G.C.S.E. PHYSICAL EDUCATION
Unit 3
Risk Assessment in Physical Education
INJURIES
Name: …………………………………
G.C.S.E. P.E. Teacher: …………………………………….
Winterhill Physical Education Department
POTENTIAL
HAZARDS
SAFE PRACTICE
The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 describes the responsibilities of employers to
people who work for them (employees). Within these responsibilities, there is a duty to
ensure that:
“persons …………………….. are not exposed to risks to their health or
safety”
Applied to schools, this means that SCHOOL has a RESPONSIBILITY towards pupils NOT
to expose them to UNACCEPTABLE risks. This includes safety in P.E.
SAFETY IN P.E.
Most safety codes are based on GOOD PRACTICE (What does this mean?)

Teachers have to be aware of dangers and risks and take action to avoid them. This is
the idea of part of the “parental” responsibility role teachers have, (in Loco
Parentis).
How can teachers
ensure that the P.E.
lessons are safe?
How can students ensure
that they remain safe in
P.E. lessons?
POTENTIAL HAZARDS
As a performer you have a responsibility to be aware of the potential hazards, both to
yourself and others, that maybe associated with the activities in which you participate. You
should also be aware that the environment in which you work might be a source of potential
danger.
Environment which you may participate in:
AREA
Court Areas
EXAMPLE OF ACTIVITIES
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.
.
Gymnasium
.
.
.
Outdoor Adventurous
Activities
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.
.
Playing Fields
.
.
.
Sportshall
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.
.
Swimming Pool
.
.
.
Choose 3 environments in which activities take place and list any potential hazards and
checks that may need to be carried out.
Area:
Potential Hazards
Checks
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Area:
Potential Hazards
Checks
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Area:
Potential Hazards
Checks
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PREVENTION OF INJURY
Using your text book “GCSE for PE”, pages 134/139, make bullet point notes on the following:
AGE
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.
.
SEX
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.
.
SIZE
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CORRECT CLOTHING/FOOTWEAR
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CORRECT TECHNIQUE
.
.
.
.
.
KNOWLEDGE OF APPROPRIATE SAFETY PROCEDURES
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LIFTING / CARRYING / PLACING EQUIPMENT
.
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.
.
.
INJURY
TREATMENT
Sport is a dynamic activity.
When we play we push our bodies to the limit and this can lead to injury. There are several
different types of sports injury.
SPORT
INJURIES
Prevention of Injury in Sport
Activity Card (
) Complete the table below:
Sport
Possible Injuries
1)
2)
3)
4)
Which sport is the most hazardous?
Why? Give your reasons:
Protective Equipment
MUSCLE INJURIES
These are common in all contact sports and those that involve fast,
sudden and vigorous movements
INJURY
STRAIN –
When muscle cannot
cope with stress or
strain
CAUSE
SYMPTOM
1) Lack of warm up
2) Poor training
TREATMENT
1) Stop exercise
PAIN
2) R.I.C.E.
3) Gradually increase
exercising again
3) Bad technique
4) Over training
PULL/TEAR –
This is when fibres in
the muscle tear and
bruising occurs,
indicating bleeding
CRAMPS –
A sudden contraction
of the muscle or
muscle group. Can
last for minutes or
hours
AS ABOVE
AS ABOVE
BRUISING
Stretch the muscle and
massage
1) Poor training
2) Lack of fitness
PAIN
3) Unbalanced diet
(lack of calcium)
1) Diaphragm
STITCH –
cramping
A sharp and sudden
2) Eating before
pain across the top of
exercise
the abdomen and to
3) Lack of fitness
the side of the body
TENDONITIS -
PAIN AND
1) Long periods of
stress on the
muscles
2) Tight muscles pull
on tendons
PAIN
1) Don’t eat doing
exercise
2) Aim for high level
of fitness
1) Pain in the morning
1) Stop exercise
2) Pain goes after
warm up but the
injury is still
there
2) R.I.C.E.
3) Get medical advice
4) Gradually increase
exercising again
TENOSYNOVITIS -
1) Repetitive use of
joint muscles and
tendons
AS ABOVE
BONE / JOINT INJURIES
INJURY
SPRAINS (Often to
ligaments) – Ligament
fibres around the
joint are overstretched beyond its
normal range.
