OPISTHOBRANCRIATA FHOM
'rm
AECOLHOS ISLANDS.
52 1
n,eport on Opisthobranchiata froni I h e ALrollios Mnrids, \Vestern Australi:i,
with Description of a new parasiI.ic C'opepocl. I3j-Chas. H. ~ ' D ~ ) N O G H T I E ,
D. Sc., F.R.S.C., Professor of Zoology,.University of Manitoba, C!anada.
(Clommunicated by Prof. W. J. DAHIN,D.Sc., F.L.S.)
[Percy Sladen Trust Expedition to the Abrolhos Islands
under the leaderdiip of Prof. W. J. 1)APIN.]
(PLATES27-30.)
[Read Slst June, 1923.1
PROM
a very cursory examination of the dist,ribution of the Ol)isthohranchs,
it is evident t,hat the Indian Ocean is very rich in member^ of this group a i d
is characterized particularly by certain genera. For this reason we iiiay
look forward to the coasts of Australia furiiisliing a large nuinbcr of
interesting forms. U p to the present, howevei-, they liave not been studied
in this area with any degree of thoroughness, save in the ncighbourhood of
Sydney by Angas (7) aiid less extensively in Sout.11 Australia by Basedow
and Hetlley (8). I n Wcstern Australia it may be said thal 110 syst,einntic
collecting has beeii done, so that our kiiowledge of tlie Opisi hobrancli fauna
of this coast is very limited.
The present collection, while sinall in numbers, is, nevertlieless, interesting
mid, it is to be hoped, useful. Certain of the species themselves +pear to be
new, and some of the others, although previously I rcorded, have only been
incompletely described, so that it has beeii possible in all cases to give here
further essential information regarding their structure or distribution and to
clear up certain doubtful points. In tliese ways therefore it will extend our
hitherto meagre knowledge of Western Australian forms aiid so help to fill
a noticeable gap.
'l'he student of the Opisthobranchixta, and especi:illp the Nudibranchiata,
is generally faced with one of two very serious difficulties. On the one
hand, if he collects living material, lie does not as ;I rulr liavc the opportunity to dissect it aild, more particularly, to examine the radulz. On the
other hand, if he is working out a collection in a iiiuseum or laboratory,
while he is able to inake such dissections and preparations of the radulz as
the material allows, he is usually not in a position to recognize the original
coloiir, or perhaps even shape, of t>lioliving creature. I doubt if any other
group of aniinals is so disappoiiiting when preserved j anyone used to seeing
them aliye, with their beautiful coloration and often graceful shape, would
linrdly recognize them in the slirivelletl discoloiired I u i ~ i pthat
~ they become
after preservation. Hence it follows that unless the two aspects are deall
522
PILOP.
c.
H. O’DONOGHUE:
REPORT ON
with simultaneously, there isLalways the possibility of one species receivillg
two diEerent names, one f r o m tlie collector who linows the living animal
and the other froin the laboratory worker who has handled only preserved
material-indeed, i t would not be difficult to cite instances of this. That this
may occur in Australian niaterial is niade IiossiLle in the case of the paper
by G. F. Angas on the Nudibranchs of New South Wales (7). This work is
illustrated by it nutiiber of excellent coloured figures, from which I should
judge a collector would havc practically no difficulty in recognizing the
living forms a t once. As n o details or figures of tlie radulz or other internal
organs are given, however, it would be impossible to recognize a nuniber of
the species from L: collection of Iireservetl iiiaterial witliout colour-notes.
This difficulty niay tie overconic it‘ the same person works at t,he forms
from the two aspects, or by the co-operation of t w o int1ividu:ils. In the
present case I have been fortunate enough to look through tlie collection
with Professor Uakin, who gave ine colour-notes, which, while brief, should
be suficieiit t o allow of the easy recognition of the living aninial. I n two
instances he supplied nie with coloured dr:iwingF.
I t has already been noted tliat the C)pistliobranchs of Australia art: but
little known, and they would well repay further study, but it is of the utmost
importance that when collections are being made adequate colour-notes of
the living animal should be taken.
The list of workers who have treated of West Australian forms is very
limited. l’he earliest records are those of Cuvier, 1804 (31), who described
two species of Nudibranchs brought back by P6ron froin that coast. Quoy
and Gainiarh in 1823 (68) described one further species. Sowerby in 1869
(71) described the shell of a Tectibranch from the Cuniiiig collection in the
British 3Iuseuni. I n 1876 Abrahani (1) described anothcr Nutlihranch from
the British Museum material, and Bergh (12) one from the Cuming collection
in the British Museum. A species brought back by Dr. Studer in the
‘GazolleJ was described by Bergh in 1880 (22). Kent (54) in 1897
recorded a single species that actually came From t.he Abrolhos Islands.
Lastly, in 1917 Odhner (59) described three further Nudibranchs which were
brought back by Dr. Mjijberg’s Swedish scientific expeditions to Australia in
1910-13.
The species recorded therefore are :TECTIBRANCHIATA.
Tetlys [Aplysia gigmtea] (Sowerby), recorded froni Bwun River.
NUDIBRANCBIATA.
CLADOREPATLCA.
Scylltra p e l q i c a Linn., recorded by Cuvier from Terre tl’Edols.
Yliyllirlio2 licldansteinii Eschscholtz, recorded by Quoy and Gamard f roni
Terre d’Edels.
A r m i n a (Pleurophyllidiu) cygriea (Bergh), recorded from Swan River.
illadrellad’errugiriosn Ald. & Ham.. recorded by Odhner f i 0111 Cape .Jaubert.
HOLOHEPATIC
A.
IA~I.sabrcritchirsi m p v i a l i s Kent, recortlrd from the h ~ ~ l ’ ~ l l l O 5 .
fieittrodoris macdosa (Cuvier), recorded f i 0111 Bnyr tles Cliienz marins.
( ‘emtosomu bw~icautlutcriitAbr:~liani,recorded from T\\\‘cstAustralia.
C’eratosoincx. c o r a l l h o n Odhner, recorded from Cape Jauljert.
P l y l l i d i a varicosa Bergh, recordcd froin D:inipier’s Archipelago.
I’rPreZyaittc iiiaryiitatci Odliner, recorded froin Cape Jnuhert.
This is a snia11 list of o d y 11 species and tlie present collection contains
1 6 species, only i2irc.e of which h i h e heen recortld 1)re\iously froiii West
Australia, and 50 the total now Biiowii iroin the coast is 24--x \cry sniall
iiuiiiber when one considers the length of tlie coazt-liiie and the fact that
there is every indication of its possessing a rich fauna.
The following species are here represented :-
TECTIBRANCHIATA .
il’dtys [ il~ilysia]giguiztea (Sowerby).
ITethys [ Alrl,ysia] tleiiisorii (Smith).
L)oluhriferu pelsarte?isis, sp. nor.
Brrtliella p l z r i i i z t l a (Montagu).
ASCOGLOSSA.
Ylucobruiiclztcs t q u i i s a ,
bp.
nov.
NUDIBRANCHI ATA.
HOLOIIEI’ATICA.
S’herostoma [ Y’ritonia] tlaLiiii, sp. nov.
llesubrancliira imperialis Kent.
dlloiodoris Iiedleyi, sp. nov.
Asteronotus jiisciis, sp. nov.
Glossodoris [ Chroiitodoris] iaestralicnsis, sp. iiov.
Aphelodoris ali/iiiis Eliot.
( ‘eruto,wina brezricazcdatuiu Abraham.
bendrodoris [Uoi-iopis] rtigra (Stimpson).
&ridrodoris [ Uorioysis] titatiw-tosa (Abrahani).
Nriitbrotha puijciureoliiteuta, sp. n o r .
iVotodoris gurdirieri Eliot.
With such a small list it is liardly profitable to s p d niuch time in the
discusaion of the distribution and i~elationshipsof its inernl)ers, for as boon as
any systematic collecting is done the list will be enorinou5ly increased.
Professor Dakin lias called attention to one or t n o points in his general
description of the expedition (32) that need brief consideration here. I n
524
,
PROF.
c.
11. O'DONOGHL'E : REPORT ON
the first place, the Abrolhos Irlands are probably the most southern coralislands in the world. A tropical current from the north a d north-east
passes down and bathes their shores, and the available evidence goes to show
that the temperatnre of the sea round tlie islands is usually some degrees
higher than that near tlie adjacent coast-indeed, even in the winter, it rarely
falls below 20' C!. H e further suggests that if a preponderance of tropical
species is found it will probably be due to this warm current, although the
fishes apparently are southern forms.
Of the Tectibranchs, one (i. e., T. yiganteaj has been recorded previously
from Queensland. The two genera 1)oluhrijera and Placobvunchus are,
on the whole, distinctive of tropical or sub-tropical seas, while Bedhella
is perhaps more widely distributed.
I t may be stated of the Nudibranchs tliat, as a general rule, the Cladohepatica are charao teristic of cool or cold wders, while the Holohepatica
characterise warmer regions. I t is therefore probably not without significance that all the forms i n the present Abrolhos niat,eriul belong to the
Holohepatica. In passing, too, it may be worth while to noticc that, of the
Cladohepatic genera recorded from tjhe coast of the mainland of Western
Australia, i. c., Arnziria ( P Z e ~ ~ ~ ~ o ~ ~ l Scj/llrrJa,
i ~ l l ~ ~ land
i u ) ,ilfadisella, tlie two
foriiier are of world-wide dist.ribution and the last is a ~iioreor less tropical
group. All other West Australian forms so recorded are Holohepntic.
Turning again to the prescmt material, tlie S p h a ~ o s t o r n i d sare uiiiversally
distributed, but practically all the other genera are distinctly t,hose of tropical
and sub-tropical seas.
Comparing this list with that of the British coast or of the northern part
of the Pacific Coast of Nort'h America, the dift'erencc is most striking, and it
is impossible not to recognize that it is far more sub-t,ropical in c1iar:icter.
Cold-water groups appcar to be entire~lynnrepresented up t o the present, and
it is hardly possible that, even if found, they will ever outnumber the tropical
and sub-tropical genera.
W e niay conclude, therefore, tliat, as far as the Opisthobranchs at present
known are concerned, the fauna of the Ahrolhos Islands is distinctly subtropical or tropical in its constitution.
The remarkable way in which the ordinary usages of systematic taxononiy
have not merely been ignored but flagrantly violated by riinuy workep on
Nudibranclis has created such a series of pitfdls that even with the .utmost
care it is almost impossible t,o avoid them all. Among the most obvious of
these are exaniplea where species have becn given new names, apparently
because the author did not like the previous one, and this although the older
name has many yea1-s' priority, and the itlent,ity of the two forms is emphasized. Again, several genem have been combined and a new generic name
invented, or the reverse of this may have happened and an old genus split
up to umke way for two or inore new ones, while the original name has been
discarded. It is obvious that, if tliis sort of procetlnrcx goes on unchecked, the
nltinia(e result will be a c1i:rotic niudtlle, o a t of which it will 1x5 very difficnlt
to find a way. The pre,$.nt author, in conjariction with Ireclale (51a), has
spent a grt>;itdcnl of tinic in :in at,tenipt to straighten out die tangle of the
synonymy of the British Nndil)r:mchiata, and, as n result, certain fnirly
widely used generic rinmes have Ileen replaced hy less known ones. Tlie v e r ~
obvious criticism will he inads tliat such changes will caiise a certain mioiint
of inconvenience, and it must he aclrnitted at tlie outset that this is so. On
the other hand, :i few hours’ work in the tasononiy of any group will
soon show t,lli\t, thi3 inconvc&ence is nothing to the deadlocks that arise
froin the slipsliod a n d incorrcd use of 1i:itiies. I he cominon reinark th:it
“ everyone knows what
so-and-so means ” is not tnrrely untrue, for the
original describer of the sl’ecies would not know, but it is frequently :L flimsy
esc~ise for avoiding tlie work necessary to justify the eiiiployment of :I
correct terniinology. Furtherinore, it becoiiies inl’f’ossibie to discuss such
topics :is the comparative EtllittOtliY, Sy Stellxitic relationship, and distribution
of tlie members of a large group of nriiiiials iiiiless one can be more or less
cert:tiii of tlre species involved.
Wherever clianges froin the common
usage liave been made, the reasons for so doing have been briefly given and n
~ y n o n y n i yprovided.
Ny friend Professor Dakin linnded the collec~tionover to inn for oxaniinxtion, ant1 I wish to offer hiin my sincerc thanks not only for so doing but
also f o r giving the colour-notes nientioned abore. I also desire to thank t,lie
authorities of the British Museuni-in particular, Mr. G. C. Robson-for the
privilege of worlriiip at thc Muaeurn, where ready reference to books and
specinlens greatly faci1itat)eJ my work : and, lastly, also Professor IIeiidy,
F.R.S., of King’j (lollege, London, in whose Inborn tories the dissections,
preparations of the radnlae, and the drawings were rnadc.
-411 tlie drawings of teeth were rnade with t.he camera lucida froin iny OWTI
preprations.
Type-specimeiis, examples of all t,he specim, and. when
presgnt, the r a d i i k have been tleposite,d in the British Museuni.
7 ,
Order OPISTHOBRANCHIATA H. Milne-Edwards, 1848.
1110Gastropods belonging to the class Euthyneura :ire all herina~ilirodite
alltl aheracterised by the detorsion of their visceral inms and nervecorninissure ; in addition, they generally have two pairs OF tentacles
exhil,it a. tendency, somet,iiiies niarlied, to concentration of t,lie nervous
system. They fall f&ly naturally into two orders-the
Pulnionata, which
:ire adapted f o r aerial respiratioii and life on land, :itid the Opisthobrancliiata,
1’
which are ad:ipted for aquatic respiration and :i niarine life. The
()pisthol.~lanclistlim coine to form a well-defined group : on the ot-her hand,
Iiowever, the division of this order is not’ quite so sitii1)Ie.
526
.
PROP.
c.
H. O ’ D O N O G J ~ T T E :REPORT ON
Certain authorit.ies--e.g., Bergh (14& 17)!von Jhering (52 & 53)-recognise
three suborders : namely, t,he Tectibranchiata, the Nudibranchiata, and the
Ascoglossa. The last-nanied sub-order is characterised intev alia by the
possession of a uniseriate radula with teeth of :L special form which, when
worn out, are not ejected, but retained in a sac lying at the base of the buccal
apparatus [hence Saccoglossa vou Jhering (52)]. The difficnlty in acceptin g
this classification lies in the fact that the Ascoglossa undonhtedlp contain
two separate groups-( 1) the LophocercidE (Lobiger and Lopiiocemis), which
show certain marked affinities with the Tectibranchs, so that by some
authorities they are includctl with Dhem, and (2) the Hermaidce, Pligllobranchidw, Placobranchidz, Elysiidce, and Lim;ipontiidz, which are
undoubtedly more nearly related to the Nndibranchiata. Eliot (40), to
overconie this, places the Lophocercids wit,li the Tectibranchs and the
remaining f:~inilieswith the Nudihranchs. While this avoids one difficulty
it creates another, for it does not sufficiently inark off these Asdoglossan
forms, which deserve some recognition. Vayssisre (73) includes the
Lophocercidz (OxynaidE) with the Tectibranchs and the reninining
families he groups as a separate sub-order-the
Ascoglossa, allied to the
Nudibranchs. This restricts the application of the term Ascoglossa to the
forins allied to t,he Nudibranchs, and excludes from it the Tlophocercidw
which are included under the older and original usage of the term and which
are, of course, Ascoglossan. Pelseneer (65) has hut two orders in the
Opisthobranchs-the Tectibranchia and Nudibranchia. The latt,er he divides into
four Tribes, of which the fourth (the Elysiomorpha) is identical with the
Ascoglossa of Vayssitre. While agreeing that the Elyeioniorpha const,itute
a group of forms related to the Nudibranchs, I cannot accept Pelseneer’s
view that they are highly specialised Eolidomorpha. Indeed, for n number
of reasons that need not be entered into here, I am inrlined to think that if
there is any relationship hetween the Elysioniorpha and Eolidoinorpha. it is
the reverse of this, and the former are to be regarded as tho inore primitive
and not the derived group;
The difficulty remains, ant1 further work on the doubtful and transitioud
forms will be necessary before it can be satisfactorily settled. For the
purpose of the present paper it is intended to adopt the classification set
forth by Vayssiiire in 1885 (73) and to divide the order Opisthobranchiata
into three sub-orders-namely, the Tectibranchiata, the Ascoglossa, and the
Nndibranchiata, using the term Ascoglossa in the restricted sense as identical
wit11 the Elysiomorpha of l’elsencer.
Sub-order TE(‘TIBRAX(1HIATA Cuvier, 1817.
The Tectibranchs are characterisetl gtJner,illy by the possession of a lateral
or dorso-lateral gill (ctenidiuni) on t,lie right side, protected by a fold of the
~iiantle; usually a shell, internal or external ; a radula, whose used teeth are
O P l S T H O R n d N C H I $ T h F R O M THE b B R O I A O S ISLANDS.
527
tliscardetl. The asytninetricxl poait,ion of the cteniclium involves also a
certain asymmetry of the viscera that is not c h r n c t e r i s t i c of tlie Nudi1Jr:111 chia tn .
llie inaiii s i ~ l ) - d i ~ ~ i s ietnploped
ons
here are those suggest>erlhy Fisclier i n
1884 (41)and atloptetl by Tr:iys.i2re (74)arid Pilshry (67)aiitong others, and
the suli-order is split, into three divisions : ( 1)Cephalaspidea, (2.)Anaspidea, and
( 3 ) Notaspidea. Three of the species i n the collt~ctionhelong to the second
group ( t h e Xnnspit1e:i) :ud fall within tlie one farnily (the Tethyidz). The
otlirr belongs to tlie hist group, the Notaspiden.
r 7
( 2 ) TECTIBRANCHIATA ANASPIDEA F'ischer, 1S84.
Tect,ibranclis t h t lack :I fleshy Iic.atl-shielcl ; the lieatl possesses two or
foor t'old(d or split, teiitmles ; the shell is spiral or plate-like, usudly hidtlen
by iiiout,le, a n d with a posterior tertninal nucleua, rarely at)sent ; the penis
is near right a n t ~ r i o i .teiit:icltL, the female apert,urc aiid ras tleferens open
ncstr gill.
Family TE'I'H 1-IDLE (APLTSIIDB).
The nnitnal is elongate j die shell is in the forin of an uncoiled concave
Illate, :ilmort or entirely hidden, or alsseiit j t h e neck and head are narrower
than t h e body, tlie mouth is n vertical fissure ; t,he epipoilin or pleuropodia
:ire recurvetl over hacli, forming t w o lateral 81-dorsal lobcs enclosing tiimtle
nntl gill. Tlie genital orifice lies within dorsal slit, cottiinunicating by :i long
furrow wit,h tlie invertible penis, wl~iclilies near the anterior right tentacle ;
the niont,Ii is nrtnecl with lioriip jaws : the niultiserial radu1:i po
sitnilat. teeth ; the stom:ich is arinetl with cnrtilaginous iiotlulcs ; the ailus i s
sitnntrtl 1)chintl the gill.
l l i e name generally used For tlir family i s h p l y s i i d z from the generic
1 1
name ApI!/si!i, but Liiinmia i n !]is tent11 etlition, 1758, uses tile term 2 k i l t p
f o r an animal which he briefly defines slid refers to a figure i r i ltotidelet, an(]
tliis is beyoaid doubt the ordin:iry sea-hare iisiially referred to tiow as L'lply,~ia.
T,:iter., in the twelfth etlit,ion, 1 7 6 7 , lie :rIq)lies the tctrin A/,ly,si,~or /,ccl(j/sia
to the m 1 . j same creature, and 1 1 s ~the
~ n:irne Y'Cfh,i/s for the Nudi~)raricll
coiiiiiionly k n o w n as ?'ot//ys l i / i h b i * i ( t . Pilshry has dealt fully wit11 tllis
iriatter (681,atit1 points out, quite correctly, that the tertii Teth!/s is the
proper one for this genus :tnd not applicable t o Nudilmmchs. He atiopts
this iionienclature in his tiionogr:il)h (67,p. 591, b u t strangely enough rtltains
thcb old fainily-ixiine Aplysiidz, whereas the farnily sliould t,&e itd 11:~111e
from the oldest or typical genus of tlie family The correct faniily-narne,
Iiowevrr, is used by Iledlry (50, p. 107), 1918. There is no doubt tliat l'ilsbry
~ v a sright in inalring t8hisc h a i i g ~ and
,
t>liegenus is Yitltys with A p l p i ~as :L
~y11oriy111. It is to be regretted that earlier writers did not go haclr t,o the
original liter:rture, h u t contitiued to use the word ;lyZ!/.siu :inJ tnisa1)plp
tlic term Trtlii/s.
588
PROF.
c.
H . O’DONOOHTTE: REPORT O N
Genus TETHY::Linn. 1758.
Type by designation, 2’. I ~ p w i n uLinn. ; I: lintacdna Linn.
beiug unidentifiable.
Synonymy : APLYSIA
Linn., 1767, and subsequent authors.
Type, Laplpia &pilam Linn.
The aniinal is swollen behiud, narrower in front, with rather a long neck
and head, bearing folded tentacles and slit rliinophores as is usual in the
family ; the latter lie ahout initlway between tentacles and dorsal slit. The
pleiiropodiR arise in front of the middle of the animal’s length, are ample,
freely mobile, free throughout their length or united for a distance behind.
