Researching journalists and vulnerable sources

University of Wollongong
Research Online
Faculty of Creative Arts - Papers (Archive)
Faculty of Law, Humanities and the Arts
2010
Researching journalists and vulnerable sources:
issues in the design and implementation of a
national study
Stephen J. Tanner
University of Wollongong, [email protected]
Mark Pearson
Bond University, [email protected]
Jolyon Sykes
Kerry Green
Publication Details
Pearson, M., Green, K., Tanner, S. J.. & Sykes, J. "Researching journalists and vulnerable sources: issues in the design and
implementation of a national study." Advances in Communication and Mass Media Research. Ed.Y. Pasadeos. Athens, Greece: Atiner,
2010, 87-96.
Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library:
[email protected]
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