ERD WORKING PAPER SERIES NO. 18
ECONOMICS AND RESEARCH DEPARTMENT
Poverty
and Patterns of Growth
Rana Hasan and M. G. Quibria
August 2002
Asian Development Bank
ERD Working Paper No. 18
POVERTY AND PATTERNS OF GROWTH
Rana Hasan and M.G. Quibria
August 2002
Rana Hasan is a Fellow (Research Program) at the East West Center. M. G. Quibria is Advisor with the
Operations Evaluation Department, Asian Development Bank. This paper draws on research carried out
for the Asian Development Bank Institute project, Poverty and Policy: What Do Data Tell Us?.
Asian Development Bank
P.O. Box 789
0980 Manila
Philippines
2002 by Asian Development Bank
August 2002
ISSN 1655-5252
The views expressed in this paper
are those of the author(s) and do not
necessarily reflect the views or policies
of the Asian Development Bank.
Foreword
The ERD Working Paper Series is a forum for ongoing and recently completed
research and policy studies undertaken in the Asian Development Bank or on its
behalf. The Series is a quick-disseminating, informal publication meant to stimulate
discussion and elicit feedback. Papers published under this Series could subsequently
be revised for publication as articles in professional journals or chapters in books.
Contents
Abstract
vii
I.
Introduction
1
II.
Empirical Framework and Data
2
III.
Results
A.
How Does Aggregate Growth Correlate
With Poverty Reduction?
B.
Does the Sectoral Composition of Growth Matter?
4
4
5
Conclusion
7
References
8
IV.
Abstract
We use a recently constructed cross-country data set on absolute
poverty to examine whether there is regional and sectoral variation in the
relationship between poverty and economic growth. We find that the povertygrowth linkage is strongest in East Asia and that this linkage is essentially
driven by growth in the industrial sector. By contrast, in Latin America, South
Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa, agriculture has had a greater impact on poverty
reduction. We argue that these results should not be interpreted to mean that
all regions other than East Asia need to emphasize agriculture to reduce
poverty. Rather, these countries—especially labor-abundant ones such as
those of South Asia—should attempt to improve their policy and institutional
environments that stand in the way of their exploiting their comparative
advantage in labor-intensive industries and bringing about a rapid reduction
in poverty.
I.
INTRODUCTION
C
ross-country studies of poverty show a close link between aggregate economic growth
and poverty reduction (see Quibria 2002 for a review of this literature). A set of recent
studies attempts to further extend the growth-poverty relationship to include the
impact of sectoral growth on the incidence of poverty. These studies argue that while aggregate
growth matters, some patterns of growth—particularly agricultural growth—are more effective
in reducing poverty. Using data from India, Ravallion and Datt (1996) examine the impact of
sectoral growth on poverty reduction. They find that growth in the primary sector is more
effective in reducing poverty than growth in the secondary sector, which has no impact on
poverty either for the rural or the urban sector. Kakwani (2001) reports similar findings for the
Philippines. He notes that while a one percent increase in growth in agriculture reduces the
incidence of poverty by a little more than one percent, the corresponding figures for industry
and services are substantially lower at around a quarter to a third of one percent.
These writings have spawned a kind of “agricultural fundamentalism”, which advocates
that agriculture should be accorded the highest priority for reducing poverty. Indeed, such
fundamentalism was most ardently stated by Mellor (2000, 3), who argued: “There has been a
tendency to generalize that economic growth reduces poverty when in fact it is the direct and
indirect effect of agricultural growth that accounts for virtually all the poverty decline.”
In this note, we shall argue that the above “elasticity” results—which provide a
quantitative codification of the growth-poverty linkage—are, indeed, very context-specific. The
experience of India cited above, for example, is in contrast with the experiences of the East
Asian miracle economies. During the period from the 1960s through the mid-1990s, when the
East Asian economies achieved their spectacular success in growth and poverty reduction, the
process was essentially propelled by a rapid increase in the production and export of laborintensive manufacturing (ADB, 1997). Policy differences between India and the miracle
economies of East Asia may explain the differential impact of industrial growth on poverty
reduction. The latter were not only far more open to trade, they also had fairly flexible labor
markets. Industrial development in India, on the other hand, has taken place in the context of
restrictive trade and industrial policies that not only inhibited the growth of labor-intensive
manufacturing but also encouraged inefficient import-substituting, capital-intensive industries.
Furthermore, formal labor markets in India have been encumbered by many rules and
regulations that were originally intended to protect the well being of the workers but appear to
have ended up in limiting employment growth (see, for example, Fallon and Lucas 1993).
Thus, the lackluster growth of the industrial sector and its ability to influence poverty
significantly in India may well be an artifact of its policy and institutional environments. More
1
ERD Working Paper No. 18
POVERTY AND PATTERNS OF GROWTH
generally, a “low” elasticity between growth and poverty reduction may well be a reflection of
the constraining effects of trade, industrial and labor market policies in particular countries
than the inherent limitation of the industrial sector to contribute to poverty reduction.
In this note, we use a recently constructed panel data on absolute poverty (Hasan,
Quibria, and Kim—henceforth HQK—2002) to examine whether the relationship between
poverty and growth—aggregate as well as sectoral—varies across the regions of the developing
world. Our empirical results suggest considerable regional variations. While we do not examine
the reasons behind these regional differences in a detailed manner here, we argue that there is
evidence to suggest that part of the variation may be due to differences in the policy
environments in which economic activity takes place in these economies.
II.
EMPIRICAL FRAMEWORK AND DATA
We examine the relationship between growth and poverty in terms of the simple
estimating equation:
lnPit = α + β·ln Yit + ui + εit,
(1)
were Pit denotes poverty and is defined as the fraction of the population having consumption
below a predefined level of expenditure, or poverty line, in country i and at date t, Yit denotes
per capita income, and ui and εit denote error terms. The first error term, ui, captures countryspecific but time-invariant errors in measuring poverty—perhaps due to different methodologies
and practices in the surveys used to measure poverty across countries, for example—while the
second term, εit, captures the residual errors in measuring poverty. Because we are also
interested in examining the relationship between poverty and sectoral growth, we also estimate
the following equation:
lnPit = α’ + β A·ln Yit + β I·ln Yit + β S·ln Yit + ui + εit,
A
A
I
I
S
(2)
S
where Yit , Yit , and Yit denote output per capita in the agricultural, manufacturing, and services
1
sectors, respectively, and all other variables are defined as in equation 1. We estimate both
equations using country fixed effects.
Our data requirements are relatively simple. We obtain data on per capita incomes (real
GDP per capita in 1996 PPP dollars) from the Penn World Tables (PWT), Version 6 (Heston et
al. 2001). Output in each of the three sectors is in turn derived by multiplying real GDP by the
2
share of sector value added reported in the World Development Indicators (World Bank 2001).
1
2
A
I
S
Note that Yit = Yit + Yit + Yit .
The World Development Indicators does not contain data for Taipei,China. We use country sources for
Taipei,China data.
2
Section II
Empirical Framework and Data
Our data on poverty are obtained from HQK. HQK use recent compilations of income and
expenditure distribution data (Dollar and Kraay 2001, Chen and Ravillon 2001, Deininger and
Squire 1996) and National Accounts-based information on per capita private consumption
expenditures (PWT) to derive estimates of absolute poverty in 1996 PPP dollars. The estimating
process, which uses the computer algorithm devised by Chen, Datt, and Ravallion (2001),
entails two major steps. First, a Lorenz curve is estimated using information on the distribution
of income/expenditures and mean per capita private consumption. Second, the estimated Lorenz
curve is used in conjunction with a poverty line to infer the incidence of poverty. Since estimates
of poverty based on income distributions are likely to be higher than those based on expenditure
distributions all else being the same, we always include a dummy for poverty estimates derived
from income surveys in our regressions.
