----
-·---
!
-- ,.---
----------
c;
I.
Q.l
Q.
20
- - · - - - --------·--------·-----
-l-
12
i
10 .___
- .
. .
-------- .
o _L_ . .·.__:
8
Ll'-"11----- - --
8
6
...._~---~ k,._o_o__o__
·.J...U..J........_.______ , _ _ .....
: .....
: .u...u..........
Highly
Diversified
Moderately
Diversified
------1-7 - - - - - + - 1 - - - - - - - - - - -
--
Industry
Industry
Highly
Accentuated
Accentuated
·--·
-~
i
·-1
[Jo o J
i
0 0 0
T_
Service
Trade &
Service
Trade &
Accentuated
Transport
Highly
Transport
Accentuated Accentuated
Highly
Accentuated
Functional Character
01961
--- ·-
liD 1971
Fig. J.XIX
~
1991
small towns. Mahendragarh. Punahana and Ateli had trade and transport function.
Dharuhera, was the only town with highly accentuated industry in 1991.
This clearly indicates that in eaStern plain, trade and transport and service
functions are equally important, while in western and southern plain only trade and
transport function is important. This is because eastern plain has good transport
network, fertile alluvial soils, irrigation facilities from the river and canals and
drinking water and has experienced mechanized fanning in the backdrop of 'Green
Revolution', thus releasing surplus labour for service and money and time for
education. Due to intensive demand for educational and other skills, the need for
institutional infrastructure was felt. While in western plain due to arid climate, poor
irrigation and drinking water facilities, people are more attached to agriculture and
trade and transport activities and have very less surplus time and money. In southern
plain. though the soil is good, poor irrigation and drinking water supply limits the
development of this region. The region is therefore backward and the main activity of
the population is agriculture and trade and transport. The recent development of the
region is due to the nearness of the National Capital, Delhi.
It is also observed that in all the sub-regions, the towns are basically mandi
towns, with varying degrees of administrative, medical, educational or agricultural
goods marketing facilities (includes selling, purchasing, and repairing of agricultural
related items). If administrative, educational, medical functions i.e., service functions
have an edge over the agricultural marketing functions then the functions of towns
shows accentuation of service category. And if the agricultural goods marketing have
an edge over others than the functions of a particular town show accentuation of
transport activities.
3.6 Change in Functional Character of Small and Medium Towns:There were 12 towns, which experienced no change in their functional
character between 1%1 and 1991. Among them 7 to\\ns had their functions
moderately diversified both in 1961 and 1991 (Table 3.18), 3 to\\ns had highly
diversified functions, 2 towns had highly accentuated trade and transport, while in
only one trade and transport was considerably accentuated.
100
Among the towns. which have experienced some changes in their functions
between 1961 and 1991. mostly (I 0) were in favour of moderately diversified
activities from highly diversified ones. Four towns were of class IV category and 2
each from class II, III and V category, which experienced the change. This means that
one economic activity has mainly grown over the years. It can be service or trade &
transport or industry.
Table 3.18
No Change in Functional Character of Towns (1961-1991)
Moderately
Diversified
Rewari (Class II)
Gohana (lll)
Pehowa (lll)
Gharaunda (III)
Radaur (IV)
Bawal (V)
Kanina (V)
Highly
Diversified
Charkhi
Dadari
Shahbad (IJI)
Jhajjar (Ill)
Trade and Transport
Accentuated
Uklanamandi (V)
Jakhalmandi (V)
Trade and Transport
Highly Accentuated
Jind (II)
There were 6 towns, where the functional character changed from highly
diversified to trade and transport accentuation. There were two towns each in class II,
III and IV category adding it to six in total.
The next important change is equally visible for both moderately
diversified functions to service accentuation and from moderately diversified
functions to trade and transport highly accentuated. In each group, there were 3
towns each. Bahadurgarh (class Jl category) and Beri and Nilokheri of Class IV
category experienced the change from moderately diversified functions to service
activities. Three tO\\'TIS, one each from class III, IV and V experienced the latter
change mentioned above. In 2 towns the functions changed from moderately
diversified to trade and transport activities.
3. 7 Population Growth and Change in Functional Character
With the growth in population though the functional character has changed
but it has not always been diversified in nature. Medium towns with more than 100
per cent growth (Appendix II) between 1971-91 were six in number. Jind was the
101
only town that maintained its functional character of being a trade and transport town
over the period. In three tO\ms accentuation is noticed. In Thanesar services were
highly accentuated while in Bahadurgarh services were accentuated in 1991. Ganaur
which had highly diversified function in 1971 had moderately diversified function in
1991 as there was an increase in trade and transport activities than the other two
functions. Only two towns moved towards diversification of functions between 1971
and 1991.