TORN/RUPTURED
LIGAMENTS Ligaments are
completely torn from
the bone
CARTILAGE –
Complaint is common
in the knee joint
CAUSE
1) Fast and vigorous
Sports
2) May land awkwardly
SYMPTOM
PAIN
SWELLING
3) Wrench part of body
DISLOCATION
4) May suffer external
Violence
DIFFICULTY IN
MOVING BODY PART
TREATMENT
1) R.I.C.E.
2) Get further help
1) R.I.C.E.
EXTERNAL FORCES
AS ABOVE
2) Seek medical advice
immediately
1) Rotational injury
1) Knee locks in a bent
position
1) Support leg in a comfy
position
2) An athlete turning
quickly
2) Swelling around the
joint
2) Do not straighten the
leg
3) Direct blow on the side
of the knee
3) Pain on inner side of
the knee
3) Pad knee joint and
bandage/splint
4) Hospital
DISLOCATION –
When a bone at a
joint is forced out of
its normal range
1) Body contact eg. Judo
1) Pain in joint
1) Support and make
injured part
comfortable
2) External force
e.g. b/ball player
injures finger
2) Joint deformed and
swollen
2) Do not move the bone
back
3) Sudden muscular
contraction
3) No movement, is
swollen
3) Can re-occur/build up
muscle
DIAGRAMS
Draw and label the following: (Sports examined)
1.
3.
An immobilised limb
A cartilage liable to injury
2.
4.
A dislocated joint
A ruptured Achilles’ tendon
PREVENTION OF INJURY
GENERAL INJURIES
WORK THROUGH THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
1)
Why are athletes so careful about preventing injury?
2)
Look at the photographs on your card. Why is it important for these “athletes” to do
warm up exercises before they train or compete?
3)
Competitors must be careful not to injure themselves from external causes.
Name 3 possible activities from a photograph in which body contact injuries are
possible.
4)
Choose an activity on your card in which the competitor is in direct contact with the
floor.
a) Why would the competitors knees be a possible site of internal stress?
b) What precautions could the “athlete” take to reduce the risk of injury.
5)
Below are 3 common sense factors to reduce injury. Summarise:
a) Player suitability:
b) Training methods:
c) Training methods:
GENERAL INJURIES (continued)
WORK THROUGH THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
6)
How can a player help prevent injury to the types of cartilage found in joints such as
the knee?
7)
Why is the knee joint a site of common injury in fast, vigorous sport?
8)
Why would a high level of skill in sport help reduce the possible injury to the knee?
9)
List the soft tissue in the knee joint that could suffer if the knee were badly wrenched:
a)
b)
c)
10) Explain the difference between:
a) COMPLETE FRACTURE
b) STRESS FRACTURE -
P.E. ESSENTIALS
Most injuries are relatively minor and, if treated, properly, get better quickly, and do not
occur again. The risk of injury will be reduced if the commonest causes of accidents are
understood, and all precautions taken.
1)
a.
b.
Listed below are four causes of injury, describe one example of an injury caused
by each of these:
Sudden impact
Friction with surfaces
Overuse
Explosive effort
Explain how each of the following could help to prevent the injuries which you
have described:
Warm up
Safety equipment
Rest and recovery
2)
Study the bar chart which shows the percentages of sports injuries suffered by different
parts of the body and respond to the following.
Give one example of an injury to each of the named parts of the body, and in each case a
sport in which it would be most likely to happen
3)
The total percentage of injuries shown in the bar chart adds up to 75%.
a. Name another part of the body not shown in the chart, and describe a typical
injury which could affect it.
b. Name a sport in which this injury would be most likely to occur.
c. How could this injury be prevented?
4)
a. Describe a sporting jury you have suffered.
b. Describe how this injury was treated.
c. Explain if anything could have been done to prevent the injury.
5)
List the contents of a typical first aid box found in a P.E. Department.
6)
What do the initials R.I.C.E. refer to in relation to the treatment of injuries?
7)
When first looking at a casualty to assess their condition, five factors need to be
considered. These have the initials D.R.A.B.C.
Give the correct word which starts with each letter, and briefly explain what
each word means.
Have you been trained as a First Aider?
WHY NOT ENROLL ON A FIRST AID COURSE
(see the St John Ambulance sheet).