They are functional as swimming-lobes ; their antcrior ends are separated.
The mantle nearly covers tho gill, having a median tube, foramen, or orifice
communicating with shell-cavity, and produced behind in a more or less
developed lobe or lobes, folded to form an excurrent siphon. The genital
orifice lies under t,he front edge of the mantle, in front of the gill; an
opaline gland is present a short dist>ancebehind the genital opening. The
foot is well developed. The shell is very thin and membranous with a thin
calcareous inner layer; i t is near1.y as large as the mantle, concave, with
pointed small apex, bears a recurved lamina, and has a concave post,erior sinus.
I am aware that it is an extremely difficult matter i n certain cases to
identify members of the genus Tetliy by their shells, which are on the whole
very similar, hut the two following species have been placed under the same
names as previously recorded, but poorly described, forms. This has been
done 1)ecause I have had the opportunity to examine the t,ype_material and in
neither case have I been able to detect’siguificant differences between the
preseii t, and the previously described specics. Further, the localities ar0 in
each instance sufficiently near to make it probable that they fall within the
limits of the distribution of the respective species. Literature, moreover, is
strewn with riomim riutia due to the multiplication of names f onnded npon
unsatisfactory descriptions or without sufficient notice of previous work.
Species TETHYSGIGANTEA (Sowerby) ,1869, Conch. Icon. vol. xvii., Aplysia,
pl. I, sp. 1, fig6l a & b. (Pl. 27. fig. 1. €7. 29. figs. 20-22.)
.Body. The animal is very large, quite justifying its name of gipmtea, and
its body is plump, high, and somewhat egg-shaped. The visceral hump is
placed relatively far back in the largest part of the body, which narrows and
gets lower :IS it passes forwards to the cephalic region. The very welldeveloped pleuropodial lobes arise a short distance behind the rhinophores,
are freely and widely separable, and unite posteriorly to form a transverse
fold aixoss the hinder end of the body above the short but well-marked
caudal prolongation of the foot. The moderately thick mantle is perforabet1
by a small aperture over the centre of the shell. It covers the ctenidium,
save for a narrow strip postero-laterally, but more completely than in the
OT’JS’l’BOBRANCHTATA PROM THE ABROLHOS 1YLANDS.
529
next species. The anal funnel is strongly marked and protrudes betweeti tho
hinder margins of the pleuropotlia on the right side of the midtll(: line.
The integument is soft and smooth, but thrown into a series of‘ raieetl a r e : ? ~
of irregular sizes and shapes, separated from one another by deep imrrow
grooves. The whole animal, iiiore particularly in lateral aspect, presents a
very characteristic appeiirance, recalling to some extent t!ie :ippeat.:cnce of
crocodile-hide, but, as just noted, it is quite soft.
The opaline gland occupies a. well-defined region below the right ant>erior
part of the mantle. I t opens to the ninntle-cavity by a very distinct,
circular or sliglitlv crescentic, single aperture a d not by a series of apertures
as in 2: pctnctatcx.
Coloztr. The colour of the preserved specimens is a very deep Lrownish
grey with black lines running in many of the cracks, but also forming arras
of interlacing tracery under the plearopodia and in the caudal region.
Professor Dakin informs me that in life the anirnal was of a deep opaq!if+
purple-green .
f)imensions. The larger specimen measured, in the preserved condition,
15 cni. long by 6.5 cin. wide and 6 cni. high, hut of course would h a ~ been
e
much larger in life, as all these anirnals shrink considerably when prnservstl.
Judging from the type-slrells named by Sowerby, one of the original specimens must have heen a t least a hnlf or two-thirds as large again. If W P
take the estimate made by Eales (33, p. 12) ttint when preserved 7‘. p w tattr. rarely measures “ more than a third of its length when alive,’’ and
assume it to apply t o 7’.gigantetx, we see that it is possible that the present
spwies may reach it length of nlout 60 em. (say, 2 ft.).
.Head. The head and neck-region of this form are quite well devcloped,
although noticeably smaller than the hody of the animal. Tlie vertical slit,like mouth has a large auriculate tentacle on each side. These cephalic
tentacles do not meet in the mid-dorsal line above the mouth, but an extension
of each forms a sort of lateral flange passing on each side of the mouth.
The postero-dorsal border of e:ich tentacle is rolled, so as to form a very conspicuous groove facing backwards and outwards. Below and completely
hidden by tho right orn! tentacle is the I’enis.
Foot. The foot i s well developcl, broad, and muscu1;tr. It is not sharply
marked off from the pleuropodial lobes laterally, and in the larger specimen
its surface presents the sanie “ crocodile sliirl ” pattern as the sides of tho
body. At the aiit>eriorend it is separated froin the head hy a well-niarlied
groove, and it is expanded into large seniicircular lobes which meet, across
the anterior end. This is present in both specimens, but much more inarked
in the large one, where this frontal ctxpansion of the foot projects laterally
almost t,ho width of the heat1 beyond it on each side. The hinder end of the
foot has a similar, but much snialler, expanded lobe borne on eac,h side of the
caudal prolongation.
LIKN. J0UKX.-ZOOLOGY,
VOL. XXXV.
38
530
PROF.
c.
H. O’DONOGHUE: REPORT ON
l&zoplmvs. The rhinophores, although considerably smaller than the oral
tentacles, are very obvious cylindrico-conical structures lying close together
in the dorsiil region about halfway between the oral tentacles and the
beginnings of the pleuropodia. Their terminal portion takes the form of a
fairly thin flap folded upon itself so as to produce a deep groove facing
laterally.
Gill or Ctenidiiini. The large gill is crescentic in shape and forms a lobate
plume. The anterior portion is attacheti by a wide base along the pallial
cavity and the posterior end is free. J u s t the edge of the hinder portion
protrudes from beneath the mantle.
S/ielZ. The shell is transparent, very t l h and soft, and of a pale hornyellow colour. The concentric lines of growth are clearly visible. That of
the smaller specimen measures 62 mm. by 41 min. The shell of the larger
specimen was considerably larger, but left intact. The largest of the Sowerby
shells in the British Museum was 96 mm. hy 79 mm., but it is very dry and
shrivelled.
Lahial Armature. The wall a t the hinder end of the buccal cavity is lined
by a thin semi-transp;iierit cartilage-like membrane; this takes the form of a
compressed tube, whose diameter is 9 nim. high and 4 nnn. a t its widest point
and about 5 mm. long. This is strengthenecl by two flat cushion-shaped
bands, 3-35min. wide, of a deep brown colour. They almost touch dorsally,
but are slightly more widely separated at their ventral ends. Under the
microscope it will be seen that these b:inds are composed of an enormous
number of t i n y cylindrical rods with rounded ends, closely packed together to
form a sort of “ pile ” as in velvet. I n soiiie works these bands are spoken
of as “jaws,” h u t this is not a good term, as they cannot be considered as
either homologous in structure or analogous in function with the jaws of
Nudibranchs.
Radula. The radula is very well developed, and in the smaller of the two
specaimens measured 15.5 mm. long by 14.5 mm. wide. The total number of
rows in the radula was from 83-85. The number OE teeth in the various
rows WAS as follows : in the first row 5 (i. E . , 3.1.2) ; in the tenth row 15
(i.g., 7 . 1 . 7 ) ; and in the seventeenth row i l b o ~ t119 (i. e., 59.1.59).
The
rachidial tooth is large and consists of a basal plate in the form of a trapezium
with a deep notch in the middle of the anterior edge and :t leaf-shaped blade.
The blade has a broad median denticle with 3 or 4 lateral spines increasing
in size towards the Lase and the two lateral s m a h r deiiticles each flanked by
O n e or two +pines. The bases of the inner pleurals are roughly rhomboidal
with curved sides. The blade contains two main denticles, of which the
inner is larger and has 5-6 lateral spines. The outer hiis 3-1 laterals, the
basal one being larger than the others. The pleurals incrcase in size towards
the outside, reaching their maximum more than halfway out. Here they
are 111uch longer and the two denticles are very large and almost smooth-
OPISTHOBHANCHIATI FROM THE ABROLHOS IS1,ANDS.
53 1
they have a very hhin crenulat~ededge along their hxsal portions. The teeth
decrease in size rapidly a t the margin, and the last one or two consist of :i
single elongated basal 1)late with no spine.
The conspicuous genital aprrture is to be found just in front of the :interior
edge of the mantle to the right of thc? middle line. The seminal groove is
well marked and passes forward :irounrl the outside of the right rhinophorc
to the penis underneath the riglit cephalic tentacle.
The anus lies on a fold of the mantle to the right of the middle line beliiiitl
the visceral hump. I n t,his region the mant,le is somewhat thickened antl
produced to form an anal funnel wliich projects beyond the pleuropod ia.
Notes. Two specimens were obtained froin near Fremantle (soine 250
miles south of the Ahrolhos region). and as Sowerby’s specimens were
also from “Swan River” the preseiit ones can probably be regarded :IS
topotypes.
Species TETHYSDENISONI (Smith), Rep. Zool. Coll. ‘Alert,’ p. 89 (1 88-1).
(PI. 2’7. fig. 2 ; P1. 29. figs. 33-25.)
Bo~2y.The body is plump, high, and somewhat egg-shaped, being wider a t
the hinder end than a t the front end, and it passes forwards into a narrower
he:id or cephalic region. The visceral hump appears to be t,lti.own rather far
ltack as compared with ’1: ( d p l y s i a ) pozctata. The plenropodial lobeq arise
laterally about as far hehind the rhinophores as those are behiiid tlie oral
tentacles : they are nioder:ctely large and freely separable. Posteriorly they
unite antl form :I sort of transvrrse flange across the hinder end of tlie hody
above the ca.uda1 prolongation of‘ the foot. The mantle covers tlie shell, but
lios~essesa sniall cent,ral perforation, and i t also largely covers the ctenidiuin,
wvliicli is free for a short distnnce a t its postero-lateral end. The anal funnel
is well developed. The integnment, covering the whole animal is very
sniooth, but thrown into wrinkles.
The opaline gland is :I well-defined hody lying under the right anterior
portion of the mantle antl opening to t,lie rnantle hy a single fairly large pore
a11tl not by n series of apt3rturrs as i n the European 1’.pumtata.
COIOZW.
TVhen preserved tali(.~iniiri:~Is
are of a Imle greyish white and the
wriiikles are often black, very similar to those in II’. yigantra. Professor
Daliin infor‘ms me that in life they are of an olive-green co~ourwith soine
darker niottlings.
I)inzensioiis. The largest specimen when preserved measured 6 cm. long
I)y 3 cm. wide and 3.2 cm. high.
IIeacl. Tliis may he regarded as including the head and neck. The mouth
is terminal and takes the shape of a 1-ertical slit; on each side is a fairly
large auriculate tentacle. These 11ass down on each side of the mouth, and
a t their upper border are curled rountl to form a groove directed posteriorly
nntl ontwartls. They are separated in the mid-dorsal line and show n o
38”
532
PROF.
c.
H. O'DONOGHUE:
REPORT ON
tendency to fuse and form a sort of vcil as in 7'. pumtata. Below and in
front of the right oral tentacle lies the penis.
Foot. Il'he foot is large and muscular and fairly broad. I t is sharply
marked off from the head a t the :interior end tiy a groove, and posteriorly it
is continued as a sort of tail. The pleuropodia arise as dorsally-directed
flaps from the median and postero-lat,eral region of tlie foot.
Rliinopltores. The rhinophnres are two sub-conical projections about' 13 mm.
high, situated near the mid-dorsal line about halfway between the oral
tentacles and the front end of the pleuropodia. They are deeply grooved
along the terminal portion of their postero-lateral borders.
Gilt? 01' Ctenidiztm. The gill is well cle~elopedand is a lobate plume of
crescentic shape. I t is attached by a wide base along the antero-median
margin of the pallid cavity, and posteriorly it passes out freely aiid the t,ip
is exposed to a relatively greater extent than in the preceding species.
SlteZZ. The shell is pale yellow, transparent, with concentric lines of growth
clearly showing, arid it nieasnres 28 mm. by 25 mni. (Smith's specimen
measured 30 by 27 min.-a fairly close approximation). The postero-dorsal
umbo lies far back on the visceral mass. On the longer, more arched, left
side of the shell lie a ridge and a groove which rnn parallel with the edge.
Labial Annccture. The inner parts of the buccal cavity are lined by a thin
hyaline layer oE cartilaginous consisteiicy. This takes the form of a tube
flattened laterally ; its internal dimensions are 5.75 mm. high by 1.5 mm. a t
its widest point and it is about 4 mm. long. I t is strengthened by two
slightly raised bands 2.5 miii. wide ; these almost toiich dorsally, but are a
little inore separated ventrally. As in the preceding species they are coinposed of an enornioas number of tightly packed circular rods.
Xadula. The raduln is well developed and measured 12.5 nim. long by
10.5 nnn. wide when spread out on a slide. I t is of a deep horn-yellow
colour. The number of rows in the ratlnla is about 48 and the number of
teeth in tjhe first row 3 (i. e., 1.1.1) j in the tenth row 45 (i. e., 22. 1.22) ; and
in the thirty-fifth row about 87 (i. P . 43.1.43).
~
The base of the rachidial
tooth is roughly trapezoidal, with a deep rountled notcli in the iniddle of the
anterior border. The blade is leaf-shaped and relatively larger than in
l'. gigantea. I t has a median spine bearing 3-4 lateral denticles and two
lateral spines. The first of these has two lateral denticles and the other is
smooth. The base of the first pleural tooth is approximately rhomboidal
with carved sides ; its blade consists of t.wo well-inarlied spines, the larger
on the inside, and each bears a series of from 2-4 flanking denticles. The
pleural teeth get larger as they pass outwards, reaching their maximum well
over halfway out. The blade becomes elongated and tlie spines inmich
longer, but .they retain their Iatural dcnlicles, about 3-5 in number.
Filially, near the 1at.eral margin, first the sinaller spine tlisappears alld then
OPIdTROL(1~hNCBIATA Flwnl TH I3 A B K O L H O S I S L A S D S .
533
Ihe larger, so that the last two or three teeth corisist simply of a narrow
oval basal plate. Ail the types of teeth differ from tlie corresponding one,?
in T. gigantea.
Tho genital aperture lies a little to t.lle right of the middlc line, just, uiider
or very slightly in front of the auterior edge of the iriantle, arid from it the
quite distinct seiiiin:tl grc;ove passes forwards to the peiiis, which, :is iiotecl
above, lies just in front ol‘ m d below the oral tentacle.
The anus is situated ilt the liiiider elid of the visceral hump, practically i l l
the inid-dorsal line and i: short distance away from t h e Iiuiiip, upon ;L fold u f
the iiiantle. l n the n e i g l i b o ~ ~ r ~ of
i~~
t,lie
o danus tlie ni:iiitle is t81iickeiiedand
projects outwards in the form of :: flap, which is coiletl round in such a iriaiiner
as to form a funnel, the anal fuiiiiel, wliicli in this species is relatively larger
than ia T. ptitictatci.
X o t e s . In all, five speciuieiis of this spcoies were obtained : two large ones
about the same sizc f‘ro~nWooded Island, two smaller ones with 110 vsact
locality given, and onc quite siiiall out: lioui Pelsart Island. I-’rofessor L)aliill
in liiv p a ~ i e ro n the Abrolhos (32,1). 170), wlien dealing with Wondetl Islaucl,
iiiakes the following reference, l~resuniablyt o this species : ‘‘ Nudihrauciis ant1
Tectibranclis (ilplysia sp.) wew extremely C O I I I I I I O I ~ . W e euulJ liave
obtained hundreds of specinlens of d / ) / y s i aby uierelp picking t h i i iili as we
waded in the shallow water.”
Smith (70, p. 89) descrihed :Lforin IIpZysiu ~ I P I L I S O I Lcollected
~
by 1I.Jl.S.
‘Alert’ in the following iiiaii~ier:‘& Eody
(in spirit) high, exhibiting a distinct pedal disc, produced ~ ) h +
teriorly into a caudal termiaation. The entire surface dirty whitish, blackveined in the wriukles (? stains only). Mant-les-lobes moderately large,
coiri~nenciiigin front vonie distance behind the posterior tentaclrs a n d
terminating i i little in advance of the cnuda. Anterior tentacles large,
cylindrical, with the apical slit not extendiiig halfway dowii the outer side,
i’laced a litt,le nearer the oral teutacles than the heginiiing of the ii~antlelobes. Eyes niinute, situated near the outer anterior base of the tent,aclea.
Shell very thin, straw-colonr, 30 iiiui. long and 27 broad. Aniiiial ahoiit
three inches i n length in its contracted state.”
This description, wliile not very exad, applies closely to the present speciiiieiis. It was, however, of an aiiiiiial obt.ainet1 from Port Denison, Queensland, and I should have hesitated to regard it as identical. h:ld it not beeii
I’ossible to exaniine the original type-specimen in the British Museuiu.
Smith’s spcittien, much discoloured by age and not well ~~rescrrecl,
anti tlw
shell, dried and somewhat shrivelled, are still availxhle. Taliiiig iiito acc‘ou~iI
tlie tliffereiice in condition of the s~ieciinens,I can see 110 w a j ot’ tlist,inpishirig t)etween them, a i d so I liavt: placed the present, f o r i n s under Sinith’s
~ i i i ~ ~although
ie,
they come from fairly widely-seprntrd :twa.s.
5 34
PROF.
c.
H. O ’ D O N U G H U E :
REPORT ON
Genus DOLABRIFERA
Gray, Proc. Zool. SOC.London, p. 162 (1847).
Type by tautonomy and designation :
D.dolabrqf’era Rang, Hist. Nat. Aplys. p. 51, pl. 4. figs. 1-6, ex Cuvier,
H&g.Anim. (edit. i.) ii. p. 398, ‘ I 1817 ” for 1816 (name only).
Synonymy : DOLABRIFER
Fischer, Nan. Conchyl. 1883, p. 668.
The general form is ovate-oblong or sack-like, tapering towards the tail.
Tentacles and rhinophorev are slit and expanded distally, the latter lie nearer
to the front margin than to the dorsal slit. The ejes are as in T e t l y .
The plenropodial lobes arise far behind the middle of the length, are
contiguous, scarcely mobile, united hehind, and eiiclose a large gill-cavity ;
the dorsal slit is short. The mantle is small, not perforated over the shell,
nor covering much of the gill. The foot is broad, often expanded a t the
edges. The genital pore lies in front of the gill, under the mantle-edge.
The shell is smdl, not spiral, solid and calcareous, and sub-triangular,
trapezoidal or irregularly oblong ; the apex is projecting and calloused,
with 110 spiral tendency. The radula bears large srib-triangular rachidial
teeth, with several denticles on the cusp, itnd the lateral teeth possess long,
coarsely denticdate cusps.
Species DOLABRIFERA
PELS~RTENSIS, sp. nov.
(Pl. 27. fig. 3 ; P1. 29.
figs. 26-28.)
Body. The body is oblong-ovate, reaching its maximuin width behind the
middle and passing backwards to ;1 bluntly pointed tail. The back is arched
and the whole integunieiit is wrinkled, and bears a series of wart-like pointed
projections. The pleuropodial lobes take their origin towards the middle
region of the body ; they are not eusily tnov:ihle, and are separated by a slit
lying slightly to the right of the m i d - d o r d line and mainly in the posterior
half of the animal’s length. At the anterior elid the lobes are practically
contiguous, but separated by the narrow genital groove. Within the gillcavity, the mantle entirely covers the shell and is not perforated ; it only
covcrs a small part of the gill.
Colour. The colour of the preserved specimens is of a uniform dirty
brownish grey, and Professor Dakin informs me that the living animals were
much the same colour, but of a deeper warmer brown.
Binzensions. The larger specimen measured 32 intn. long by 9 min. wide,
and S.5 mm. high.
Head. The head is relatively small and the front o f it is occupied by the
vertical slit-like mouth. It is separated froin the froiit end of’the foot by a
groove. Antero-laterally i t bears t w o sl’lit auriculate oral tentacles. The
tiny eyes lie just in froiit of‘ and outside the rhinophores. In the larger of
the t w o specimens the head is practically withdrawn into the body.
Foot. The muscular foot is well developed and broad. At the anterior end
it is bluntly rounded and, as noted, separated from the head by a transverse
groove. Posteriorly it narrows oft’ and terminates in a blunt point.
OPISTHOBRANCHIhTA F R O M T H E ABROLHOS ISLANDS.
535
Rhiizophores. The two rhinophores lie fairly close together, dors:tlly, just
behind the oral tentacles and nearer to them than t o the slit between tlie
pleuropodia. Their extremities are grooved postero-laterally, but they are
not so dilated as in some members of the genus.
Gill or Ctenidiuna. The gill is composed of a single lamellated plunie witli
the lamella lying longitudiually, and it runs more or less transversely across
the animal.
Shell. The shell was very small, calcareous, and apparently trapezoidal, but
was too crushed to allow of accurate description.
Labial Armature. The labial xrmature, if present a t all, is only very feebly
developed.
Radula. The'radula is iiot large, but the tectli are well tlevelopl. Tlie
total number of rows is 31. The fit-st row consisted of 2 (i. e., 1.1.O), the
fifth row of 27 (i. e., 13.1.13), and the twenty-fourth of 57 (i. e., 28.1.28).