Among the four medium towns that recorded 75-100% growth rate between
1971 and 1991 two towns had no change in their functional character, while in one
diversification has taken place and the other was moving towards accentuation as the
function changed from highly diversified to moderately diversified (because of the
increase of trade and transport activities).
There were nine towns which had 50-75% growth rate between 1971 and
1991. Four towns retained their function i.e., the predominance of trade and transport
activities during the period. Rewari and Kalka are the only two towns that shows
change in their functions from trade and transport highly accentuated to moderately
diversified in Rewari and highly diversified in Kalka. Three towns had accentuated
their functions between 1971 and 1991.
The two towns of Shahbad and Jhajjar with 46 per cent growth rate and Hansi
with negative population growth rate had diversified their functions.
Thus among the twenty-two medium towns that existed both in 1971 and
1991, eight towns (36.36 per cent) moved towards diversification of functions with
population growth, 31.82 per cent had accentuation of functions and another 31.82
per cent had no change in their function with population growth. Most of the towns
which retained their functions have trade and transport as the predominant economic
activity.
Within the small to\\TI group there were four tovms with more than I 00 per
cent population growth rate between 1971-91. Two towns had no change in their
predominant function while Haileymandi has transformed its character from high
trade and transport accentuation to moderately diversified function and Kalanwali
from highly accentuated trade and transport to only accentuated trade and transport as
the service sector has grown.
102
Among the three towns with 75-100 per cent gro\\1h rate, two had no change
while in one diversification has taken place.
There were ten small towns with 50-75 per cent growth rate between 1971-91.
In five of them one or the other activity got accentuated while in four, there was no
change. Nuh was the only town where the function changed from trade and transport
accentuation to moderately diversified.
In four towns there were no change in function while in other four
accentuation took place. Only one town had little diversification. This was the case
with towns having a population growth rate of25-50 per cent between 1971-91.
With less than 25 per cent growth rate Beri also had service accentuation from
moderately diversitied activities between 1971 and 1991.
Thus in twenty-seven small towns that existed in 1971 as wells in 1991 only
five towns ( 18.52 per cent) had diversification of their function with population
growth. Most of the towns (44.44 per cent) retained their functions while 37.04 per
cent had accentuation of one or the other economic activities.
The overall picture that emerges from the above discussion is that
diversification of economic activities with increase in population has taken place in
medium towns while in small towns accentuation is more prominent. Therefore the
research proposition of the present chapter i.e., as the size of the town increases, its
.:...
i,
'
~
n•
-,.
functions tend to get diversified holds true for the medium towns and partly for the
...:.------·\...._-------....
.
..
'
.
.
. ··-----
small towns.
~...._
In eastern plain, there are twenty-three trade and transport, sixteen sen;ce and
three indu_stry !owns. While, in western plain all the sixteen towns are trade and
transport towns. In southern plain, there are seventeen trade and transport, one service
and two industry towns. Thus the predominance of trade and transport is clearly
revealeg. It also gives a clear picture that the eastern plain took first position in all th_e
cases
followed by southern plain and western plain. . It is also observed in western
r
plain. there is no tO\\TI_ having industry or service and the t~\\TIS have trade and
transport functions. While in case of medium towns, in eastern plain, there arc ten
trade and transport, Jive service. while in western plain and southern plain, there are
seven and four trade and transport towns respectively. In southern plain also, there are
no industry or service towns. It is clearly observed that in medium towns, there is no
103
industry town in any of the plain. But in case of small t0\\11S in eastern plain there are
eleven trade and transport. eleven service and three industry tO\\llS. while in western
plain there arc nine trade and transport towns. In southern plain. there are fifteen trade
and transport, one service and two industry towns. In small towns in western plain,
there is no industrial or service town. This analysis again confirms that there 1s a
majority of trade and transport towns.
The development of railways has been responsible for, the development of
certain villages into towns that happened to be along them. The nearness to the
railways became the cause for the development of the urban settlements and the
development of principal business centres. In several of these to\\'11s mandies had
144
been established as early as the second or third decade of the present century
The
mandi at Kanina sprang up in 1940 with the opening ofthe Nabha (Punjab) section of
the Sadulpur-Rcwari chord line. Many villages and small towns also established
mandics just hy the side of the railway line. The Hailcymandi was established in the
early forties of the present century ncar the Pataudi road railway station and by virtue
of its location it started growing.