For our analysis we define poverty in terms of the two-dollars-a-day poverty line. This
choice was guided by two considerations: First, as HQK point out, two-dollars-a-day poverty
estimates are more reliable than one-dollar-a-day poverty estimates on account of
computational factors. Second, increasingly, international policy discussions are being framed in
terms of the two-dollars-a-day poverty yardstick. For example, recently negotiated World Bank
IDA replenishments define poverty in terms of the two-dollars-a-day yardstick. It may be noted
in passing that as is the case with the recent estimates of Bhalla (2002) and Sala-i-Martin
(2002), the HQK poverty estimates are often lower than those of the World Bank for comparable
poverty yardsticks (although not as low as the estimates of Bhalla and Sala-i-Martin seem to
be). On average HQK’s two-dollars-a-day poverty estimates tend to lie halfway between the
World Bank’s one- and two-dollars-a-day poverty estimates for overlapping country and year
3
observations.
Our poverty data consists of 292 observations from 45 countries belonging to four
developing regions: East Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, South Asia, and Sub-Saharan
Africa. There are at least two observations per country. The observations span 10 years or more
for the large majority of countries (33 out of 45) and the overall time period covered by the data
extends from 1960 to 1998. More details on the poverty data—such as the number of
observations on poverty per country and poverty incidence in the first and last available year—
4
can be found in the appendix table.
3
4
The key difference between the poverty estimates of HQK and those of the World Bank (or Chen and
Ravallion 2001 on which the World Bank numbers are based), lies in the measure of mean per capita private
consumption expenditures used in computing poverty estimates. As mentioned above, HQK use per capita
private consumption expenditures based on National Accounts data (as does Bhalla 2002). In contrast, the
World Bank relies on household survey data for its measure of mean per capita consumption expenditures.
Since the National Accounts numbers tend to be higher than the survey based numbers, the former (latter)
will yield lower (higher) poverty estimates for any given poverty line.
It may be noted that a distinctive feature of the HQK poverty data is the relatively large coverage in terms of
developing countries included and time-period spanned (see, for example, the datasets of Timmer 1997 on
country coverage and Chen and Ravallion 2001 on time period spanned).
3
ERD Working Paper No. 18
POVERTY AND PATTERNS OF GROWTH
III. RESULTS
A.
How Does Aggregate Growth Correlate with Poverty Reduction?
The scatter plot of poverty versus per capita income in Figure 1 shows that richer
developing countries tend to have lower levels of poverty. This is, of course, a somewhat trivial
finding but it confirms that our data shows patterns exhibited by other datasets on poverty.
The regional dimension of the poverty and aggregate growth relationship can be found in
Table 1. This table presents the relevant results for the four major regions of the world for
which we have relatively large numbers of countries and observations. As can be seen, the
growth elasticity for East Asia is the highest, followed by Latin America, South Asia, and finally
Sub-Saharan Africa. Thus according to our estimates, while a one percent increase in per capita
income would reduce the incidence of absolute poverty by 1.6 percent in East Asia, it would
5
reduce poverty by only 0.71 percent in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Figure 1. Poverty versus per Capita Income
6
In (Poverty Incidence)
5
4
3
2
1
0
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
9
9.5
10
-1
In(Y)
Table 1. Poverty and Growth by Region: Fixed Effects Estimates
INC
ln(Y)
Adjusted R-Square
Observations
East Asia
-0.03
(-0.76)
-1.60***
(-9.36)
0.84
70
Latin America
0.26*
(1.79)
-1.13***
(-6.11)
0.68
107
South Asia
0.31***
(3.31)
-0.82***
(-10.12)
0.83
67
Sub Saharan Africa
0.17*
(1.72)
-0.71***
(-4.53)
0.93
48
Notes: T-statistics are based on heteroskedastic-consistent standard errors and are in parenthesis.
Intercept term not reported.
*Significantly different from zero at the 10 percent level.
***Significantly different from zero at the 1 percent level.
5
Though not reported, it may be noted that random effects models gave qualitatively similar results.
4
Section III
Results
B.
Does the Sectoral Composition of Growth Matter?
As noted earlier, individual country studies suggest that there is a large degree of
variation across countries in the poverty impact of sectoral growth. We now turn to examine
this issue with our data set.
Table 2 reports the results. The key finding is that industrial growth has a strong and
beneficial impact on poverty only in East Asia. Industrial growth of one percent in East Asia is
associated with a reduction of poverty of about 1.3 percent. In contrast, industrial growth in
Latin America and the Caribbean has been associated with greater poverty, though this effect is
statistically insignificant. Like East Asia, industrial growth in South Asia and Sub-Saharan
Africa are also associated with poverty reduction. However, the magnitudes involved are
negligible and statistically insignificant. The key drivers of poverty reduction in South Asia and
Sub-Saharan Africa appear to be agricultural growth. Our finding on South Asia parallels that
of Ravallion and Datt (1996) for India.
What explains these results? It was certainly not due to the fact that the structure or
location of poverty was fundamentally different from that of other regions of the world. All over
the developing world, poverty is predominantly a rural phenomenon. The critical difference,
however, between the East Asian economies and the rest of the developing world is that unlike
the rest of the developing world, East Asia succeeded in rapidly transforming the structure of
their economies—from being rural agrarian to urban industrial. This transformation process
essentially followed the classical dual economy construct, so elegantly described by Nobel
Laureate Arthur Lewis (1954).
Table 2. Poverty and the Sectoral Composition of Growth: Fixed Effects Estimates
INC
ln(YAgriculture)
ln(YIndustry)
ln(YServices)
Adjusted R-Square
Observations
East Asia
Latin America
South Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
0.05
(0.66)
0.40
(0.75)
-1.31***
(-4.28)
0.02
(0.08)
0.84
70
0.30**
(2.32)
-0.33
(-1.47)
0.28
(1.12)
-1.21***
(-4.88)
0.71
107
0.36***
(3.95)
-1.17***
(-4.29)
-0.03
(-0.20)
-0.22
(-1.30)
0.87
67
0.08
(0.76)
-0.32***
(-3.05)
-0.03
(-0.31)
-0.16
(-1.55)
0.93
48
Notes: T-statistics are based on heteroskedastic-consistent standard errors and are in parenthesis.
Intercept term not reported.
**Significantly different from zero at the 5 percent level.
***Significantly different from zero at the 1 percent level.
The important question is why East Asian countries succeeded while others did not in
fostering such a growth process and reducing poverty. The answer seems to lie in the interplay
of policies and institutions. As suggested earlier, the successful East Asian economies were able
5
ERD Working Paper No. 18
POVERTY AND PATTERNS OF GROWTH
to promote a conducive policy and institutional environment to foster growth and reduce
poverty.
This environment, which was harnessed by openness, in conjunction with
macroeconomic stability and favorable industrial and labor market policies, helped East Asia to
exploit their comparative advantage in labor-intensive manufacturing. The data on policy
variables, along with factor endowments, appear consistent with this explanation.
