Cambridge Preterm Latin language pack
This language pack has been designed to help you get (and maintain) a good grasp of
Latin before coming to Cambridge. It is based on the vocabulary and grammar the OCR
AS/A Level syllabus.
You will be assessed on your comprehension of this material when you arrive at
Cambridge. You will be expected to:
• identify any Latin word from the AS/A Level vocabulary list included here
• write down from memory any word-table (or paradigm) also included here (you will be
given a starter form)
• write down from memory the principal parts of the verbs in the list included here
(you will be given a starter form)
• translate into English some sentences exhibiting this vocabulary and grammar (you
will find a checklist of grammatical topics in this pack)
This assessment is not designed to intimidate and does not count toward any final
grade: it is merely meant to give you something concrete to work on between now and
then, and to assist us and your Director of Studies in ensuring that we have got the
right people in the right groups from the start.
You may have a qualification different from the OCR exam syllabus, but no matter: in
order to prepare for this assessment, all the material to be tested is presented here in
this packet.
As far as supplementing your studies and preparing yourself for term you will find the
following resources helpful.
We strongly recommend that you purchase a proper reference grammar. Kennedy’s
Revised Latin Primer (edited and revised by James Mountford) remains an excellent and
inexpensive tool. B. L. Gildersleeve and G. Lodge’s Latin Grammar is more extensive, and
C. E. Bennett’s New Latin Grammar is good (available free for Amazon Kindles), as is Allen
and Greenough’s New Latin Grammar. (The latter two can both be downloaded for free
from textkit.com, though printing will be a chore.) For those of you wanting advanced
syntactical information, we recommend E. C. Woodcock’s New Latin Syntax. You will find
a variety of supplementary online materials at:
http://tinyurl.com/languagepacks2015
There are other, perhaps more user-friendly, school grammars out there that you may
already own, but bear in mind that they are not proper reference grammars and simply
do not have enough information to help you understand Latin at the level required by
your set texts.
In order to deal more ably with the grammatical concepts you will meet in your
work you will find these volumes helpful:
• A Student’s Introduction to English Grammar, by Rodney Huddleston (ISBN 0-521-612888)
• English Grammar for Students of Latin, by Norma Goldman (ISBN-13: 978-0-93-403434-0;
ISBN-10: 0-93-403434-6)
As far as dictionaries go, we strongly recommend C. T. Lewis’ Elementary Latin
Dictionary, though Penguin, Collins and Cassells produce good ones as well. Lewis and
Short’s old and very large Latin Dictionary remains a valuable resource; the research
standard today is the huge Oxford Latin Dictionary. “Lewis & Short” can be downloaded
for free via a PC and Mac application called “Diogenes” that’s online (just Google it) and
even loaded into an iPhone very cheaply via an app called “SPQR” or one called
“Lexidium” from the Apple App Store.
You will find in this pack:
• a checklist of grammatical topics
• a vocabulary list
• paradigms, etc.
• a list of verb principal parts
Good luck with your studies and see you soon!
checklist of grammar topics for Latin students
On arriving at Cambridge you will be assessed on the following topics. The assessment will fall into four parts (in each part you will be
given some choice):
Section A: Vocabulary: you will be expected to know the vocbulary of the AS Level list (supplied here)
Section B: Accidence: you will be expected to write down from memory any word-table (or paradigm) of any word supplied in the
pack (you will not be tested on archaic forms)
Section C: Principal Parts: you will be expected write down from memory the principal parts of the verbs in the list included in
this pack
Section D: Syntax: you will be expected to translate from Latin into English a few sentences that exhibit the points of syntax as
specified below
The assessment will take form as an hour-long online test. Many elements of the test will be generated
randomly by computer, so each test will be unique. Some elements will be very simple and some will be
more challenging. The test will be marked out of 100 points and only you and your Director of Studies will
be given the results. The test is merely designed as a diagnostic tool and will not count towards any final
mark or grade at all.
adjectives and nouns, etc.
• understanding of gender, case, and number in nouns and adjectives
• noun and adjective declension of all five patterns of the words that appear in the AS vocabulary list
• form and use of demonstratives
• form and use of personal, reflexive, and relative pronouns
• form and use of comparatives, including irregulars
• form and use of gerunds and gerundives
verbs
• understanding of the formation and function of person, number, tense, voice and mood in verbs
• understanding of verbal ‘aspect’
• conjugation of regular verbs in all tenses, voices and moods, including participles and infinitives (supplied in pack)
• conjugation of the main irregular verbs in in all tenses, voices and moods, including participles and infinitives (supplied in pack)
syntax
• understanding of case usage and prepositions (documents supplied in pack)
• constructions with comparative expressions
• form and use of participles, including participles used adverbially (= circumstantially or predicatively)
• understanding of verbs that take infinitives , e.g. uolo
• understanding of independent mood usage, such as potential, deliberative and contrafactual subjunctives
• understanding of the sequence of tenses
• understanding of indirect speech, command and question structures
• a general understanding of the variety of subordinate clauses in Latin (documents supplied in pack)
N .B.
The tables and documents are meant to be fairly comprehensive and of use for future reference (e.g. when reading poetic and
archaic texts). Sometimes long marks (macra ¯) and short marks (breuia ˘) have been printed over vowels as an aid in distinguishing
certain elements; in some paradigms such marks are given in the leading word only. Note too that U is employed for V throughout:
this is standard scholarly Latin practice today and will be found in the University exams.
Latin nouns: twenty-nine key paradigms
nom.
voc.
acc.
gen.
dat.
abl.
nom.
voc.
acc.
gen.
dat.
abl.