The racliidial tooth has a broad trapezoidal basal plate, which is iucurved on
both its anterior and posterior edges. The blade consist.s of a median spine
bearing two tiny laterals, and four smaller but almost equally cleveloped spines
lie on each side of this. The basal plate of the inner pleurals is r1iomboid:il
witli inourving long sides, and the blade consists of four large spines of which
that nearest the rachis is usually the largest. Further out the spines become
extremely large, and the one nearest the rachis much the largest, so that tlie
others are borne on its outer side. The outermost pleurals still have a large
inner spine, but the nest one to it is almost as well developed, and so they
appear bifid.
I n geueral, the teeth are somewhat similar in type to those of Il'et//ys, but,
they differ suficiently to be recognised as of a diff'erent genus.
Tlie genital aperture lies under the mantle-edge well in front of the gill.
The seniinal groove passes forwards to the penis, which is situated just below
the right cephalic tentacle.
The anus opens on the right side of the middle line behind the gill.
Notes. The two specimens in the collection were both collected 011 Peluart
Island.
They do uot appear to be referable to any previously described f o m s , a d
so have been recorded here 21,s a new species with the name Ilolubrij~ra
pelsartensis from the island on which they were talien.
(3) TECTIBRANCHIATA NOTASPIDEA Fisoliei., 188-1.
The mantle is well developed and covers the whole dorsal surface. I t
contains a somewhat small concave lamellar shell within a large pallial cavity.
The shell may be absent, or may itself be hidden by an external shell. The
oral veil is marked and carries two dorsal tentacles (rhinophores). The gills
are pinnate and situated laterally on the right side of tlie body.
536
PROF. C. H. O'DONOGHIiE:
REPORT ON
Family PLEUROBKBNCHID~E.
The Pleurobranchidae have not the large liead-sheath ot the Billlids nor
the large parapodia of the Tethyida They have a well-developed oral veil
on a head iliitrked off froin the body. The oral tentacles are only moderately
developed and cleft ; thc rhiriophores are usually considerably larger and
are decply cleft longitudinally. The back is covered with a t,hiclr or a thin
iiiantle and this generally projects freely over the lirad anteriorly aiid over
the tail posteriorly. Within the mantle is a more or less large shell (absent,
however, in PleuroOruiichaa and Osca7liopisj. A single (ill Oscanius double)
genital aperture lies a t the front end of the right side of the body. Above
or helow this, but still anterior to t,he gill, is i i prebranchial opening or papilla
leading into a sac. The gill is frequently tripinnate, and 'below it lies the
urinary aperture. At the hinder end of the strand of tissue attaching the
gill (the gill mesentery) lies t,he anus (in Pleurohmnclwu it is above
the strand). The foot is moderately large and overhung by the mantle
(save in PZeuyobruncltct.u, wliere it passes over into tlie side arid h c k of tlie
body). The sole of the &I-region of'the foot often I)cnrs a glaud.
Genus BERTHELLA
Blainville, Man. tle Mal. et Conch. 1825, p. 469.
Type by nioiiotypy : B. p o ~ o s aBlain ville, ibitb. =(Bulla) p l z m u b ~
Moiibagu, Testacea Brit. i. 1803, p. 21.2, pl. 15. fig. 9.
Type, therefore, B. pbmzula (Mont.).
Synonymy : CLEANTHUSLeach, Synop. Moll. Gt. Brit. 1852, p. 28.
~PLEEROBRANCHUS
(purs) Bergh, N~ttlnli.Unteru. 1898, p. 117.
The shell is haliotidiform, fairly tough, and shows lines of growth and also
longitudinal striz which, while faint, are nevertheless clearly visible. It is
of a translucent amber-yellow colour.
The animal is plump and oblong ; the matitle covers the whole body, its
iii;irgin is entire, its front aiid hinder ends rounded, and it is separated from
the foot by a deep groove. The gill is bipiiiiiate and of moderate size. The
two dorsal tentacles or rhinophores are inserted side by side between the
iiiaiitle and the oral veil, and are aurii'orni and deeply cleft,. The foot is
t r u n c a k l anteriorly and bluntly rounded posteriorly where it projects
slightly beyond tlie mantle. The labial armature is composed of two plates,
each built up of a large number of irregularly arranged close-fitting spinelikc pieces of cliitin. The radula is well developed, wit,hout a rachidial
tooth and the nunierous pleural teeth have the form of knife-like blades
bearing denticles a t their distal extreiiiities.
Species BERTHELLA
PLUMULA (Montagu), Test,. Brit. i. 1803, p. 214.
(€9.29.
figs. 29 8: 30.)
Body. The body is an elongated oval and slightly flattened. The mantle
is well tleveloped and overhangs the body all round, save for a narrow strip a t
Ihe liiiider end. The c r d veil : i l ~projects i i i front of the mantle.
.
OPISTHOBRANCHIATA FROM 'VHE ABBOI. tlOS ISLBXDS.
r 1
537
l h e colour of the preserved specimen is a transluceiit yellow-grey,
and Professor Da1ii11 infornis me that, in life, it was of a uniforin dull yellow
(-'oloitr.
colour.
1)inzensions. The preserved esainple nieasured 22 i n i n . long hy 1 4 wide
anti 9 nitii. high.
Iieucl. The head is flattened and covered by the t'urward extension of tlie
mantle. I t bears a strongly developed oral veil, nntl this is continued out
laterally into two short, triaogular vxpansions, which represent the oral
tentacles a n d are deeply cleft along their lower outer cdge. The mouth is
a round opening under the head, and tiet!veen it and the anterior extension
of the foot.
Foot. Tlie foot is well developed, and, although fairly broad, it is overliung
along the sides of tile inaiitle, but probably the posterior end is free during
locoriiotiou. Tlie anterior end is abruptly roundeti : ~ n d carried on bcyoiid
tlie inout11 as a shallow flange, and the posterior end is IJluntly pointed.
121iiiiopliores. The rhiuopliores are well-developed cylindrico-conical
st,ructures Iging under the front end of the inantle :it t,he hinder tlorsa! region
of the head. They arise practically touching one anot,lier in the middle line,
but diverge slightl! as they pass forwards aucl they are deep1.y sulcate o n
their outcr niargiiis. Just hehilid the base of e:di :i well-marlied, dull black
eye-spot shows through the skin oE the neck.
($ill. Tlie gill is situated well forward on tlie right side of the body under
the ninntle. It is attachetl at the front or basal eutl and passes backwards as
an elongated pyramidal structure, bearing about 24 laiiiell,.e on each side oE
a smooth rachis.
SlieZl. The shell was, utifortunately, too tianiagecl to adinit of accurate
description, but it appears to be very siinilar to tliat of Brs.theZla [ PleuroGrui~clms]pltcnzrda as described aud figured by various authors.
LuCial drrriature. The labial arniature consists of t W G oblong plates
ineasuriiig 3 mm. long by 1.5 ~ i i i n .wide. They are of ii horn-brown colour
:1nd are composed of tooth-lilir elements.
Eacli consists of a lanceolate
flattened blade coming to a siuglca, sharp, non-denticulate point, and bears,
some way down on each side, a blunt triangular process, but these two
project,ions are iiot opposite t.o one another. The eleiiients agree with those
figured by Bergh (27) and Vnyssihre (75).
Rutlrrla. W i e n flattened on a slide tlie pale yellow radula nieasured 4 mtn.
Ly 2 inin. It has no rncliidial teeth and the pleural teeth are arranged in
7 8 4 2 rows ; a typical r o w coiitairis 380-29U teeth and the formula is
(140-145) . 0 .(140-145). The teeth increase iii size from the rachis outwards, reaching their niasimuiii well L'eyond the middle line ; they then
decrease slightly, but the outerriiost teeth, altliougli siender, are still longer
tlian tlia innerrnost. All the teeth a r e of very siriiilar s h q w a i d stand
practic:illy upright. They have a siiiall .basti, froill wlricli conies off a long
'.
538
PROF. C. H. O’DONOOHUE:
REPORT ON
thin curved spine like the blade of a knife. A t its distal extremity it bears
a set of saw-like dentieulations on one side, over about one-third or one-half
its length. These vary in number from tooth to tooth from 7-14 and are of
different uizes on the same to0t.h.
The genital and prebranchial apertures lie immediately in front of and
below the insertion of the gill. The anus is situated just at the hinder end
of the gill-mesentery.
Notes. This species is represented in the collection by a single specimen
f rom Sandy Island.
Cheesman (30) has described a form, Pleurobranchus (perhaps Berthella)
ornutus, froin New Zealand, but i t difi’ers from the aniinal here described
in having brownish mottlings on the back ant1 dark brown rhinophores.
Unfortumitely, details of the radula and labial armature are not given.
According to Bergh (27) the radula of B. [PZeurobm~zJms]plumulu has
100 rows of teeth 150 in B row, or, again (26), the radnla is stated to contain
120 rows with about 220 in the row, but it is not clear whether the 150 and
220 in these descriptions refer to the number of pleural teeth on one side of
the radula or on bot,li. VayssiAre (75), however, while he does not state the
number of rows in the radula, gives the formula as 140-155 . 155-140, which
agrees quite closely with that of the present specimen. The form of t.he
teeth also falls within the limits of the variations figured by different anthors
for this species. The radula, therefofe, appears to be somewhat variable in
constitution.
The labial armature, as B whole attd in its individual elements, and also the
shell, as noted above, agree with previous descriptions. It would appear,
then, that the present specimen belongs to the species B. pluitiulu, although,
if the agreement were not so close, I should hesitate to relbr it to that species
on account of its locnlity. B. ylunmla, however, had previously been
recorded from Norway, Great Britain, France, Portugal, the Azores, the
Mediterranean, and Lower (:alifornia, so that it is of wide distribution.
Sub-order ASCOGLOSSA Bergh, 1876.
(Saccoglossa ron Jhering, 1876 ; Elysiornorpha Pelseneer.)
Branchiz or gills are absent o r poorly developed. No shell is present.
The pharynx is inainly adapted for sucking and does not possess jaws. The
radula is short, uniserinte, and has teeth of a characteristic shupe, which, when
110 longer required, are passed down into a sac or ascus lying at the base of
the pharynx. The central nervous system is coinposed of 6 or 7 ganglia
massed around the rzsophagus. The otocysts contain only a single otolith.
Two seminal vesicles are usually present. The penis is often armed with a
spine.
OPISTHOBRANCHIATA FRO31 THE ABKOLHOS ISLASDS.
539
Family PLhCOBRAXCHIDLE.
The head is flattened, and passes over laterally into short leaf- or ear-shaped
tentacles, which have their lateral niargins rolled. The two closely set eyes
show through the skin of the neck. The body is much flattened and its sides
or mantle-folds expanded into wing-like flaps (these are not epipodial
developments as i l l Tethys), which :we usually held np over the body. Behind
the neck is a noticeable swelling, the pericardial swelling containing the
pericardial cavity and the kidney, and at the right side of this lies the anus.
The dorsal surface of both body and lateral expansions generally bears a series
of low longitudinal folds or laniallz. The foot is not sharply marked off
froui the body, its edge projects very slightly, and oIten its anterior end is
bilabiate,
l h e r e are no jaws ; the radula is short, uniseri~ite,and has large teeth.
These, when worn, are shed into the inferior radula-sac. The stoinach is
short and sac-shaped. The hermaplirodite gland is not discrete, but in the
form of isolated follicles. The penis is protrusible and armed with a curved
spine.
r 1
Genus PLACOBRANCHUS
van Hasselt, Alg. Konst en Letter-Bode,
1824, I. Dee], 110. 3, p. 31.
Type by nionotypy, P.ocellatcts v. Hass.
The head is flattened, with a broad front, which bears on each side a short
leaf-like or aurifortn tentacle whose side-margin is rolled. Two eyes, set
close together, lie on the neck. The body is niucb depressed and bears t w o
wing-like lateral expansions ; tliese are iiiantle-lohs belonging to the body
and not epipodial appendages as iii Tethys ; they :ire usually turned u p over
the body. Behind the neck is a fairly large pericardial swelling, on the
right side of which lies the anal aperture. The upper surface of the body
and the mantle-lobes bear numerous, longitudinal, parallel, low folds. The
double genital aperture lies behind the right tentacle. The foot< is not
distinctly marked of€ froin the body, anteriorly it is divided by a transverse
groove into two equi-sized lips.
The bulbiis pharyngeus is much as in Phyllobranchia. The radula is
short and uniseriate, the teeth are large and persistent and passed on into
The penis is armed with curvcd spines.
ail inferior sac.
Species PLACOBRANCHUS
EXPANYA, sp. nov. (Pl. 27. fig.4 ; P1.29. figs. 31-34.)
B o d y . The body of this forin is extreinely flat arid somewhat elongated.
It passes out without a sharp line of demarcation into the enorniouslgdeveloped
niantle-lobes which project, as leaf-like expansions, niany times the width of
the body and are continuous behind with the posterior end of tbe body. The
whole animal presents the appearance of a flat leaf slightly thickened in the
540
PHOH. L‘. R. O’UONOQHUE: REPORT ON
middle anterior region. I t is usual in this genus for the mantle-folds to be
folded over the dorsum, but there was no suggestion of this in the present
species. Indeed, these lobes are much more developed t h m in other inembers
of the genuj and if folded would far more than overlap. Also their anterolateral corner projects well in front of the head, so giving the animal a
characteristic appe;trancc not found in other nieinbors of the genus.
Colour. The colour of the preserved specimen is a light brownish fawn
with a large number of tiny black spots scattered irregularly all over it, and
the mantle-margin is bordered all round with n black line about 1mtn. wide.
Professor Daltin infornis me that in life the colour was more of a greenish
fawn with the black markings as in the preserved specimen.
Dirtte3zsioizs. The leugtli along the micldlc line was 23 1n1n., but the anteromedian corners of the mantle projected about 1.5 i n i n . in front of this.
Width across the widest point was 21.5 inin.
Head. The head is flattened and abruptly rounded at the anterior end.
On each side is a flattened auriculatr. tentacle rolled at tlie lateral margin.
I n the specimen the head was somewhat retracted.
E’oot. The foot is practically indistinguisliable, being represented simply
by the thickening in the antero-median lind on the veutral side. I t is so
reduced that it suggests that the animal was incapable of creeping.
Braiicliicc. None.
Ratlulu. The radula is sho14 and uniseriate ; it contains 12-14 teeth. The
tooth has nn oblong base with rounded corners, and the upper portion is
carried on as a long, stout, slightly curved, non-denticulate, almost conical
spine. The bases of the teeth are closely approxiinate~l,so that each spine
ovorlaps the whole of tlie base of the tooth imtnediately in front of it, and
about half the nest also. The spines lie down upon hhe succeeding tooth,
which is slightly hollowed to receive them, save in the front tooth, which is
almost upright and appears to be the only one in use.
The dental sac contained twenty or more discarded taetli. Some of these
are quite small, not a quarter of the length of that in use, so thitt it would
appear thnt they are carried for a relatively long period of tinic.
h-otes. But one specimen is represented in the collection, obtained froin
the shore of Wooded Island.
While it is here referred to the genus Placobra)iihus, it is, as noted above,
different froin the previously described menibers of the genus in the following
points :(1) I t has non-denticulate teeth. (2) Tt has a relatively mucli greeter
extension of the mantle-lobes. (3) It has forward extensions of these lobes.
Bather than make a new genus, however, it is included here, since in other
points it agrees closely with the previously known members.
The large expansions of the mantle and almost total lack of :L foot rather,
suggest that it may be a swininiing forin. The name P.ezpansa is here
suggested to call attention to the large mantle-lobes.
OPISTEOBRANCIIIATA FROM THE ABROLI-IOS ISLANDS.
541
Suborder NUDIKKANCHIATA Clitrier, 1817.
Nuclibrauchs :ire marine hermaphrodite Opisthobranchiata wi tliout,
ctenidiurn ant1 os~~lirndiuni,
and in t,lre :tdnlt state wit.liout a shell. Tlie larva,
lioaevcr, lias :I shell a n d operculum. The visceral inass is not niarlted off
froni the foot ; the body sliows r.oiuplet,e or approxiinate external syininetry
aiid nsudly bears plumes or other :tppendages which assist respiration. The
nervous system is concentrated in a collar heliintl the buccal bulb, and the
chief ganglia :ire 1)l:iced on the dorsal snrface of the trhsopliagus, heing often
partially united and sometimes fused into a single mass. The vas deferens
is :ilwaps an internal tube. never a n external groove. The teeth, when used,
are discharged froin the body and not retained in n sac. Among the coninion,
but not universal, chnrncteristics of the Nudibranchiata are also the
following :-(I) The dorsal tenhcles or rhinophores are often laininatctd and
relractile, fwtuvcs not recorded in any other group. ( 3 ) The kidney is
rarely cornpct, hnt usnally a systLbni of rair.ifiec1 tuhes. (3) The gsnitalia are
often cstremely coniplicated, both in their essential plan aiid also owing to the
presence of accessory glands aiid :trni:itnres. Besides this, the various snbdivisions show retn:irliable peculiarities of their own, such as the rainificalion
of tlie digertire organs, the reduction of tlie teeth to a single row, ancl tlie
prmence of nematocysts.
Tlie cla,ssification of the Nudibr;inchiata here adopted is essentially ihat of
Eliot (40) with the following four niain differences :-(1) Tlic Ascoglossa have
haen renixwd and treated sep:irat,ely for reasons noted in tlie introduction,
Eliot’s faniily-namcs Dorididae Cryptobranchiats and Doridids Phanerobranchiats, being binomial, cmnot strictly be used, as t,he family must Iiavr R
single name derived from that of its oldest :mtl iypical genus. Moreover, hoth
these ternis inclnde a nuinher of grotips of forms, wliicli, for the present a t any
rate, would a1)pear to be inore conveniently handled separately. It must be
confessed that the classification of both these assemblages stands in need of
fiirt!ier revision, :L task outside tlic scope of the present work. (2) For the
reasons just, given the group Dorididae Cryptobranchiatae has h e m sub-tli~ided
into ainaller fnniiiies, whose limit$ correspond with the siniilarly nanierl subhmilics a s given by Bergli in his ‘ System der Nudibranchiaten G:isteropotlen’ in 1892. In certain cases tlic laws of priority have necessitated a
change of name. (3) Eliot’s four divisions of the Dorididae Phanerobranchiats
have heen regartled as iudependent~faniilies. (4) Investigation of the synonyms
ot‘ varioiis species lias rcvealetl the fact that cert:iin iiatnes are incorrectly
applied, as was pointed out, previously. These have been rectified by the
:dter:it,ion of the names in the cases that appear to admit of no doubt, ancl such
a change sometimes involves both the n:inies of the genus and the family, even
tliough the limits of the3e groups have not been altered.
Tho suk~ordferis divided into t w o ‘I’ribes (A. Kolohepatica and B. Cladohepatica)? a separation dependent in the main, as the terms imply, upon
542
P R O F . C. H. O’DONOGHUF,:
REPORT ON
whetller the liver remains in’one compact inass or is split up and branched.
The two groups defined in this way, however, are separated by other
associated anatomical differences, that indicate clearly a wider gap hetween
them than is perhaps suggested by the mere condition of the liver.
Tribe A. Holohepatica.
Nudibranchs in which the liver forms a compact mass, neither branched
nor divided, and usually accotnpanied l)y the following characters. There is
complete external syninietry ; the vent usually lies in the mid-dorsal line and
is surrounded by a circle of b r a n c h 1 plumes ; the radu!a is of moderate or
considerable width, save in thc family Dendrodoridae (Doriopsidz) ; mandibles
arc! rare ; the hermaplirodite gland is usually spread over the liver as a layer,
but sometimes forms a discrete miss ; :is a rule, the genital ducts are
triadic and thero are two receptacula seniinis.
Fatnily DUVAUCELIIDB (TRITONIIDB).
The branchiz consist of tufts set along iho mantle-region or occasionally
they may be absent altogether.
Genus SPHEROSTOMA
Macgill. Hist. Moll. h i m . Aberdeen, etc. (1843).
Type by monotypy : 8.jamesonii Macgill. = 7’. liombergii C‘nvier, 1808.
Type : 8. lmmbergii (Cluvier).
Synonjniy : THITONIA
Cuvier, Tabl. E l h . Hist. Nat. 1798, p. 387, at&.
NECROMANTES
Gistel, Natur. des Tierr. f . Schulen, 3848, p. xi.
LIRIOPE
Gistel,
11
1,
,, 1846, p. 171.
The body is liuiaciform, but somewhat rectangular in outline, except a t the
end, where it tapers to a short tail. The foot is broad. Over the inouth is a n
oral veil bearing t w o grooved tentacles a t the ends, and in the middle
tubercles or processes. The rhinophores are retractile into raised sheaths ;
they are not perfoliate, but surrounded by a few plumes. The dorsal inargiti is
slightly prominent,, and bears a single I ow of brancltial tufts which are more
or less arborescent. Anal and renal openings lie on the right side. The jaws
are large, with several rows of denticles or prominences near the edge. The
radula varies greatly in size in the different species, but always consists of a
broadish central tooth with x moderate or large number of laterals which are
usually simply hamate. The first lateral is usually larger than the others,
and somewhat cluinsily shaped. The liver is not divided and sends off no
branches to the gills. There is no armature either in the stomach or on the
genitalia. The hermaphrodite gland forms a layer over the liver (EZ&).