Table 3 presents region specific averages of variables that reflect the economic
circumstances of countries. Thus the table includes measures that relate to openness, labor
market regulations, macroeconomic conditions, and factor endowments. Openness is measured
in a variety of ways including the share of trade in GDP, an average tariff rate (computed by
dividing total import duties by the volume of imports), and the Sachs-Warner dummy indicator,
which classifies an economy as either open (1) or closed (0). Labor market regulations are
captured via the number of ILO Conventions ratified as well as an index of labor market
6
rigidity developed by Forteza and Rama (2001). Macroeconomic conditions are captured
through the rate of inflation while factor endowments are captured by the amount of arable
7
land per capita.
Table 3. Policy Environment and Relative Land Endowment by Region
East Asia
Trade
Share
(%)
65.62
Average
Tariff
Rate
(%)
9.12
Sachs
Warner
Openness
0.74
ILO
Conventions
9.35
Labor
Market
Rigidity
Index*
0.18
Latin America
and Caribbean
55.93
10.63
0.21
37.69
0.32
104.29
2.07
South Asia
33.98
22.05
0.07
23.71
0.27
9.73
1.43
Sub-Saharan Africa
57.39
15.77
0.07
27.24
0.21
28.14
3.04
Region
Inflation
Arable
Rate
Land
(%)
per Capitaa
7.76
1.20
Notes: The starred variable is time-invariant and only varies by country. Un-starred variables are regional averages of
annual country-specific values averaged over 1980-1990.
Arable land is measured in square kilometers multiplied by 1000 for ease of exposition.
a
Focusing first on openness, we find that each of the three measures reveals East Asia to
be the most open region and South Asia to be the least open region. Each of these measures can
be subject to criticism—see in particular the discussion of the Sachs-Warner measure of
openness by Rodriguez and Rodrik (2000). Taken together, however, the three measures seem to
portray a fairly consistent picture of the relative openness of the various regions. Similarly, both
6
7
Once a country ratifies a particular Convention, it commits to make it legally binding. Thus the number of
Conventions ratified by a country may be taken as an indictor of the extent to which labor markets are
regulated.
More details on the precise definitions of and sources used to construct these measures may be found in HQK
and Hasan (forthcoming).
6
Section IV
Conclusion
the ILO variable as well as rigidity index reveal East Asia to have had on average the least
regulated, and therefore most flexible, labor markets. In contrast, Latin America has had the
most tightly regulated labor markets with South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa in between.
Average rates of inflation in East Asia have tended to be the lowest followed closely by South
Asia. Low inflation is a good indicator of prudent macroeconomic policies and thus in this
regard, Sub-Saharan Africa and especially Latin America have performed poorly. Finally, the
data on factor endowments reveal East Asia as the most labor abundant region followed by
8
South Asia, Latin America, and Sub-Saharan Africa in that order.
These data support the notion that East Asian economies have been more open to trade,
less regulated in labor markets, and relatively more abundant in labor than other regions. The
success of East Asian countries seems to lie in their adopting a policy regime that put few
barriers to exploiting their comparative advantage in labor. This is in sharp contrast with the
situation in of South Asian economies, where protectionist policies and labor laws have worked
against their exploiting comparative advantage in labor-intensive products and encouraged
unduly capital intensive pattern of industrialization. In short, the patterns of elasticities in the
preceding tables may well reflect the outcome of countries’ policy environment as well as
structural features such as factor endowments.
IV. CONCLUSION
This paper makes a quantitative investigation into the relationship between growth and
poverty reduction within the framework of a cross-country regression model. Our empirical
exercise suggests that though aggregate growth is important, the impact of growth on poverty
seems to vary across country groups. The impact of economic growth on poverty has been the
highest in East Asia, followed by Latin America, South Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa. However,
the impact of sectoral growth on poverty has been far from uniform. In East Asia, industrial
growth has been the principal instrument of poverty reduction, whereas in the context of Latin
America, South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, agriculture growth has had a greater impact.
In our view, the above results should not be interpreted to mean that all regions other
than East Asia need to emphasize agriculture to reduce poverty. Rather, these countries–
especially labor-abundant ones such as those of South Asia—should attempt to improve their
policy and institutional environments that stand in the way of their exploiting their
comparative advantage in labor-intensive industries and bringing about a rapid reduction in
9
poverty.
8
9
The same patterns appear in the data if averages of the time-varying variables were taken over the 19701990 period.
Industries do not suffer from the “dual “elasticity constraints of demand and supply the way agricultural
production and demand do. In light of these constraints, labor-intensive industries can be a more potent
instrument of poverty reduction in labor-surplus economies, than agriculture.
7
ERD Working Paper No. 18
POVERTY AND PATTERNS OF GROWTH
References
Asian Development Bank, 1997. Emerging Asia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bhalla, S., 2002. Imagine There’s No Country: Poverty, Inequality, and Growth in the Era of
Globalization. Institute for International Economics.
Chen, S., and M. Ravallion, 2001. Global Poverty Monitoring. Available: http://www.worldbank.org/
research/povmonitor/.
Chen, S., G. Datt, and M. Ravillon, 2001. A Program for Calculating Poverty Measures from
Grouped Data. Available: http://www.worldbank.org/research/povmonitor/software.htm.
Deininger, K., and L. Squire, 1996. A New Data Set Measuring Income Inequality. The World
Bank Economic Review 10(3):565-91.
Dollar, D., and A. Kraay, 2001. “Growth is Good for the Poor.” Development Research Group,
World Bank, Washington, D. C.
Fallon, P., and R.E.B. Lucas, 1993. “Job Security Regulations and the Dynamic Demand for
Industrial Labor in India and Zimbabwe.” Journal of Development Economics 40:241-75.
Forteza, A., and M. Rama, 2001. Labor Market Rigidity and the Success of Economic Reforms
Across more than One Hundred Countries. Working Paper 2521, The World Bank,
Washington D. C.
Heston, A., R. Summers, and B. Aten, 2001. Penn World Table Version 6.0. Center for
International Comparisons at the University of Pennsylvania (CICUP).
Hasan, R., forthcoming. The Impact of Trade and Labor Market Regulations on Employment
and Wages: Evidence from Developing Countries. In R. Hasan and D. Mitra, eds., The
Impact of Trade on Labor: Issues, Perspectives, and Experiences from Developing Asia.
Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
Hasan, R., M.G. Quibria, and Y.S. Kim, 2002. “Absolute Poverty and the Role of Policy:
Evidence from Cross-Country Data.” Asian Development Bank and East-West Center.
Mimeo.
Kakwani, N., 2001. “Pro-Poor Growth and Policies.” Paper presented at the Asian Development
Bank Annual Meeting Seminars in Honolulu, Hawaii.
Lewis, A., 1954. “Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labor.” Manchester School
22:139-91.
Mellor, J. W., 2000. Faster More Equitable Growth: The Relation Between Growth in
Agriculture and Poverty Reduction. CAER II Discussion Paper #70. Harvard Institute for
International Development.
Quibria, M. G., 2002. Growth and Poverty: Lessons from the East Asian Miracle Revisited. ADB
Institute Research Paper 33, Tokyo, Japan.
Ravallion M., and G. Datt, 1996. “How Important to India’s Poor Is the Sectoral Composition of
Growth?” The World Bank Economic Review 10(1):1-25.
8
References
Rodriguez, F., and D. Rodrik, 2000. “Trade Policy and Economic Growth: A Skeptic’s Guide to
the Cross-National Evidence.” In B. Bernanke and K. Rogoff, eds., Macroeconomics
Annual. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press for National Bureau of Economic Research.
Sala-i-Martin, X., 2002. The World Distribution of Income. Working Paper, Columbia
University.
Timmer, P., 1997. How Well Do the Poor Connect to the Growth Process? CAER II Discussion
Paper No. 17, HIID, Harvard.