1st declension
2nd declension
sing.
sing.
plur.
plur.
sing.
plur.
sing.
plur.
1) m!nsa f. table
2) annus m. year
3) puer m. boy
4) bellum n. war
m!nsa
m!nsa
m!nsam
m!nsae
m!nsae
m!ns#
annus
anne
annum
ann"
ann$
ann$
puer
puer
puerum
puer"
puer$
puer$
bellum
bellum
bellum
bell"
bell$
bell$
m!nsae
m!nsae
m!ns#s
m!ns#rum
m!ns"s
m!ns"s
ann"
ann"
ann$s
ann$rum
ann"s
ann"s
puer"
puer"
puer$s
puer$rum
puer"s
puer"s
bella
bella
bella
bell$rum
bell"s
bell"s
archaic gen. -!" & -!s (s.) and -um
(pl.); dat. & abl. -!bus
archaic nom. -os acc. -om after -u-; gen. pl.
sometimes -um
5) f"lius m. son
6) u%r m. man (cf. u"s)
7) deus m. god
3rd declension
8) r!x m. king
f"lius
f"l"
f"lium
f"l" or f"li"
f"li$
f"li$
uir
uir
uirum
uir"
uir$
uir$
deus
deus
deum
de"
de$
de$
r!x
r!x
r!gem
r!gis
r!g"
r!ge
f"li"
f"li"
f"li$s
f"li$rum
f"li"s
f"li"s
uir"
uir"
uir$s
uir$rum or uirum
uir"s
uir"s
d" or de" or di"
d" or de" or di"
de$s
de$rum or deum
d"s or de"s or di"s
d"s or de"s or di"s
r!g!s
r!g!s
r!g!s
r!gum
r!gibus
r!gibus
voc. is a contraction of f"lie
nom.
voc.
acc.
gen.
dat.
abl.
9) m"l&s m. soldier
10) caput n. head
11) fl$s m. flower
12) opus n. work
m"les
m"les
m"l%tem
m"litis
m"lit"
m"lite
caput
caput
caput
capitis
capit"
capite
fl$s
fl$s
fl$rem
fl$ris
fl$r"
fl$re
opus
opus
opus
operis
oper"
opere
m"lit!s
m"lit!s
m"lit!s
m"litum
m"litibus
m"litibus
capita
capita
capita
capitum
capitibus
capitibus
fl$r!s
fl$r!s
fl$r!s
fl$rum
fl$ribus
fl$ribus
opera
opera
opera
operum
operibus
operibus
older hon#s etc. become honor etc.
nom.
voc.
acc.
gen.
dat.
abl.
nom.
voc.
acc.
gen.
dat.
abl.
13) amor m. love
14) hom$ m.&f. human being
15) c"uis m.&f. citizen
16) u"s f. force (cf. u%r)
amor
amor
am$rem
am$ris
am$r"
am$re
hom$
hom$
hominem
hominis
homin"
homine
c"uis
c"uis
c"uem
c"uis
c"u"
c"ue or c"u"
u"s
u"s
uim
uis rare
u" rare
u"
am$r!s
am$r!s
am$r!s
am$rum
am$ribus
am$ribus
homin!s
homin!s
homin!s
hominum
hominibus
hominibus
c"u!s
c"u!s
c"u"s or c"u!s
c"uium
c"uibus
c"uibus
u"r!s
u"r!s
u"r!s or u"r"s (rare)
u"rium
u"ribus
u"ribus
17) mons m. mountain
18) nubes f. cloud
19) cub"le n. couch
4th declension
20) gradus m. step
m$ns
m$ns
montem
montis
mont"
monte
n'b!s
n'b!s
n'bem
n'bis
n'b"
n'be
cub"le
cub"le
cub"le
cub"lis
cub"l"
cub"le
gradus
gradus
gradum
grad's
gradu"
grad'
mont!s
mont!s
mont!s or mont"s
montium
montibus
montibus
n'b!s
n'b!s
n'b!s or n'b"s
n'bium
n'bibus
n'bibus
cub"lia
cub"lia
cub"lia
cub"lium
cub"libus
cub"libus
grad's
grad's
grad's
graduum
gradibus
gradibus
dat. & abl. -$bus with some words
nom.
voc.
acc.
gen.
dat.
abl.
nom.
voc.
acc.
gen.
dat.
abl.
21) genu n. knee
22) domus f. house
5th declension
23) di!s m. day
gen'
gen'
gen'
gen's
gen'
gen'
domus
domus
domum
dom's or dom"
domu" or dom$
dom$
di!s
di!s
diem
di!"
di!"
di!
genua
genua
genua
genuum
genibus
genibus
dom's
dom's
dom$s or dom's
dom$rum
domibus
domibus
di!s
di!s
di!s
di!rum
di!bus
di!bus
r!s
r!s
rem
re"
re"
r!
r!s
r!s
r!s
r!rum
r!bus
r!bus
dat. & abl. -$bus with some words
locative dom"
Greek words etc.
25) h!r$s m. hero
26) Aen!#s
27) Atr"d!s or Atr"da
28) D"d$
29) I'ppiter
h!r$s
h!r$s
h!r$a or h!r$em
h!r$is
h!r$"
h!r$e
Aen!#s
Aen!#
Aen!#n
Aen!ae
Aen!ae
Aen!#
Atr"d!s or Atr"da
Atr"d! or Atr"d# or Atr"d)
Atr"d!n
Atr"dae
Atr"dae
Atr"d! or Atr"d#
D"d$
D"d$
D"d$ or D"d$nem
D"d$nis or D"d's
D"d$n" or D"d$ (both rare)
Eliss# (D"d$ne rare)
I'ppiter (I'piter or I(uis rare)
I'ppiter
I(uem
I(uis
I(u"
I(ue
h!r$es
h!r$es
h!r$as
h!r$um
h!r$ibus
h!r$ibus
can be feminine as “fixed day”
24) r!s f. thing
plurals like m%nsae, etc.
