China Report
http://chr.sagepub.com/
Chronology of China-Africa Relations
Sithara Fernando
China Report 2007 43: 363
DOI: 10.1177/000944550704300308
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III Chronology
Chronology of China-Africa Relations
April 1955 Premier Zhou Enlai received the President of Egypt Gamal Abdel Nasser
at the Rangoon airport in Burma, on their way to the First Asia-Africa Conference at
Bandung, Indonesia. Premier Zhou and President Nasser held two meetings in Rangoon. Premier Zhou’s speeches at the First Asia-Africa Conference referred to the
struggles for independence in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia, Egypt’s effort to restore
sovereignty over the Suez Canal Zone and racial discrimination in South Africa.
May 1955 Egyptian Minister for Religious Foundations Sheikh Ahmed Hassan El
Baqouvi visited China.
August 1955 A trade delegation from Egypt led by the Minister of Commerce and Industry Mohammed Abu Nosseir visited China and signed a three year Trade Agreement.
February 1956 A cultural delegation from China visited Egypt.
30 May 1956 China and Egypt established diplomatic relations. China extended an
aid commitment of US$ 4.7 million to the latter.
20 December 1958 China and Algeria established diplomatic relations.
1 November 1958 China and Morocco established the diplomatic relations.
4 February 1959 China and Sudan established diplomatic relations.
14 October 1959 China and Guinea established diplomatic relations.
14 December 1960 China and Somalia established diplomatic relations.
25 October 1960 China and Mali established diplomatic relations.
1960 China advanced an interest free loan of US$ 25 million to Guinea.
18 October 1962 China and Uganda established diplomatic relations.
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SAGE Publications Los Angeles/London/New Delhi/Singapore
DOI: 10.1177/000944550704300308
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14 December 1963 China and Kenya established diplomatic relations.
1963 China extended interest free loans of US$ 22 million to Somalia and US$ 50
million to Algeria.
1963 December–1964 February A delegation from China led by Premier Zhou Enlai
visited the United Arab Republic, Morocco, Algeria, Sudan, Guinea, Ghana, Mali,
Somalia, Tunisia and Ethiopia. The Sino-Soviet rift, the India-China dispute, China’s
place in the United Nations, the Taiwan question, the Partial Test Ban Treaty and AsiaAfrica relations were the issues that recurred throughout the tour. During this tour
Premier Zhou also enunciated the Eight Principles of China’s Economic Aid.
10 January 1964 China and Tunisia established diplomatic relations.
22 February 1964 China and Congo established diplomatic relations.
29 October 1964 China and Zambia established the diplomatic relations.
26 November 1964 China and Tanzania established diplomatic relations.
1964 China extended a loan of US$ 22.4 million to Ghana and a grant-cum-loan of
US$ 45.3 million to Tanzania. It also pledged aid commitments of US$ 17.8 million
to Kenya, US$ 26 million to Congo, US$ 4.1 million to the Central African Republic,
US$ 8.1 million to Mali, and US$ 80 million worth of project equipment to Egypt.
19 July 1965 China and Mauritania established diplomatic relations.
1965 China granted Uganda an interest free loan-cum-grant of US$ 15 million.
Dahomey and the Central African Republic expelled the diplomatic missions of
China in the wake of military coups.
1966 A new government in Ghana suspended diplomatic relations with China.
China extended grants amounting to US$ 5.7 million to Tanzania earmarked for
the Dar-es-Salaam University and for the completion of a number of projects abandoned by the erstwhile colonial government of Britain. China and Tanzania also reached
an agreement to establish a Chinese-Tanzanian Joint Shipping Company, for which
China would grant US$ 2.1 million.
1967 A new government in Kenya declared the charge d’affaires of China ad interim
persona non grata and asked him to leave the country within forty-eight hours.
Soon after, as the Cultural Revolution reached a critical stage in China, its ambassadors in all other countries of Africa, except Egypt, were recalled home.
The ‘Palais du Peuple’ and Kinkon hydroelectric power station, built with the assistance of China, were inaugurated in Guinea.