World Bank, 2001. World Development Indicators 2001. Washington D. C.
9
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POVERTY AND PATTERNS OF GROWTH
Appendix Table. Poverty: Two Dollars-a-Day
First Year
Region and Economy
Year
East Asia and Pacific
People’s Republic of China
1980
Indonesia
1976
Korea, Rep.
1965
Malaysia
1970
Philippines
1961
Taipei,China
1964
Thailand
1969
Latin America and Caribbean
Brazil
1960
Chile
1968
Colombia
1964
Costa Rica
1961
Dominica
1989
Dominican Republic
1989
Ecuador
1968
El Salvador
1965
Guatemala
1987
Honduras
1968
Jamaica
1975
Mexico
1963
Panama
1979
Paraguay
1991
Peru
1985
Trinidad and Tobago
1981
Venezuela
1962
South Asia
Bangladesh
1963
India
1960
Nepal
1977
Pakistan
1964
Sri Lanka
1963
Sub-Saharan Africa
Ethiopia
1981
Ghana
1987
Guinea
1991
Ivory Coast
1985
Kenya
1992
Lesotho
1986
Madagascar
1960
Mali
1989
Mauritania
1993
Niger
1960
Nigeria
1985
Senegal
1960
South Africa
1993
Tanzania
1964
Uganda
1989
Zambia
1976
Source: Hasan, Quibria, and Kim (2002).
10
Poverty
Last Year
Gini Index
Year
Poverty
# of
Gini Index
Obs
83
76
40
45
49
46
58
29
34
36
51
52
33
44
1998
1996
1985
1992
1997
1979
1992
37
9
6
12
25
1
27
40
36
35
48
46
28
54
18
10
10
7
7
10
8
67
16
49
20
18
23
39
61
31
61
28
34
27
5
15
7
31
56
46
65
49
50
51
38
55
58
62
46
58
49
40
46
42
43
1997
1994
1996
1996
1996
1996
1995
1996
1989
1996
1996
1995
1997
1995
1997
1992
1996
14
12
21
16
15
21
25
18
33
51
11
10
17
24
16
1
14
52
55
57
47
49
49
44
52
60
54
36
54
49
59
46
40
49
19
7
9
11
2
2
4
4
2
6
8
7
6
2
4
3
11
62
83
93
78
65
37
33
55
38
47
1995
1997
1996
1996
1995
46
47
71
30
8
34
38
37
31
34
13
27
5
13
9
93
61
29
28
75
47
57
74
68
52
61
57
75
102
86
76
32
35
47
41
57
56
54
37
50
34
39
60
59
56
44
52
1995
1997
1994
1995
1994
1993
1993
1994
1995
1995
1997
1994
1994
1993
1993
1996
95
54
17
35
71
56
79
82
59
78
82
57
76
95
88
83
40
33
40
37
45
58
43
50
39
51
51
41
60
38
39
50
2
6
2
6
2
2
2
2
2
3
6
2
2
2
3
4
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—Francisco Veloso and Rajiv Kumar
January 2002
International Competitiveness of Asian Firms:
An Analytical Framework
—Rajiv Kumar and Doren Chadee
February 2002
The International Competitiveness of Asian
Economies in the Apparel Commodity Chain
—Gary Gereffi
February 2002
Monetary and Financial Cooperation in East
Asia—The Chiang Mai Initiative and Beyond
—Pradumna B. Rana
February 2002
Probing Beneath Cross-national Averages: Poverty,
Inequality, and Growth in the Philippines
—Arsenio M. Balisacan and Ernesto M. Pernia
March 2002
Poverty, Growth, and Inequality in Thailand
—Anil B. Deolalikar
April 2002
Microfinance in Northeast Thailand: Who Benefits
and How Much?
—Brett E. Coleman
April 2002
PovertyReduction and the Role of Institutions in
Developing Asia
No. 11
No. 12
No. 13
No. 14
No. 15
No. 16
No. 17
No. 18
—Anil B. Deolalikar, Alex B. Brilliantes, Jr.,
Raghav Gaiha, Ernesto M. Pernia, Mary Racelis
with the assistance of Marita Concepcion CastroGuevara, Liza L. Lim, Pilipinas F. Quising
May 2002
The European Social Model: Lessons for
Developing Countries
—Assar Lindbeck
May 2002
Costs and Benefits of a Common Currency for
ASEAN
—Srinivasa Madhur
May 2002
Monetary Cooperation in East Asia: A Survey
—Raul Fabella
May 2002
Toward A Political Economy Approach
to Prolicy-based Lending
—George Abonyi
May 2002
A Framework for Establishing Priorities in a
Country Poverty Reduction Strategy
—Ron Duncan and Steve Pollard
June 2002
The Role of Infrastructure in Land-use Dynamics
and Rice Production in Viet Nam’s Mekong River
Delta
—Christopher Edmonds
July 2002
Effect of Decentralization Strategy on
Macroeconomic Stability in Thailand
—Kanokpan Lao-Araya
August 2002
Poverty and Patterns of Growth
—Rana Hasan and M. G. Quibria
August 2002
ERD TECHNICAL NOTE SERIES (TNS)
(Published in-house; Available through ADB Office of External Relations; Free of Charge)
No. 1
No. 2
Contingency Calculations for Environmental
Impacts with Unknown Monetary Values
—David Dole
February 2002
Integrating Risk into ADB’s Economic Analysis
of Projects
—Nigel Rayner, Anneli Lagman-Martin,
and Keith Ward
June 2002
No. 3
No. 4
11
Measuring Willingness to Pay for Electricity
—Peter Choynowski
July 2002
Economic Issues in the Design and Analysis of a
Wastewater Treatment Project
—David Dole
July 2002
ERD POLICY BRIEF SERIES (PBS)
(Published in-house; Available through ADB Office of External Relations; Free of charge)
No. 1
No. 2
No. 3
No. 4
No. 5
Is Growth Good Enough for the Poor?
—Ernesto M. Pernia, October 2001
India’s Economic Reforms
What Has Been Accomplished?
What Remains to Be Done?
—Arvind Panagariya, November 2001
Unequal Benefits of Growth in Viet Nam
—Indu Bhushan, Erik Bloom, and Nguyen Minh
Thang, January 2002
Is Volatility Built into Today’s World Economy?
—J. Malcolm Dowling and J.P. Verbiest,
February 2002
What Else Besides Growth Matters to Poverty
Reduction? Philippines
—Arsenio M. Balisacan and Ernesto M. Pernia,
February 2002
No. 6
No. 7
No. 8
No. 9
Achieving the Twin Objectives of Efficiency and
Equity: Contracting Health Services in Cambodia
—Indu Bhushan, Sheryl Keller, and Brad
Schwartz, March 2002
Causes of the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis: What
Can an Early Warning System Model Tell Us?