Elis(s)ae usu. in gen. and dat.
gen. sometimes r%"
Latin adjectives: eight key paradigms
singular
masc.
fem.
plural
neut.
masc.
fem.
singular
neut.
masc.
fem.
plural
neut.
masc.
bonus good
fem.
neut.
tener soft
nom.
bonus
bona
bonum
bon!
bonae
bona
tener
tenera
tenerum
tener!
tenerae
tenera
voc.
bone
bona
bonum
bon!
bonae
bona
tener
tenera
tenerum
tener!
tenerae
tenera
acc.
bonum
bonam
bonum
bon"s
bon#s
bona
tenerum
teneram
tenerum
tener"s
tener#s
tenera
gen.
bon!
bonae
bon!
bon"rum
bon#rum
bon"rum
tener!
tenerae
tener!
tener"rum
tener#rum
tener"rum
dat.
bon"
bonae
bon"
bon!s
bon!s
bon!s
tener"
tenerae
tener"
tener!s
tener!s
tener!s
abl.
bon"
bon#
bon"
bon!s
bon!s
bon!s
tener"
tener#
tener"
tener!s
tener!s
tener!s
adjectives in -ius: voc. -ie, gen. -i!;
archaic fem. gen. in -"!
dat. & abl. -i!s sometimes -!s;
archaic fem. dat. & abl. -"bus
tr!stis sad
#cer sharp
nom.
tr!stis
tr!stis
tr!ste
tr!st$s
tr!st$s
tr!stia
#cer
#cris
#cre
#cr$s
#cr$s
#cria
voc.
tr!stis
tr!stis
tr!ste
tr!st$s
tr!st$s
tr!stia
#cer
#cris
#cre
#cr$s
#cr$s
#cria
tr!st$s or
tr!st!s
tr!stia
#crem
#crem
#cre
#cr$s or
#cr!s
#cr$s or
#cr!s
#cria
acc.
tr!stem
tr!stem
tr!ste
tr!st$s or
tr!st!s
gen.
tr!stis
tr!stis
tr!stis
tr!stium
tr!stium
tr!stium
#cris
#cris
#cris
#crium
#crium
#crium
dat.
tr!st!
tr!st!
tr!st!
tr!stibus
tr!stibus
tr!stibus
#cr!
#cr!
#cr!
#cribus
#cribus
#cribus
#cribus
#cribus
#cribus
abl.
tr!st! or
tr!st! or
tr!st! or
tr!ste
tr!ste
tr!ste
abl. sometimes -e, chiefly poetry;
use -! for attribution and -e for
predication and substantives
tr!stibus
tr!stibus
tr!stibus
archaic nom. pl. -!s; gen. sometimes
-um, chiefly poetry
#cr! or
#cr! or
#cr! or
#cre
#cre
#cre
abl. sometimes -e, chiefly poetry; use -!
for attribution and -e for predication
and substantives
f$l!x lucky
archaic nom. pl. -!s; gen. sometimes -um,
chiefly poetry
ing$ns huge (so present active participles, e.g. am#ns)
nom.
f$l!x
f$l!x
f$l!x
f$l!c$s
f$l!c$s
f$l!cia
ing$ns
ing$ns
ing$ns
ingent$s
ingent$s
ingentia
voc.
f$l!x
f$l!x
f$l!x
f$l!c$s
f$l!c$s
f$l!cia
ing$ns
ing$ns
ing$ns
ingent$s
ingent$s
ingentia
acc.
f$l!cem
f$l!cem
f$l!x
f$l!c$s or
f$l!c!s
f$l!c$s or
f$l!c!s
f$l!cia
ingentem
ingentem
ingens
ingent$s or
ingent!s
ingent$s or
ingent!s
ingentia
gen.
f$l!cis
f$l!cis
f$l!cis
f$l!cium
f$l!cium
f$l!cium
ingentis
ingentis
ingentis
ingentium
ingentium
ingentium
dat.
f$l!c!
f$l!c!
f$l!c!
f$l!cibus
f$l!cibus
f$l!cibus
ingent!
ingent!
ingent!
ingentibus
ingentibus
ingentibus
f$l!cibus
f$l!cibus
f$l!cibus
ingentibus
ingentibus
ingentibus
abl.
f$l!c! or
f$l!c! or
f$l!c! or
f$l!ce
f$l!ce
f$l!ce
abl. sometimes -e, chiefly poetry;
use -! for attribution and -e for
predication and substantives
archaic nom. pl. -!s; gen. sometimes
-um, chiefly poetry
ingent! or
ingent! or
ingent! or
ingente
ingente
ingente
abl. sometimes -e, chiefly poetry; use -!
for attribution and -e for predication
and substantives
uetus old
archaic nom. pl. -!s; gen. sometimes -um,
chiefly poetry
melior better
nom.
uetus
uetus
uetus
ueter$s
ueter$s
uetera
melior
melior
melius
meli"r$s
meli"r$s
meli"ra
voc.
uetus
uetus
uetus
ueter$s
ueter$s
uetera
melior
melior
melius
meli"r$s
meli"r$s
meli"ra
acc.
ueterem
ueterem
uetus
ueter$s
ueter$s
uetera
meli"rem
meli"rem
melius
meli"r$s
meli"r$s
meli"ra
gen.
