Short Answer: Peer Exemplar
a) Industrialization made the US more stable. Products became more uniform due
to interchangible parts and assembly lines were established. Productivity
increased and industry was more organized. Therefore, the US had a good
source of income and economic prosperity makes countries more unified.
b) Railroads became more prominent in America between 1820 and 1860.
Industrialization enabled railroads to be constructed (the tools and steel beams
had to come from somewhere.) Railroads connected the various regions of the
US together, so their economies were more connected. Raw materials such as
cotton came from the south rather than imported to be processed in the North,
so the economy improved along with unity.
c) Reform Movements did not make the US more stable. A large reform movement
was abolitionism. The issue of slavery divided the North (free states) and the
South (slave states). Therefore, reform movements actually weakened the
union.
Monday
November 15, 2015
Unit 2 Essay
• Last Day I Will Read Rough Drafts: Tuesday, 11/24
• Due Date: Wednesday, 12/2
• Take the rest of the period to continue brainstorming/organizing or
ask questions.
• PERIOD 4 ONLY: I keep forgetting to collect the primary document
reading you completed on “Transplanting the Tribes.” Please hand
them in now.
Quiz: Chapter 16
• Shorter chapter, shorter quiz!
• We’ll also be doing an outline check.
Tuesday
November 17, 2015
Unit 3: Testing the New Nation
1820-1877
•
•
•
•
Chapter 16: The South and the Slavery Controversy, 1793-1860
Chapter 17: Manifest Destiny and Its Legacy, 1841-1848
Chapter 18: Renewing the Sectional Struggle, 1848-1854
Chapter 19: Drifting Toward Disunion, 1854-1861
• Exam: Chapters 16-19 – December 11th
• Chapter 20: Girding for War – The North and the South, 1861-1865
• Chapter 21: The Furnace of the Civil War, 1861-1865
• Chapter 22: The Ordeal of Reconstruction, 1865-1877
• Exam: Chapters 20-22 – January 8th
• NO UNIT ESSAY
BLOCK DAYS
Thursday
November 19, 2015
Chapter 16
The South and the Slavery
Controversy, 1793-1860
“Those who deny freedom to others deserve it not for themselves, and,
under a just God, cannot long retain it.”
Abraham Lincoln, 1859
I. “Cotton Is King!”
• Cotton Kingdom
• As demand grew, planters bought more slaves/land.
• Northern shippers & textile mills benefited greatly.
• This prosperity could not have occurred without slave
labor.
• The Nation as a whole benefited from cotton
exports.
• Cotton accounted for half the value of American
exports
• Profits were reinvested in other ventures – capitalism!
• About 75% of England's cotton came from South, and
about 20% of England's populace worked in textiles
• Southern leaders believed this gave them immense
Interior of the Cotton Bureau in New Orleans,
political power (nationally & globally).
by Edgar Degas, 1873
II. The Planter “Aristocracy”
• South was a planter aristocracy (oligarchy)
• Enjoyed lion's share of southern wealth
• Educated their children in finest schools
• Money provided leisure for study, reflection, and
statecraft:
• Southern oligarchy was basically
undemocratic:
• Widened gap between rich and poor
• Slowed tax-supported public education
• Idealized feudalism of medieval Europe
• Plantation system shaped lives of southern
women:
• Ran the house; had a complicated relationship
with house slaves
III. Slaves of the Slave System
• Land was gobbled up acre after acre.
• Southern economy:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Monopoly
Over-speculation in land and slaves
Disease made slaves a risky investment
One-crop economy
Cotton price as given no protection in global markets
Southerners felt North took advantage of them.
• Plantation system did NOT invite immigration.
• Immigrants added to manpower and wealth of
North.
• German & Irish immigration to South discouraged by:
• competition with slave labor
• high cost of fertile land
• European ignorance of cotton farming
Harvesting Cotton
IV. The White Majority
• Only handful of southern whites
lived in stereotypical southern
mansions
• Only 1,733 families owned a hundred
or more slaves.
• Most slave owners had fewer than
ten slaves.
• Beneath slave owners was great body
of whites who owned no slaves.
• Whites without slaves had no direct
economic stake in slavery, yet they
defended slave system:
• Wished for upward mobility, racial
superiority
• Mountain whites had no loyalty to
plantation system – would remain
unionist throughout the era.
Slaveowning Families, 1850
Southern Cotton
Production and Distribution
of Slaves, 1820 and 1860
Southern Cotton
Production and Distribution
of Slaves, 1820 and 1860
V. Free Blacks: Slaves Without Masters
• There were free black Americans in the South (about 250,000 by 1860).
•
•
•
•
Upper South freed many slaves during Revolutionary War.
Lower South freed some mulattoes.
Some purchased their freedom.
Were a kind of “third race:” owned property but banned from certain jobs
• The North was hostile to free black Americans.
• Travel restrictions, disenfranchised, no schooling
• Northern blacks were particularly hated by Irish immigrants because two groups
competed for menial jobs.
• Strange Difference:
• Southern whites liked blacks as individuals, but despised race.
• Northern whites professed to like race, but disliked individual blacks.
VI. Plantation Slavery
• By 1860: 4 million slaves in the South.
• Legal importation of African slaves into America ended in 1808 by
Congress.
