30/05/2012
Wind engineering for
tomorrow buildings
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ir. Benoit PARMENTIER
www.project‐simba.eu
Head Division Structures
(www.bbri.be)
BBRI
The Learning Curve
The wind loading chain
Beyond structural design : A) Comfort
Beyond structural design : B) Energy production
Into the 21th century
BBRI
1
30/05/2012
The Learning Curve
The wind loading chain
Beyond structural design : A) Comfort
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Beyond structural design : B) Energy production
Into the 21th century
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BBRI
1964
Wind tunnel tests of the WTC towers
BBRI
2
30/05/2012
““
Wind engineering is best defined as
the rational treatment of interactions
between wind in the atmospheric
boundary layer and man and his
works on the surface of Earth.
s
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- Jack Cermak,
Cermak, 1975
BBRI
Interactions : the issues
Structural Design
Comfort
Energy Production
BBRI
3
30/05/2012
Towards contemporary Wind Engineering
Year Researcher
Event
1643
Torricelli
Barometer
1687
Newton
Movement laws,…
…
1940
1954
Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapse
Cermak
1st ABL wind-tunnel
1954
Jensen
Laws of scaling
1961
Davenport
Statistical concepts related to the wind action
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1st International Conference on Wind action on buildings
1963
« Wind Engineering » terminology
1970
1974
Eaton & Mayne
Aylesbury House study
d
1984
Holmes
Wind tunnel pressure tubing response characteristics
1987
Mehta
Texas Tech Exp. Building
1988
Robertson &
Glass
Silsoe Structures Building
1992
Murakami
1st symposium on Computational Wind Engineering
(1999)
(BBRI)
(Windhouse Exp. Building)*
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(*) humbly
BBRI
Burj Khalifa
163 floors
26000 glass panels
A Belgian contractor was
responsible for execution
[ pr ou d mode ]
830m BBRI
4
30/05/2012
Comfort @154th floor ?
Glass panels resistance against
localized pressures ?
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Stability ?
BBRI
The reference tool : the wind-tunnel
Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL)
Scaled models (1:1 > 1:500)
Rotating table
Internal efforts measurements (balance,…)
Pressure coefficients
BBRI
5
30/05/2012
Pressures integration
for horiz. displacement calculations
Location
Elev. (m) Drift (cm)
Top Offices
+570
125
Top Residential
+375
54
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BBRI
The Learning Curve
wind loading
chain
The wind
loading chain
The
Beyond structural design : A) Comfort
Beyond structural design : B) Energy production
Into the 21th century
BBRI
6
30/05/2012
Wind pressures
Turbulence effects
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BBRI
Alan G. Davenport The Wind Loading Chain
Dynamic Effects
Uncertainty
Reference Dynamic
Pressure
qb
Ce
CsCd
Exposure Coefficient
(roughness effects)
Cp
µ
Pressure
Coefficient
BBRI
7
30/05/2012
We do not design for all situations
Whirlwinds are classified as accidental actions in Belgium
As high as 6000 Pa
# Whirlwinds en Belgique
12
10
8
6
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2
0
2010
1982
Waregem (2005)
BBRI
Belgian meteorological data
Spatial distribution of the reference wind speed
qqbb 0,5...vvb2b2
1
2
qb  . .v b2
1
2
10m height
Roughness cat. II
BBRI
8
30/05/2012
Belgian meteorological data
Elevation & roughness effects
0
I
II
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III
IV
q b. C e
BBRI
The pressure coefficient Cp
The Grail Quest…
Cp 
P  Pref
1
. .v 2
2
BBRI
9
30/05/2012
The pressure coefficient Cp
The Grail Quest…
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BBRI
The pressure coefficient Cp
Simple solutions for simple buildings…
WInt© http://www.bbri.be/antenne_norm/eurocodes TNO Cp‐generator
BBRI
10
30/05/2012
Slender
Lighter
Complex
Multi-functional
(Outsized)
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BBRI
Research tools
Toolboxes
VKI©
Full-scale
Wind-tunnel
Numerical simulation
BBRI
11
30/05/2012
Toolbox 1 – Full-scale measurements
Problem identified for semi-permeable envelopes
The Eurocode 1
assumes less
difference
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BBRI
Toolbox 2 – Wind-tunnel
From large scale structures to low-rise buildings…
Greisch©
Greisch©
VKI©
BBRI
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30/05/2012
Toolbox 2a – Wind-tunnel
Wind vortexes observed on roof…
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BBRI
Toolbox 2b – 1:1 Wind tunnel
+ Rain/Snow…
CSTB, Nantes ©
BBRI
13
30/05/2012
The Learning Curve
The wind loading chain
Beyond structural design : A) Comfort
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Beyond structural design : B) Energy production
Into the 21th century
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BBRI
Comfort : the ventilation strategy
is based on the external pressures knowledge
BBRI
14
30/05/2012
The ventilation strategy
IAQ & Summer comfort simulations
integrate a sum of uncertainties
(local wind, local pressure coefficients, models)
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N. Heijmans & P. Wouters (2002)
BBRI
Ventilation
Uncertainties from reference wind to local wind
Altitude [m]
??