—Juzhong Zhuang and Malcolm Dowling,
June 2002
The Role of Preferential Trading Arrangements
in Asia
—Christopher Edmonds and Jean-Pierre Verbiest,
July 2002
The Doha Round: A Development Perspective
—Jean-Pierre Verbiest, Jeffrey Liang, and Lea
Sumulong, July 2002
MONOGRAPH SERIES
(Published in-house; Available through ADB Office of External Relations; Free of charge)
EDRC REPORT SERIES (ER)
No. 1
No. 2
No. 3
No. 4
No. 5
No. 6
No. 7
No. 8
No. 9
No. 10
No. 11
No. 12
No. 13
No. 14
ASEAN and the Asian Development Bank
—Seiji Naya, April 1982
Development Issues for the Developing East
and Southeast Asian Countries
and International Cooperation
—Seiji Naya and Graham Abbott, April 1982
Aid, Savings, and Growth in the Asian Region
—J. Malcolm Dowling and Ulrich Hiemenz,
April 1982
Development-oriented Foreign Investment
and the Role of ADB
—Kiyoshi Kojima, April 1982
The Multilateral Development Banks
and the International Economy’s Missing
Public Sector
—John Lewis, June 1982
Notes on External Debt of DMCs
—Evelyn Go, July 1982
Grant Element in Bank Loans
—Dal Hyun Kim, July 1982
Shadow Exchange Rates and Standard
Conversion Factors in Project Evaluation
—Peter Warr, September 1982
Small and Medium-Scale Manufacturing
Establishments in ASEAN Countries:
Perspectives and Policy Issues
—Mathias Bruch and Ulrich Hiemenz,
January 1983
A Note on the Third Ministerial Meeting of GATT
—Jungsoo Lee, January 1983
Macroeconomic Forecasts for the Republic
of China, Hong Kong, and Republic of Korea
—J.M. Dowling, January 1983
ASEAN: Economic Situation and Prospects
—Seiji Naya, March 1983
The Future Prospects for the Developing
Countries of Asia
—Seiji Naya, March 1983
Energy and Structural Change in the AsiaPacific Region, Summary of the Thirteenth
No. 15
No. 16
No. 17
No. 18
No. 19
No. 20
No. 21
No. 22
No. 23
No. 24
No. 25
12
Pacific Trade and Development Conference
—Seiji Naya, March 1983
A Survey of Empirical Studies on Demand
for Electricity with Special Emphasis on Price
Elasticity of Demand
—Wisarn Pupphavesa, June 1983
Determinants of Paddy Production in Indonesia:
1972-1981–A Simultaneous Equation Model
Approach
—T.K. Jayaraman, June 1983
The Philippine Economy: Economic
Forecasts for 1983 and 1984
—J.M. Dowling, E. Go, and C.N. Castillo,
June 1983
Economic Forecast for Indonesia
—J.M. Dowling, H.Y. Kim, Y.K. Wang,
and C.N. Castillo, June 1983
Relative External Debt Situation of Asian
Developing Countries: An Application
of Ranking Method
—Jungsoo Lee, June 1983
New Evidence on Yields, Fertilizer Application,
and Prices in Asian Rice Production
—William James and Teresita Ramirez, July 1983
Inflationary Effects of Exchange Rate
Changes in Nine Asian LDCs
—Pradumna B. Rana and J. Malcolm Dowling,
Jr., December 1983
Effects of External Shocks on the Balance
of Payments, Policy Responses, and Debt
Problems of Asian Developing Countries
—Seiji Naya, December 1983
Changing Trade Patterns and Policy Issues:
The Prospects for East and Southeast Asian
Developing Countries
—Seiji Naya and Ulrich Hiemenz, February 1984
Small-Scale Industries in Asian Economic
Development: Problems and Prospects
—Seiji Naya, February 1984
A Study on the External Debt Indicators
No. 26
No. 27
No. 28
No. 29
No. 30
No. 31
No. 32
No. 33
No. 34
No. 35
No. 36
No. 37
No. 38
No. 39
No. 40
No. 41
No. 42
No. 43
No. 44
No. 45
No. 46
No. 47
Applying Logit Analysis
—Jungsoo Lee and Clarita Barretto,
February 1984
Alternatives to Institutional Credit Programs
in the Agricultural Sector of Low-Income
Countries
—Jennifer Sour, March 1984
Economic Scene in Asia and Its Special Features
—Kedar N. Kohli, November 1984
The Effect of Terms of Trade Changes on the
Balance of Payments and Real National
Income of Asian Developing Countries
—Jungsoo Lee and Lutgarda Labios, January 1985
Cause and Effect in the World Sugar Market:
Some Empirical Findings 1951-1982
—Yoshihiro Iwasaki, February 1985
Sources of Balance of Payments Problem
in the 1970s: The Asian Experience
—Pradumna Rana, February 1985
India’s Manufactured Exports: An Analysis
of Supply Sectors
—Ifzal Ali, February 1985
Meeting Basic Human Needs in Asian
Developing Countries
—Jungsoo Lee and Emma Banaria, March 1985
The Impact of Foreign Capital Inflow
on Investment and Economic Growth
in Developing Asia
—Evelyn Go, May 1985
The Climate for Energy Development
in the Pacific and Asian Region:
Priorities and Perspectives
—V.V. Desai, April 1986
Impact of Appreciation of the Yen on
Developing Member Countries of the Bank
—Jungsoo Lee, Pradumna Rana, and Ifzal Ali,
May 1986
Smuggling and Domestic Economic Policies
in Developing Countries
—A.H.M.N. Chowdhury, October 1986
Public Investment Criteria: Economic Internal
Rate of Return and Equalizing Discount Rate
—Ifzal Ali, November 1986
Review of the Theory of Neoclassical Political
Economy: An Application to Trade Policies
—M.G. Quibria, December 1986
Factors Influencing the Choice of Location:
Local and Foreign Firms in the Philippines
—E.M. Pernia and A.N. Herrin, February 1987
A Demographic Perspective on Developing
Asia and Its Relevance to the Bank
—E.M. Pernia, May 1987
Emerging Issues in Asia and Social Cost
Benefit Analysis
—I. Ali, September 1988
Shifting Revealed Comparative Advantage:
Experiences of Asian and Pacific Developing
Countries
—P.B. Rana, November 1988
Agricultural Price Policy in Asia:
Issues and Areas of Reforms
—I. Ali, November 1988
Service Trade and Asian Developing Economies
—M.G. Quibria, October 1989
A Review of the Economic Analysis of Power
Projects in Asia and Identification of Areas
of Improvement
—I. Ali, November 1989
Growth Perspective and Challenges for Asia:
Areas for Policy Review and Research
—I. Ali, November 1989
An Approach to Estimating the Poverty
Alleviation Impact of an Agricultural Project
—I. Ali, January 1990
No. 48
No. 49
No. 50
No. 51
No. 52
No. 53
No. 54
No. 55
No. 56
No. 57
No. 58
No. 59
No. 60
No. 61
No. 62
No. 63
No. 64
No. 65
No. 66
No. 67
13
Economic Growth Performance of Indonesia,
the Philippines, and Thailand:
The Human Resource Dimension
—E.M. Pernia, January 1990
Foreign Exchange and Fiscal Impact of a Project:
A Methodological Framework for Estimation
—I. Ali, February 1990
Public Investment Criteria: Financial
and Economic Internal Rates of Return
—I. Ali, April 1990
Evaluation of Water Supply Projects:
