Sample regents boosters™
cards
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Here is a selection of cards on the topic of Homeostasis from BIO
BOOSTERS™ “Crash Course on Cards.”
Notice the :
Easy vocabulary
Great hints
Diagrams and pictures
Easy to study format
Keep in mind: the 1st page is the front of the card, the 2nd page is the back of
the card and so on….
ENJOY THIS EXCLUSIVE STUDY EXPERIENCE!
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UNIT II
MAINTAING A DYNAMIC
EQULIBRIUM
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Homeostasis/ Dynamic
Equilibrium
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Organism keeps the conditions inside itself
constant EVEN when the environment is
changing.
HINT: Homeostasis –stay- conditions stay the same.
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Example of Homeostasis
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A person’s normal body temperature = 98.6°F (37°C).
 On a hot day, when the temperature outside is 101°F, your body
doesn’t become 101°F. Why not? Your body starts sweating to cool
down to maintain the normal body temperature.
 If it’s 32°F outside, you don’t freeze. Why? Your body starts
shivering to warm you up and maintain the normal body
temperature.
In these examples, your body is doing homeostasis= keeping its temperature
constant even though the outside weather changes.
When the body goes out of homeostasis, (out of whack), we get sick.
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Causes of Disease 1
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MICROORGANISM-PATHOGEN:
Definition: Tiny organisms that spread disease

Examples:
Viruses- (mono is caused by a virus)
[VIRUS: Acts as a parasite (lives off other organisms) to the human.]
Bacteria-(strep throat)
Fungi- (athletes foot)
 Parasites (pinworms)
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Causes of Disease 2
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INHERITANCE:
If a parent’s gene is defective, his child can have this defect too
 However, if gene isn’t defective, the sickness won’t be
inherited.
 Example: If a man loses his eyesight in an accident, his children
can have perfect eyesight because the father’s eyesight gene
isn’t defective.
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Causes of Disease 3
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POLUTION AND POISON:
Coal, dust, mercury, lead
 FYI: Eating too much tuna isn’t good for you since
tuna contains mercury.
 Result: autism, brain degeneration
ORGAN MALFUNCTIONS:
An organ (like the heart, liver, stomach, kidney, lung...) doesn’t
function properly
Example: heart attack
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Causes of Disease 3
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HARMFUL LIFESTYLES:
HARMFUL LIFESTYLE
CAUSES:
Smoking
Lung cancer
Alcohol
Liver disease
Illegal drugs
Brain damage
Overeating, poor nutrition, and
not exercising
Diabetes and heart
problems
So, even
though you’re
very nervous
for this
Regents,
slow down on
the
chocolate!
 NOTE: THESE ARE COMMON REGENTS QUESTIONS.
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Our Body’s Defenses 1
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PHYSICAL BARRIERS
Blocks out microorganisms
Example: Skin
INFLAMMATION
When you get a cut or a bruise, it can become red/
swollen because of the arrival of special white blood
cells which destroy microorganisms.
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Our Body’s Defenses 2
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IMMUNE
SYSTEM
Fights foreign bodies using white blood cells in 3
ways:
Recognizes the “bad guys” and tries to kick
them out
Antibodies
Antigens
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Multicellular Organism
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An organism with many cells
Multi=many
Has similar functions to single cells
☺Advantage: easier to maintain homeostasis because it has
organ systems
☺ Disadvantage: If one cell breaks off of a multicellular
organism, it dies. It can’t live on its own because it
doesn’t have the adaptations that a unicellular organism has
in order to live on its own.
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Positive Feedback
Mechanism
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Change happens  positive result
 keeps on doing change.
 Example: contractions during labor
(As a contraction occurs, the changes that happen cause the next
contraction to intensify and that causes the next contraction to further
intensify…)
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How Homeostasis Relates
to Blood Sugar Level
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A normal amount of glucose in blood = normal blood sugar level
When there’s a lot of glucose (from sugary foods), insulin (a
hormone) comes and prompts glucose to move out of the blood into the
liver lowers glucose in blood until it reaches a normal level
(homeostasis)
When the glucose level becomes too low, glucagon (a hormone)
prompts the release of glucose (stored in the liver) into the blood
raises glucose in blood until it reaches a normal level (homeostasis)
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Negative Feedback
Mechanism
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Change happens
Example: blood sugar level rises
 A trigger reaction happens that brings back homeostasis
Example: insulin is produced
Original change (step #1) causes the reaction to stop
Example: blood sugar level becomes normal and this causes the insulin
to stop being produced
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK IS WHEN THE REACTION (Step
#2) TO THE ORIGINAL CHANGE (Step #1) STOPS.
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Example of Negative
Feedback Mechanism
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Very low blood sugar level (as a result of fasting/ being
a diabetic)
A hormone (Glucagon) prompts the release of glucose
into the blood
When blood sugar level becomes normal Glucagon
stops = Negative feedback

NOTE: MOST FEEDBACK MECHANISMS WORK WITH
HORMONES.
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Homeostasis and
Feedback Mechanism in
Plants
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Each leaf has GUARD CELLS which allow water to enter and leave.
 The illustrations below show the changes in guard cell shape and stomata opening and
closing.
When there’s a lot of
water, the guard cells
open their pores to let
water evaporate.
When there’s little water, the
guard cells close their pores in
the leaf that water shouldn’t
evaporate.
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Nervous System
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JOBS:
 Receives messages (impulses on neuron pathway)
 Sends impulses= tells the muscles what to do