I t will be noted that the name of the family is changed from Tritoiiiidz
cuvier, as this name is preoccupied, and Duvauceliidz substituted. Tpitonia
Cuvier being preoccupied has to be replaced by Xplinroatonia M~cgillivray,
OPISTHOBRANCHIATA FROM TRE ABROLHOR ISLANDS.
543
1843. Diwaucelia Risso, 1826, has to replace Candiella Gray, 1853, as tlie
valid n:me for this genus, and thus the oldest generic name in the family
becomes llzcvauc~lia,from which the fainily-name is derived. The matter has
been fully dealt with by Iredale and O'Donoghue (51 a, p. 629), and is again
referred to under the Family E upliuridz (Polyceridze).
Species SPHBROSTOMA
DAKINI, sp. nov.
(Pl. 27. fig. 5 ; PI. 29. figs. 35-413.)
Body. The body is oblong, limaciform, and like a typical SphrProstoma. It
is moderately Iiigh, the back flat, and there is a slight pallial extension along
the edges of the hack in the line of the branchial plumes. The dorsuni passes
forward and out as a well-marked, strongly bilobed, oral veil, wllich bears
about six or seven deiidriforin processes on each side of the middle line. The
short tentacle at each lateral niargiii of the veil is grooved throughout its
length upon the ventral side.
Colour. 111 the preserved condition some of the specimens were of a dull
grey colour, and some of the same general colour but plentifully marbled
with dark brown. Professor Dakin informs ine that the living animal is of
:i dirty pinkish colour with brown markings.
Binzensions. The specimens varied somewhat in size, and the largest
measured 88 inm. long by 25 inm. wide and 25 mrn. high. The lateral
margins of the oral veil project about 15 min.
Ilead. The head is sub-globose, distinct, but not projecting, and the mout,li
is in the form of a longitudinal cleft. It is coinpletely overhung by the
bilobed oral veil.
Foot. The foot is of moderate widt,li and of the same length as tlie body.
At the front end it is bilabiate, and posteriorly it passes back to a blunl point.
M i n o p h o w s . The rhinophores are retractile within short, stout, cylindrical
sheaths. Tliis sheath is provided with a funnel-shaped collar with a wavy
edge and a deep cleft on its antero-lateral side. The clavus bears a ring of
six simply pinnxte plumes, the most anterior is quite small, the most
posterior is much largcr than the others and is continued upwards as n l,lunt,ly
rounded projeding cylinder.
Bi~anchitr~.
The branchiae are in the form of a series of dendritic tufts along
the side of the dcrsum. They are paired and decrease in size as they pass
backwards; the anterior plumes are attached by a wide long stalk and quite
distinct f'roni one another, but at the posterior end the stalks are short,er and
closer together, so that they form a more or less continuous group. About
ten large distinct plumes are present on each side, and a terminal gronp
composed of from 3-5 sinaller branchip. They are of the same colour as the
body of the animal.
Il'adtcla. As in all the Dovauceliidae the pharyngeal complex is very large
and tlie raduia very well developed. The total number of rows iii the
radula is 65-67 m d tlie number of teeth in a row-in
the first row 9 (i. e . ,
544
PROF. C . H. O’DONOGHUR: REPORT ON
3 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 3 ) ; in the tenth row 81 (i. e., 3 9 . 1 . 1 . 1.39), and in the sixteenth
row about 273 (i. e., circa 1 3 5 . 1 , I . 1 .135). When removed and flattened on
the slide the radnla nie:isurnd 11inin. along the inictdle line by 1 2 mm. a t
its widest point. The hasal plate of the rachitlial tooth is approximatrhly
rectangular, and the blade coiisists of three large spines, of which the
medi:in is the largest, the most pointed, :rnd it projects well in front oE the
anterior mirgin of the tiasal plate. The lateral spines are blunt and much
shorter. Tlic first pleural tootali has a roughly rect:ingular base, but i t is,
very irregular and it bears i l single blunt and irregular spine. Tlie reliiaining
pleural teeth are all of a siniple hainate form :, they iiicrease in size as they
pass outwards, reaching their iiiaxiinuni between the YOth-l20tli, :ind then
they decrease rapidly to the margin.
Jaw. The jaw, as is usual in the family, is very large and strong. Its
most proiiiinent feature is the series of serrations that inark its cutting-edge.
They are quite miall at the upper anterior end near t,he caristn comecti,ua,
where they first appear as the continuation of a wavy raised ridge, but
they increasc noticeably in size as they !)ass haclrwards. On the processus
masticatorius they are quite large, nearly 1nim. high and easily discernible
with the naked eye. The dmticles are deep brown i n colour, and appear to
be inserted into a ligh tcr-coloured ridge. The well-developed jaws measure
18 inm. long by 4.5 min. a t their widest point, and are of a deep horn-brown
passing off almost to black near the cutting-edge. They are somewhat
narrower than in other species of the genus, and perhaps more widely
divergent a t their posterior ends.
The genital aperture is situated about halfway up 011 the right side near
t,he level of the second branchial pluine. The penis is short, conical, and
unar in ed .
The anal papilla lies just behind the third brancliial plume, high up 011
the right side of the body.
Notes. There are five s1)ecimens of this spccies ill the collection : three
w i t h brown mottlings and two quite grey-none with closer 1oca.lity given
than Abrollios.
However, i t is almost cerhinly the animal referred to bv Professor Dakin
in his report (32, p. 170) as coming from Wooded Island*, since his remarks
can apply to no other form in the collection, and thc long branchiz (10 give
it a spurioiis rnsemblance to Dentlronotus. He says, “Another animal which
was extraordinarily abundant on this little stretch of Lagoon flat (only on
the margin’) was a large and beautiful nudibrancli, almost certainly new
and allied p r o h b l y to I)end?-oiiotus. The Fingularity of its occurrence is
accentuated by the f a d that, not,withst:inding its abundance here, not a
specimen was cnpturcd anywhere else at the Abrolhos, and on our second
visit in 1915 it was just as coininon at this place as two years before.”
*
[This observation is quits correct.-W.
J. U.j
545
O P I S T H O R R A N C H I A T A F R O M TH F: ABROLHOY IST,AKI16.
It does not appear to agree with any previously recorded species, and so
is described here as new with the name ~Spl~irrostomu
duke,& after m y friend
Professor W. J. Dalrin, who collectetl it.
Fninily €IEXABR.ANCHIDLB.
This fxrnily contains only one genus, and its characters a r e those of the
genus.
Ehrrnberg, Synil). Phys. (1828).
Genus HEHAERANCHVS
Type by monotypy : II. /.)?*iPtP,/*ttt,q Ehrenb., pl. 1. figs. A-(1.
N.B.-The
plates in this wvl~rlcwere published in lW8 and the test
i n 1831. This form appears on the y1;ites.
The body is large and of ail elongate-oval sliapo : the I)acli is smooth
and l ~ o n d . It passes out Iatewlly to a folded inargin, which is continued
out as the enorntoiis sheet-like niucll folded ninntle, wliich may be wider
than the body. The Lranchial plllnleci, generally 6-8, are dendritic and
distinct, and arranged in n circle around the anus. They are not retractile,
[)ut contractile, and their bases art: surrounded by a shallow wide-open
depression. The rtiinopliores have ii cyiindrical stalk and a perfoliate clavus
set a t :in angle to it.. The oral tentacles are large and xuricnlate with a
I'olJed margin. The foot is relatively well developed. Tlie labial armature
is well developed and coinposed of tiny hooked spines. The radula is well
developed, with no rachitlial tooth, and t h e pleural teeth a r e numerous,
I):itn:ite, niid I1:ive no lateral clenticles. The penis is loitg and unarmed.
Only tlie posterior blood-gland is present.
Bergh classes these as :L
sub family OE the Doritlidrc ~ r ? , P t o b r a n c h i a t , ~This
.
name cannot stand,
and the forins are not even (Iry~)tobraiicliiate. They a r e Itere raised to a
sepnrate f:iniily.
II\II'EHlALIS l i e n t , Nat. in Anstr. 1897, p. 150.
species HEXABRANCHUS
(PI. 28.fig. 11 ; P1. 29. figs. 41-44.)
.Rotly. The bodp is moderately stout, of an elongated oval shape, and the
slrin is stnooth. The most striking feature, however, is the mantle, which is
extraordinarily well developed a d t:ilies the form of a thin wide flange,
wider than the body, passing all round save at tlie m t e r i o r end, where it is
only iiitrrow. The diinophores with their sheaths stand u p prominently a t
the anterior end, and the circle of gills is conspicuous at tlie hinder end.
colour. The coloiir of tlia preserved specinlens is a dull greenish grey
witliout a n y indications of tnarkings. Professor l)akin says i t is identicai
with SaviIle Kent's drawing, and that a t il distance i t looked not unlike a
great piece of fresh lung torn from a vertebrate. K e n t figures it :is of
a flaring red colour all over with 110 markings.
IT)i,nensions. The body of the largest specimen measured 125 tnrn. long
by 50 mm. wide a i d 44 nini. high. Beyond t,his the n m i t l e extended 80111n1.
:,long each side, 49 nim. across t11e posterior eiitl, :ind G inni. :icross tile
allt,erjor end as a sort of rrral veil.
LI".
JOURN.--ZOOLOGY,
VOL.
xsxv.
39
Head. The head is fairly large and sub-globose; the mouth is large and
conspicuoiis, having the form of a longitudinal slit. On each side of it is an
oral tentacle i n the form of a large somewhat ear-shaped flap with a wavy
inargin. This measured 27 hy 24 mn1.
Foot. The foot is well developed, strong, and muscular. Its front end is
abruptly rountlecl and bilabiate, and the hinder cnd.p:tsses back t o a 1~111nt
point. Thc sides of the foot are thrown o u t into R witle, folded, unclitlnting
flange which, in the large preserved specimen, projected 16-17 mm.
Rhiitophom. The rliinophores arc well developed, and the sub-conical
perfoliate cl;ivus wit,h 55-60 leaves is set at an angle of about 45’ to the
cylindrical stal!i. The stalk is surrounded by a tubular sheath with a
smooth inargin, and in some specimens the clavus is retractile within this.
Braiwhicc,. The six braiichial plumcs are tlendritic, vcry conspicuous, aiid
arranged in a \Tide circle. Each of the anterior two pairs gives off a sninll
branch from the base, but the posterior pair each arise by two equally
devuloped niain steins coining from the same point.
Ratlula. The radula is well developed and strong, and when removed
and flattened measured 10.5 mm. along the middle line and 10 min. at
its widest, point. The total number of rows in the radula is 47-49, and
the riuinber of teeth is i n the first, row 40 (i,.e., 20.0.20), in the tenth
TOW 130 ( i . e., 65.0. GA), and in the forty-fifth row 152 ( i . e . , 76.0.76).
There is no rachidial tooth. The inner pleurals consist of a roughly
rhomboidal basal plate with n smail curved spine a t the antero-median
corner. As they pass outwards they increase i n size, the base gets longer,
and the spine increases very markedly. They reach t.heir maximum just
beyond the middle of the row, and then decrease in size mainly in the
basal plate. Thus it comes that, while the inner pleurals are mostly basal
plate with a small spine, the outermost teeth are inaiiily spine with a sliiall
basal plate.
L a l i a l A w n a t w e . The lips_are guarded by a thin tough membrane which
is beset with a large number of tiny hooked spines.
The aims is not conspicuous arid lies within the circle of gills towards
the hinder end.
The genital aperture is well marked, anrl situated up on the right side of
the body behind the level of the front end of the foot. The penis is long
and unarmed.
Notes. Five specimens were in the collection :A large one and a moder:deIy large one with n o locality-label.
Two snialler ones from Pelsart Island.
Onc of fair size from Wallahy Island.
These specimens were obtained from the snme place as Kent obtained his
H. imperialis and are thus topotypic with it. While he gave a colonred
drawing of the living form, with which the present, specimen agrees closely, .
OPISTHOBRANCHIATA FROM THE ABROLHOS ISIJANDG,
517
he gave no anatomical details, so that the ahore is the first description of the
raclula etc. OF the species.
Family ARCHIDORIDID&.
Tlie body is not hard and sliglitly depressed ; tlie notZuni is tuberculate
or granulate, the pa1Ii:tI imrgin is f:iirly broad ; the tentacles are m a l l ; tlie
branohial p l u n i e ~are nearly :ilw-vay. tri- or quadripinnate : the foot is fairly
broad. There is no 1abi:tl armature. The radula 11s.;no rachitlial tooth ; the
pleurals are numerous aiitl Iianiate. Tlie penis is generally unarmed.
Genus
A L L o I o t ) o R I s Bergh,
1901.
Type by monotypy : A. mtr?*momtuBergli, Malak. Unters. vi.,
Semp. Reis. 1904, p. 42.
The body is depressed, the notmrii minutely granulose and fairly broad.
Tlie hranchiae are not numerous and generally tri- or quadripinnate.
TJnhi:il nrinntiire is feeble or absent,. The foot is strong mid as wide as
t.lie body. The inantle is fleshy and w(*lldevelopetl. There is no r:ichidial
tooth. ‘I’he lateral teeth are numerous xnd hainnte. The h s t part of the
vas deferens in the penis bears :I. series of hooks. The hermaphrodite gland
forins a discrete inass quite distinct froin the liver.
This genns was fountled by Berg11 on some speciniens from Tasmania, and
is reinarlia1)le in t,llnt, the Iit~rriiaplii~otlite
gland fornis ii discrete Inass and is
not spread out :is u layer over t,lic 1ivc.r. This is a condition encountered
also i n Bctthyrloris and l’wrv(Tann, forms that for other chawctrrs are quite
widrly reinowcl froin the present genus. Eliot suggests (38, p. 333) th:it
this perhaps represents an o1clt.r c o n d i h i i than that in which the gland is
spread ol-er the liver, “ a n d it woiild seein that very different, fanlilies of the
Doriclidae sporaclically preserve or revert to tlie older arrangenient.”
Up to the present only two species have been referred to the genus,
viz., A . nzarmo)*ataBergh and d. Iiuii(!7inata Abr.
Species ALLOIODORIS
HEDLETI, sp. nov. (Pl. 27. figs. 6 Rs 7 ; PI. 30.
figs. 45-47.)
R p o u y m y : rl. marniomta Basedow S: Hedley, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Austr. 1906, p. 152,
non
Bergli.
llo(l~/.The gtmeral shape of the 1)otly i s elliptical, slightly broader a t the
posterior end, arid only moderately convex. Tlie entire dorsal surface is
covered with minute spiculate pnl)illar, making it somewhat rough to the
touch. The inantle is very well developed, being much wider thsn the foot,
and its fairly thin edge is wavy and undulating.
C’oZow. The colonr of the Iireserved specimen is :t dark muddy-fawn with
n tinge of green. Irregiilarly s i t t e r e d over i t a r e a series of dark brown,
almost black, roughly circnhr, ring-shaped mark. from 2-3 m m . wide.
3!)*
A similar series of niarkings is present 011 tlic under surface of the niantle.
Thc foot is slightly lighter in colour and specliled with dark brownish-black
spots.
~ i m e n s i o n s .The largest specimen nie:isurecl 52 niin. long by 34 inin. wide
rind 23.5 inui. high. The foot measured 42 inrii. long by 16.5 nim. wide.
Thus it is larger t8hanBergh’s specimen of A . nzarmo?rnt~~
(45 by 25 by 1 3 mm.),
and considerably larger than the iiie:~sureiiients*giveiily Eaeedow and Hedley
(22.5 by 1 0 m:n.).
Head. The inconspicuous head is very stria11 and tucked in between the
front margin of the foot and thi: largc! overhanging mantle. The mouth
appears as a tiny longitudinal slit, and the oral tentacles aic sub-c~lindrical
and when contracted measure 1.75 inrn.
yoor. The foot is e1ong:itecl and narrow ; the front end deeply bilabiate
and rouiid+d ; the liinder end bluntly pointed and iu the specimen not quite
reaching to the edge of the mantle.
Iiliinopliores. The rhinophores are club-shaped, :mtl the perfoliate clavus
occupies almost three-quarters of their length. They are conipletely
retractile within cavities with a circular, slight.ly raised aperture.
Brarichitr. The branchi= were six in number. Basedow and Hedley (8)
state that they were seven or eight, but show only six in their figure. They
are retractile within a cavitj which opens by a raised, transversely oval
aperture with a ~7avynlargin.
The anal paldla lies within the circle of’ gills ; it is low and bears the renal
aperture on its right anterior base.
R a d d a . The raclula. is wcll developed, and when removed and flattened
Iiieasured 6 inin. along the iniddle line and 5.5 mm.a t its widest point. The
total nuinbcr of rows in the radula was 33-35 and tlic rows contained :-the
first row 6.0. C; ( i . e . , 12) teeth ; the tenth row 55.0. 55 (i. e., 110) teetli ; and
the thirtieth row 57. 0. 57 (i. e., 114) teeth. The innerinost pleural teeth itre
small, and consist of‘ a curved spine on an elongated basal plate. They
increase very iiiarlieclly i n size to beyond the niiddlc of the row, where they
are falciforni, and then they decrease again towards thc outside. No sign
of denticles was found on the laterd teeth.
Labial Armature. None was noticcd.
The glans penis is arnied with a series of rows of hooks.
The herniaphroditc gland is discrete and does not form n lajer over the
liver.
,!Votes. The collection included three specimens. One sinall one from
Pelsart Island and the 0 t h two larger ones with n o definite locality-label.
The specimens described by Basdow and I-Iedley (8, pp. 139 and 152) are
from St. Vincent’s Gulf and P o r t River, South Australia, and froin Edithburgh, Yorli Peninsula. It has been noted that the specimens liere lrleasured
are considerably larger than those nie:~sured by Basedow and Hedley.
Mr. E. Ashby, who is familiar with this forin on the coast of South Australia,
inforins me that they a r e usually of the smaller size. It has not heen
recorded previously from West Australia.
Some confusion exists in regard to the nomenclature of the inenibers of’
this genus, wliich deserves coninient.
The following forins have been recorded :A. (Boris) lanuyimta dbrahani, Proc. Z O O ~ S
. O ~Lond.
.
1). 255,
id. sxix. figs. 15-17 (1877).
A. nmrmoratu Bergh, Malak. Unters. Ti., Scniper’s I ~ c i s e n1904,
,
p. 42.
A. m m n o v a t u 13ergh (sic), Basedow & Hedley, Trans. 1Coy. Soc. South
Australia, vol. xxix. p. 152 (1905).
.A. Zunryimta Abr., Eliot, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. p. 333 (1907).
A. hedlryi mihi, described above.
The original specimen described liy A)Jr:iliani is in the British Museum ;
it is not well enough preserved for detailed exaniinat>ionand the pharyngeal
coniplex is renioved. Eliot (98, p. 333) states that,, on conipr’ing this
specinien with tliat sent by S u t e r froni New Zealand, lie has no doubt that
they :ire identical. H e gives the genus as containing two species (14.
hiziybiatu A h . and A . m ~ m n o r a t aUergh), hut lower c l o w t i on the same page
he gives A. ~~zarmor*atu
as a synoiiyiii of A. Imuginatu, and on I). 335 lie st,ates
that Hergli’s A. mzrnzorata i s perlitips a distinct species. Purtlicr, he
suggests that it is not clear that the animal figured ljy Basetlow and Hedley is
either of the two species. On comparing the descriptions we fiiid :A. LANGGINATA (A br.) .-Colonr
preserved
greeniuli-grey, blacliish
niottlings ” (Eliot). In the specimens in the British Musonin the
tiiottlings are uniEor1111yd;~ricareas (W).).Oolour in life “ dirty red,
n u n ~ e r o u swhite pustules ” (S’citev), but the ai)plicabilit,y of this to tli(s
specitnen is doubtful.
A weak labial armature. Tentaclcs long, flat, furrowed 011 upper
surface, and almost auriculate. Khiuophorrs nincli closer together
i n large speciniens of A . /irdlej/i tliaii in t h e far rniallcr original
specimen of A. Zanugiwttc. Size 50 min. long, 313 nitii. tirod,
1 6 mtii. high. Kadula 26 rows, (40-45). 0 . (40-45). 1st and 2nd teeth
characteristic, unlike A. rnarnaorata or hedle9i.
A. MARIORATA Bergh.-Colonr preserved “von hell gelblicliweisser F a r be,
die von zuhlreichco kleineren und (bis 3 inni. diam.) grosseren lie11
aschegrau, verschwimmiiiclen, unregiiiassig;en Flecken nuterbrocken
war ” (no inention of spots being ring-shaped, wliich would have
hardly escaped Bergli’s acute eye).
Labial armature not mentioned. Tentacles 1.5 nitn long, ‘‘ fingerformig.” Size 45 inin. long, 25 inni. broad, 13 ~iiin.high. Iiadixla
34-35 rows, (40-12) . O . (40-42). 1st aiid 2ni1 teet>lilike reinnindor,
outer teeth denticulate a i d not quite saiiie slialw as A. lietlleyi.
hi
550
PHOF. C . H . 0’I)ONOGHUE : R E P O R T ON
ALLOIODORIS
HErJLmI mihi.-Colour
preserved ; dark muddp-fawn with a
tinge of green with irregularly scattered dark brown, almost black,
roughly circular, riiig-sh:ipetl marks ( O’U.). Colour alirc: : yellowish
wliite to greyish brown, covered with niinute spiculose elevations on
the dorsal surface, which impart to it, a brownish tint ; a140 less
numerous, larger eievations, surrounded by irregular circles of deep
brown. The latter occasionally h a i e a centre of opaque white
surrounded by a ring of reddish brown.