ueteris
ueteris
ueteris
ueterum
ueterum
ueterum
meli"ris
meli"ris
meli"ris
meli"rum
meli"rum
meli"rum
dat.
ueter!
ueter!
ueter!
ueteribus
ueteribus
ueteribus
meli"r!
meli"r!
meli"r!
meli"ribus
meli"ribus
meli"ribus
meli"re or
meli"r!
meli"re
or
meli"r!
meli"ribus
meli"ribus
meli"ribus
abl.
uetere
uetere
abl. occasionally -!
uetere
ueteribus
ueteribus
ueteribus
archaic nom. pl. -!s; -ia sts for -a
meli"re or
meli"r!
archaic nom. -ios
Latin comparative adjectives
1. regular comparative adjective forms:
positive
e.g. -us, -a, -um
comparative
-ior, -ior, -ius
superlative
-issimus, -a, -um (archaic -issumus)
2. important irregular comparative adjective forms:
A. stems in -er (1&2 or 3) show superlatives in -rimus (archaic -rumus):
!cer sharp
celer swift
miser wretched
pulcher beautiful
tener soft
!crior
celerior
miserior
pulchrior
tenerior
!cerrimus
celerrimus
miserrimus
pulcherrimus
tenerrimus
B. stems in -ili show superlatives in -limus (archaic -lumus):
facilis easy
difficilis hard
gracilis slender
humilis low
similis like
dissimilis unlike
facilior
difficilior
gracilior
humilior
similior
dissimilior
facillimus
difficillimus
gracillimus
humillimus
simillimus
dissimillimus
melior
d"uitior / d"tior
fr$g!lior
i$nior / n!t$ minor
m!ior
p#ior
pl$s
n#quior
minor
senior / n!t$ m!ior
ueterior / uetustior
optimus archaic optumus
d"uitissimus / d"tissimus
fr$g!lissimus
n!t$ minimus
m!ximus arch. m!xumus
pessimus arch. pessumus
pl$rimus
n#quissimus
minimus arch. minumus
n!t$ m!ximus
ueterrimus
C. irregular comparatives:
bonus good
d"u#s rich
fr$g" (indeclin.) honest
iuuenis young
magnus great
malus bad
multus much
n#quam worthless
paruus small
senex old
uetus old
D. the declension of pl!s (in singular as a defective neuter substantive only):
singular
nom.
voc.
acc.
gen.
dat.
abl.
masc.&fem.
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
plural
neut.
pl$s
pl$s
pl$s
pl$ris
n/a
pl$re (v. rare)
masc.&fem.
pl$r#s
pl$r#s
pl$r#s
pl$rium
pl$ribus
pl$ribus
neut.
pl$ra
pl$ra
pl$ra
pl$rium
pl$ribus
pl$ribus
for pl$ria see Aulus Gellius NA 5.21
E. adjectives with degrees lacking or preserved only in *rare (or irregular) adjectival or adverbial forms:
ante before
*citer adv. citr! on this side
d# down
*exter(us) adv. extra outside
*"nferus adv. "nfr! below
intr! within
Gk %&'( swift
*posterus adv. post after
prae before
prope near
secus otherwise
*superus adv. supr! above
*ulter adv. ultr! beyond
anterior (late)
citerior
d#terior
exterior
"nferior
interior
)cior
posterior
prior
propior
sequior
superior
ulterior
n/a
citimus
d#terrimus
extr#mus / extimus
"nfimus / "mus
intimus arch. intumus
)cissimus
postr#mus / postumus
pr"mus
proximus arch. proxumus
n/a
supr#mus / summus
ultimus arch. ultumus
Latin adverbs (Kennedy §§85a–87 & 162–170; Gildersleeve and Lodge §§91–93)
1. Many adverbs are formed from 2nd declension (sometimes 3rd) forms, adding ablatival -![d] or -"[d] to the stem of the word, e.g.:
aegr!
aequ!
am"c!
b#n#
cert!
cert$
c%t&
citr$
dign!
e$
extempl$
fals$
fer!
ferm!
fort#
h'm(n!
lent!
m)l#
miser!
m&d&
oppid$
pulchr!
qu$
r(r!
r(r$
rect!
r#pent!
s(n!
subit$
t't$
uald!
u!r!
u!r$
ultr$
uulg$
largiter
molliter
pr'denter
sapienter
similiter
uehementer
2. -iter, -ter, and -er appear in 3rd declension (sometimes 2nd) forms, e.g.:
aliter
audacter
breuiter
celeriter
constanter
fall(citer
fer$citer
fortiter
h'm(niter
3. Some adverbs are the accusative singular neuter of the adjective (this is regular for comparative adverbs, e.g. melius), e.g.:
aliquantum
c!terum
dulce
facile
imp'ne
multum
nimium
parum
paulum
pl!rumque
postr!mum
potissimum
pr"mum
quantum
tr"ste
4. Some originate in feminine forms, e.g.:
ali(s
aliquam
bif(riam
clam
c$ram
dextr(
h(c
iam
palam
perperam
qu(
quam
rect(
sinistr(
tam
'n(
5. -tim, originally an accusative form, becomes an adverbial suffix, e.g:
aceru(tim
articul(tim
caesim
cateru(tim
centuri(tim
cert(tim
c$nf!stim
cursim
f'rtim
gener(tim
grad(tim
greg(tim
gutt(tim
inc"sim
interim
membr(tim
min't(tim
partim
passim
paul(tim
pedetemptim
praesertim
pr"u(tim
raptim
saltim usu. saltem
s!nsim
s!par(tim
singul(tim
statim
strictim
summ(tim
trib'tim
uicissim
uir"tim
'niuersim
6. -tus is originally ablatival, then becomes a suffix, e.g.:
ant"qu%tus
d"u"n%tus
fund%tus (< fundus farm, land)
intus
p#n%tus
r(d"c%tus
7. -uorsum adverbs show an originally accusative uersum (< uerto) attached as a suffix, e.g:
aduorsum > aduersum (also aduersus)
ali$uorsum > aliorsum (also aliorsus)
d!uorsum > d#orsum (also d#orsus)
qu$uorsum > quorsum (also quorsus)
pr$uorsum > prorsum (also prorsus)
retr$uorsum > retr$(r)sum (also retr$(r)sus)
reuersum > r'rsum (also r'rsus)
subuersum > s'rsum (also s'rsus)
8. tenus is an old accusative noun (“a stretching”) that becomes a suffix (and a preposition), e.g.:
aliqu(tenus
e(tenus
h(ctenus
qu(tenus
9. A range of other suffixes and adverbial formations can be found, e.g. i-bi, in-de, quan-d", d#-dum, com-minus, n#-per (< nouom-per cf. sem-per).