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An Agreement on Economic and Technical Cooperation was signed between China
and Zambia, under which China offered an interest free loan of US$ 16.8 million
to Zambia.
In the wake of the Arab-Israeli war China offered 150,000 tons of wheat and a loan
of US$ 10 million without any conditions and with no date set for repayment to the
United Arab Republic.
1968 The largest fully integrated textile mill in East Africa, the Friendship Textile
Mill, built by China, was inaugurated in Tanzania.
A tea plantation and processing plant developed with the assistance of agriculture
experts from China was inaugurated in Guinea.
1968–1969 A number of protocols were signed by China, Tanzania and Zambia
with regard to the construction of the Tanzania-Zambia Railway.
1969 China advanced a loan of US$ 30 million to Guinea as project assistance and
committed itself to build a 200,000 ton cement factory, to modernise the ConakryKarkan railway line and the port of Conakry, and to assist in the development of
agriculture.
A broadcasting station was donated by China to Zambia and the two countries
signed a protocol for the construction of the Lusaka-Mankoya highway.
15 October 1970 China and Equatorial Guinea established diplomatic relations.
1970 China extended a loan of US$ 400 million for the construction of the TanzaniaZambia Railway.
China granted US$ 41.6 million to Sudan for two road projects and for the construction of a weaving and textile factory, a bridge and a conference hall; US$ 10 million to
Guinea as budget support; and US$ 20.3 million to Mali.
11 November 1970 China and Ethiopia established diplomatic relations.
1971 China and Nigeria established diplomatic relations.
1971 China and Rwanda established diplomatic relations.
26 March 1971 China and Cameroon established diplomatic relations.
29 July 1971 China and Sierra Leone established diplomatic relations.
13 October 1971 China and Burundi restored diplomatic relations.
1971 China and Ethiopia signed an Agreement on Economic and Technical Cooperation and the former extended to the latter an interest free loan of US$ 85.5 million
to be repaid in goods or hard currency.
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China advanced an interest free loan of US$ 40 million to Sudan for setting up an
agricultural equipment factory, chrome prospecting and fisheries development.
China granted US$ 110 million to Somalia for a road project linking the north
and south of that country.
China also committed US$ 30 million each to Mauritania and Sierra Leone, US$
10 million to Equatorial Guinea, and US$ 40 million to Algeria.
1972 February China and Ghana restored diplomatic relations.
15 April 1972 China and Mauritius established diplomatic relations.
19 September 1972 China and Togo established diplomatic relations.
6 November 1972 China and Madagascar established diplomatic relations.
24 November 1972 China and Congo (Kinshasa) normalised diplomatic relations.
29 December 1972 China and Benin restored diplomatic relations.
1972 China extended economic assistance for the first time to Benin, Burundi, Madagascar, Mauritius, Nigeria, Rwanda, Togo and Tunisia, averaging around US$ 30 million each.
China and Tunisia signed an Agreement on Economic and Technical Cooperation.
China advanced an interest free loan of US$ 87.6 million to Egypt for setting up
fifteen factories, covering a wide range of products, from textiles to cement.
1973 For the first time China advanced an interest free loan of US$ 100 million repayable over twenty years after a ten year grace period to Zaire for the development
of agriculture as part of an Agreement on Economic and Technical Cooperation.
Also for the first time China extended loans of US$ 50 million each to Senegal and
Upper Volta for agriculture development, and US$ 76.5 million to Cameroon.
Egypt was the recipient of 100,000 tons of wheat and US$ 10 million as support assistance.
Congo received aid for hydro-electric power and other projects, while Chad and
Mali received assistance for rural development. China had also advanced US$ 10 million
to Zambia for overcoming problems caused by the prolonged closure of the ZambiaRhodesia border.
20 April 1974 China and Gabon established diplomatic relations.
1974 China advanced a loan of US$ 74.5 million to Tanzania for mining coal and
iron-ore in Southern Tanzania, the construction of a railway line connecting the coal
and iron-ore deposits with the Tanzania-Zambia Railway, and the expansion of a textile
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factory. The loan was to be repaid in ten equal installments between July 1984 and
June 1997, with an extension if necessary.