No labial armature. Tentacles sinall, sub-cylindrical, 1.25 n m . long.
Size 5 2 mm. long, 34 mni. wide, 23-5 mni. high. Eadula 33-35 rows
(55-57) . 0 . (55-57). Inriermost pleurals small. but much like the
remainder, not like those of A. lunzrgiituta ; outer teeth not denticulate.
I think it will be seen from the above that three distinct f o r m appear
to be represented, of which A. niurmo~ata Berg11 and A. 1iedleJyi inihi,
while reseinbling one another more closely than either of them does A . lurruginuta, are, nevertheless, distinct species. The form described by Basedow
and Hedley is not the same as that recorded by Bergh, and hence it is in
need of a new name. I propose to call it A. lredlur~iafter Dr. Charles Hedley,
who has added so niuch to our linowledge of the marine €;tuna of Australia.
Family PLATYDORIDIDB.
The body is somewhat flattened, of leathery consistency, sometimes tough
and sometimes brittle ; it has an oval or sonietimes almost circular outline ;
the not~eeumis fairly smooth or minutely granulate, the dorsuni often marked
by tubercles or ridges ; the pallid niargin is ample ; the brunchial alierture
is generally stellate : the tentacles are digitate ; the anterior margin of the
foot is bilabiate, and the upper lip indented or split in tlie middle line.
There is no labial armature ; the radula lacks rachidial teeth ; the pleural
teeth are numerous and haniate.
The prostate gland is large.
Genus ASTEHONOTUS
Ehrenberg, 1831.
Type by monotypy : A. lienipricliii Ehrenb. Synib. Phys. (1831).
The body-form is oval and somewhat flattened j the animal is of a peculiar
leathery or india-rubber-like consistency, not liard or brittle. The skin is
smooth to the touch, hut covered with raised protuberances in the torn1 of
ridges, of which onr well-marlied one runs in the inicl-dorsal line from
between the rhinophores bacsk to the branchial aperture. The margin of
this aperture is produced into lobes (usually six). The foot is narrow,
bilabiate anteriorly, and the u p p iip indented.
There is no labial arinaturt!; the radula has 110 median tooth and the
pleural teeth are simply liamate.
7 ,
l h e penis is unarmed, the prostate large, and, according to Bergh, a
glandula and hasta ainatoria are present.
(Pl. 28. figs. 12, 13 ; P1. 30.
Species ASTERONOTUSFUSCUS, sp. nov.
figs. 48-50.)
Bocfy. The body is shaped like a typical Dorid-oval and with a motleratcly
arched dorsum. The mantle is well developed, and project,s considerably
beyond the foot all round. Tlie whole animal is like a pioce of iiidia-rubber
to feel. Tho clorsum bears a series of raised elongated tulierc:les, the largest
of wliich forms an irregular ridge shetching froni between the rhinopliores
back to the branchial aperture. From this median projection a nuinher of
unequal anci irregular short side-ridges are given off, getting lower :is they
1):iss f'roin the middle line, and all arouud the niargin is a number of sinall
oval or roundish tubercles.
Colour. The colour of the preserved s11ecimen is a muddy-brown, and
a note included with it st>atesthat it was " dirty brown, rongh surface."
Professor DaBin informs me that it mas of a dirty l~rowrnwith mine lighter
brown spots, hut no conspicuous colour-pattern.
Lliniensions. The specimen ineasured 27.5 mni. long by 15 niin. wide and
9 mni. high, antl tbe foot 25 min. by 6.5 mm.
A e c r d . Tile head is quit,e siiiall \\.it'll a small mouth in the form of :I short
transverse slit, and on each side is :I small tentacle.
Foot. The foot' is only moderately broad, with an undulating niargin.
The anterior end is bluntly rounded, strongly bilabiate, the upper lip is
indented in the middle line, a n d the posterior end is pointod.
Rliinophores. The rhinophore has a blontly conical, perfoliate clavus with
a fair numher of thiu leaves and a short cylinc1ric:il stalk. They are coinplctely retract'ile within cavit,ies, whose niargins are slightly rnisetl, so that
they look somewhat like a tubercle. I n the preserved specimen they arc of
a yellow golour.
Bra12cltitc. The branchiE arc five in number, each consisting of n large,
branched, plunie-like gill, arraugeti in a circle. They are coml,letely
retractile within a cavity with a raised margin, so that it st:iiids up like one
of the larger tubercles. The edge of this is furnished with six small lobes,
which, when the aperture is tiglitly closed, are tnclird inside.
Kudzila. The pale yellow radula wlicn flatteuecl on :t slide measmetl 3 by
3.75 Inin. and contained 38-40 rows of teeth. A uiedian t,~,otliis abscnt, antl
t'he number of pleurals iii each row was :-in tlie first 6 . 0 . 6 (i. P . , 1 2 ) ;iud i n
other rows from the third on 6 5 . 0 . 6 5 ( i . e., 130). The t.eeth themselves
are simply hamate and increase in size as they pass outward to beyond the
middle of the line. They decrease in size rapidly a t the outer niargin,
atid the last one or two are reduced.
The anus lies on a well-marked paidla in tlie micldle of the Imnchife, antl
it bears at its hase the small oval excretory pore.
552
P I ~ O F . c. H. O’DONOGHUE:
REPORT
ON
The genital aperture, as usual, lies on the right side of the body near the
anterior end.
Labial Armature. No labial armature was found.
B o t e s . One specimen only is in the collection, and this was acconi~~auied
by the locality-label “ Shore of Wooded
Eliot (36, pp. 3054%) calls attention to the difficulties encountered when
trying to determine the position of a Cryptobranchiate Dorid, and in dealing
with tho present form they have come before me frequently. Bergh’s family
Doridid= (IryptobranchiatE is divided into five sub-families and about 30
genera, practically all of which were created by Bergh himself, and certain
of tlieni contain only a siuglo species. The differences between some of the
genera are so slight that, unless Bergh’s own species are dealt with, it is
difficult to determine where to place a new form. There seems no doubt
that the whole family stands in need of considerable revision before it can be
regarded as satisfactory. The present specinien agrees closely with the
genus Asteronotus, and in general form, and perhaps even colour, somewhat
resembles the A . hemprichi Ehr. as figured by Eliot (36, pl. xxxiv.), but it
difl’ers in cerlain points. The radula formula is different, the individual
teeth are not qtiite same, the branchiae number five, etc. F o r these reasons
1 have described i t as a new species under the name of Asteronotus
fuscus.
Fnidy GLO~~SOD~~~D
(CIIROMODORIUINA!
~DL%.
Bergb).
It has been pointed out above that Bergh’s binomial family-name Dorididae
Cryptobranchiatae cannot possibly be allowed to stand. It is proposed, therefore, to split this group into several fainilies, of wliicli oile is the s:inie a 4 the
old (jhro~nodoridin~e
of Bergh. But, as the name (‘bwnocloris has to be set
aside for tlia older name Glossodoris, the faniily-name must be changed as
above.
The body is elongated, compressed, and soft ; the coloui is etrilril)g, often
magnificent, and generally with lines or spots ; the notzum is nearly always
smooth, the pallial niargin is fairly broad a t the anterior and inore particularly a t the posterior end,but usually quite narrow in between ; the tentacles
are small, conical, and generally partly eversible j the! branchial plumes are
usually simply pinnate.
The labial armature is strong and composed of minute rods. The rachis
of the radula is very ilarrow arid often furiiislied with minute compressed
pscudo-teeth ; there are nuiiierous pleural teetli of hamate form and generally
with a denticulate margin, the firbt teeth are usually denticulate on both
sides.
There is no proper ventricle.
The penis is unarmed.
OPISTHOBRANGBIATA FRObI THE ARROLHOS ISLANDS.
553
Genus GLOSSODORIS
Ehrenberg, 1831, Syinb. Phys. [unpaged,
but on p. 921.
Type by subsequent designation : G. santholeuca Ehrenb. Red Sea.
Gray, Proc. Zool. SOC.Lond. 1817, p. 164.
But, G. xuntlioleuca Ehreiib. = Doris pallidu Riipp. et I l e u c k , 182s.
Tlie type is therefore here designated G. pallitlu (Liiipp.
et,
Leuck.), 1s“.
S p o n y n i y : ACTINODOILIS
Ehrenberg, 1831.
Type
by
inonotypy:
.A. sponsa, Ehrenb. Synib. Phys. [p. 931; uide also
,
Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lund. 1847, p. 164.
PTIGI~ODOIZIS
Ehrenberg, 1851.
Type by subsequent devigiistion : P.pictn Elirenb., Gray, Proc. Zool. SOC.
Lond. 1847, p. 164.
C H ~ O M O D OAlder
R I ~ & Hancock, 1855.
Type by original designation and monotypy : D.mu,yn$ca Quoy e t (;aim.,
Alder & IIsncock, Mon. Brit. Kud. illoll. pt. vii. 18Z5, p. xvii.
GONIOBRANCHUS
Pease, 1866.
Type by designation : G . uibrata Pease, Pease, Anier. Jour. Conch. ii.
1866, p. 204.
C/Anno(Eoi*is,the generally :wcepted name for this genus, was ititrod uced
IJJAlder and Hancock ( v i d e s u p u ) . These authors in a subsequent paper
( 6 , p. 115) say :-“ The (r‘oniodoris of Forbes has hitherto been considered a
northern forin-the soutllern species wliich some authors have referred to it
1)elongingalniost without exception to the allied genus Cliroinodoris, which,
011 the other hand, has not heen found further north than the Mediterranean.”
The nanie t,lius introduced was used by Bergh (11, p. 7 3 ) , who gives as
syiionyiiis I)orilirisinutica d’0rbigny and Goniobranchus Peahe, and again
in 18 (p. l ) , but this lime with the synonyms Glossodovis, Actinodoris, and
Y t r t d . w i s , all oE Nlirenberg, 1831, twenty-four years earlier t.llan A l d ~ and
r
Hancock’s name. Berg11 points out there and again i n 1884 (23, p. 65) the
identity of Ehrenberg’s genera with that of Alder anJ Hancocli, and in this
he is right.
Thus, in spit,e of the common usage of the generic designation Chromodor.is,
there is no doubt that Ehrenberg’s 11;~nieshave considerable priority. The
qiiestion as to which name should be employed is easily settled, for, while
they were all published at the snine time, Glossodoris comes first in order,
and the first species is given as G. xatitholeucu, which Gray (44, p. 164)
designated a s the type-species. Bergh, in. ii paper where he re-exatnines
Ehrenberg’s types, states, in our opinion rightly, that G. xuntholeuca is the
LJ. pullitlu (Kiipp. et Leuck.), and t,hat all species of Glossodoris are congeneric. The genus then stands a s Glossodoris with the type-species
C;. pallida (Riipp. et Leuck.).
In various places Bergh includes Uoripi*is,tnaticsa d’Orbigiiy, 1837 (n),
as
a synonym; but, while part of tl’Orbigny’s genus belongs to the present
group, the type, D.utroiituiyiimta (.’uv., 1804, is in reality a member of a
554
PROF.
c.
H. O'DONOGHUE : I ~ E I ' O R T ON
genus of its own, often but incorrectly termed Cassella H. & A. Adarns,
1858 (3).
The (;o/iiodoyis of' Forbc,s, 1840 (42), still remains as a valid genus, and so
does not enter the synonymy, although certain forms originally iiicluded in
it really belong to Glosxotloris.
Thc body is elongated and rectangular or almost square in transverse
section. The smooth tiorsum is an elongated oval, rounded in front and
behind, ant1 with its long sides aIq)roximatdy Imallel. The mant.le projects
slightly all round and usually forms a frontal and caudal veil. The foot is
large aiid continued backwards as a fairly long pointed tail. The sides of
the body are vertical. Tho oral tentacles are small and conic:rl ; the
retractile rliinopliores have a perfoliated clavns. The retractile branchiz
are composed of simply pinnate leaves. The armature of the labial disc is
strong and composed of a number of densely-set small hoolis bifid a t the tip.
The radula contains 110 racliidial teeth, but thcre are frequently thickenings
which take their place. The latera! teeth are numerous and hook-shaped ;
the first lat'eral tooth is dent'iculate on both sides, the rest denticulate only
upon the external niargin ; the outward bedh are smaller, and denticulate
a t thr extremity. The penis is unarmed.
(AossotZoi*is reseniblcs fairly closely in general appearance and shape
(ioiziodovis, but the latter is phanerobraiichiste. It is also much like Aphelodoris, but differs in the presence of labial armature, of denticulate teeth, and
simply pinnate branchia
Species GLOSSODORIS
WESTRALIENSIS, sp. nov. (PI. 27. figs. 8, 9 : PI. 30.
figs. 51-53.)
Boil$. A coloured sketch by Professor Dakin from the living aniinal
shows that its general shape was that of a typical Glossodorid, but the
preserved specilllens have shrunken considerably, more particularly in the
tail-region. The notzuni is it fairly narrow, flat oval, equally rounded a t each
end aud the sides almost parallel. I n the preserved specimens it contracts
considerably, becoming less rectangular and inore arched. The sides of the
body pass inwards to a moderately narrow foot and the mantle only projects
a very short distance.
Colour. Prom Professor Dakin's sketch the general body-colour appears
to be a bright blue. The notzum is bordered hy a narrow band, yellow on the
illside and orange-red right at ttie margin. The rhinophores are orange-red
and the branchis red. On the notzurn inside the inarginal line is a narrow
Land of blue and then a slightly wider band of deep purple, almost black.
This deep band passes round in front and lateral to the rhinophores, and may
or lllay not enlargc slightly to include the margin of their sheaths. At the
posterior end it passes round inore or less parallel with the margin and
beliind ttie Iranchiae. I n the niiddle of the not,aum the dark band enlarges,
so that on the outside it obliterat’es tlie blue band ant1 on the inside it pneses
across to tlie other side as a broad I m i t l , thus isolating, as it were, two islands
of t’he light blue ground-colour on t,lie nottwm. Two similar b d s of dark
colour pass back on the d o i d surface of tlie tail.
I n t.hG ijrescrved specimens all trace of tlie oi~ange,red, :inti bright blue
coloiird has disapleued and tlie wliole ground-caolour is of :I dirty hrownisli
fawn ; tjhe clarli lines, on the ot,lier Iiaiid, a r c quite clexrly visihle. I n nddition
to those already noted on tlrc drawing, :I n a r r o w (lark haiitl passes around
the sides of the body a t the line ot‘ jutiction of the niautle,-foltl, and iiear thc
anterior rntl it loops downrvartls and bacliwrds. It tlirn passes back
parallel with its former course, I)ut lower down the side of tslie botl!, as a
fairly broad streak running out on the dorsal surface of the tail as the tmo
lines already noted. Gilder tlie liost,rrior end of the mantle all thcse dark
lines may uriite and pass back rightj to tlie end of the tail a s a single broad
hand. A narrow dark I)and r i ~ i i sright, around the i i i ~ p rmargin of t>liefoot
and out, to t,he tip of the tail, where it may or may not, unite with tlie lines
already descrilred.
The stxiking and characteristic distribution of t h c darli lines is fairly
constant in a11 the specimens a i i t l sliows well after preservation.
1)ini~icsioits.The specinlens were all nliout the sanie size, and inensured
when preselvetl :-notretiill
20 n i i i i . long by 10 inin, wide ; foot 2 2 inni.
lorig ; body 17.5 mm. wide.
Head. Thc head is quite sinall and overhung by the forward extension of
t,lie niantle. The m o n t h is a .sinall longitudinal slit,, and on each siJe there
is a small c~liadricaltentacle, much contracted in all specimens.
/,hot. ‘I’he foot is linear and its sides nlmost parallel. I t is rounder! and
1)il:ibinte in front and passes off to a point,ed tail posteriorly. The sides of
the foot are niarlied off from t,he body by a rnarpinal flange. Judging froni
the slretch of the living animal, tlie tail may project beyond the n o t 8 u n i
about half the length of the latter, but in the preserved specinlens it is
usually curled up and hardly projects a,t all.
Rliimplio~es.The rliinophores have a short stalk m d a cylindrico-conical
perfoliate clavus. They are completely retractile wit,hin cavities wliich have
a slightly r a k d margin.
Braricliirr~.The hranchix are fairly simple a d arranged i n an aliilost
coml~letecircle. The anterior ones art’ simply pinnats thread-like plumes,
sometimes tending to be bifid ;it tlie tlishl estreiuity : these number nine,
although there is x tendelicy to t‘usion at their bascs. At the posterior end
on each side is a group of font. similar, but smaller, plnines more closely
unitetl at the base, and these w h e n extended mag appear as four branches
from one stalk.
The a n m lies in the middle of the inranchial circle. All can be coiiillletely
retracted within a pocket with a circular aperture surrounded by a slightly
raised margin.
.
556
PROP.
c.
H. O’DONOGHUE:
REPOET OX
Radulu. When removed :ind flattened the radnla measured 5 mm. by
3.25 tnin. and was large and well developed for the size of the animal. The
total number of rows in the radula w:is 8345, and the number of teeth in
each row :-in the first row 2 0 . 0 . 2 0 (i. e., 40) ; in the tenth row 7 2 . 0 . 72
(i. e., 144); and in the eightieth row 76 . 0 . 76 (i. e., 152). There is no rachidial
tooth. The innermost teeth are small but stout, and consist of an elongated
base with :L marked hook, on tlio side of which a r e a series of from 4-6 sriiall
triangular denticles. ‘ h e teeth increase in size as they pass outwards and
tile hook becomes larger, be:iring on its inner curved edge a series of 6-8
denticles and terminating in a i~ounded point. The onterinost teeth are
slightly smaller than those nearer the niiddlr of the row. They have their
bases much smaller, and the denticle: are reduced to one or two blunt projections near the end.
The genital aperture is placed high u p on the, anterior end of the right
side ot‘ the body.
Notes. In all tliere were six s ~ i ~ c i n i e nins the collection : three were from
the Abrolhos Islands with n o further details ; two were from the shore of
Wooded Isle, one of which had the pharynx exserted ; one was froin the
shore of Long IsI:iiid, and this was very dark iri colour.
I t dors not appear to correspond with any previously described form.
Genus APHELODORIS
Bergh, Malaliozool. Rlatt. 1879, p. 107.
Type by moiiotypy : A . aiitilleiisis Bergh, ibid. p. 108.
I n outward appearance these forrns very closely resemble the Glossodorids,
and have a well-developed notzum beyond Fihich the tail projects. The
inantle-edge only pro,jects a very bhort way. The foot is fairly small, rounded
in front., and not very sharply marked off trt in the body. The rhinophores as
in Glossodoris. The oral tentacles are short and stunted, and have a cleft on
their underside. The retractile gills are composed of a few (5) tripinnate
plumes. The lips are only covered with a moderately thick cuticula. There
is no rachidial tooth, and the pleural teetli are nunierous and hainate. Only
a posterior blood-gland is present. The prostate is large and the penis
unarmed.
Species APHELODORIS
AFPINIS Eliot, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 343.
(PI. 27. fig. 10 ; P1. 30. figs. 54-56.)
Body. The shape of the body is typical of the Glossodorids. The notaxm
is a moderately long oval with its long sides approximately parallel and the
ends equally rounded. It, is carried over all round into a narrow paliiai
ridge. The body is fairly stout and its sides almost upright, running down
to a moderately wide foot. The lower part of the body extends out beyond
the notmim a5 a tail.
OPIBTHODl{ANCHIATA FROM THE ABROLHOS ISLANDS.
557
Colour. The body-colour in the preserved state is of a pale yellowish grey,
in two specimens with a deeper yellowish-brown narrow line around the edge
of t h e n o t m m and the foot. Tn p1:~cesthis line bears still darker dots. In
a third specimen t h e a d e r i o r end of' the sides of tlic body, the n o t z u m in
front of the rhinophores and behind the h n c h i a l apertnre, and the dorsal
region of the tail a r e of an umber-brown covered with dark spot's. The
largest specimen has this coloration still more strongly developed, and t h e
whole of the notn?um, hod., and foot is of the same umber-brown covered with
dark irregular spots, ant1 the :interior region of the notmiin is of a rory dark
browri, alinost black. Professor l h k i n infornis m e that t h e living :inimal3
were similarly coloureil, but t h e brown somewhat warmer.
T&tnt.nsiona The largest (and darkest) specimen niensnrud 24 m m . long by
13 inin. wide and 12 min. liigli, h i i t this issorncw1i:it. distorted. Three other.;
were more or less of n size, and nicasurril 20 miti. long 113' 9.5 nim. wide antl
9 mm. high.
fJcatl. The heat1 is mirill and inconspicuous ; i t benrs ;i.short suh-cyliiidrical
tentacle 011 each side, between wliicli the nionth appears as ;L sinall circular
aperture. Each tentacle bears a longitudinal groove on its under surface.