An Economic Framework
—Arlene M. Tadle, June 1990
Interrelationship Between Shadow Prices, Project
Investment, and Policy Reforms:
An Analytical Framework
—I. Ali, November 1990
Issues in Assessing the Impact of Project
and Sector Adjustment Lending
—I. Ali, December 1990
Some Aspects of Urbanization
and the Environment in Southeast Asia
—Ernesto M. Pernia, January 1991
Financial Sector and Economic
Development: A Survey
—Jungsoo Lee, September 1991
A Framework for Justifying Bank-Assisted
Education Projects in Asia: A Review
of the Socioeconomic Analysis
and Identification of Areas of Improvement
—Etienne Van De Walle, February 1992
Medium-term Growth-Stabilization
Relationship in Asian Developing Countries
and Some Policy Considerations
—Yun-Hwan Kim, February 1993
Urbanization, Population Distribution,
and Economic Development in Asia
—Ernesto M. Pernia, February 1993
The Need for Fiscal Consolidation in Nepal:
The Results of a Simulation
—Filippo di Mauro and Ronald Antonio Butiong,
July 1993
A Computable General Equilibrium Model
of Nepal
—Timothy Buehrer and Filippo di Mauro,
October 1993
The Role of Government in Export Expansion
in the Republic of Korea: A Revisit
—Yun-Hwan Kim, February 1994
Rural Reforms, Structural Change,
and Agricultural Growth in
the People’s Republic of China
—Bo Lin, August 1994
Incentives and Regulation for Pollution Abatement
with an Application to Waste Water Treatment
—Sudipto Mundle, U. Shankar,
and Shekhar Mehta, October 1995
Saving Transitions in Southeast Asia
—Frank Harrigan, February 1996
Total Factor Productivity Growth in East Asia:
A Critical Survey
—Jesus Felipe, September 1997
Foreign Direct Investment in Pakistan:
Policy Issues and Operational Implications
—Ashfaque H. Khan and Yun-Hwan Kim,
July 1999
Fiscal Policy, Income Distribution and Growth
—Sailesh K. Jha, November 1999
ECONOMIC STAFF PAPERS (ES)
No. 1
No. 2
No. 3
No. 4
No. 5
No. 6
No. 7
No. 8
No. 9
No. 10
No. 11
No. 12
No. 13
No. 14
No. 15
No. 16
No. 17
No. 18
No. 19
No. 20
International Reserves:
Factors Determining Needs and Adequacy
—Evelyn Go, May 1981
Domestic Savings in Selected Developing
Asian Countries
—Basil Moore, assisted by
A.H.M. Nuruddin Chowdhury, September 1981
Changes in Consumption, Imports and Exports
of Oil Since 1973: A Preliminary Survey of
the Developing Member Countries
of the Asian Development Bank
—Dal Hyun Kim and Graham Abbott,
September 1981
By-Passed Areas, Regional Inequalities,
and Development Policies in Selected
Southeast Asian Countries
—William James, October 1981
Asian Agriculture and Economic Development
—William James, March 1982
Inflation in Developing Member Countries:
An Analysis of Recent Trends
—A.H.M. Nuruddin Chowdhury and
J. Malcolm Dowling, March 1982
Industrial Growth and Employment in
Developing Asian Countries: Issues and
Perspectives for the Coming Decade
—Ulrich Hiemenz, March 1982
Petrodollar Recycling 1973-1980.
Part 1: Regional Adjustments and
the World Economy
—Burnham Campbell, April 1982
Developing Asia: The Importance
of Domestic Policies
—Economics Office Staff under the direction
of Seiji Naya, May 1982
Financial Development and Household
Savings: Issues in Domestic Resource
Mobilization in Asian Developing Countries
—Wan-Soon Kim, July 1982
Industrial Development: Role of Specialized
Financial Institutions
—Kedar N. Kohli, August 1982
Petrodollar Recycling 1973-1980.
Part II: Debt Problems and an Evaluation
of Suggested Remedies
—Burnham Campbell, September 1982
Credit Rationing, Rural Savings, and Financial
Policy in Developing Countries
—William James, September 1982
Small and Medium-Scale Manufacturing
Establishments in ASEAN Countries:
Perspectives and Policy Issues
—Mathias Bruch and Ulrich Hiemenz, March 1983
Income Distribution and Economic
Growth in Developing Asian Countries
—J. Malcolm Dowling and David Soo, March 1983
Long-Run Debt-Servicing Capacity of
Asian Developing Countries: An Application
of Critical Interest Rate Approach
—Jungsoo Lee, June 1983
External Shocks, Energy Policy,
and Macroeconomic Performance of Asian
Developing Countries: A Policy Analysis
—William James, July 1983
The Impact of the Current Exchange Rate
System on Trade and Inflation of Selected
Developing Member Countries
—Pradumna Rana, September 1983
Asian Agriculture in Transition: Key Policy Issues
—William James, September 1983
The Transition to an Industrial Economy
No. 21
No. 22
No. 23
No. 24
No. 25
No. 26
No. 27
No. 28
No. 29
No. 30
No. 31
No. 32
No. 33
No. 34
No. 35
No. 36
No. 37
No. 38
No. 39
No. 40
No. 41
No. 42
No. 43
No. 44
14
in Monsoon Asia
—Harry T. Oshima, October 1983
The Significance of Off-Farm Employment
and Incomes in Post-War East Asian Growth
—Harry T. Oshima, January 1984
Income Distribution and Poverty in Selected
Asian Countries
—John Malcolm Dowling, Jr., November 1984
ASEAN Economies and ASEAN Economic
Cooperation
—Narongchai Akrasanee, November 1984
Economic Analysis of Power Projects
—Nitin Desai, January 1985
Exports and Economic Growth in the Asian Region
—Pradumna Rana, February 1985
Patterns of External Financing of DMCs
—E. Go, May 1985
Industrial Technology Development
the Republic of Korea
—S.Y. Lo, July 1985
Risk Analysis and Project Selection:
A Review of Practical Issues
—J.K. Johnson, August 1985
Rice in Indonesia: Price Policy and Comparative
Advantage
—I. Ali, January 1986
Effects of Foreign Capital Inflows
on Developing Countries of Asia
—Jungsoo Lee, Pradumna B. Rana,
and Yoshihiro Iwasaki, April 1986
Economic Analysis of the Environmental
Impacts of Development Projects
—John A. Dixon et al., EAPI,
East-West Center, August 1986
Science and Technology for Development:
Role of the Bank
—Kedar N. Kohli and Ifzal Ali, November 1986
Satellite Remote Sensing in the Asian
and Pacific Region
—Mohan Sundara Rajan, December 1986
Changes in the Export Patterns of Asian and
Pacific Developing Countries: An Empirical
Overview
—Pradumna B. Rana, January 1987
Agricultural Price Policy in Nepal
—Gerald C. Nelson, March 1987
Implications of Falling Primary Commodity
Prices for Agricultural Strategy in the Philippines
—Ifzal Ali, September 1987
Determining Irrigation Charges: A Framework
—Prabhakar B. Ghate, October 1987
The Role of Fertilizer Subsidies in Agricultural
Production: A Review of Select Issues
—M.G. Quibria, October 1987