However, the establishment of these mandies alone did not provide enough
incentive to these towns to acquire any marked character. Moreover, an interesting
example, which suggests that, railways alone are not sufficient either for the quick
growth to urban status of a town or the prosperity of the town, is provided by the
Jakhalmandi town, which is a junction. It is most advantageously situated so far as
~·-·\..--<------- ~-......___.._..,
railway transport facilities are concerned, hut it remained a rural settlement for nearly
half a century before partition helped it to grow into a town. 145
With the coming of the railways many of the toW11s, particularly those that
remained away from them could neither develop trade nor commerce, and the loss of
even the few CDttage industries, owing to competition from machine-made goods and
the changed cultural habits resulting from the impact of the new western cultural
ideas, damped all prospects of their attaining urban status, till partition gave them new
life to a few of the more favourably situated settlements.
14.& llud p 11 1J
~~~
lbtd
104
3.8 Conclusion: - After the partition. the rehabilitation of a large number of
'displaced persons· in urban centres played prominent role in the overall urban
development of Haryana. Increased agricultural production due to the use of high
yielding varieties, improvement in the irrigation facilities and use of scientific
methods in agriculture, led to green revolution and proliferation of mandi towns.
These towns started serving as ready markets for agricultural and other household
goods. Government's policies to develop a particular area by establishing agricultural
related industries, educational institutions and giving encouragement to the existing
industries gave fillip to urban centres.
The big urban centres like Delhi, Chandigarh
.._______ _
~-----~--------·-.......
and other big urban centres ofHaryana also facilitated the growth of many towns.
/
Using Asok Mitra's Ternary diagram for detern1ining the predominant
function of the small and medium towns of Haryana it has been observed that in 1961
maximum concentration of towns were in Vth and Vlth triangles which represents
more towns engaged in trade and transport activities. Service towns were at the
second position and they are represented by triangles 1st and lind. There were only 6
industrial towns and they are represented by triangles Illrd and IYth.
In .1971, out of 49, there were 39 towns. specializing in trade and transport
funCtions. ·service towns were nine in number, while one town was in industrial
category. In 1971, there were 9 towns, which had highly diversified functions, while
13 towns had moderately diversified functions. 14 towns have shown their
predominant functions accentuated and 13 towns have their predominant functions
highly accentuated.
In 1991, out of 78 small and medium towns, 56 were trade and transport
towns, while 17 and 5 were service and industrial towns respectively. There were 6
towns with highly diversified functions and 28 towns, with moderately diversified
functions. There were 19 and 25 towns respectively, which have shown their
predominant functions accentuated and predominant functions highly accentuated in
1991.
The functional classification of towns according to the Ternary diagram
reveals that most of the t0\\11S arc trade and transport towns, which means that these
towns are mainly market centres serving the rural hinterland. Moreover the towns
IO'i
located along the highways and the railway lines have developed and are developing
fast.
The analysis also reveals that with population growth the function of a to\\'n
starts diversifying. This diversification is because. the towns of Haryana are basically
'mandi' towns having agriculture and household goods related trade and transport as
the main activity and with the establishment of educational, medical and
administrative activities, the towns switch over to multi-functional activities and thus
the functions get either highly diversified or moderately diversified. In case of
medium towns, the functional character has shifted from highly diversified in 1961 to
moderately diversified and trade and transport accentuation in 1991. The emergence
of service towns in 1991 is the most important fact about the functional structure of
the medium towns, as there was no such town in 1961 and 1971 . In case of small
towns. the shift is from highly diversified to moderately diversified between 1961 and
1991. The number of industrial towns, both for the medium and small town category
arc very few.
Among the three plains, in the eastern plain, trade and transport and service
functions are almost equally important, while in western and southern plain only trade
and transport function is important.
There were 12 towns which experienced no change in their functional
character between 1961 and 1991. Among them 7 towns had their functions
moderately diversified both in 1961 and 1991, 3 towns had highly diversified
functions, 2 towns had highly accentuated trade and transport while in only one trade
and transport was considerably accentuated. Among the towns which changed their
functions between 1961 and 1991 were mostly in favour of moderately diversified
activities from highly diversified ones. The second change was from highly
diversified to trade and transport accentuation. The next change was from moderately
diversified to either service accentuation or trade and transport highly accentuated.
With the growth in population though the functional character has changed in
some towns which has not always been diversified in nature. In case of medium
towns, diversification of economic activities has taken place with the increase in
population in most cases, while in small towns accentuation of activities has been
more prominent over the years.
106