UNCONSCIOUSNESS
A PERSON CAN BE EITHER
BREATHING
NOT BREATHING
1.
GET SOMEONE TO PHONE AN AMBULANCE
1. NEED TO RESUSCITATE
2.
CLEAR MOUTH (TURN HEAD AWAY)
2. GET SOME ONE TO PHONE AN AMBULANCE
3.
OPEN AIRWAYS (HEAD BACK)
3. CLEAR MOUTH
4.
PLACE INTO THE RECOVERY POSITION
4. CHECK AIRWAYS
5.
REASSURE THROUGHOUT
5. CHECK FOR BREATHING
6. CLEAR MOUTH (SECOND TIME)
7. NIP NOSE
8. 2 INFLATIONS
9. CHECK PULSE (NECK/CARTOID ARTERY)
10. IF NO PULSE COMPRESS HEART (CARDIAC MASSAGE)
1.
IF PULSE
11. 5 COMPRESSIONS – 1 VENTILATION
2.
REPEAT 1 VENTILATION EVERY 5 SECONDS
12. CHECK BREATHING – PULSE
3.
NORMAL BREATHING – RECOVERY POSITION
13. REPEAT (11) IF NO POSITIVE SIGNS
14. BREATHING – PULSE RETURN – RECOVERY POSITION
REMEMBER: A) AIRWAYS
-
B) BREATHING
-
C) CIRCULATION
MOUTH TO MOUTH RESUSCITATION
1)
a) Having completed the ABC procedure, under what circumstances might MOUTH TO MOUTH
RESUSCITATION be required?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) What is the objective of MOUTH TO MOUTH RESUSCITATION?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2)
Describe the THREE stages of MOUTH TO MOUTH RESUSCITATION illustrated below:
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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3)
How many breaths would you give in one minute to:
i) an adult: ……………………………………………………………. ii) a child: ……………………………………………………………………….
4)
a) If the casualty STARTS TO BREATHE ON THEIR OWN and STILL HAS A PULSE what
should you do?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) If the casualty DOES NOT START TO BREATHE ON THEIR OWN and STILL HAS A
PULSE what should you do?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
c) If the casualty DOES NOT START TO BREATHE ON THEIR OWN and NOW HAS NO
PULSE what should you do?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
CARDIAC MASSAGE
1)
How would you recognise that CARDIAC MASSAGE should be carried out on a casualty?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2)
What is the objective of CARDIAC MASSAGE?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3)
When carrying out CARDIAC MASSAGE ….
a) how do you locate the massage point?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) which part of the hand should be applied?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
c) How deep should the compression be for ….
i) an adult: ……………………………………………………. cm
ii) a child ………………………………………………………… cm
d) What is the rate at which compressions should be made for ….
i) an adult: ……………………../………………………….secs
4)
ii) a child …………………………../………………………..secs
CARDIAC MASSAGE must be alternated with MOUTH TO MOUTH RESUSCITATION
a) Explain why:
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) What is the ratio of breaths to compressions for ….
i) an adult ……… Breaths/………Compressions.
5)
ii) an child ……… Breaths/……… Compressions.
Complete the following statements:
a) If the casualty STARTS TO BREATHE and HAS A PULSE, you should …..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) If the casualty DOES NOT START TO BREATHE and HAS A PULSE, you should …..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
c) If the casualty DOES NOT START TO BREATHE and HAS NO PULSE, you should …..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
The D.R.A.B.C. Routine
This is what to do when a person has collapsed, and may be unconscious.
The aim is to keep the casualty (injured person) breathing until an ambulance arrives.
Lack of oxygen very quickly leads to brain damage.
D for Danger
No
Yes
No
R for Response
Yes
A for Airways
B for Breathing
No
C for Circulation
No
THE RECOVERY POSITION
Working with a partner you play either a FIRST AIDER or a CASUALTY. First you must
complete the procedure in the boxes below.
Choose the role you want to play. Then work through the instructions below to put them
safely in the recovery position. The casualty then lies on their back on the floor, while the
first aider works through the instructions below to put them safely in the recovery position.
Take turns to complete the routine.