Domestic Adjustment to External Shocks
in Developing Asia
—Jungsoo Lee, October 1987
Improving Domestic Resource Mobilization
through Financial Development: Indonesia
—Philip Erquiaga, November 1987
Recent Trends and Issues on Foreign Direct
Investment in Asian and Pacific Developing
Countries
—P.B. Rana, March 1988
Manufactured Exports from the Philippines:
A Sector Profile and an Agenda for Reform
—I. Ali, September 1988
A Framework for Evaluating the Economic
Benefits of Power Projects
—I. Ali, August 1989
Promotion of Manufactured Exports in Pakistan
No. 45
No. 46
No. 47
No. 48
No. 49
No. 50
No. 51
No. 52
—Jungsoo Lee and Yoshihiro Iwasaki,
September 1989
Education and Labor Markets in Indonesia:
A Sector Survey
—Ernesto M. Pernia and David N. Wilson,
September 1989
Industrial Technology Capabilities
and Policies in Selected ADCs
—Hiroshi Kakazu, June 1990
Designing Strategies and Policies
for Managing Structural Change in Asia
—Ifzal Ali, June 1990
The Completion of the Single European Community Market in 1992: A Tentative Assessment of
its Impact on Asian Developing Countries
—J.P. Verbiest and Min Tang, June 1991
Economic Analysis of Investment in Power
Systems
—Ifzal Ali, June 1991
External Finance and the Role of Multilateral
Financial Institutions in South Asia:
Changing Patterns, Prospects, and Challenges
—Jungsoo Lee, November 1991
The Gender and Poverty Nexus: Issues and
Policies
—M.G. Quibria, November 1993
The Role of the State in Economic Development:
Theory, the East Asian Experience,
and the Malaysian Case
No. 53
No. 54
No. 55
No. 56
No. 57
No. 58
No. 59
No. 60
—Jason Brown, December 1993
The Economic Benefits of Potable Water Supply
Projects to Households in Developing Countries
—Dale Whittington and Venkateswarlu Swarna,
January 1994
Growth Triangles: Conceptual Issues
and Operational Problems
—Min Tang and Myo Thant, February 1994
The Emerging Global Trading Environment
and Developing Asia
—Arvind Panagariya, M.G. Quibria,
and Narhari Rao, July 1996
Aspects of Urban Water and Sanitation in
the Context of Rapid Urbanization in
Developing Asia
—Ernesto M. Pernia and Stella LF. Alabastro,
September 1997
Challenges for Asia’s Trade and Environment
—Douglas H. Brooks, January 1998
Economic Analysis of Health Sector ProjectsA Review of Issues, Methods, and Approaches
—Ramesh Adhikari, Paul Gertler, and
Anneli Lagman, March 1999
The Asian Crisis: An Alternate View
—Rajiv Kumar and Bibek Debroy, July 1999
Social Consequences of the Financial Crisis in
Asia
—James C. Knowles, Ernesto M. Pernia, and
Mary Racelis, November 1999
OCCASIONAL PAPERS (OP)
No. 1
No. 2
No. 3
No. 4
No. 5
No. 6
No. 7
No. 8
No. 9
No. 10
No. 11
Poverty in the People’s Republic of China:
Recent Developments and Scope
for Bank Assistance
—K.H. Moinuddin, November 1992
The Eastern Islands of Indonesia: An Overview
of Development Needs and Potential
—Brien K. Parkinson, January 1993
Rural Institutional Finance in Bangladesh
and Nepal: Review and Agenda for Reforms
—A.H.M.N. Chowdhury and Marcelia C. Garcia,
November 1993
Fiscal Deficits and Current Account Imbalances
of the South Pacific Countries:
A Case Study of Vanuatu
—T.K. Jayaraman, December 1993
Reforms in the Transitional Economies of Asia
—Pradumna B. Rana, December 1993
Environmental Challenges in the People’s Republic
of China and Scope for Bank Assistance
—Elisabetta Capannelli and Omkar L. Shrestha,
December 1993
Sustainable Development Environment
and Poverty Nexus
—K.F. Jalal, December 1993
Intermediate Services and Economic
Development: The Malaysian Example
—Sutanu Behuria and Rahul Khullar, May 1994
Interest Rate Deregulation: A Brief Survey
of the Policy Issues and the Asian Experience
—Carlos J. Glower, July 1994
Some Aspects of Land Administration
in Indonesia: Implications for Bank Operations
—Sutanu Behuria, July 1994
Demographic and Socioeconomic Determinants
of Contraceptive Use among Urban Women in
the Melanesian Countries in the South Pacific:
A Case Study of Port Vila Town in Vanuatu
—T.K. Jayaraman, February 1995
No. 12
No. 13
No. 14
No. 15
No. 16
No. 17
No. 18
No. 19
No. 20
No. 21
No. 22
15
Managing Development through
Institution Building
— Hilton L. Root, October 1995
Growth, Structural Change, and Optimal
Poverty Interventions
—Shiladitya Chatterjee, November 1995
Private Investment and Macroeconomic
Environment in the South Pacific Island
Countries: A Cross-Country Analysis
—T.K. Jayaraman, October 1996
The Rural-Urban Transition in Viet Nam:
Some Selected Issues
—Sudipto Mundle and Brian Van Arkadie,
October 1997
A New Approach to Setting the Future
Transport Agenda
—Roger Allport, Geoff Key, and Charles Melhuish
June 1998
Adjustment and Distribution:
The Indian Experience
—Sudipto Mundle and V.B. Tulasidhar, June 1998
Tax Reforms in Viet Nam: A Selective Analysis
—Sudipto Mundle, December 1998
Surges and Volatility of Private Capital Flows to
Asian Developing Countries: Implications
for Multilateral Development Banks
—Pradumna B. Rana, December 1998
The Millennium Round and the Asian Economies:
An Introduction
—Dilip K. Das, October 1999
Occupational Segregation and the Gender
Earnings Gap
—Joseph E. Zveglich, Jr. and Yana van der Meulen
Rodgers, December 1999
Information Technology: Next Locomotive of
Growth?
—Dilip K. Das, June 2000
STATISTICAL REPORT SERIES (SR)
No. 1
No. 2
No. 3
No. 4
No. 5
No. 6
No. 7
No. 8
Estimates of the Total External Debt of
the Developing Member Countries of ADB:
1981-1983
—I.P. David, September 1984
Multivariate Statistical and Graphical
Classification Techniques Applied
to the Problem of Grouping Countries
—I.P. David and D.S. Maligalig, March 1985
Gross National Product (GNP) Measurement
Issues in South Pacific Developing Member
Countries of ADB
—S.G. Tiwari, September 1985
Estimates of Comparable Savings in Selected
DMCs
—Hananto Sigit, December 1985
Keeping Sample Survey Design
and Analysis Simple
—I.P. David, December 1985
External Debt Situation in Asian
Developing Countries
—I.P. David and Jungsoo Lee, March 1986
Study of GNP Measurement Issues in the
South Pacific Developing Member Countries.
Part I: Existing National Accounts
of SPDMCs–Analysis of Methodology
and Application of SNA Concepts
—P. Hodgkinson, October 1986
Study of GNP Measurement Issues in the South
Pacific Developing Member Countries.