China provided an interest free loan of US$ 51.3 million repayable over thirty
years after a ten year grace period to Zambia for bolstering its economy, in view of the
failure of its tobacco crop and a drastic drop in copper prices. The loan was to be used
for technical and agricultural projects including rice growing and tarring of the SerenjeSamjya road.
China also granted US$ 52.6 million to Niger.
China signed an Agreement on Economic and Technical Cooperation with
Mauritania amounting to US$ 53.1 million, as part of which China agreed to provide
Mauritania with a US$ 30 million deep water harbour for Nouakchott and contribute
towards completing the 1,000 km highway being built across the country from Neam
in the east to Nouakchott in the west. China also agreed to provide Mauritania with
a 1000 seat sports stadium. In addition an interest free loan of US$ 2.3 million was
given as agricultural assistance for Mauritania’s sugar cane, rice and cotton crops.
China also promised to export a wide range of goods to Mauritania.
A protocol was signed between China and Tunisia regarding the utilisation of the
US$ 35.6 million loan extended by China to Tunisia under the Agreement on Economic and Technical Cooperation signed in August 1972, according to which the loan
was to be utilised for building of a canal, a road and a railroad car assembly plant.
China also signed a series of agreements with Zaire on agricultural development,
maritime navigation, medical facilities and banking. As part of these agreements China
handed over to Zaire a gift of thirty five tons of mechanical equipment, including
diesel engines and machine tools, acetylene, generators, trucks and jeeps.
China offered Ethiopia 10,000 tons of wheat in the wake of the drought that hit
the north and north-central parts of the country. China and Ethiopia also reached
an agreement to have Addis Ababa serve as the terminal for China’s direct air link
with Africa. China also gave relief aid to Guinea, Kenya, Rwanda, Somalia, Sudan
and Upper Volta.
6 January 1975 China and Botswana established diplomatic relations.
25 July 1975 China and Mozambique established diplomatic relations.
13 November 1975 China and Comoros established diplomatic relations.
1975 China and Gabon concluded an Economic and Technical Cooperation Agreement, as a part of which China advanced a loan of US$ 25.7 million to Gabon for agricultural and rural development and for setting up textile mills.
China and Mozambique signed an Agreement on Economic and Technical Cooperation whereby the PRC was to grant Mozambique for its development projects an
interest-free loan of US$ 56 million to be repaid after 1990. Mozambique also received
US$ 4 million as food aid.
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China advanced to Madagascar an interest-free loan of US$ 52.6 million, repayable
after 1990, for development projects such as building a sugar factory at Morondava on
the west coast, retooling the National Match Factory and creating an experimentation
station for rice and vegetables.
China promised Gambia US$ 15.8 million for agricultural and communications
projects, and Tunisia US$ 42.1 million for the construction of a canal between Mejerdah
and Cap Bon and the delivery of 1000 railway wagons for transporting phosphate.
Togo received agricultural machinery worth US$ 0.5 million from China, Niger
was advanced US$ 2.5 million as food aid by China, and Somalia received US$ 0.4
million worth of maize from China.
Guinea-Bissau was advanced a loan of US$ 17 million for the purchase of agricultural equipment and rice cultivation, and 2,000 tons of rice as food aid.
China extended to Guinea a commodity loan valued at US$ 10 million.
25 April 1976 China and Cape Verde established diplomatic relations.
30 June 1976 China and Seychelles established diplomatic relations.
1976 China donated to Ethiopia 1,000 tons of maize and 10,000 cotton blankets in
aid of drought victims.
China handed over to Guinea two fishing trawlers promised earlier, and 500 tons of
rice to Gabon.
China offered Egypt a loan of US$ 99 million for setting up four pharmaceutical
and textile factories; importing medical supplies and industrial spare parts; and processing of raw materials.
China made a loan commitment of US$ 31.7 million to Morocco for the construction of a dam for water-control and irrigation purposes.