OTHER INJURIES AND AILMENTS
a)
Unscramble the following words. They are all injuries or ailments.
i)
ATHEDDYNIOR
v)
CHOKS
ii)
GRASSACUDENZT
vi) PARCM
iii) HEPOMYATHRI
vii) ATTREESHOK
iv) THENAXATHESIUO
viii) THICTS
b)
Use the words from part a) and describe the main characteristics associated with
them.
i) …………………………………………………... : …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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ii) ………………………………………………….. : …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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iii) …………………………………………………. : …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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iv) ………………………………………………….. : …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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v) …………………………………………………… : …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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vi) ………………………………………………….. : …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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vii) …………………………………………………. : ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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viii) …………………………………………………. : ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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INJURIES REQUIRING HOSPITAL TREATMENT
1.
a) What symptoms would make you suspect someone had CONCUSSION?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) Describe a situation, in a sporting activity, when concussion might occur.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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c) What measures would you take if the casualty became unconscious?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
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2.
a) What is a FRACTURE and how might it occur in a sporting activity?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) Describe the symptoms and the measures you would take.
3.
Symptoms: ……………………………………………………..
Measures: ……………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………
DISLOCATION is the dislodging of a bone or bones at a joint.
a) In what type of sporting circumstances might this occur? …………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) How would you identify it? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
c) What should you do? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
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4.
a) How might a knee cartilage be injured?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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b) What signs would you look for?
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PREVENTION OF INJURY
SPORTS INJURIES
WORK THROUGH THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
1.
In the following sports injury situations, what immediate action would you take?
a) A player is badly winded -
b) A player has received a sharp blow to the head and is unconscious -
c) A player has fallen awkwardly on her arm. After getting up, her arm has a lump on it
and she is in obvious pain -
d) A hurdler has caught a leg in a hurdle and crashed heavily to the ground, badly
twisting an ankle -
2.
a) What precautions could you take to avoid tendonitis of the elbow?
b) What is it commonly know as?
3.
What would happen if a player were to return to competition or vigorous training before
they have recovered fully from their injury?
a)
b)
c)
SPORTS INJURIES (continued)
WORK THROUGH THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
4.
What does the word REHABILITATION mean?
HOMEWORK/EXTENSION TASKS (Sports Examined)
Below are a number of homework tasks. All works should be handed in on time and fully
completed. (You may be asked to complete this work on separate sheets of paper in this
booklet)
Use this booklet, your text book, the Internet and any other resources to help you research
and answer the question.
Safety in P.E.
1)
Create your own list of items to check before the start of a lesson on an
outdoor court area.
(5 marks)
2)
Give your view on the extent to which you think it is appropriate that
students take some responsibility for monitoring the environment in
which they work.
(8 marks)
3)
Design a notice to be displayed on the entrance to a sports hall that is
most used by students. Include in it a list of six important safety issues.
(8 marks)
4)
Discuss in your group the advantages and disadvantages that might result
if rugby and other contact sports were played in weight/size categories
instead of in age groups.
(8 marks)
Injury Treatment
1)
For each of the following injuries, describe the signs, symptoms and treatment, and
give TWO examples of activities in which these injuries are likely to occur:
a)
b)
c)
2)
blisters
muscle, tendon and ligament injuries
dehydration
Any worksheets in the pack may be used.
I C T TASKS
1)
www.gcse.p.e.revision
Go to revision bite sportsinjuries and complete test.
KEY WORDS SECTION
WORD
1) Good Practice
2) Potential Hazard
3) Dynamic Activity
4) Acute Injury
5) Chronic/overuse injury
6) Strain
7) Pull/Tear
8) Cramps
9) Stitch
10) Tendonitis
11) Tenosynovitis
12) Soft tissue
13) Abrasion/graze
DESCRIPTION
14) Cuts
15) Bruises
16) Sprain
17) Rupture
18) Cartilage
19) Dislocation
20) R.I.C.E.
21) Fracture
22) Resuscitation
23)
24)
25)
26)
ADDITIONAL NOTES
EXTENSION TASKS
INJURIES
TASK 1
Complete Section A
TASK 2
Complete Section B
TASK 3
Complete Section C
TASK 4
Complete Section D
EXTENSION TASKS - INJURIES
Below are a number of homework tasks. All works should be handed in on time and fully
completed.
Use this booklet, your text book, the Internet and any other resources to help you research
and answer the question.