Part II: Factors Affecting Intercountry
Comparability of Per Capita GNP
—P. Hodgkinson, October 1986
No. 9
No. 10
No. 11
No. 12
No. 13
No. 14
No. 15
No. 16
No. 17
No. 18
Survey of the External Debt Situation
in Asian Developing Countries, 1985
—Jungsoo Lee and I.P. David, April 1987
A Survey of the External Debt Situation
in Asian Developing Countries, 1986
—Jungsoo Lee and I.P. David, April 1988
Changing Pattern of Financial Flows to Asian
and Pacific Developing Countries
—Jungsoo Lee and I.P. David, March 1989
The State of Agricultural Statistics in
Southeast Asia
—I.P. David, March 1989
A Survey of the External Debt Situation
in Asian and Pacific Developing Countries:
1987-1988
—Jungsoo Lee and I.P. David, July 1989
A Survey of the External Debt Situation in
Asian and Pacific Developing Countries: 1988-1989
—Jungsoo Lee, May 1990
A Survey of the External Debt Situation
in Asian and Pacific Developing Countrie
s: 1989-1992
—Min Tang, June 1991
Recent Trends and Prospects of External Debt
Situation and Financial Flows to Asian
and Pacific Developing Countries
—Min Tang and Aludia Pardo, June 1992
Purchasing Power Parity in Asian Developing
Countries: A Co-Integration Test
—Min Tang and Ronald Q. Butiong, April 1994
Capital Flows to Asian and Pacific Developing
Countries: Recent Trends and Future Prospects
—Min Tang and James Villafuerte, October 1995
SPECIAL STUDIES, COMPLIMENTARY (SSC)
(Published in-house; Available through ADB Office of External Relations; Free of Charge)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Improving Domestic Resource Mobilization Through
Financial Development: Overview September 1985
Improving Domestic Resource Mobilization Through
Financial Development: Bangladesh July 1986
Improving Domestic Resource Mobilization Through
Financial Development: Sri Lanka April 1987
Improving Domestic Resource Mobilization Through
Financial Development: India December 1987
Financing Public Sector Development Expenditure
in Selected Countries: Overview January 1988
Study of Selected Industries: A Brief Report
April 1988
Financing Public Sector Development Expenditure
in Selected Countries: Bangladesh June 1988
Financing Public Sector Development Expenditure
in Selected Countries: India June 1988
Financing Public Sector Development Expenditure
in Selected Countries: Indonesia June 1988
Financing Public Sector Development Expenditure
in Selected Countries: Nepal June 1988
Financing Public Sector Development Expenditure
in Selected Countries: Pakistan June 1988
Financing Public Sector Development Expenditure
in Selected Countries: Philippines June 1988
Financing Public Sector Development Expenditure
in Selected Countries: Thailand June 1988
Towards Regional Cooperation in South Asia:
ADB/EWC Symposium on Regional Cooperation
in South Asia February 1988
Evaluating Rice Market Intervention Policies:
Some Asian Examples April 1988
Improving Domestic Resource Mobilization Through
Financial Development: Nepal November 1988
Foreign Trade Barriers and Export Growth
September 1988
18. The Role of Small and Medium-Scale Industries in the
Industrial Development of the Philippines
April 1989
19. The Role of Small and Medium-Scale Manufacturing
Industries in Industrial Development: The Experience
of Selected Asian Countries
January 1990
20. National Accounts of Vanuatu, 1983-1987
January 1990
21. National Accounts of Western Samoa, 1984-1986
February 1990
22. Human Resource Policy and Economic
Development: Selected Country Studies
July 1990
23. Export Finance: Some Asian Examples
September 1990
24. National Accounts of the Cook Islands, 1982-1986
September 1990
25. Framework for the Economic and Financial Appraisal
of Urban Development Sector Projects January 1994
26. Framework and Criteria for the Appraisal
and Socioeconomic Justification of Education Projects
January 1994
27. Guidelines for the Economic Analysis of Projects
February 1997
28. Investing in Asia
1997
29. Guidelines for the Economic Analysis
of Telecommunication Projects
1998
30. Guidelines for the Economic Analysis
of Water Supply Projects
1999
16
SPECIAL STUDIES, ADB (SS, ADB)
(Published in-house; Available commercially through ADB Office of External Relations)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Rural Poverty in Developing Asia
Edited by M.G. Quibria
Vol. 1: Bangladesh, India, and Sri Lanka, 1994
$35.00 (paperback)
Vol. 2: Indonesia, Republic of Korea, Philippines,
and Thailand, 1996
$35.00 (paperback)
External Shocks and Policy Adjustments:
Lessons from the Gulf Crisis
Edited by Naved Hamid and Shahid N. Zahid, 1995
$15.00 (paperback)
Gender Indicators of Developing Asian
and Pacific Countries
Asian Development Bank, 1993
$25.00 (paperback)
Urban Poverty in Asia: A Survey of Critical Issues
Edited by Ernesto Pernia, 1994
$20.00 (paperback)
Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand Growth Triangle:
Theory to Practice
Edited by Myo Thant and Min Tang, 1996
$15.00 (paperback)
Emerging Asia: Changes and Challenges
Asian Development Bank, 1997
$30.00 (paperback)
Asian Exports
Edited by Dilip Das, 1999
$35.00 (paperback)
$55.00 (hardbound)
Mortgage-Backed Securities Markets in Asia
Edited by S.Ghon Rhee & Yutaka Shimomoto, 1999
$35.00 (paperback)
9.
Corporate Governance and Finance in East Asia:
A Study of Indonesia, Republic of Korea, Malaysia,
Philippines and Thailand
J. Zhuang, David Edwards, D. Webb,
& Ma. Virginita Capulong
Vol. 1, 2000 $10.00 (paperback)
Vol. 2, 2001 $15.00 (paperback)
10. Financial Management and Governance Issues
Asian Development Bank, 2000
Cambodia $10.00 (paperback)
People’s Republic of China $10.00 (paperback)
Mongolia $10.00 (paperback)
Pakistan $10.00 (paperback)
Papua New Guinea $10.00 (paperback)
Uzbekistan $10.00 (paperback)
Viet Nam $10.00 (paperback)
Selected Developing Member Countries $10.00 (paperback)
11. Guidelines for the Economic Analysis of Projects
Asian Development Bank, 1997
$10.00 (paperback)
12. Handbook for the Economic Analysis of Water Supply
Projects
Asian Development Bank, 1999
$15.00 (hardbound)
13. Handbook for the Economic Analysis of Health Sector
Projects
Asian Development Bank, 2000
$10.00 (paperback)
SPECIAL STUDIES, OUP (SS,OUP)
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Offices, Associated Companies, and Agents)
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3.
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5.
6.
7.
Informal Finance: Some Findings from Asia
Prabhu Ghate et. al., 1992
$15.00 (paperback)
Mongolia: A Centrally Planned Economy
in Transition
Asian Development Bank, 1992
$15.00 (paperback)
Rural Poverty in Asia, Priority Issues and Policy
Options
Edited by M.G. Quibria, 1994
$25.00 (paperback)
Growth Triangles in Asia: A New Approach
to Regional Economic Cooperation
Edited by Myo Thant, Min Tang, and Hiroshi Kakazu
1st ed., 1994
$36.00 (hardbound)
Revised ed., 1998
$55.00 (hardbound)
Urban Poverty in Asia: A Survey of Critical Issues
Edited by Ernesto Pernia, 1994
$18.00 (paperback)
Critical Issues in Asian Development:
Theories, Experiences, and Policies
Edited by M.G. Quibria, 1995
$15.00 (paperback)
$36.00 (hardbound)
From Centrally Planned to Market Economies:
The Asian Approach
Edited by Pradumna B. Rana and Naved Hamid, 1995
Vol. 1: Overview
$36.00 (hardbound)
Vol. 2: People’s Republic of China and Mongolia
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8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
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Vol. 3: Lao PDR, Myanmar, and Viet Nam
$50.00 (hardbound)
Financial Sector Development in Asia
Edited by Shahid N. Zahid, 1995
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Financial Sector Development in Asia: Country Studies
Edited by Shahid N. Zahid, 1995
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Fiscal Management and Economic Reform
in the People’s Republic of China
Christine P.W. Wong, Christopher Heady,
and Wing T. Woo, 1995
$15.00 (paperback)
Current Issues in Economic Development:
An Asian Perspective
Edited by M.G. Quibria and J. Malcolm Dowling, 1996
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The Bangladesh Economy in Transition
Edited by M.G. Quibria, 1997
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The Global Trading System and Developing Asia
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and Narhari Rao, 1997
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Rising to the Challenge in Asia: A Study of Financial
Markets
Asian Development Bank, 1999
Vol. 1
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SERIALS
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Asian Development Outlook (ADO; annual)
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Key Indicators of Developing Asian and Pacific Countries (KI; annual)
$35.00 (paperback)
JOURNAL
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Asian Development Review (ADR; semiannual)
$5.00 per issue; $8.00 per year (2 issues)
18