qp [Pa]
BBRI
15
30/05/2012
Ventilation strategy
Discomfort simulations…
DH25 is the number of hourly mean temperature above 25°C weighted by the temperature difference (T‐25)
DH25
198
173
178
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CPe
WIND
N. Heijmans & P. Wouters (2002) – The PROBE building
Simulations with CAPSOL©
BBRI
The Learning Curve
The wind loading chain
Beyond structural design : A) Comfort
Beyond structural design : B)
A) Energy
Energy production
production
Into the 21th century
BBRI
16
30/05/2012
Energy production – Urban wind turbines
Innovations needed to improve efficiency
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Design the building to be a
“Particles accelerator” ?
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BBRI
Energy production – Urban wind turbines
•Architectural integration ?
•Stability ‐ Vibrations
•Production efficiency ?
•Noise ?
Les compagnons d’Eole©
BBRI
17
30/05/2012
Energy production – Photovoltaic panels
In some cases, the wind action is underestimated
65
Collapses known in Belgium
from 01/2012
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BBRI
The Learning Curve
The wind loading chain
Beyond structural design : A) Comfort
Beyond structural design : B) Energy production
Into the 21th century
BBRI
18
30/05/2012
CFD tools
Tomorrow tools to determine pressure coefficients
on complex building shapes
Verrière Fondation Louis Vuitton (jjardin d’acclimation Paris)
Frank Gehry©
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BBRI
CFD tools
They need (more) validation
• Validation Full(Model)‐scale‐CFD
The future for Wind Engineering is also :
• Special shape  generic approach
• Automatic calculation of roughness (GIS approach)
• More Monitoring after construction (pressures)
Köse et al (2011)
BBRI
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30/05/2012
A (french) discussion forum
http://aiv.asso.fr/
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BBRI
[Credits]
#1
#10
#16
#19‐20
#22
#25
#29
#30‐32
#35
#36
#39
VKI
www.skyscraper.com
RMI http://www.meteo.be
Arthur Hugues
Herzog & DeMeuron ‐ http://tinyurl.com/3ww4cbw
Ghery & Milunic
Unfcccecosingapore ‐ http://tinyurl.com/3maywn3
Contemporist.com ‐ http://tinyurl.com/6beqdt
Ney & Partners – Knokke footbridge
Greisch
www.aucoeurdumonde.ca
Heijmans N. & Wouters P., ”Impact of the uncertainties on wind pressures on the prediction of thermal comfort performances”, Technical report for IEA, Annex 35 Hybvent, BBRI, 2002
www.compagnons‐eole.be
www.lejdd.fr
Kose D.A., Fauconnier D. & Dick E. « ILES of flow over low‐rise buildings:Influence of inflow conditions on the quality of the mean pressure distribution prediction », J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. Vol 99 (2011) doi:10.1016/j.jweia.2011.07.008
BBRI
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