10. Comparatives are formed by the neuter accusative of the adjective, superlatives normally in -issim!. Some important forms:
b#n#
di'
intus
magnopere
m)l#
multum
n!quiter
$citer (rare)
paulum
post / post#(
pote (rare as adv.)
prae (archaic as adv.)
prope
saepe
melius
di'tius
interius
magis
p!ius
pl's
n!quius
$cius
minus
posterius
potius
prius
propius
saepius
opt%m! (archaic opt*m!)
di'tissim!
intim!
maxim! (maxume)
pessim! (pessume)
pl'rimum (plurumum)
n!quissim!
$cissim!
minim! (minume)
postr!m$
potissimum or potissim! (rare and late) (potissumum)
pr"mum or pr"m$
proxim! (proxume)
saepissim!
Latin pronouns: eleven key paradigms
singular
plural
singular
plural
I
you
we
you
3rd person reflexive pronoun
nom.
ego
t!
n"s
u"s
n/a
n/a
acc.
m#
t#
n"s
u"s
s# or s#s#
s# or s#s#
uestr$ (obj.) or
uestrum (part.)
su$
su$
gen.
me$
tu$
nostr$ (obj.) or
nostrum (part.)
dat.
mihi or mih$ or
m$
tibi or tib$
n"b$s
u"b$s
sibi or sib$
sibi or sib$
abl.
m#
t#
n"b$s
u"b$s
s#
s#
possessives in meus and tuus; -met
for emphasis
masc.
fem.
possessives in noster and uester; -met
for emphasis
neut.
masc.
fem.
neut.
possessive in suus; -met for emphasis
masc.
fem.
is he, she, it
neut.
masc.
fem.
neut.
$dem the same (< is-dem)
is
ea
id
i$ or e$ or $
eae
ea
$dem
eadem
idem
$dem or e$dem
or i$dem
eaedem
eadem
acc.
eum
eam
id
e"s
e%s
ea
eundem
eandem
idem
e"sdem
e%sdem
eadem
gen.
#ius
#ius
#ius
e"rum
e%rum
e"rum
#iusdem
#iusdem
#iusdem
e"rundem
e%rundem
dat.
e$
e$dem
e$dem
abl.
e"
nom.
i$s or e$s or
i$s or e$s
i$s or e$s
$s
or $s
or $s
i$s or e$s or
i$s or e$s
i$s or e$s
e%
e"
$s
or $s
or $s
see Gildersleeve and Lodge §103.1 for archaic variations
e$
e$
e"dem
$sdem or
e$sdem
$sdem or
e%dem
e"dem
$sdem or e$sdem
e$sdem
see Gildersleeve and Lodge §103.2 for archaic variations
e$dem
ipse self
nom.
$sdem or e$sdem
e"runde
m
$sdem or
e$sdem
$sdem or
e$sdem
h$c this
ipse
ipsa
ipsum
ips$
ipsae
ipsa
h$c
haec
h"c
h$
hae
haec
acc.
ipsum
ipsam
ipsum
ips"s
ips%s
ipsa
hunc
hanc
h"c
h"s
h%s
haec
gen.
ips$us
ips$us
ips$us
ips"rum
ips%rum
ips"rum
h!ius
h!ius
h!ius
h"rum
h%rum
h"rum
dat.
ips$
ips$
ips$
ips$s
ips$s
ips$s
hu$c
hu$c
hu$c
h$s
h$s
h$s
abl.
ips"
ips%
ips"
ips$s
ips$s
ips$s
h"c
h%c
h"c
h$s
h$s
h$s
see Gildersleeve and Lodge §103.3 for archaic variations
see Gildersleeve and Lodge §104 I for archaic variations; h!c can combine with -ce
and -ne for emphatic and interrogative forms respectively
iste this, that of yours
ille that
iste
ista
istud
ist$
istae
ista
ille
illa
illud
ill$
illae
illa
acc.
istum
istam
istud
ist"s
ist%s
ista
illum
illam
illud
ill"s
ill%s
illa
gen.
ist$us
ist$us
ist$us
ist"rum
ist%rum
ist"rum
ill$us
ill$us
ill$us
ill"rum
ill%rum
ill"rum
dat.
ist$
ist$
ist$
ist$s
ist$s
ist$s
ill$
ill$
ill$
ill$s
ill$s
ill$s
abl.