Foot. Tlie foot is hioderately broad and it,s sides fairly parallcA1. The
front end is abruptly rounder1 and tlie hinder end passes off to i: point.
R1iiwphore.s. Thc rhinopliores have a short cylindrical stalk and sub-conical
perfoliate clavua. Tliey are coinpletcly retractile within cavities, whose rims
are raised into short dark-coloured tubes.
Brancliitrz. The five sinall, dark-coloured, t ripinnate, branc1ii:iI plumes a r e
arranged in alinost a comlilete antl very narrow circle. They are wtractile
withiii a cavity witli a circular non-raised aperture.
R u d d a . The radtila when removed and flattened measured 3.5 hy 2.5 inm.
It is well devcaloyd and has no rachidial tooth. Tlic number of rows is f r o m
27-28, ant1 the number of teeth in a row is :-in t,he tirst row t; . 0 . 6 (i. e., 1 2 ):
i n tlie teiith sow 42 0 . 4 2 (i. e . , 84) ; :ind in the tweiitietlr row 4 6 . 0 . I(;
(i. e., 92). The inner tret'li are sinall simple liool~s,soniewliat angular autl
without clenticles. They increasc marliedly in size antl become siiiiple
curved hooks. Towards the out'side they decrease noticeably, and they turn
into short hooks only slightly curvcd.
T h e anus lies within tlie circle of gills a t its hinder side.
The genital a p a r t m e lies ahout halfway c p on the side near the anterior
end of thc body.
iVotes. This species was represented by four slbeciniens collected 011
6 L Wooded Island."
Eliot (38, p. 343) described a form froin New Zealand of which lie says,
" Colour dirty white with irregular inot.tlings of dark reddish brown.
The
epidermis peels off very readily, and i t is possible that the brown niottlings
may have been much more extensive, or even tliat the dorsal surface may
558
PROF.
c.
H . O’DONOGHUE: REPORT OPT
have been wholly brown.” Tliis agrees closely, with my own observations,
and the peeling of the epidermis is also similar. The radula formula is
given as 6 0 . 0 . 60, and the total number of rows 23 ; this is not quite the
same, hut the teeth are apparently identical. He says, further, “ oral
tentacles white ; large, flat), and dist,inctlp grooved.” This is not at all in
agreemeiit with the present) specimens, and, indeed, is not found in other
members of the genus. Eliot’s form from its teeth and other features
undoubtedly is referable to this gt‘nuc., and I am inclined to think that this
description of the t,eiitiicles is not quite accurate.
I n spite o f this one serious discrepancy, the present forms agree so closely
with the description of A. aj’inis given by Eliot,, that I think it safer to refer
them to that species than give thein a new specific name.
Genus CERATOSOMA
Adams &, R.eeve, Voyage o f c Samarang,’ 1848, p. 67.
Type hy inonotypy : C. corni,qerium, Adams & Reeve, idem, p. 68.
Species (jERATOSOBIA B R m I c A u m n r n I Abrali;im, Ann. 8~ Mag. Nat. Hist. (4)
xviii. p. 142, pl. S. fig. 6 (1576).
(PI. 28. fig. 1 4 ; PI. 30.
figs. 57-59.)
Synonym : C. oblonpm Abraham, 1. c. p. 143, pl. 7. figs. 7, 7 n,’7 b.
Bergh (25) suggests that C. culedonicum Pischer, P. f e m e Abraham,
and P. oblong~cnzAbraham are all synonyms of (-7. brer~ic~nzitltctzi),i
Abraham.
Basrdow and Hedley (8, p. 154) call attention to the following :-in the case
of CI. caZedo&m, Fischcr’s description inclicates an animal with the lobes of
the notaeuin more developed, and tho colonr-scheme in the two forms is
entirely different. This being so, it seems undesira1)le to merge the two into
one species without further evidence. The same two authors suggest that the
differences between P. br.eaicnndatiitn and C. 0111ongion are due to the amount
of contraction undergone upon or before preservation, and state that they
have obtained examples of tliis specie? eshihiting siinilar differences from the
same dredging. A n esiunination of the external characters of the original
specimens desctihetl by Abraham, :tnd preserved in the British Museum, leads
me to thinli that they are probably right, and that C. oblorigzcm is t<o be
regarded as synonyiu of P.b ~ ~ ~ ~ i c a ~ t d aIt have
~ o n .also exanlined the original
exaiiiple of C. tenue described Ly hbraliani, and, while it is possible that it
niay also be a, synonym, it is solnewlint di8erent in appearance, and it is
probably better-€or the present, at any rat(.-to keep it separate, a s has been
done by Bxsedow aud Hedley.
The specimens here described agree closely with the original description
given by Abraham and that furnished by Basedow and Hedloy, and are
undoubtedly referable to C. ZJrez,ic.azitlntzo)a.
Bo+. Tho body is large, elongated, slightly wider in tho middle than at
the two ends, and i t increases in height from before backwards. to the middle
or just beyond. The sides are high, almost vertical, and practically parallel.
The back is flattened and continued out into a narrow undulating mantle-
OPISTHOBBANCHISTA F R O X TRE ABHOLHOS ISLAYDS.
559
fold, which is rounded a t t h e anterior end, ~ n u c l iwider postariorlj, a i d
terminates in a median tongue-shaped projection. The dorstun and sides of
tlie body are quite smooth.
Polo2ir. The colour of tlie preserved specimen i.; a uniform dull yellowish
Ijrown. Hasetlow and Hedley (8. 11. 1.13) give a frill account of its coloration
and soiiie excellent, figures (8,111. i,’), :\id Professor I)al;in iiiforniY i i i c that
t h o 1)re~eiitspecimens agree with them. The general colonr is Jladetl pinkish
buff and pinliisli brown J the tlnrlter colour is iiiorc prevalent towartlr, the
margin. Along the ninrgiir of tlie dorsiiiri a r e a series of light areas, e:ich of
which has a violet-purple spot surrountletl by :I ring of reddish purple. Thcl
mid-dorsal region is stromn with scattered circula r spots of a light ~-ioletpurple colour, i n some cases surrounded by a rim of light yellow, and sollie
of t h e lie in front of t h e rhinopliores. The ~~o~t.ero-iiictliau~ii
projection of the
ciorsuni is covered with a networli of 1)roivn lines. The sides of the hotly are
similarly colonred to the clursuni, and linve a niiiiil>er of sniall spots approxiinately arranged in three hands :-the upper and lower are of a rich 1)iirple
and thrt irictliaii spots of a light violet-purple. Tlie rhinopliores and the
branchi= :Ire of a rich reddish-orange colour.
J ) i n z ~ ~ ~ s i oThe
~ i s .larger specimen, preserved in spirit, measured : 92 mix.
nlong t h e foot froin the tip of t h e tail to the front e n d ; breadth of the l~odyat
the widest part 22 iiiin. ; height of the body %6inni. ; biwdtli of the dorsuni
and mantle a t the anterior end 22 l n i i i . ; a t thc posterior end 3tI nitn.;
length of tail o n dorsal side from the eiid of clorsuni to tip 38 iiiin. I h s e d o w
aiid Hedley’s measurements a r e “length 111, 1)readtli 25, height 31 i i i m . , ”
so that, allowing for shrinkage, the l’resent spec,iuieu was allnost tlic same
size.
IIeud. The head is sin:~11and inconspicuous, aiid is coinpletely overlinng Ly
the auterior elid of the niantle. Tlie mouth is small and in the forin of :L
longitudinal slit running vertically. On each side of the mouth is ;I sllort
sub-conical oral tentacle, which can he retracted into a sort of sllallow pit.
Foot. The foot is linear, rounded at tho anterior end, passes off t,o a I)lunt
I)oint posteriorly, aiid i t s margin is wavy.
Rltinophores. The club-shaped rhinopliores are perfoliate, and the elavus,
which is a little more than half the total leugth, bears a nuillher oE closely
Jlackcd leaves. Each is conipletely retractile within a cavity, which 11;~sthe
margin of its aperture slightly eltwitecl.
Ura7lchici?.The branchial plunies :in: twelve in nniiber and incolnplet,ely
surround the anal cone. The i m e s of the pluiiies show a niarkecl tendency
to fusion, and t h e posterior five on each side aliiiost appear t o :)rise fronl 011e
in arraiigernetit.
at
ridge. E a c h plume is s o n i e ~ ~ hdentlritic
They a r e all retractile together with the ailus within a caavity that, lias the
inargin produced into a, short tube.
Radula. The radula is strong and when removed and flatte~iedmeasured
II” mm. by 9.5 mm. The nuinher of ~ O W Sof teet>liis 74-76 alid the number
560
PROF. C. H . 0’I)ONOOHUE : REPORT ON
of teeth in a row :-in
the first row 25.0.25 (i. e., 50); in the tenth
row (117-120). 0. (117-120), i. e . (284-240) ; and ill the seventeenth row
(130-135). 0. (130-135), i. e. (260-270). There is no racliidial tooth. The
inner teeth are in the form of an ohlong base bearing a short curved spine.
They increase noticeably i t 1 size to beyond the middle of the row, where they
are hainate with a bluntly pointed corner in the iniddle of the back. At the
outer edge they become somewhat more triangular in side-view, and the l a d
5-6 have a small rounded denticle near the apex u f the spine.
The prominent genital :ipcrtnre lies on the right side about a quarter of
the length of the body from the anterior end and high up beneath the narrow
inan tle.
Notes. This species is represented hy two speciniens. The larger one taken
from near Fremantle and the smaller from the Abrolhos Islands. The
latter is interesting, because it bears the 1)araSitic copepods described later.
The type-specimen in the British Museum described by Ahrahani (1) has
for its locality simply Aiistrali:t, it wits recorded by the same author from
West Australia as P. o h l o n p m . Basetlow and Redley report it from ’
Sydney Harbour, New South Wales ; St. Vincent Gulf, South Australia,
20 fins.; Antechamber Bay, Kangaroo Islands, 20 fins. (T) ; Port Noarlunga,
low water, and Salt Clreelc Bay, Yorke Peninsula *.
Fnniily DENDRODORIDIDB ( DORIOPSIDB).
The body is nearly always soft and the general shape much as in
Archidoritlidz. The mouth is in the form of a small pore ; the tentacles are
small aud 1)artly adherent ; the rhinophores and branc1li;P are very similar to
Archidoridid%. The notn?um is smooth or tuherculate ; the pallid margin is
well developed and often with an undulating margin. The foot is broad arid
much as in Archidoriditiae.
The buccal tuhe is simple and non-glandular. The Bulbus pharyngeus is
suctorial, elongated, cylindrical, and destitute o f ninndibles or radula. The
end of the liver is declply notched.
The penis is armed with a series of hoohs.
Genus DENDRODOIUH
Ehrenberg, Symb. Phys. 1831
[unpaged, but on p. 941.
Type l)y subsequent designntion : f). /uylcb?”isEhrenb. ; vide Gray,
Proc. Zool. SOC.Lond. 1847, p. 164.
Synonymy: DORIOPSIS
Pease, Proc. Zool. Sac. Lond. 1860, p. 31.
Type by monotypy, D.gianulosa PeaRe.
RACHODORIS
Milorch, Jour. de Conch. 3rd aer. iii. 1863, 1). 34.
Type by origirral designation, L). lucininta ‘‘ Cuv ,” auct.
* [It was found later by me at Albany, King George Sound, on the South Coast of Western
Pustralia. It has thus a wide southern rctnge with northern extension.-M’. J. D A K I N . ]
OPISTHOBRANCHIATA FROM T H E .41!R01.HOS IST,A?;l)S.
MJ
DORIDOPSIS
Alder & Hancock, Trans. Zool. 8oc. Lond. vo!. v . pt. 3,1864, p. 125.
Type by original designation, I).gemmaceu Ald. k I-Iancocti.
€TAnsrELr,oDonIs Pease, Amer. Jour. Conch. vol. vi. 1871, p. 299, for tlic
Boridiopsis of hlder S: Il~ucoclr.
IThi-iopsis, the generally ncceptetl iianie for this genus, was introduced by
Pease, 1860 (62'),who failed to give a sat,isfactory definition of the genus. Ot'
it Bergh (11, p. S3) says : '' Das (2eschlecht Do)iopsis wurde von Pease in der
g-ewiihnlichen A r t des Heeres von Art- 1 J n d Geschleclite-F:ibrikatiten niit
g i n z flaschen Characteren sc-lion in 1860 nufgestrllt."
Four years later Alder and Hancocl; ( 6 ) more accurately described the satiie
genus, bat gave it the ii:iine I)oiitlo!)sis. without, h o w e v t ~referring
,
to Pease's
genus or species. Again, the following year Banc~ock(46) g:rre a detailed
description of the genns, also witliout reference to the worli of' Pease. The
latter author in 1871 re-:iffirmed his genus, claimed that the genus of Alder
and Haucock w a s not identicitl, and suggested for their genus the rianie
Haustellodoris. There can he 110 tloul)t, however, that all the species of t)orh
aiitliors belong to the same genus.
However, Ehrenberg in 1831 hat1 founded the genus 1)encZ'rodoris f o r two
species, one oE which ( B . IttquLrisj w a s subsequeut~lydesignated the type hy
Qrzy (44,1). 164). Berg?i (18,p. 21) points out that Ehrenberg's tlrfitiition
of the genus is incomplete and uusatisfact,ory, alt,liongh both the species
included within it are recognis:lt,lr an(1 without doubt belong to tlie geuus
sn1)sequently termed J)o)*io/)sis. He further says (.1. c . p. 221, " Es liegt &her
niii so mehr wolil 1;ein Grunt1 vor, tlic Bcnennung J)eudi*otEuris fur die durch
Haucocli inid durch inicli jetzt so gilt beliannten Doriopsen zii restituiren."
11
lliis is a strange line of reasoning to follo,!v, for, in the first l h c e , Hancocli
uses the term Doridopsis, not T)uriul~sis,aud was not the author of either
n:tnie. Secondly, while adtnitting tliat h t h Eliren1wg::'s original species
belong to the geniis under discnx.sion, Bergh lret'ers to adopt a m w l i later
tern], not sitnply incompletely defined, b u t actrially with " ganx flaschen
C%aracteren."
There seems little doubt that the geiius sliould stand DrntEi*odoi*isElirelib.
with D.Zvguhris Elirenb. as the type by subsequent designation, anti so the
name of the family also needs to be altered t'o Dendrodoridida,..
I t is interesting to not,e tliat the s a n e species is descrihetl under the 8:inie
mine, Doris Zicgubu's, by Gravetlhorst (43a) in the same year, 1831. I have
been uiiahle to :Iscertain wlictlie,r (iravenhorst's or Ehretil)erg's iianie has
priority, but, in ally case, it does not alter the gcneric name.
N I G R A (Stimpson), PIYN.
Pliilad. Acnd. Nat. Sci.
Species DENDRODOKIS
vol. vii. 1855, 1). 380.
Sjnonpmy : Doris nigrn Stimpson, 185G.
Dorinpsis niyrn atict.
Dot-idopsis n@ra auct.
Bntly. The body is of ni0~1er:ite siw, el1iI)tic:il. ant1
m t i i c w h ; i t di~pr(qtv1.
The dorsal snrfnce is finely gr:inulatt., while the mantle is more m i o o t l ~ . T l l t ~
L L " . JOURN.-ZOOLOGY,
VOL. YXXV.
40
mantle is well developed, fairly.thin, mid extends beyond the body all round,
save that tlie tip of the tail probably projects slightly during locomotion.
Colour. T n the preserved specinicns the colour is blnclr, shading off to a
dark grey near the niantle-margin, but showing no sign of the red margin
described by 8tinipson in the living animal. It is covered irregularly with
tiny white spots, i*hich grow niore abundant and larger towards the margin
of the mantle. The 11r:tuchire are of the same dark colour as the body. The
under surface of the foot is also of :I dark grey shade. I n life t,he white
spots are more striking and tlic sole of the foot .of liglitrr grey.
Dimensions. The speciniens varied in size, and the largest measured
23 mm. long by 15.5 nim. wide and 9.2 mm. high. The smallest was
only 12.5 nitn. long.
Head. The head is very small and ii1conspicnons, and bwrs a much reduced
tentacle :tt each side. The mouth is a small circular pore lying between the
lips of a clwp cleft in the anterior margin of the foot.
Foot. The foot is nivderateiy large ; its sides are continued out a short
distance as shallow flanges and its posterior is bluntly pointed. The front
end is deeply 'cleft, and between its niargiiis, :IS noted above, the mouth is
situated.
Rhincyliores. Tlie rliinophores are fairly sninll, completely retractile within
sheaths with smooth circular margins, and bear a. perfoliate clavus on a short
cylindrica 1 stalk.
Brancliicc. The tripinnate branchial plunies are eight in number and
arranged in the form of a circle, incomplete behind, but the gap is filled in
by the low anal papilla. They are of the saine ceueral colour as tlie dorsal
?
surface.
Radulu. .No trace of a rndula or pharyngeal complex is present. The
esophagus takes the form of :I straight narrow tube.
Notefi. I n all seven specimens were represctnted i n the collection : three
large specimens from Sandy Isle ; three smaller spw.iinrns from Wooded
Isle ; one deforinecl and swollen specimen from Pelsart Island.
This species of Zleiitlrocloris wenis to be widely spread in the Indian and
Pacific Oceans, and the t'ype-specimen was described from 1100 Choo and
Kiknisima.
Species DENDRODORIS
M B M M O S A (Abr:tham), Proc. Zoo]. Soc. 1877, p. 266,
pl. Ixix. figs. 20-21. (1'1. 28. fig. 15.)
Synonymy : Boris ~nnrnwrusaAbrahaw .
Boriopsia mummosrc m e t .
Doridopsis wimiiniusa anct.
B o d y . The body is fairly large and of an elongated oval shape. The
mantle is strongly developed, and projects all round as a thin fold about half
the width of the body, and has a wavy margin. The very soft dorsum and
in part the mantle also are covered with very large irregular warty
OPISTHOBRANCHIATA F R O M THE ARROLHOX ISLANDS.
563
protuberances, giving them a very uneven appearance. The large projections
also have smaller ones near their bases, and similar sinall ones are scattered
o r e r tlie general dorsal surface. Tliree noticeably large frojections lie on
eacli side between the rhinopliore and the gills, and two more are situated
between the rliinophor~s.
COZOZLT.
"lie general body-colonr of t h e preserved specimen is a dirty
yellowish grey, hecoming tlarlier towards the periphery. Down the middle
of the baclr is a series of three large roughiy rhoinboidal black marks, which
have other very,dark, almost, black, markings within them. F i v e or six similar
but slight,ly snialler rii:irlred areas lie lateral to the 1:irye projections oii each
side, tlie first pair of lat,eral niarlrs being i n front of t,he rhinophores :~ndt h e
last hehind t h e branclii~e. The ol:iyns of t h e rliinopliore is light-colonred
and t h e tips of the brancliize very dark ; Profcssor nalrin illforms me that, in
life the patt,erii was similar, but the colours brighter and the contrast more
niarlied.
Diwiensions. The preserved specimen measured 72 mm. long by 40 nini.
wide (inantaleextended) by 1 7 nini. high. The foot nicasured 6 5 mm. long
1)y 15 inm. wide, so that the mantle, when extended, project,ed 12.5 mm.
beyond the foot.
Head. The head is extremely siiiall and inconspicuons, a n d the mout,h is a
tiny aperture lying het,ween the two rtlges of tlie front elid of the foot. On
e:ich side of the he:id is a tiny flap-like tentacle about, 1.5 inin. long, partly
rctr:icted within a shallow groove-like c:ivjty.
Foot. The foot is wrll develolml, long, fairly ixirrow, and with :in expanded
flange-like margin. A t tlie autttvior end the foot bears a deep longitudinal
cleft, betjxeen the edges of which lies the mouth.
K1Liiropliow.s. The rhiiiol)liorc.s :ire fairly sinall c h v a t e structures with n
perfoliate clavus, and are entirely retractile within cayities providetl with an
elevated tubular margin. They lie fairly close together near the anterior
end.
Bruncltia. The five branchial plumes are t,ripinnate and arranged in a
fiiirly close circle, with a tendency t o fusion a t their bases. Each is dendriform. They a r e retractile wit>hiiia wide shallow cavity with a slightly raised
margin.
Radula. No trace of a rndula or pharyngeal conifjlex is present, and the
first part of t h e wsophagus is in the f u r m of a. straight, ~ ~ x r r otube.
w
The anus lies between tlie bases ot' the two hiiiderniost gilI-lllun;vs upon a
fairly welldeveloped sub-conicid papi ]la.
'Vhe genita aperture is, as iisiial, high irp on the riglit side of the body
ahout one-quarter of the way froin the anterior end.
iTotes. Only one specinien is represented in tlic collection with a 1;ibel
" Nadibranch f'roiu Fremantle, W.A."
It i s not therefore an Ahrolhos
type, so f a r as we know.
The type-specimen descri IJed by ALrdiani (2) nieasurecl 56 mrri. long by
44 mm. broad and 1 6 min. high, so that i t was not so large as the present
one. No locality is given, but it is statcd to be “ obtained during the
A n h r c t i c Expetlition.” It was possibly obtained a t some port of call, however, for the Dendrodorids as a genus are chnracteristic of tlie warmer seas.
POLEERADZ).