Tanzania and Zambia received from China US$ 27 million for training personnel
and meeting additional costs of the Tanzania-Zambia Railway.
July 1976 The 1,860 km long Tanzania-Zambia Railway opened to traffic.
1977 China granted Tunisia an interest free loan of US$ 16.1 million to continue
construction of the canal linking the Medjerdah river to the Cape Bon region. In 1972
China had given Tunisia a loan of US$ 35.6 million for the same project.
China signed Economic and Technical Cooperation Agreements with Sudan and
Mozambique, as part of which loans of US$ 20 million each were advanced to the
latter two for various projects. Mozambique, Madagascar and Cape Verde received
relief assistance from China.
9 August 1978 China and Libya established diplomatic relations.
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1978 Botswana, Liberia, Yemen and Seychelles were the recipients of new economic
commitments from China.
8 January 1979 China and Djibouti established diplomatic relations.
1979 China and Djibouti signed an Economic and Technical Cooperation Agreement,
on the basis of which China advanced to Djibouti an unconditional interest-free
loan of US$ 30 million.
18 April 1980 China and Zimbabwe established diplomatic relations.
12 January 1983 China and Angola established diplomatic relations.
2 March 1983 China and Cote d’Ivoire established diplomatic relations.
22 March 1990 China and Namibia established diplomatic relations.
24 May 1993 China and Eritrea established diplomatic relations.
12 January 1994 China and Lesotho restored diplomatic relations.
May 1996 President Jiang Zemin of China visited Kenya, Egypt, Ethiopia, Mali,
Namibia and Zimbabwe. In a speech delivered at the headquarters of the Organisation
for African Unity in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, he proposed to develop a China-Africa
relationship toward the 21st century characterised by ‘long-term stability and allaround cooperation’.
19 August 1996 China and Niger restored diplomatic relations.
1 January 1998 China and South Africa established diplomatic relations.
February 1998 China and the Central African Republic restored diplomatic relations.
23 April 1998 China and Guinea (Bissau) restored diplomatic relations.
1999 China and Egypt established a Strategic Cooperative Relationship.
2000 Tian Jiyun, Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People’s
Congress of China, visited Mozambique.
President Mogae of Botswana visited China.
10–12 October 2000 The Forum for China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) was inaugurated, and its First Ministerial Conference was held in Beijing, China. President Jiang Zemin, Premier Zhu Rongji and Vice President Hu Jintao of China, President
Gnasinbe Eyadema of Togo, President Abdelaziz Bouteflika of Algeria, President
Frederic Chiluba of Zambia, President Benjamin William Mkapa of Tanzani and
Dr. Salim Ahmed Salim, Secretary-General of the Organization of African Unity,
attended the opening and closing ceremonies. More than eighty ministers, from China
and forty-four African countries, representatives of seventeen regional and international
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organisations, and representatives from the business communities of China and Africa
were invited to the conference. The conference attempted to chart a direction for the
development of a new, stable and long-term partnership featuring equality and mutual
benefit between China and the countries of Africa. The two main items on the agenda
of the conference were the establishment of ‘a new international political and economic
order in the 21st century’, and ‘the strengthening of China-Africa economic cooperation and trade under the new circumstances’. Following deliberations the documents
adopted by the conference were the ‘Beijing Declaration of the Forum on China-Africa
Cooperation’ and the ‘Programme for China-Africa Cooperation in Economic and
Social Development’. Some of the specific sectors identified for cooperation were
agriculture, tourism, science, education, culture, health and environment.
2001 Foreign Minister Tang Jiaxuan of China visited the Central African Republic.
Vice President Hu Jintao of China visited Uganda.
Li Peng, Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress
of China, visited Algeria and Tunisia.
Xu Jialu, Vice-chairman of the Standing Committee of National People’s Congress
of China, visited Rwanda.
Li Ruihuan, Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political
Consultative Conference, visited Mauritius, Morocco and South Africa.