ist"
ist%
ist"
ist$s
ist$s
ist$s
ill"
ill%
ill"
ill$s
ill$s
ill$s
nom.
see Gildersleeve and Lodge §104 II for archaic variations; iste can combine
with -ce and -ne for emphatic and interrogative forms respectively
archaic ollus etc. is found for ille; see Gildersleeve and Lodge §104 III for variations;
ille can combine with -ce and -ne for emphatic and interrogative forms respectively
qu$ who (relative pronoun and adjective)
quis who? or any (interrogative and indefinite pronoun)
qu$
quae
quod
qu$
quae
quae
quis
quis interr.
qua indef.
quid
qu$
quae
quae interr.
qua indef.
acc.
quem
quam
quod
qu"s
qu%s
quae
quem
quem
quid
qu"s
qu%s
quae
gen.
c!ius
c!ius
c!ius
qu"rum
qu%rum
qu"rum
c!ius
c!ius
c!ius
qu"rum
qu%rum
qu"rum
dat.
cu$
cu$
cu$
quibus
quibus
quibus
cu$
cu$
cu$
quibus
quibus
quibus
abl.
qu"
qu%
qu"
quibus
quibus
quibus
qu"
qu%
qu"
quibus
quibus
quibus
nom.
see Gildersleeve and Lodge§105 for archaic variations, e.g. qu!s for quibus
the interrogative and indefinite adjective declines like qu$
alter one of the two
nom.
alter
altera
alterum
alter$
alterae
altera
acc.
alterum
alteram
alterum
alter"s
alter%s
altera
gen.
alterı!us
alterı!us
alterı!us
alter"rum
alter%rum
alter"rum
dat.
alter$
alter$
alter$
alter$s
alter$s
alter$s
abl.
alter"
alter%
alter"
alter$s
alter$s
alter$s
• alius, alteruter, neuter, n"llus, s#lus, t#tus, "llus, "nus all decline like alter
• the gen. sing. can be-!us or -$us in poetry
• alius shows an original alis and alid in Catullus and Lucretius
• alius frequently uses alterı!us as its gen. sing., or ali!; al!us is rare
• alius shows aliud in the neuter
• -ae is occasionally found in fem. gen. and dat. sing. of these words
• n"ll ı!us and n"ll# function as the gen. and abl. sing. of n%m#
interrogative
indefinite 1
demonstrative
distributive
relative
table of Latin correlative pronouns, adjectives and adverbs
indefinite 2
(freq. with s!
separate)
indefinite (a.k.a. “universal”) relative
(these double the word or add -(cum)que;
-u!s or -libet may also be appended)
is, iste, h!c, ille
qu"lisqu"lis or qu"liscumque
quisquis or quicumque
(ali)quis
s!quis
(ali)qu!
s!qu!
(also qu!dam, quispiam, quisquam
qu!u!s and qu!libet)
qu"lis
quisque
qu!
(also "nusquisque)
quis who? (pron.)
qu! which? (adj.)
(also ecquis and
quisnam)
t"lis
ubı!ubı ! or ubı!cumque
qu"lis
qu# (also tum)
qu"lis of what sort?
ub!qu$
quantus quantus or quantuscumque
e#, ist#, h!c, ill!c, ibı !
quantus
s!cubı !
tantus
(t#tus v. rare)
alicubı !
quantus of what number?
(ali)quantus
(also qu#tus and qu#tusquisque)
ubı ! where? (also when?)
unde unde or und%cumque
utercumque
und%
ut ut or utcumque (ut$que “in any case”)
uterque
ut
qu"qu" or qu"cumque (qu%qu& rare)
alter
&t', s!c
qu"
[=> conj. quamquam and quamu!s]
alteruter
e", ist", h"c, ill"
quam
qu#qu# or qu#cumque
uter
tam
qu#
quand#que! or quand#cumque
uter which of two?
aliqu"
ist(c, h(c, ill(c
quand#
qu#cumque
und&qu%
qu" by what way?
aliquam
s!qu#
tum, tunc
qu! or qu#
hinc, illinc, istinc
quam how?
(quamde archaic)
aliqu#
s!quand#
quand#que!
e#, ist#, h#c, ill#
qu)tqu)t or qu)tcumque
s!cund%
qu# to what place?
(ali)quand#
s!qu#
qu)t
alicund%
unde (late)
quand# when?
(ali)qu! or
aliqu#
t)t
qu)t&$ns(cum)que
und% from where?
qu! or qu# how?
aliqu)t
qu)t&$(n)s
ut or ut! how?
qu)t how many?
t)t&$(n)s
s!qu"
qu)t&$(n)s how frequently? aliqu)t&$(n)s
Latin prepositions (Kennedy §§171–175 & 284–287; Gildersleeve and Lodge §§412–418)
!, ab, abs
+ abl.
from, by (cf. Gk "#$; abs normally with te)
absque
+ abl.
without (archaic, cf. sine and praeter)
ad
+ acc.
towards, to, at
aduersus
+ acc.
towards, against (also an adverb)
(also aduersum)
ante
+ acc.
before (also an adverb)
apud
+ acc.
at, near, among, at the house of
caus!
+ gen.
for the sake of (normally after its noun; simply the abl. of causa)
circum
+ acc.
around (also an adverb)
circ!
+ acc.
about (also an adverb)
circiter
+ acc.
about (also an adverb; rare as prep.)
c%s
+ acc.
on this side of (rare)
cı !tr!
+ acc.
on this side of (also an adverb)
clam
+ abl. & acc.
unknown to (also an adverb; Terence has clanculum)
contr!