Family EIJPHURIDX (POLTCERIDX,
The body is more or less clongnted and liinaciform. The dorsum is not
marked off from t,lie sides o r sepztrated by a prominent margin. The front’al
veil is inore or less ljrotniiient,, simple, or furnished with simple or coinpouud
appendages, and the dorsnm generally has :L solitary dorsal appendage
(branc,hialis) or several Jorral ant1 lateral. The branchi,x are geiierally
paucifoliate, ]Jut mny he cortipositt: ; they arc: not rclrmtile within n c i l y i t g .
The t,entacles are small, lohiform, folded, GI‘ auriforni. The foot is not broad,
and generally roundctl anteriorly. The bulbus pharyngens is simple. The
huccal cavity is often arined with 1arniii:e (often composed of minute TOLIR!.
The radula nearly a l w a j s lins no rncliidial tc?et,h; the majority of the pleural
teeth are uiicinate, and t>heonterinost teeth simple, not hainate. The glans
penis is armed ; t w o sperninthecas a r e present.
I n 1798 Cluvier instituted t,he name T ~ i t o ~ cfor
i u a genus of Nudibt.anchs,
but while describing the genus he nientioiietl no particular species, and later,
in 1SO3, he enlarged this descriptiou a n d dealt with a definite and new
species, 7’. I m n / w ~ y i i . lianiarcli ill 1801 took Cavier’s m i n e and gave as a
species of the genus T. claw‘ptr. R a f i n e q u e i n It15 proposed the name
Eup7iurus for tlie T ~ i t o n i uof Lainarcl;--i. P., with 7’. clac.i!/eya as a type. A t
a later date Jolinst,on (18%) clisinissed L:i~n:irck’s species as being outside
the litnits oE C’uvier’s genus, ant1 proposed for it tlir ii:inie 7iiopa cduvigwa,
under which i t has since been dealt, with. To turn to ot.her animals than
Nudibranchs, however, w e find that in 1 7 7 1 T74itonico)2 w i s cinliloyecl as a
generic iiaine 1)j Klullt~r,and in 1800 Meigen used 7’r;t01& as the name
of :1 genns.
Thus i t will be seen that’ t l i t a tcrni 7’)Sitomh as applied to Nudibranchs
refers to two entirely diit‘erent and unrelated forins, :mtl in aiiy cnse the
name is pra-occupied. ,4s n o t d i)revioualy, T y i f o ~ i iCuvier
~~
(i. e., with
T. honihergii as type) has t o be replacetl 1 J,Y h‘,dinwstoma Macgillivruy, and
as will Le seen :iI)ove ‘I‘r-itonin Lainarclc ( i . e., with 7’. clccz+r~tr as type)
becomes E q J ~ i c r ~Rafinesque.
s
and this intercrpts the 1at)or name Iliiopn
Jolinston. I n tliis way tjlie oltlrst generic n:iine in tlie present faniily
beconies E-cipli7trus, from which the family-nanie is dcrivetl. This matter
is also referred to by Ir~clulo(51) ant1 1recl:ile 2nd O’Doiiogliue (51 a ) .
Genus NOTODORIS
Bergh, J o u r n . Mus. Godeff roy, viii. 1875, p. 64.
Type by monotypy : N. c i t i r ’ w Bergli, 1. c.
Tho hody is liinaciform with the sides not marked off froin tlie dorsuln ;
it is hard and rough, often marked with 1)roininnnt ridges. The frontal veil
OPISTHOBRANCHJdTA F R O M THE 813ROLHOy TS1,ASI)S.
565
is I:ti*g:c. Thf. branchi= and soinetinies the rliinophores are protected hy
valves. The rhinophores a r e not, perfoliate. There is 110 1:iLiaI :irmature of
rods or spines, but a chitinous ring may be present. No rachidial tooth is
])resent ; the pleurals are similar a n d lianiate with indications of' an acces8ory
dent icle.
OARDINERI Eliot, F a u n a & Chog. &laltlive and Laccadive,
Species NOTODORIS
7.01. ii. pt,. I, 1903, p. 548. ( P l . 28. figs. 1 X , 1 9 ; P1.30. figs. 62-64.)
130dg. The body is limaciforni and covered wit,li sniall tubercles, which are
11101'8 n11merous and larger a t tire anlerior end.
Nearly h:df\v>ly hack t h e
hody reaclies it,s higlicst point, :jnd here arise the b r a n c l i i ~covered by their
three char:ict,eristic protecting valves. A row o P larger tubercles runs from
the sides of t h e oral veil to the h n c h i a l valvcs. Berorid this the botljfalls to a lower, narrower, t:til-Iikc regiou. A well-niarlied valve-likc
tiibercle lies on the ont,side of each rlrinophorul alwrtiir(>,antl between thew
openings is a group of t w o or three large tuhercies. Lateral to tha rhinop h o r ~ sthe notaxin passes out and forwards as :i vchry well-tiinrked oral veil
with a. tuberculated margin. The very tough slriii contains n number of very
h r d , semi-transparent spheres, wliich appear to he cotnpoFed of a chitinous
material. They are irregularly scattered, antl may bc sparse or so c l o s ~
together that they form hard niasses.
C o h o * . According to the colotiretl sketch niatle by Professor Daliin, t>his
sl'ecirs is of a deep chrome-yellow all 0 1 7 ~ 1 ' ; the oral veil and l)raticlii:iI
valves :ire of the same colour. There was apparently no trace of tlic black
spots described by Eliot.
I)inzensiom. 'i'lie specimens were all about the same size and nic~nsurc.tl
w 1 i t . n preserved 4.3 nini. loug k ) C)~ nini. wide IJY 10 nim. higli ; length of tliv
tail-region 18 inin. Eliot's specinien was 33.5 nini. by 9 niiii. hy 1 2 111111.
1Ztnd. The head is sm:tll and in tlie specimens completely liicldeii tictween
the front end of the foot antl tlic overhanging oral veil. This veil is very
well cievelolied, and i n all the s1~ecinierisis tightly curled dowa over not oilly
the head but ills0 the anterior end of the foot.
Foot. The foot is fairly broad ant1 lanceolat,c. The front end is rounded
a i d the hinder elid p s s w off to :L point.
~'lrinophorrs. The rhinophorcs a r e completely retractile wit.liin dee"
cavities. The aliert,ure is in the foriii of a n oval slit placed a t an :ingle of'
ahout 45' to the main axis of the animal. At the posterior outer corner of
t h e aperture lies a very large tubercle whose flap-like a p e s overhmgs it.
h',rancliict. The hanc1ii:e are f:tirly nunieroas, very sniall, aud conipletely
liidtlen by the three large valvw. The tlirce valves rise from a transverse
ridge stretcliiiig across the middle of the back. The niitldle one passes back
and curls d o w n w d s unt,il i t practically t,ouches tlie ilors~itn. T h e lateral
valves pass bacliwartls, tlown ant1 round part,ly forncircls again, forniing tlie
cointnenceinent of a spiral. They also practically touch the tlorsuui. Ail
the valves, particularly the lateral ones, possess on their niargins curious
spatulate processes, which were described and figured by Eliot. The valves
are very hard and bend over almost t,o touch the dorsurn, so that the tiny
gill-plumes, apparently arranged in three groups, can not be seen wit,hout
cutting off the valves.
Labial drnmturs. According t o Eliot there is no labial armature, but in the
specimens here described a circular ring of cliitinoiis cuticle was present.
It is not large and quite thin, but,, neverthelt.ss, it resisted boiling in potash
solution and separated off from the lips :IS a tlist.inct ring.
Radulu. The raduls contains no racliidial teeth. I t is only nioderately
developed, and cont:tins froin 56-58 rows. ”lie first row contained 18 - 0 . 18
(i. e., 36 teeth), and the middle rows (34-42) . O (34-42), i . e . (68-81). The
teeth are erect, nioderately long, ilml slender, and so closely packed at the
outside tliat they are ditTicult to count accurately. They are a little larger
QU the outside, but otherwise very similar throughout.
Each consists of a
more or less rectangular blade-like plate, one coriier of wliicli is carried on
as a thin, slightly curved rod, bearing at its tip a sinall rounded secondary
denticle. They are similar in general appearance, althongh difl’ering i n
detail froin those described Iiy Bergh for 1V. cit,riita (11).
Notes. Three speciiiieus were represented in the collection, and Lore the
label “ 1st Island. Sliote Collecting. Outer side.”
Professor Dakin, in his general account of the Abrolhos, says of this
species :-‘‘ A straggling b d l i a n t lemon-yellow sponge was one very evident
specimen. Aftrr turning several stones over a n d noticing what appeared t o
be pieces of this sponge falling OR, i t was discovered that the falling pieces
were Nudibranchs resembling the sponge Iiotli in colour and general appearance. The species belongs to the genus Xotodoris, this being the first, record
for t.he genus on the Australian coast. It) was iristituted by Bergh for a
single specimen of N . eitrina f r o m Rarotonga. Two other species have been
made by Eliot f o r specimens from Zanzibar and the Maldive Islands. All
three are yellow in colour. I t is stated in Eliot’s report that nothing is
known of the habits of tliese animals, and further :-‘ With Mr. Gardiner’s
specimen is a piece of hard yellow sponge. There is no note, but. as the
colour and consistency of tlie sponge closely resemble those oE the Nudibranch
it is higlily probable that the latter frequent it.’
“ It is interesting to find that this is actually the case and in an entirely
different region. Our specimens were always found associated wit.11 this
sponge. The Nndibranch inoves about, slowly, so far as could be observed,
and apparerit>lylives in the t h k under c o r d blocks.”
This association between Nudibranch and sponge is not unknown, as
witness the entirely different t ~ i l l i a n tred Nudibranch RostamppuZchra living
on a similarly coloured sponge 011 the Pacific coast of North America (,ti;&
O’Donoghue, 60, p. 152).
.
As puiiited o u t in the pas3age quoted above, only three species of this
reniiirliiil>legeiins have been recorded : nainely, N . citrina Bergh from Harotonga by :I single specimen, il'. nziiwr Eliot froni C % u : h on the east coast of
Zarizihwr hy a single specinien, and N. yiirdirier; Eliot from the Maldive
Tslands also by a single specimen.
I n spite of certain ininor differcnces, i. e. the presence of black spots, the
prcseiice of a )'-shaped
arrangement OE sinall t,uhercles 011 t,he dorsum, the
a l w n c e ( ~ f labial arniatnre inter aliu in Eliot's specimen, I linve no
hesitstioii in referring the 1)resent form to his s p i e s , 1
7
'
. yudiwri.
The
sizc is about the saine,, the teeth siniilar, the valved rliinophoral al'erturc
similitr, :ind also the brancliial valves with tlieir elaborate spatulate
processes.
As will be seen bhe genus is very li& k n o \ ~ n ,and it is to bo hoped that
sufficient material for a detailed iiivrstigatioii of its structure will he fortlicorning. It apparently contains threr! distinct species :-
N.
Berg11.-Pale yellow ; soniewliat broacler ; 7 quadripinnat'e
gills ; gill-valve with 8 points more than one-third oE the way forward ; v;tlved rhinophornl aperture ; radula 5 ti rows typically
14.0 . -1, tooth with indication of third t)luiit Jeiiticle.
CITRlN.4
N.
GhllDINEltI
N.
MINOR
~ ~ i o t . - ~ ~ h r ~ o i i i c - y e lwith
~ o w or without black spots,
narrower ; numerous tiny gill-plumes ; gill-ralves marked, three in
n u i n h r , furnished with spatulate processes, ahout halfway hack ;
valved rhinophoral aperture ; radnla 56-33 rows typicnlly (24-42) .
0 . (34-42), tooth with only second blunt tlenticle.
Eliot.-Leinon-yellow
sharply marked with blnck lines,
narrower ; 27 sinall tut'ts of gills in three areas ; gill-valves t,l:ree in
nuniber, inconspicuous, simple ; radula 33 rows typica!ly 25 . 0 . 25,
tooth not nearly so distinctly tlenticulate as i n foregoing spccies.
These differences appear to warrant the retention of the three forms
mlicl species.
;IS
Genus NEMBROTHA
Beigli, Malnliol. Unters. H e f t xi. 11. 450 (1877).
Type here designated, N. nigewimu Bergli.
The body is liinaoiform, nearly smooth ; tlol~sunl not, differentiated froni
sitles ; the rhinophores are retractile with a perfoliitte clavuv ; the branchix.
are pucifoliate and hi- or tri-pinnatc? ; the tentacles are short and lobatc :
the foot is quite narrow. Tile labial armature is inconspicuous or ahsent.
The radula fairly narrow : the racliidial tooth is depressed, subquadrate, or an
armed curve ; the first p1eur:il tooth is large ant1 fnlciforni, and the several
external teeth are depressed.
The hermaphrodite gland is connate with the liver j no discrete prostate is
present ; the glans penis is armed.
There is a possiblity that the generic name 1YerdrotJm Bergh, 1877, will
have to be replaced by ditgasiella A u p s & Cross, 1864 : tlte form
described by the latter being very much like those in Bergh's geiiusindeed, Berg11 himself includes it as a doubtfid inember of tlie genus. The
matter can hardly be definitely settled iinless the collection of further
specimens renders i t possible to exainine ir ittore closely.
Species NEMBROTEIA
PURPUREOLINEATA, s l i . llov.
PI. 30. figs. 60, 61.)
(PI. 28. figs. 16, 17 ;
B ody . The body is litnaciform, rising from the front end t o the middle,
where it bears the branchiae, thence it gets lower again and terminates in a
short tail. Tlie smooth dorsum passes over into the side of the body without
line of deinarcation or pallial edge. The anterior end bears a narrow
veil-like expansion.
Colour. The general body-colour of the preserved animal is a dirty
yellowish grey inarlied with pale brown lines. A broad dark band commences just behind tlie rhinophores and passes back in the mid-dorsal line t o
the branchize. A thinner d a r k . line passes round tlie front, anterior to the
rhinophorrs, and back on each side of the dorsuui. Behind the branchiz
these two lines converge and meet, about halfway 1)etwet:n the gills and t.he
posterior end, to form one line in tlie iniddle which runs back to tlie end of
the tail. Another liue starts a t the front eiid about halfway u p the body on
each side. I t riins b:dr roughly parallel wit,h the edge of the foot t,o join
the dorsal line near the tail. Professor Ualtin informs ine that in life the
body-colour of the animal was a translucent slate-grey and the dark bands
were purple-brown.
Dimensioris. The form of the specimen was not well pre'served, but it
measured 35 mm. long by 10 i t i i n . wide and 11nim. higli.
Head. The head is small and not cons~~icuous.At each side it bears a
tiny tentacle, somewhat knob-shaped in the retracted condition, and bctween
them is the circular mouth.
Foot. The foot is linear atid not st,rongly developed. The hinder end
passes off in00 the pointed tail, and t,he anterior end is cleft and lias rounded
corners.
Rhinopliores. The rhinophores are small, have a perfoliate clavus, and are
completely retractile within cavities with sniootli round apertures.
Branchiw. The non-retractile braitchiz consist of five bipinnate plumes,
joined at their bases. The anterior one is i n tile middle line and larger than
the others.
Radula. Tlie radnla is relatively sinall and wlien flattened measured 4 inin.
by 2 n i i n . I t Lears 3 2 rows of teetli a d tlie number in the oldest row is
7 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 7 (i. e., 17) and in the newer portions 8 . 1 . 1. 1.8 (i. e., 19). The
rachidial tooth is in the forin o f a I ~ r o dirregu1:ir octngoii with its posterior
side uncurved and thic.lier in its anterior h d f . Its front etlgc is straight,
but furnished witla four curious ppiI1it'orni denticles tlirec*tetl backwar(1sone of t,he inner of these l)ifi,l. In tho radula of tlie specimen exaniined
it was ali\ ays the i i i i i e r One oil t h saiiie ,side. The first lateral has an
irregular elongated base lying at :in angle of nhont 10' to the iiiidtlle liiie
of the raduln. I t hears two very strong, 1)acliwardly directed, conical
spines-one a t its anterior end a n d the oilier about two-tliirds of the way
baclc. This is followed by a series of teeth, seven or eight, in number. They
t:ike the forin of approximately square plates in the inner teeth, but becorkie
oblong and less strong towards tlic? outside.
Labiul Armature. The lips ;ire furnislied with a litiing of thin chitin, which
has an oval opening, whose long axis is vertical.
Tlie anus lies on a short rounded papilla in the middle line behind tlie
janction of the bases of the posterior brnnchial plumes.
The genital aperture lies near t,lie anterior end in tile light space between
the two lateral (lark bands and xbout halfway between the head and the
brancbiz.
ib'ofpS. The species is rcpresentetl by one speciiiieu, which was taken on tlie
Al~rollioa,but with no det:til-: of t,lir exact locality.
In spite of the preseiice of a IaIktl cuticle rather inore strongly developed
than iii other I'orins. there is 110 doubt that tliis belongs to the g m u s
L V m i h r o t h ~ . It does not appear to agree with any previously described.
A C'OPBZPOD PARASITIC
O N CIERATOSOMA
r i
BREVICAUDATUM.
1lie presence of Copepoda pnrasi tic upon Nudit)raiichs has been reported
by several authorities. The first record is apparently that of Leydig (56),in
1S53, w h o constituted the genus 1)oritlicola for C'opepods found on Dorids.
Siniilar forms are also reported hy Al(ler and Hancocli (5) froin 81~cAidoris
tii6erc.uZnta and Aiztiopa (cristatu, and they were referred to the genus
&:r.gcxsilua, although they were 1)robably congeneric, if not even conspecific,
with Legdig's fornis, as was pointed out later by Hailcock and Norniaii (47).
They are not highly modified animals and a p p r e 1 1 t i ~inore in the nature
of epizoitic fornis, and their parasitmisinhas not been proved.
In addition to these, however, a group of highly specialised forms,
undoubtedly parasitic, have aleo been described. The first, reported by
Hancocli and Norrnan (47), are : - - S ~ ~ / ~ i t 1 ~ 1 i 7 i ~ ~ gt tr ~a ~d ~i s~, / ~parasitic
i i s
on
I caictlrodo~isp i f o s a and /tlaliu ~ i s p w s afrom the English coast. and S. bruvipes,
parasitic oii Boto cororratn and C'oryplielf(t ,t"ilJibrU,ic'liiulis also from the English
coast.
Thr oiily other authority t,liat has dealt with t,hese parasites is
12. Bergh, who has recorded the following :-
570
C. H. O’DONOBHUE : REPORT ON
I’ltOF.
Parasite.
1
Host.
--------
Locality and
Reference.
n’orth Sea (21, p. 668).
Norway (21,p. 5ti8).
CV. Coast, S. dniericii (9).
W. coast, S. Aniericn (26).
TV. Coast, S.Anieiira (26).
blediterraiiean (21,p. 658)
Iird Sea (13,p. 409).
Philippinee (16,11. 472).
Philippines (19,p. 641).
~
~
The total number of species is very small, only four named for certain and
possibility of seven at, the most, and, froin the infrequency with which they
have been recorded, it wortltl appear that they are rare. Indeed, in inany
hut id red^ of specimens I have handled froin British C’olunibia, I have not
yet encountered one. I n spite of’ this, however, it will be seen froin the
above list t,hat they :we witlely distributed over the world. The foilowing
form is of interesi, not only on its owii account, as :I new species of a rare
group, hut also because it, shows that the group also extends to the Australian
seas.
a
Family CH0NDXACANTHII)B.
Hanc. B Norm. ‘I’rans. Linn. Soc. Lond.
Genus SPLAXCHNOTROPHUS
xxiv. 1864, p. 51.
Type here designated : S. gracilis Hanc. & Norm. 1. c. p. 51.
Coast of England.
/<’emale. Head a n d thorax either blended into a single segment, the
thoracic portion of which is furtiisltetl on cwch side with nnarticulated arm-like
appendages or lobes, or tlie first part only of the thorax is united with the
head and the last part forins a second, but coiriparatively minute, segment.
In this case, Iiowever, all the thoritcic appendages are attached to the first
segment. First antennz minute and few-jointed ; second larger, in the
form of prehensile hooks. Labrum large, overhanging the mandibles, which
organs, toyet,her with t,he m a x i l h and two pairs of foot-jaws, are minute and
crowded round the mouth. Ttioracic feet two pairs, minute, simple or twobranched, tertninating in hooks. Abdomen two-jointed, the last joint ending
in two caudal appendages, which are furnished with one or two sitnple sets.
Ovigerous sacs elliptical.
Axale minute. Uephalothorax with lat,eral qppendages and divided into
fonr segments, the first of which hears t,wo pairs of thoracic feet.
OPtSTHORRANCHldTA F R O M ’I’HJC ARllnLIIOS ISLANDS.
Species SPLANCHNOTROPHUS
YACCULATUS, sp. nov.
591
(PI. 30. figs. 65, 66.)
/.‘emale. Tlie body is elongnt,ed and roughly cylindrical, but slightly
tleprcssed dorso-ventrally, :ind it is encased in ;I thin, not very strong,
Inyer of semi-transparent chit,in. It i s composed of a wplialothorax, of
wliicli the anterior portion is the? liead, l ~ n ti t is not distinctly ma.rlwd off
froni the tliorxx, :ind a itiucli sni:Jler :tI)~Ioinet~.On the dorsal surface of the
cephalotliornx a r e three sac-like oiitbulgiiigs of the body-wall. Tlie first of
these is in thc form of a transverse collar-like ridge right across the hody,
aiitl it, is sotilewhat firnicr tlian the other two.