President Kagame of Rwanda, President Mamadou Tandja of Niger, President Mbeki
of South Africa, President Obiang of Equatorial Guinea, President Guelleh of Djibouti,
Prime Minister Mosisili of Lesotho, and Almeida, the Speaker of the National
Assembly of Angola, visited China.
2002 Wei Jianxing, a Member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of
the CPC (Communist Party of China) Central Committee and a Member of the CPC
Central Committee Secretariat and Secretary of the CPC Central Commission for
Discipline Inspection, visited Cote d’Ivoire and Botswana.
Xu Jialu, Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of China’s National People’s
Congress, visited Djibouti, Eritrea, Cape Verde and Equatorial Guinea.
President Gbagbo of Cote d’Ivoire, President Joao Bernardo Vieira of Guinea (Bissau),
President Josef Kabila of Congo (Kinshasa), President Kufuor of Ghana, President
Mubarak of Egypt, and King Mohammed VI of Morocco, visited China.
13 April to 18 April 2002 President Jiang Zemin of China visited Libya, Nigeria and
Tunisia. During the visit, China signed many cooperation agreements with the three
countries in such areas as economy, trade, culture, agriculture, science and technology,
education, oil and gas, communication and transportation.
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19 April to 26 April 2002 Premier Zhu Rongji of China visited Egypt and Kenya,
during which China signed a series of cooperation agreements with the latter two
countries in trade, agriculture, technology and education.
25 August to 6 September 2002 Premier Zhu Rongji of China visited Algeria,
Morocco, Cameroon, and South Africa. In South Africa he attended the World Summit
on Sustainable Development at Johannesburg. During the visit, China signed over
ten documents with the four countries to strengthen cooperation in fields such as
economy, science and technology, and culture.
9–19 February 2003 Li Ruihuan, Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese
People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) visited Tanzania, Namibia and
Zambia.
11 October 2003 China and Liberia restored diplomatic relations.
2003 President Azali Assoumani of Comoros, President Mwanawasa of Zambia and
President Paul Biya of Cameroon visited China.
15–16 December 2003 The Second Ministerial Conference of the Forum for ChinaAfrica Cooperation (FOCAC) was held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Premier Wen Jiabao
of China, Prime Minister Meles Zenawi of Ethiopia, Alpha Oumar Konare, President
of the Commission of African Union, and a representative of the UN Secretary General,
were among the dignitaries who attended the opening ceremony. In his address,
Premier Wen Jiabao proposed that, ‘China and Africa should support each other, coordinate standpoints and deepen cooperation’, and called on the international community to pay more attention to peace and development in Africa. More than seventy
ministers, from China and forty-four African countries, responsible for foreign affairs
and international economic cooperation, and the representatives of some international
and African regional organisations, attended the conference. The theme of the conference was pragmatic and action oriented cooperation. Following deliberations the
document adopted by the conference was ‘The FOCAC Addis Ababa Action Plan,
2004–6’. The First China-Africa Business Conference was held in parallel with the
Second Ministerial Conference. Over 500 entrepreneurs from China and Africa attended the Business Conference and twenty-one cooperation agreements with a total
value of US$ 1 billion were signed among them.
2004 Vice President Zeng Qinghong of China visited South Africa, Benin and Togo.
Wu Bangguo, Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Chinese National People’s
Congress (NPC) visited Kenya, Zimbabwe, Zambia and Nigeria.
Foreign Minister Li Zhaoxing of China visited Comoros.
Gu Xiulian, Vice-Chairwoman of the Standing Committee of the National People’s
Congress, visited Mali.
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President Francois Bozizé of the Central African Republic, President Amadou
Toumany Toure of Mali, President Chissano of Mozambique, President Bongo of
Gabon, President Marc Ravalomanana of Madagascar, President Museveni of Uganda,
Prime Minister Hama Amadou of Niger, Prime Minister Meles Zenawi of Ethiopia,
Prime Minister Neves of Cape Verde, President Mkapa of Tanzania, President Macgregor
of the National Assembly of Seychelles and the Foreign Ministers of Liberia and
Guinea visited China.