SECTION A
Safety in P.E.
1)
Create your own list of items to check before the start of a lesson on an
outdoor court area.
2)
Design a notice/poster to be displayed on the entrance to a sports hall that is
most used by students. Include in it a list of six important safety issues.
(8 marks)
3)
Discuss in your group the advantages and disadvantages that might result
if rugby and other contact sports were played in weight/size categories
instead of in age groups.
(5 marks)
(8 marks)
Injury Treatment
For each of the following injuries, describe the signs, symptoms and treatment, and give
TWO examples of activities in which these injuries are likely to occur:
a)
b)
c)
blisters
muscle, tendon and ligament injuries
dehydration
I C T TASKS
www.gcse.p.e.revision
Go to revision bite sportsinjuries and complete test.
Print off your results and hand into your teacher.
SECTION B - KEY WORDS
WORD
1) Good Practice
2) Potential Hazard
3) Dynamic Activity
4) Acute Injury
5) Chronic/overuse injury
6) Strain
7) Pull/Tear
8) Cramps
9) Stitch
10) Tendonitis
11) Tenosynovitis
12) Soft tissue
DESCRIPTION
KEY WORDS (continued)
13) Abrasion/graze
14) Cuts
15) Bruises
16) Sprain
17) Rupture
18) Cartilage
19) Dislocation
20) R.I.C.E.
21) Fracture
22) Resuscitation
SECTION C – QUESTIONS
1.
What type of footwear should not be worn when taking part in an outdoor team game
on grass? Explain why.
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2.
Why should flippers or snorkels not be used by inexperienced swimmers?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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3.
Why is it important that students co-operate in identifying potential hazards before
an activity?
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4.
Why are outdoor adventurous activities potentially more hazardous than normal PE
lessons?
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5.
Why is communication important in physical activities?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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6.
Give a reason why gymnasium equipment should be stored away when not in use.
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7.
What personal information should you provide before spending a week at an adventure
centre?
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8.
Give an example of a poorly executed sporting skill that might cause injury to
someone?
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9.
What form of rugby is recommended for mixed participation?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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10.
Why is it unsafe to play team games in footwear that is not properly lacked up?
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11.
Name two items of personal adornment that should not be worn during physical
activity? Explain why.
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12.
Why are ordinary training shoes considered to be unsuitable for a day’s walking
expedition over rough, mountainous terrain?
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13.
What is the difference between the signs and symptoms presented by an injured
person?
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14.
A deep cut with considerable bleeding should be treated in which manner?
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15.
What is meant by the term ‘rehydration’?
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16.
Explain what is meant by:
a)
a sprain
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b) a strain
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………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
c)
a tear
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in muscle or joint injuries.
17.
Explain the principles behind the four elements of RICE treatment.
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SECTION D
1.
Describe one type of knee injury and explain how it may affect performance in
physical activity.
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2.
Give three reasons why a performer would cool down (sometimes-called warm down)
after finishing hard exercise.
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3.
Give three possible signs of dehydration and one way that it could be treated.
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4.
Risk Assessment in physical activity.
David’s GCSE PE group carried out an injury survey of all the athletics meetings that
took place in their area during one year. They recorded their findings in the table
below:
NO. OF
CASES
ATHLETICS INJURIES
120
100
80
60
40
20
RS
BL
IS
TE
ES
BR
UI
S
RE
S
FR
AC
TU
TS
CU
ST
RA
IN
/S
P
RA
IN
0
TYPE OF INJURY
a)
Which type of injury occurred the most times during the year?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b)
Explain why athletes might get blisters and the precautions they can take to prevent
them.
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c)
Explain the importance of a good warm up before taking part in a physical activity.
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d)
Identify four potential hazards that athletes need to be aware of when performing or
training outdoors during the winter.
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e)
Explain the treatment procedure you would carry out on an athlete suffering from a
strain or a sprain.
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5.
Look at the picture of a PE lesson (back page)
a)
Identify four different hazards shown in the picture and explain one risk that could
result from each of these hazards:
Hazard 1: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. (1)
Risk: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....... (1)
Hazard 2: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. (1)
Risk: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....... (1)
Hazard 3: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. (1)
Risk: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....... (1)
Hazard 4: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. (1)
Risk: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....... (1)
(Total: 8)