Tlie second is much larger,
inore inflatetl, a n c l more irregular. The anterior horiler atid the l a t e i d lohes
of it ore eharply tti:lrlied off froin tlie hotly, but in the mid-dorsal regioii the
ltiniier parts of the two lateral lobes merge with the general surface of the
Iiotly. The third S:LC is, it’ anything, larger than the second, and its 1at)eral
lobes show a slight niarginal indent:it,ion.
The last portion of the thorax is narrower than t,liat in front, but, it swells
out towards its hinder edge ant1 then rapidly narrows again still further to
the point where it joins the <I1:)d omen,
F r o m the venti~o-l:iter:~lnspeuts of t h e crphalothoras arise t.hree pairs of
long, tal’ering, cylindrical outgrowt,hs. The first piiir arise at a level bc2tweeii
thn first :ind Pecond d o r ~ a sacs.
l
The second pair arise at a Ierel betw‘cen the
st?cond and third dorsal sacs, and tlie third pair toncli the second and a r e
level with tlie third dorsal s x . These lateral outgrowths are not,, as might
be supposed :it tirst, sight, inotlifietl appendages, for the rudinieiits of l h e w lie
on the v e n t m i dsurface, but they :ire out~growtlisof the body-wall. Tliey a r e
\ c r y conspic:uoua, :is they almost, double tlie length of the aninial itself, and
:ipparently are concerned with t h e absorpt,ion of nutritive inatarial froni the
host, since they lie: in t h e spaces between t h e viscera.
Strings of eggs, either in single or double rows, show through the hodywd1 and form a network of interlacing lines in thc various parts of the
celhalothorax, the dors:il sacs, a n d the basal port~ionsof the long o u t g r o ~ t h .
Tlic first a n t e n n a a r e a pair of minutje, stunipy, seeniingly unirainous
appendages lying under the head a sliort distance from t,hc anterior end.
Eacli is :tpparently cornposed of t h e e joints and bears a noniber of relatively
stout spines ; t>liereare three of these on the hns:il joint, two on the next, and
t w o on the teriiiinal ,joint. Thc second antennt-e, while still small, are considerably larger t1i:in the first, aiitl are plunip, flnsliy, nniramous appendages
d s o showing indications of three joints. They are relatively shorter than the
correspoiiding members in 8. grucilis. Stout spines are also present on
these : two on the basal joint, one on the next, atid two on the terminal
joint .
‘Uie Iabru1n is large, curved ventrally, and sub-triangular in shape with a
rounded : y e s and a deep curved indentation i n the base. The mouth presumably lies under this indentation. The mandibles are sniall and consist of
572
I'ROF.
C. H.
O'DONOtGHUE:
REPORT ON
a soft t8riaiignlar base, which bears a t its antero-niedian corner a small stiff
blade with three denticles. The riiusi1l:e are \'cry sniall triangular lobes
partly hidden by tlie ni:uidil~les. Each bears a spine-like prolongation at
its antero-nie(lian corner. Thc f i d niaxillipedes are soine~vliattriangular in
h p e , not unlike t'lie ~ i ~ ~ i n t l i l ~Y:LW
l t ~ sthat,
,
i n place of the b l ; d r s they bear
spinr-like llroeesses. ?lie srcontl ni:isillipcdes are long thin structures,
e x p n d e d dorso-ventrally in tlicir ant,cLrior region, nnd bearing slGi~-lilre
prolongit'ions at thc :interior c6,ntl. Thry are approxin;atcd in the mid-ventral
line over the front, part 01 I heir lengt11, h i t diwrge posteriorly. Altogether
thv mout,h-pnrts s h o w :I coirsit1eraMe rewniblance t,o those of 8. y a c i l i s , but
their proportions are differeiit,, :ind theJ- api'ear to be a little more degenerate.
o n the ventral side of the cephnlotliorax there are a pair of rounded
papilliforni processes opposite the bases of the first lateral appendages, and
another and quite sindnr pair o1)l:osite the ends of the last pair of lateral
outgrowths. Tlrese a r ~in tlic! same relative position as the tiny legs in
S. grccc~ilis,as sho\T n in the drawing of BancocB and Norman, but, while each
bears a sinall spine, they are not nr1xrly so much like tliorncic appendages as
those of S. y a c i l i s .
If we adopt the interpretation giren by Hancocli and Norman (47, p. 52),
two regions can be i1is:tingiiiaIiecl in tlic aldonien : the first an inverted
cone joiiting on to the i'ostterior end of tlia cephalothorax and the second
anotlier inverted con(' with n rounded edge a t the bast. borne on the preceding part. This second cone has ;I firmer chitinous covering than the
celhalothorax and bears f o u r aniiular grooves ; thus it is divided up into five
rings, but whet,her these represent, actual abdominal segments or not i t is
hardly possible to say. H:wicock a i d Norman group t,he anterior cone-shaped
portion together with the basal ring of thn second cone as the first complete
abdoiiiinal segment, altzhongh in the present species there is a distinct,
annular, articular groove separating them. The basal ring of the second
cone-shaped portion ha3 t w o Iatcral projections upon which the egg-sacs are
borne. On t,lie terminal portion of tlie al)donien are two small cylindrical
projections each terminating in a sliort spine.
The egg-sacs :ire elongated, cylintlrical, soft-walled sacs with rounded ends.
The sacs nieasureil, in one individual, 6.2 nini. long 1)s 1.2 111111. wide. The
eggs within them are xpparently just crowded together without definite
arrangenient, as is characteristic of the f:iniily (Ihondracanthide, and do not
exhibit the linear arrangenieut that is f o m d in the Caligida,
ATotes. Two speciinens of t'his species were fuund n1)on one iiidividual of
C. hreuicaudatunz, Loth female ant1 about the saint) size. The one OF these
nie:isured S.5 niin. long by 4.1 nini. broad ; its egg-sacs, as noted above, were
6.2 mm. long by 1:2 niin. wide and the length of the longest lateral process
was 14.75 inin. One speciinen was partidly unibedtled in an actual hole in
tlie Lody-wall of the Nudihranch about 5 i n i n . l)eliiiid the urinary apertnre,
and looked as if it were in tlie process of boring its way down to get into the
1)ody-cavity. ‘I’hiu specimen was very noticea1)le from the outside, and its
long 1ater:d appendages a n d most O F tlie I J O ~ J -1)rojectetl freely froiii the
tlorsnl snface of its host. In esaiiiininp t,his inilivi(ln:iI it w a 5 noticed that
two peculiar s:tc-like structures containing eggs of :I deep goldrn-ycllow
colour were l)rojcct,ing from the ~iiiiclidilat,ed r ( A i i : i l porr. Fnrtlier clsnmination and Jiwtctioii revealrtl thc prewiice of a r t v o n d a n d sliglitly 1:rrger
cs:tmI)le of the pirasite completei? hidden within the 1)oiIy of’ the Iiost-the
i i i ~ a s i i r e i i ~ e ~of‘i ~this
s
speciriirii are girchn a h w e . Tt w a s Iying within the
rm:11 tlnct at, its Iiosterior end, hiit it, was so 1 a i . g ~ant1 it,< Iat,rr:il arm-like
a p p ( ~ i i ~ I a gspread
c~
:Lhoiit so nii.1r.h aiiroilg the v i s m n t h a t it mas not pos~iblc
to stti: whether the aiiiiiial \ m u e,ouil)letelycoiifiiietl wit,liin tlre renal tluct,
whic,li 11:d become eiiorniously dil:ttc,tI ant1 raniifivil, or wliriher it lmcl broken
tlirongh the wall of this st,ruct>nre.
TVliile tlie s1)eciincw 011 the onisitlc of t l i p Nritli1,rancli containetl eggs
within the lml-y, visi1)Ic tliroilgli tlie s;r~iiitr:iiis~~:ircnt
Iiody-wall :is a t,rncrry
of lines, i t showed no sign of rgg-saes. If t,lic!se 1i:itl not I i c w i torn off, therefore, it woulcl appear as if the proil~ictionof eggs had not proceeded fxr in
t,liis i n d i d u a l . In the secoiid sl)ecinicii, on the otlier liantl, egg-sites were
present and of large size. AY notcil aliove, they projected throiigh the renal
por(b, which w a s ninch rnliirgetl or ~ i ~ ~ r l i :act,nnlly
ip<
hrokeii, niitl :iIso project>ed
througli the ~~:irti:iIly
closed 1Jr:inclii:iI :il)erture. They were c r t r e i n c l ~tliin~
walled a i d delicat(>,a i d in tlie aii1,secluent process of exc:iv:t tiiig thc raiiiificiitions of t,he parasite from tlic body of the host, thcy were badly I)rolreii
uli-fortnnntely not until after they liatl 1)cen measiiiwl. TT’lien the 1)r:ixcIii:~
were e s ~ m i d e d the
, egg-s:i‘;s m u s t linvcl lain :uiioiig tlic~1Jr:mchial plmnes :is
diJscribei1in 8. ( r m c i l i s . Tlie hotly of this indivic1ii:il also cuntaineil a iiriiiil,cr
of eggs slion.ing through tlie I ~ o c l y - ~ a l and
l , :rrmiigcItl in ;I series of inter,iaciiig
. lilies which p:issed out into thc? lntcral proccwes.
No trace of :t 11i:i1e indi\-itlu:d n-:w Eouiid pither on or near the fem:ilcs, or
upon or in the body of tlie Iiost. Tlii$ i:: rathor rc~ii:irkat)lein view of‘ the
k c t tli:it Ilancocli aiitl Nurtiian state tli:tt, the inales? sotnet.iiiies to the 11 urii1,c.r
of a (Iomn, are peiicrally to be loniitl :issociatrd wit11 t,hc friiinles.
Tlie prwrnt, sliwirs is n i ~ c l o u l ~ t c ~ tcongeneric
1I~
with AS’. p r r i l i s Hancock
:mil Eorimii, aiid quite sitiiilar to it iii :I iinni1)er 01’ ways. It differs in a
iiumhcr of lioiiits, liowever : tlio prweiice of the. Joi~snlsacs, t tie segment:it~ion
of tlici :ihlii!iieii, the more t l q y i i r . r : t t c coiitlitioii of the tliomcic Iiiiil)s7the
(rr+.:iter lengtli of t,lic latetxl :ipl)wiil:igw, a t i l l certain cliffermces in the iriontlilmrts iiiter uliil, :mtl so it is h ( ~ r ciistcill as a new species under the ~iaiiie
, ~ / ) l u / ~ c h , , o t , . o l ~saccciltrtus.
~~z~~s
It is interesting to t i l i d :I forin froiii the
Antipodes so clo..ely allied to AS. ,/rucilis, heretofol-e oiily recorded froin
t,lie European seas.
i?
574
PROF. C. H. O’nONOGT€UE:
REPORT ON
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‘(
1898.
OPlSTHOBRANCAIATA FROM T H E AUllOLHUS ISLANDS.
575
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E.-“On
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43. GISTRL, J.--9nturgeschiclite des Tie~rcichsfiir Schulen. 1848,
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I. L. C.-Tergestiua, oder Reobnchtuiigen uiid Untermchunpen iiber
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,
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,
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47. HANCOCK,
A , , auii IVORYAN,
9.
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R E P O R T ON
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577
OPISTHOBRAKCHI.\Th FROM TEE ABROLUOS ISLASDS.
27.
The photographs on this plate were all taken by Mr. Herring. of the British Museum.
1’LAT-E
Fig. 1. Tethys gigantea (Sowerby). Dorsal aspect, x about 2/3. T h e large expanded
lobes at the anterior end o f t h e foot and t h e anal fuunel are clearly shown.
Fig. ‘3. T e t h p denisoni (Smith). D o r . d aspect, x 1. Tlie aual funnel in this specinleu
is folded in.
Fig. 3. DolnIm’fera pelsnrtetisis, sp. i i o ~ . Dorsal aspect, x I.
Z , nor.
Dorsal aspect, x 1. The anterior extension of
Fig. 4. I’lncobrunchm C . ~ ~ I ~ S Isp.
tiit: niantle lobe iu front of the flattened lirad shows clearly on tlie right side,
hilt is torn and folded on t h e left. T h e anterior end of the head with tlie
tentacles is withdrawn a i d does not shorn. The tiny pericerdial swelliug
appears just behind the head. Owing to the shadow produced by lighting, a
false impression of a solid body is giveu. In reality this region is niaiuly composed of the mantle lobes, a i d the actual body is not, quite as wide as the head ;
i t caunot be distinguisLed from the lobes.
Fig. 5. SpAarostomu dalceni, sp. nor. Ventral aspect, X 1. TIE month shows as a loupittidinal cleft a t tlie anterior end, and p r t of the oral veil with one projection
appears oii the left-hand side. Tlie iiiargins of t h e foot in this specimen are
almost approximated. Some of tlie large brauchirc show clearly on each side.
Fig. 6. AlZoiodoris hedleyi, sp. nov. Dorsal aspect, x 1. T h e granulate appearauce of
the bacli amd the I l R t U r e of the branchial aud rhinophoral apertures are clearly
visible.
Ventral aspect of the specimen illustrated iii fig. 6, x 1. The tiny head
7.
is not risible.
Pig. 8. Glossodoris westrulie?isis, sp. nov. Dorsal aspect, x 1. Tile dark band near t h e
ni2cgiii of t h e notieiuii shows faintly.
9. - Lateral aspect, x 1. The broad dark band o n the side of the body and
the narrow one ou the upper edge of t h e flange of tlie foot are visible. T h e
front end of t h e foot is clearly bilabiate.
Fig. 10. Apidodoris afinis Eliot. Dorsal aspect, x 1. I n places the darker line around
the u o t m m is seen, and the dark-coloured branchin? show in the circular sljot
towards the posterior end.
-
PLATE28.
T h e photographs on this plate were it11 taken by blr. IIerriug., of the British Jluseuni.
Fig. 11. Hesubrunchcs imperkdis Kent. D o r d aspect,, X 2/3. The brancliiw and the
clavus of t h e right rhiuophore are clearly visible, aud the relatirely enormolts
size of t h e mantle folds cau easily be judged.
Fig. 12. Astero?zolus fzkscus, sp. nov. I)orSd aspect, X 1. This shows the ridges in the
central region cf tile dorsum.
13. - Ventral aspect of the specimen illustrated in fig. 12, x1. The relatire
sizes of the foot mid m a d e how clearly. The indentation a t tlie posterior elld
is where :t portiou of the i~iantlehas been broken amity.
Fig. 14. Ceratosoma brevicazrdntzkn~-1braham. Dorsal aspect, X 1. The tail is bellt t o t h e
right, otherwise illis gives a good idea Gf the shape of’ the auinial and also tile
position of t h e rhiiiophoral nnd briinchial apertures and the tongue-like prolor]p t i o n of tlie horsum.
LI“.
JOURN.--%OOLOGT,
VoL.
ssxv.
41
5 78
PROF. C . H. O'DONOCHUE:
REPORT ON
Fig. 16. De~zdrodoris iiiiiwimoua (Abraham). Dorsn.1 aspect, x 1. While the general
appearance is shown well there is 110 indication of the crdour-marliings.
Fig. 16. Nembrotha ptwpurrolineata, sp. nov. Dorsal aspect, x 1. This indicates the
geners.1 form of the nniuiaI, save that the tail is turned t o the right, and also
the position of the branchia.
17. -Lateral aspect of the specimen illustrated in fig. 16, x 1. This shows the
way in which the body increases in height to the level of the gills and then falls
away to the tail.
Fig. 18. iVotodoi% gardineri Eliot. Dorsal aspect, x 1. The general form of the body
with the tail turned to the right ; the rliinophoral aperture8 and the branchid
valves are clearly shown.
19. - Lateral aspect, x 1. The tail in this specimen is turned'up. I t shows
clearly the rough nature of the surface, the large size of the brancliinl valves,
and here and there some of the hard spheres.
PLATE29.
All the figures on this plate were drawn from preparations from specimens in the collection
and a t the various magnifications shown by the aid of a camera lucida.
Fjg. 20. Il'ethys y i p n f e a (Sowerby). The median tooth and first two pleural teeth of one
side, x 97.
21. - Three pleural teeth from near the middle of the TOW, x 97.
22.
The six outermost pleural teeth, x 97.
Fig. 23. Tethys de'eliixoni (Smith). The median tooth and first two pleural teeth of one side,
x 97.
3.1. -- Three pleurals from near the middle of the row, x 97.
25. - The seven outerrnost pleurals, x 97.
Fig. 26. ~oZubr.~ei~apelsnrteusis,
sp. nov. The median tooth and tirst two pleural teeth of
each side, x 97.
27. - Three pleurals from near the middle of the row, x 97.
28.
The four outermost pleural+ x 97.
Fig. 29. Berthella pluniula (Montazu). The two innermost pleurals, x 250.
30. - 'Two pleurals from near the middle of the row, x 250.
Fig. 31. Plncobranchus expansa, sp. nov. Three teeth near the iinittr eiid of the radula,
wen from the side, x 190.
32. - A single tooth from near the outer end of the raduln, seen from the side,
x 190.
33. - A single tooth from near the outer end of the radrila, seen from above,
x 190.
34.
-4single tooth from the sac, seen from the side to show the relatively small
size, x 190.
Fig. 35. Sphcerostoma dakelzi, sp. nov. The jams, sntero-ventral view, x 3.
36. - Thejaw, lateral view, x 3.
37. - T h o rows of the median tooth and the first pleiiral tooth on each side,
x 97.
38.
The four pleurals next to the inuermost pleural, x 97.
39.
Three pleurals from near the middle of the row, x 97.
40. - Three outermost pleurals, x 97.
Fig. 41. Hexabranchus imperialis Kent. The foiir innermost pleurnls, x 70.
42.
The fourth pleural, side view, x 70.
4Y.
Three pleurals from near the middle of the row, x 70.
44. - Four outermost pleurals, x 70.
-
-
-
-
-
-
O€’ISTHOBR~4NCH1Af~A
FROM THE ABROLHOS ISLANDS.
579
1’LATE 30.
All the figures on this plate were drawn from preparations from specimens in the collection
and at the various magnifications shown by the aid of a camera lucida.
Fig.45. Alloiodoris hedleyi, sp. nov. The four innermost pleurals,
X 97.
46. - Four pleurals from near the middle of the row, X 97.
47. - The four outermost pleurals, x 97.
Fig.48. Asterouotus fzcscus, sp. nov. The three innerniost pleurals, x 150.
49.
Three pleurals from near the middle of the row, X 150.
50. - The five outernlo& pleurrtls, x 150.
Fig. 51. GZossodoris westraliemis, sp. nov. The four innerniost pleurals, lateral aspect, X 162.
66. - Three pleurals froin near the middle of the row, lateral aspect, X 162.
r ,
.i3.
lhree outermost pleurals, lateral aspect, x 162.
Fig. 54. Aphelodoris n$iiiis Eliot. The four inneruiost pleurala, X 150.
65. - Two pleurals from near the middle of the row, X 150.
56. - The five outermost pleurals, x 150.
Fig. 57. Ceratosonia brevicaudatum Abraham. The four innermost pleurals, X 97.
58.
Four pleurals from near the middle of the row, x 97.
59. __ The fire outermost pleural$, x 97.
Fig.60. Arcmbrothn purpureoCieatn, sp. nov. The labial cuticle, lateral aspect, X 10.
61. - The rachidial tooth and the pleurals of one side, X 97.
Fig.62. Notodoris ynrdineri Eliot.. Labial cuticle, front view, x 10.
63. -_
Four inner pleurals, lateral aspect, x 97.
84. - l‘he four outermost pleurals, lateral aspect, x 97.
Fig. 65. Splnnchnotrophus saccultitus, sp. nov. Dorsal aspect, x 5. U.S. Dorsal sac ;
E.L. Line of eggs ; E.S. Egg-sac j L A . Lateral appendage.
86. Ventral view of the mouth-parts, x 62. The parts are somewhat distorted
TJY the pressure of the coyer-glass, and the first antenna on the left aide of the
drawing has been turned forwards. 1A. First antenna ; 2 A. Second antenna ;
L. Labrum; M. Mandible ; 1Alp. First mnxilllpede ; 2 Mp. Second niaxillipede ; Mx. First maxilla.
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-
-
0’D o n o 2hue.
J O U RLINN.
N . S O C .ZOOL.VOL.XXXV,PL.
27.
Huth COIL
AB R 0 LH 0 S
0
P I ST H O B R A N C H I A .
O’Donoihue.
JOURN
L ~.N NSOC.ZOOL.VOL.XXXV,PL
.
28.
H u t h cull
ABR O L H 0 S
0P I S T H 09R A N C H I A .
O ' D u ~ o c , mF..
OpfSTHOBRANCHIA'I'A
JOURN.LINN.SOC., ZOOL. VOL. X X X V . PI. 29.
FROM
THE A B R B L H O S I S L A N D S ,
I l ’ I h ~ \ ~ , l ~ kel l
0P I ST HO B R A N CHI A T A
JOURN.LINN.
SOC.,ZOOL.VOL. XXXV. PL. 30.
FR 0 M
THE
A B K 0 L HO S
I S L A N D S,