University of Thi Qar
College of Education for Humanities
RHETORICAL DEVICES IN ENGLISH AND ARABIC
JOURNALISM : A CONTRASTIVE STUDY
A Thesis
submitted to the Council of the College of Education for
Humanities-University of Thi Qar in Partial fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Applied
Linguistics
by
Dhurgham Mageed Abdzaid
Supervised by
Professor Raad Shakir Al-Nawas(Ph.D.)
2016 A.D
1437 A.H
‫جامعة ذي قار‬
‫كلية التربية للعلوم اإلنسانية‬
‫االدوات البالغية في الصحافة االنجليسية والعربية ‪ :‬دراسة مقارنة‬
‫رسالت هقدهت الى‬
‫هجلس كليت التربيت للعلىم االنسانيت ‪ /‬جاهعت ذي قار‬
‫وهً جزء هن هتطلباث نيل شهادة الواجستير‪ /‬اداب فً‬
‫علن اللغت‬
‫من قبل‬
‫ضرغام مجيد عبدزيد‬
‫بأشراف‬
‫األستاذ الدكتور‬
‫رعد شاكر النواش‬
‫‪ 1026‬م‬
‫‪2417‬هـ‬
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor Prof.
Raad Shakir Al-Nawas for his sincere help, invaluable comments, and
insightful remarks throughout the course of my research
Many thanks are due to my instructors at the MA program in the
Department of English / University of Thi-Qar namely
Prof.
Mohammed Jasim Betti (Ph.D.) , Prof. Zainab Kadhim Igaab and Dr.
Raheem Khalaf Al-Zubaidy.
Many thanks are also due to the library staff at the Department of
English/ College of Education for Humanities; University of Thi-Qar for
providing me with the required references.
Finally, my endless gratitude is to my family for their support,
help, and patience throughout the course of my research. I am really
grateful to my brothers and sisters for the help and support they offered
me during the whole MA study.
ABSTRACT
Rhetoric is a tool that helps to enhance composition : its aim is to
express , persuade , inform a personal thought or entertain the reader.
Some of these rhetorical devices are Metaphor , Repetition and Simile.
This study is concerned with reviewing and investigating three
rhetorical devices ( metaphor , repetition and simile ) within a suitable
theoritical background about these three rhetorical devices then applying
this theoretical background to English and Arabic journalism. This study is
also concerned with detecting , analyzing and discussing metaphor ,
repetition and simile in English and Arabic journalistic texts then it compares
the results of analysis and discussion . It tries to testify the hypotheses
postulated in the study to arrive at some similarities and differences
between English and Arabic Journalistic texts.
The study consists of six chapters and a bibliography. Chapter One
introduces the problem , aims , hypotheses , procedure,significance , limits
of the of the study. Chapter Two involves explanation of rhetoric in general
and types of metaphor , repetition and simile in English. Chapter Three
shows the types of Metaphor , Repetition and Simile in Arabic.Chapter Four
introduces a discussing and analyzing of English journalism in terms of types
of Metaphor , Repetition and Simile. Chapter Five introduces an analysis of
Arabic journalism in terms of types of metaphor , repetition and simile.
Chapter Six states the findings of the study together with the
recommendations and suggestions for further studies.
This study aims highlitghting the functions of these rhetroical devices
regarding journalism in English and Arabic , it also aims at finding out the
similarities and differences between English and Arabic regarding the data in
hand.
Through this research , it is hypothesized that rhetorical study is used
more in English journalistic texts compared to Arabic journalistic ones .
Another hypothesis of this study is that English journalists use Metaphor ,
Repetition and Simile more than Arab journalists.This study hypothesizes
that there are differences and similarities in terms of types of Metaphor ,
Repetition and Simile between the two languages.
This study concludes that rhetorical devices are phenomena which are
common in both English and Arabic , also it concludes that metaphor is used
more frequently by English journalists rather than by Arabic journalsits.
Another conclusion of this study is that metaphor , repetition and simile are
used by the journalsits, but they are different because of language relatively.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Subject
Page No.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT S
ABSTRACT
VI
VII
IX
XI
XII
1
1
1
1
2
2
3
4
4
8
10
12
17
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
CHAPTER ONE : INTRODUCTION
1.1 Problem of the study
1.2 Aims of the Study
1.3 Hypotheses
1.4 Procedures
1.5 Significance of the study
1.6 Limits of the study
CHAPTER TWO : RHETORICAL DEVICES IN ENGLISH
2.1 Introduction to Rhetoric
2.2 Metaphor
2.2.1 Defining Metaphor
2.2.2 Metaphor & Conception
2.2.3 Types of Metaphor
2.2.4 Functions of Metaphors
2.3 Repetition
2.3.1 Definitions Of Repetition
2.3.2 Types Of Repetitions
2.3.3 Functions of Repetition
2.4 Simile
2.4.1 Elements Of Simile , Markers and Structure
2.4.2 Types of Simile
2.4.3 Functions of Simile
CHAPTER THREE : RHETORICAL DEVICES IN ARABIC
AND MODEL OF THE STUDY
3.1 Metaphor
3.1.1 Types Of Metaphor
3.1.2 Functions of Metaphor
3.2 Repetition
3.2.1 Types of Repetition
3.2.2 Functions of Repetition
3.3 Simile
3.3.1 Definitions Of Simile
3.3.2 Parts or simile
3.3.3 Types of Simile
3.3.4 Functions of Simile
3.4 Model Of The Study
CHAPTER FOUR : ANALYSING METAPHOR,
REPETITION AND SIMILE IN ENGLISH JOURNALISM
4.1 Analysing Metaphor
4.2 Analyzing Repetition
4.3 Analyzing Simile
CHAPTER FIVE : ANALYSING METAPHOR,
REPETITION AND SIMILE IN ARABIC JOURNALISM
5.1 Analysing Metaphor
5.2 Analysing Repetition
5.3 Analysing Simile
CHAPTER SIX : COMPARISONS , CONCLUSIONS ,
21
23
24
25
28
33
34
36
37
39
39
40
42
44
45
49
52
53
53
55
56
59
63
63
72
79
83
83
92
101
104
RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
6.1 Comparisons
6.2 Conclusions
6.3 Recommendations
6.4 Suggestions for Further Research
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A : English Journalistic Texts
APPENDIX B : Arabic Journalistic Texts
ABSTRACT IN ARABIC
104
107
110
111
112
123
123
138
150
LIST OF TABLES
Table
Table 1 : Number of Metaphor in English Journalistic texts
Table 2 : Number of Repetition in English Journalistic texts
Table 3 : Number of Metaphor in Arabic Journalistic texts
Table 4 : Number Repetition in Arabic journalistic texts
Table 5 : A Comparison of rhetorical devices in English and
Arabic journalistic Discourse
Page No.
72
79
92
101
109
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
Diagrame 1 : RHETORICAL DEVICES IN ENGLISH
Diagrame 2 : RHETORICAL DEVICES IN ARABIC
Page No.
61
62