There must be Cellular Communication for the nervous
system to work properly.
USES:
Chemical Messengers
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Chemical Messenger
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 Molecules deliver messages from cell to cell
 Fits receptor proteins
Synapse: where communication between cells take place.
 Note: only pertains to nerve cell
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Receptor Molecules
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 Molecules that accept chemical messengers that match it in shape and
deliver the message to the cell
Helps cells communicate
HINT: You want good reception when you communicate on
the phone.
 Purpose: Hormones travel in blood, so they will pass all the body
cells. However, only (a) specific cell(s) is supposed to receive the
hormone. Therefore, only that (those) cell(s) will have the correct
receptors, and it will only match that cell that will be able to decode
the message that the hormone is meant to convey
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Stimulus/ Response
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STIMULUS:
A factor that causes the organism to react
Example: You touch a hot pot
Hot pot= STIMULUS
RESPONSE:
How the organism reacts
Example: You pull you hand away= response
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Endocrine System
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 GLAND: organ that produces hormones



Example: Pituitary Gland= master gland: controls other hormones
Example: in menstrual cycle
Example: Thyroid stimulating (TSH)
 ENDOCRINE GLAND: produces hormones into the blood
 HORMONES:
 Secreted by glands
 Travels in the blood
 Essential in the coordination of the human body
 Often used to start a chemical reaction
 Example: insulin and glucagon
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Problems in the
Endocrine System
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PANCREAS is supposed to produce INSULIN which
lowers blood sugar level to make it a normal level.
 Diabetes: High blood sugar. If the a person’s pancreas
doesn’t produce insulin (or the body doesn’t respond to the
insulin) the person will have high blood sugar = diabetes
 This can be controlled by a diet or insulin injections
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Excretory System
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Waste is removed from body
HINT: Excretory - X: all the things that are X needed anymore.
Organ in Excretory
System
Kidney
Lung
Skin
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What it excretes
(Excretory
waste)
Urine
Carbon dioxide
+Water
Sweat
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Kidney
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Removes extra Nitrogen waste (like urea in the form
of urine)
 Regulates salt and water levels
 Chooses what’s waste and what’s needed
(Has similar function to the cell membrane which
filters what comes in and out of the cell)
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Bladder
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Urine is stored here until it leaves the body
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Nitrogenous Waste
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Occurs when amino acids are broken down

People who eat a lot of protein have high Nitrogen waste
Most dangerous type of waste
 Kidneys mainly filter the Nitrogen waste
Examples: uric acid, urea, urine
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Homeostasis of the
Excretory System
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Regulates the amount of each substance you have in your
body
Example: When you sweat, you lose water  The
Endocrine and nervous system send a hormone to the
kidney to return water from urine into blood, which
makes the urine more concentrated and darker.
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Homeostasis in the Skin
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Sweating
1- removes nitrogen waste
2- regulates body temperatures
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Problems in Excretory
System
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 Kidney Stones:
Too much calcium in the kidneys
Causes: eating too much protein, drinking too
little water
 Nephritis:
Inflammation in the kidney
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Antigen
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A protein marker on the outside of the cell to identify if the cell
belongs to the body, or doesn’t belong.
 If the antigen matches the body’s marker, the immune
system knows not to attack it
 If the antigen doesn’t match the body’s marker, the immune
system will view it as a pathogen and will try to attack it
HINT: Antigen. We are anti the chemicals that harm us.
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Antibody
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An ANTIBODY is created whenever a foreign body comes into the
body.
This is how the body fights any sickness. (like viruses common cold,
chicken pox, and mumps)
 Therefore, we must worry that the body will reject a transplant
because it is a foreign body.
The Antibody attaches itself to the antigen, swallows it up (engulfs
it), and destroys it!
HINT: Anti -body. These substances are anti the bad guys and try to
protect the body.
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Antibody Specificity
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The antibody can only destroy the antigen if the antibody
and antigen has the same shape (like a puzzle).
This is called SPECIFICITY.


NOTE: On the diagram on the front of this card, the
antibody will only respond to antigen 2, not antigen
1 since antigen 1 is not the correct shape.
Enzymes and Receptors also use specificity
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Vaccine
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 A dead or weak strain of a specific pathogen (or an antigen) is
injected into the body.
Example: chicken pox
 The body produces antibodies to fight these “bad guys”.
Example: antibodies against chicken pox
 If this specific type of infection will try to attack your body, you
already have the antibodies to fight them!
You will be immune to chicken pox, but not mumps from this vaccine.
 FYI: Each new time you get a cold, it’s a different strain or virus since your
body already created antibodies to fight the other cold you had.
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Problems in the Immune
System 1
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ALLERGIC REACTIONS:
The body thinks that “innocent guys” like mold, dust, and certain
foods are “bad guys”.
So, they make:
Antibodies against them and try to kill them &
Histamines which causes sneezing, difficulty breathing, and
rashes.
AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE:
The body rejects its own cells because it doesn’t recognize its own
antigens anymore. Then, the body attacks itself.
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Problems in the
Immune System 2
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AIDS/HIV:
ATTACKS WHITE BLOOD CELLS Immune system
stops working  body can’t fight sicknesses like
pneumonia and cancer.
Caused by a virus
Contagious through blood and body fluids
Prevention: When dealing with blood, wear gloves,
use new needles for each person, and don’t touch
other people’s blood
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Transplants
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PROBLEM:
When you transplant any organ (kidney, lung, liver…) the immune
system can reject the organ because of its unfamiliar antigens.
SOLUTION:
Take medicine (IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS) that weakens the immune
system so that it won’t reject this organ.
DANGER:
Immune system won’t be strong enough to fight other sicknesses.
Sometimes people on immunosuppressants die from pneumonia or even a
bad cold.
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Second Section Completed!
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