+ acc.
against (also an adverb)
c&ram
+ abl.
in the presence of (also an adverb)
cum
+ abl.
with (frequently after a personal pronoun, e.g. m!cum)
d'
+ abl.
from, concerning
erg!
+ acc.
towards (mainly of feelings towards a person)
erg&
+ gen.
on account of (normally after its noun; archaic as prep., normally a particle)
ex, '
+ abl.
out of, from
extr!
+ acc.
outside of, without, except (also an adverb)
f(n) (f(n()
+ gen.
up to (simply the abl. of f(nis)
gr!t%!
+ gen.
for the sake of (normally after its noun; simply the abl. of gr!tia)
in
+ abl.
in, within, on (cf. Gk *+—denotes rest)
in
+ acc.
into, against (cf, Gk ,-. < *+-.—denotes motion)
(nfr!
+ acc.
below (also an adverb)
inter
+ acc.
between, among (rare as adverb)
intr!
+ acc.
within (also an adverb)
i/xt!
+ acc.
next to, beside (also an adverb)
ob
+ acc.
before, on account of (cf. Gk *#0)
palam
+ abl.
openly, in sight of (also an adverb)
penes
+ acc.
in the power of, with, at the house of
per
+ acc.
through (cf. Gk #123)
p&n)
+ acc.
behind (also an adverb)
post
+ acc.
behind, after (also an adverb)
prae
+ abl.
before, in front of (also an adverb)
praeter
+ acc.
beside, past (also an adverb)
pr&
+ abl.
before, for, on behalf of (as adverb with pro quam and pro ut: “just as”)
pr4cul
+ abl.
far from (properly an adverb; freq. with ab)
pr4p)
+ acc.
near (also an adverb)
propter
+ acc.
near, on account of (also an adverb)
secundum
+ acc.
next, along, according to (< sequor; rare as adverb)
simul
+ abl.
with (properly an adverb; freq. with cum; cf. semel and Gk 561)
s%n)
+ abl.
without (old form s!(d))
sub
+ abl.
under, at, in time of (cf. Gk 7#$ + dat. or gen.—denotes rest)
sub
+ acc.
up to, near to (cf. Gk 7#$ + acc.—denotes motion)
subter
+ abl. & acc.
below, underneath (also an adverb; denotes rest with abl. or motion with acc.)
(archaic supter)
s8per
+ abl. & acc.
over, upon (also an adverb; cf. Gk 7#92—denotes rest with abl. or motion with acc.)
su!pr!
+ acc.
above, beyond, over, before (also an adverb)
tenus
+ gen. & abl.
as far as, reaching to (frequently after its noun)
tr!ns
+ acc.
across
ultr!
+ acc.
beyond (also an adverb; uls v. rare and archaic)
uersus
+ acc.
towards (thought to be an adverb only: see L&S s.v. verto)
(also uersum; archaic uorsus and uorsum)
prepositions found only in compound words:
ambi-, amb-, am-, andis-, d(porr-, por-, pol-
around e.g. ambio
apart e.g. dissoluo
before e.g. porrigo, polliceor
red-, res'u'-
back, again e.g. redeo, refero
apart e.g. separo
out e.g. u'cors, u)h)mens, V'iouis
case usage in Ancient Greek and Latin: some major categories
For the fullest accounts in English see Smyth and Woodcock (fuller than the just adequate Goodwin and Kennedy), if you have even a little German
see Schwyzer vol. 2 for Ancient Greek and Leumann-Hofmann-Szantyr for Latin. This list is not meant to cover specific words that govern
particular cases e.g. plenus with the genitive or ablative or καταγιγνώσκω with acc. rei and gen. pers.
accusative can be said to fall into four major uses:
1. direct object (and also as subject of noun clauses, e.g. in Indirect Speech)
2. marking motion or extent (of time or place): Romam, quattor dies
3. cognate accusative: vitam viuo, δίκας δικάζομαι (a.k.a. figura etymologica)
4. adverbial accusative (≈ accusative of respect): quid, τι: ‘somewhat’, ‘in respect of something’; quid?, τί: ‘why?’
genitive
N.B. Schwyzer’s Gk categories: 1. ABLATIVE 2. PARTITIVE 3. OF BELONGING (‘Pertinentiv’) 4. SYNCRETISTIC
1. ‘adnominals’ are any genitives that ‘qualify’ or depend on nouns: fratris mors = mors fraterna
2. ‘adverbials’ are e.g. genitive of the charge, memory (and forgetting), source of emotion
3. possessive: τὸ βίβλιον αὐτοῦ; N.B . hominis errare est, ἀνδρὸς ἀγαθοῦ περὶ τῶν μεγίστων συμβουλεύειν
4. subjective: amor Dei (= amat Deus)
5. objective: amor Dei (= amamus Deum)
6. partitive: tantum pecuniae, εἰς τοσοῦτον ὕβρεως
7. of definition (‘appositional’): Τροίης ἱερὸν πτολίεθρον, virtus iustitiae (Eng. ‘the city of London’ but Lat. urbs Roma)
8. of description: homo eius modi
9. of price and value: magni facio, (περὶ) πολλοῦ ἂν τοῦτο ποιησαίμην
10. ‘time within which’: anni, ἐνιαυτοῦ or ἔτους
11. of the sphere or ‘respect’: ὦ δυστάλαινα τῆς ἐμῆς αὐθαδίας Eur. Med. 1028 (does this cover ‘verbs of forgetting’, etc.?)