China and South Africa established a Strategic Partnership focusing on equality,
mutual benefit and common development.
29 January to 4 February 2004 President Hu Jintao of China visited Algeria, Egypt
and Gabon. China and Algeria announced the establishment of a Strategic Cooperative
Relationship. In Gabon, President Hu proposed, ‘deepening all-around Sino-African
cooperation and promoting common development under the new circumstances’.
During this tour China signed more than ten cooperation documents with the three
countries.
25 October 2005 China and Senegal restored diplomatic relations.
2005 Wu Bangguo, Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Chinese National
People’s Congress (NPC) visited Morocco.
Li Changchun, Member of the Standing Committee of the CPC Central Committee Political Bureau, visited Namibia.
Wang Zhongyu, Vice Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People’s
Political Consultative Conference, visited Senegal.
Vice Premier Huang Ju of China visited Guinea and Madagascar.
Foreign Minister Batumubwira of Burundi, President Pohamba of Namibia, President Afwerki of Eritrea, President Denis Sassou-Nguesso of Congo (Brazaville), President Josef Kabila of Congo (Kinshasa), President Mugabe of Zimbabwe, President
Mwai Kibaki of Kenya, President Obiang of Equatorial Guinea, President Olusegun
Obasanjo of Nigeria, Prime Minister Berenger of Mauritius, and Prime Minister Mosisili
of Lesotho visited China.
President Hu Jintao of China met with President Bashir of Sudan in Bandung,
Indonesia, on the sidelines of an Asia-Africa Summit held in commemoration of the
fiftieth anniversary of the First Asia-Africa Conference held at Bandung in 1955.
The Parliament of Liberia passed a resolution on adhering to the ‘One-China
policy’.
January 2006 The Chinese Government issued its China’s African Policy white paper,
its first ever policy paper on strengthening across-the-board cooperation with Africa.
6 August 2006 China and Chad restored diplomatic relations.
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2006 President Hu Jintao of China visited Morocco, Nigeria and Kenya. Addressing
the National Assembly in the Nigerian capital of Abuja, he put forward proposals on
establishing, ‘a new type of China-Africa Strategic Partnership’.
Premier Wen Jiabao of China visited Congo, Angola, Egypt, Ghana, South Africa,
Tanzania and Uganda.
Foreign Minister Li Zhaoxing of China visited Lesotho and Liberia.
Ismail Amat, Vice-Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People’s
Congress of China, visited Seychelles.
Wu Guanzheng, a Member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of
the CPC Central Committee and Secretary of the CPC Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, visited Botswana, Madagascar and Rwanda.
President Thomas Boni Yayi of Benin, President Faure of Togo, President Wade of
Mali, Vice President Solomon Berewa of Sierra Leone and the Foreign Minister of
Guinea visited China.
4–5 November 2006 The Beijing Summit and the Third Ministerial Conference of
the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation was held in Beijing, China. The leaders of
China and forty-eight African countries attended the summit. At the opening ceremony President Hu Jintao of China announced a package of assistance measures to
Africa including US$ 3 billion in preferential loans in the next three years and the
exemption of debt owed by poor African countries. Following deliberations the documents adopted by conference were the ‘Declaration of the Beijing Summit of FOCAC’,
and the ‘Action Plan 2007–9’. The Second Conference of Entrepreneurs from China
and Africa was held alongside the summit, in which fourteen agreements were signed
between enterprises from China and governments and firms from Africa amounting
to US$ 1.9 billion. These agreements covered sectors such as infrastructure facilities,
communications, technology and equipment, energy and resources development, finance
and insurance.
5 November 2006 Algeria, Sudan, the Central African Republic and Sierra Leone
signed Memoranda of Understanding with China granting it Full Market Economy
status.
6 November 2006 Egypt signed a Memorandum of Understanding with China granting it Full Market Economy status.
Sources: Deshpande, G.P. and H.K. Gupta, United Front Against Imperialism: China’s
Foreign Policy in Africa (New Delhi: Somaiya Publications, 1986).
www.focac.org
Compiled by Sithara Fernando
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