• Britain abolished slave trade in 1807 and used West African Squadron to
free thousands of captives.
• Slaves were worth so much in the south, that smuggling occurred &
internal slave trade grew (via natural reproduction).
• Planters regarded slaves as investments.
• Some slaves were spared the most dangerous work.
• Slavery itself was profitable, even though it hobbled economic
development of region as a whole.
• Breeding of slaves not openly encouraged, but was still lucrative.
• Slave owners raped many of their slaves, creating a sizable mulatto
population.
• Slave auctions ripped families apart.
• Harriet Beecher Stowe 1852 novel: Uncle Tom's Cabin attacked this practice.
A Market in People
VII. Life Under the Lash
• Conditions varied greatly:
• The work was obviously back-breaking.
• No political rights; minimal protection.
• Floggings (beatings) were common at the hands of
breakers.
• Blacks concentrated in black belt of Deep South by
1860:
• Stretched from South Carolina to Georgia into new
southwest: Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana
• Black Living
• Most lived on large plantations of 20 or more slaves.
• In some Deep South areas, blacks 75% of population.
• Family life relatively stable, and distinctive African
American slave culture developed.
• African roots visible in slaves' religion: mixed Christian and
African elements.
Slave Nurse and Young White Master
VIII. The Burdens of Bondage
• Victims of slavery devised ways to protest:
• Slowed pace of labor to bare minimum
• Stole food and other goods
• Sabotaged expensive equipment
• Freedom
• Many slaves attempted to run away while others rebelled.
• 1800: armed insurrection led by slave named Gabriel in
Richmond, Virginia—foiled by informers, its leaders hanged
• 1813: Nat Turner, visionary black preacher, led uprising that
slaughtered 60 Virginians—Nat Turner's rebellion soon crushed
• 1822: Denmark Vesey, a free black, led rebellion in Charleston,
South Carolina; foiled by informers, Vesey & 30 followers hung
• Enslaved Africans rebelled aboard Spanish slave ship Amistad in
1839.
• White population began to live with fear branded to their
identity.
IX. Early Abolitionism
• Inhumanity of “peculiar institution” caused
antislavery societies and allowed prominent
abolitionists a voice.
• American Colonization Society (1817):
• Transport blacks back to Africa – Liberia (1822)
• 15,000 freed slaves transported over four decades.
• Most blacks had no wish to move to a strange
civilization after having become partially
Americanized
• William Wilberforce was a member of British
Parliament & an evangelical Christian reformer
who ended slavery in West Indies.
• Theodore Dwight Weld was inspired by the 2GA
to preach abolition to farmers.
• Expelled from Lane Theological Seminary (OH) in
1834 for organizing an 18-day debate on slavery.
• Weld and his fellow “Lane Rebels” fanned out
across Old Northwest preaching antislavery gospel
Early Emancipation in the North
X. Radical Abolitionism
• William Lloyd Garrison
• Inspired by Second Great Awakening, he militantly
crusaded against slavery with The Liberator (1831)
• American Anti-Slavery Society (1833):
• Founders: Garrison, Wendell Phillips
• Black abolitionists:
• David Walker's Appeal to the Colored Citizens of World
(1829) advocated bloody end to white supremacy.
• Sojourner Truth fought tirelessly for black
emancipation and women's rights.
• Frederick Douglass escaped 1838 at age 21.
• Lectured on evils of slavery, despite repeated punishment.
• Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass (1845) told his
amazing story.
• What would work: politics or a crusade?
Left to Right: Garrison, Truth, Douglass
XI. The South Lashes Back
• Abolition was actually supported throughout much of the south (below the
Mason-Dixon Line) prior to 1820.
• After 1830 southern abolitionism was silenced.
• Virginia legislature debated and defeated various emancipation proposals in 18311832.
• Nat Turner's rebellion caused hysteria throughout South.
• Nullification crisis of 1832 further implanted fear in white southern minds.
• It soon became dangerous to even discuss abolition in the South.
• Gag Resolution: required antislavery appeals to be tabled without debate.
• Proslavery whites responded by launching massive defense of slavery as
positive good:
• Claimed master-slave relationships resembled those of a family.
• Were quick to contrast “happy” lot of their “servants” with overworked northern
wage slaves.
XII. The Abolitionist Impact in the North
• Abolitionists were actually unpopular in the North.
• Northerners respected the Constitution and the 3/5 clause – don’t upset the
union!
• North was tied to South’s economy.
• Southern planters owed northern bankers.
• Disruption to slave system might cut off supply of cotton to northern mills.
• Still, abolitionists had influenced northern opinion by 1850s.
• Viewpoint: South was against freedom – Republican Party
• Few prepared to abolish slavery outright, but growing number opposed
extending it to western territories – Free Soil Party
p356
Over Break . . .
• Read & Outline Chapter 17
• Complete Chapter 17 Significance Worksheet
• Read & Outline Chapter 18
• Complete Unit 2 Essay
Friday
November 20, 2015
Get HAPPy!
• Consider HAPPy analysis in The American Spirit
• From Slavery to Freedom (1835) – pp. 356-358
• The “Blessings” of the Slave (1849) – pp. 364-366
• Manifesto of the Anti-Slavery Society (1833) – pp. 369-370
NOTE: The following slides have
not yet been organized for the
current school year.