12. Gk only: of separation (Lat. abl.) (normally with prepositions or prepositional prefixes)
13. Gk only: of comparison (Lat. abl.)
dative (= Eng. ‘to’ and ‘for’)
N.B. Schwyzer’s Gk categories: 1. ‘TRUE’ DATIVE 2. LOCATIVE 3. INSTRUMENTAL 4. SYNCRETISTIC
1. of the indirect object: librum mihi da
2. of reference or advantage (or disadvantage): me tibi exorno
3. of agent: mihi faciendum est (only with gerundives) or πεποίηταί μοι (Gk perfects only)
4. ethic: quid mihi Celsus agit? ‘Tell me, what is Celsus up to?’ (cf. Gk τοι ‘I tell you’—freq. in Homer and Plato)
5. of possession: est mihi liber: we normally find esse or εἶναι here (or implied), but not always
6. predicative or purpose + reference: LARGELY SPECIAL TO LATIN: saluti urbi fuit, praesidio mihi es
7. Gk only: of instrument (Lat. abl.)
8. Gk only: of degree of difference: πολλῷ μείζων (Lat. abl.)
9. Gk only: of time and place (Lat. abl.)
10. Gk only: comitative: χρόνῳ ‘with time’ (Lat. abl.) (n.b. special idiom w/ dat. αὐτός)
11. Gk only: of manner: σπουδῇ, σιγῇ (Lat. abl.)
12. Gk only: of cause: νόσῳ ἀποθανεῖν (Lat. abl.)
13. Gk only: of specification (or respect) (Lat. abl.)
ablative (= Eng. ‘from’, ‘with’, ‘by’, ‘in’)
N.B. L-H-S’s Lat. categories: 1. ‘TRUE’ ABLATIVE 2. INSTRUMENT 3. LOCATIVE
1. of separation or ‘true’ ablative (Gk gen.): libera me metu
2. of agent: with ab in Latin (= ὑπό in Greek)
3. of material (with ex or de in Classical Latin)
4. of comparison: be sure NOT to use quam or ἤ as well! (Gk gen.)
5. of cause: morbo perire (Gk dat. and gen.)
6. of association: normally with cum: this is the origin of abl. abs. (Gk dat. and gen.), a.k.a. ‘attendant circumstance’
7. of instrument: distinguish carefully from agent (Gk dat.)
8. of description: vir magna sapientia (compare the genitive of description)
9. of specification (or respect): mirabile dictu, umero saucius
10. of degree of difference: multo maior (Gk dat.)
11. of manner: magno (cum) studio (Gk dat.)
12. of place or time: die tertio (Gk dat.)
Leumann-Hofmann-Szantyr Lateinische Grammatik (1965/1972); Schwyzer, E. Griechische Grammatik5 (1988); Woodcock, E. A new Latin syntax (1959)
1st conjugation
!m"
am&s
amat
am&mus
am&tis
amant
2nd conjugation
m#n!"
mon's
monet
mon'mus
mon'tis
monent
4th conjugation
aud%"
aud(s
audit
aud(mus
aud(tis
audiunt
mixed conjugation
c!p%"
capis
capit
capimus
capitis
capiunt
mon'b"
mon'bis
mon'bit
mon'bimus
mon'bitis
mon'bunt
3rd conjugation
r$g"
regis
regit
regimus
regitis
regunt N.B. archaic -ont
after -uregam
reg's
reget
reg'mus
reg'tis
regent
future
indicative
am&b"
am&bis
am&bit
am&bimus
am&bitis
am&bunt
audiam
audi's
audiet
audi'mus
audi'tis
audient
capiam
capi's
capiet
capi'mus
capi'tis
capient
imperfect
indicative
am&bam
am&b&s
am&bat
am&b&mus
am&b&tis
am&bant
mon'bam
mon'b&s
mon'bat
mon'b&mus
mon'b&tis
mon'bant
reg'bam
reg'b&s
reg'bat
reg'b&mus
reg'b&tis
reg'bant
audi'bam
audi'b&s
audi'bat
audi'b&mus
audi'b&tis
audi'bant
capi'bam
capi'bas
capi'bat
capi'b&mus
capi'b&tis
capi'bant
perfect
indicative
N.B. syncopated forms
e.g. am#st"
!m&u(
am&uist(
am&uit
am&uimus
am&uistis
am&u'runt* or amau're
m#n)(
monuist(
monuit
monuimus
monuistis
monu'runt or monu're
r'x(
r'xist(
r'xit
r'ximus
r'xistis
r'x'runt or r'x're
aud(u(
aud(uist(
aud(uit
aud(uimus
aud(uistis
aud(u'runt or aud(u're
c!p" etc.
future
perfect
indicative**
N.B. syncopated forms
e.g. am#ris
am&u$r"
am&ueris
am&uerit
am&uerimus
am&ueritis
am&uerint
monu$r"
monueris
monuerit
monuerimus
monueritis
monuerint
r'x$r"
r'xeris
r'xerit
r'xerimus
r'xeritis
r'xerint
aud(u$r"
aud(ueris
aud(uerit
aud(uerimus
aud(ueritis
aud(uerint
pluperfect
indicative
N.B. syncopated forms
e.g. am#r#s
am&u$ram
am&uer&s
am&uerat
am&uer&mus
am&uer&tis
am&uerant
monu$ram
monuer&s
monuerat
monuer&mus
monuer&tis
monuerant
r'x$ram
r'xer&s
r'xerat
r'xer&mus
r'xer&tis
r'xerant
aud(u$ram
aud(uer&s
aud(uerat
aud(uer&mus
aud(uer&tis
aud(uerant
present
subjunctive
amem
am's
amet
am'mus
am'tis
ament
moneam
mone&s
moneat
mone&mus
mone&tis
moneant
regam
reg&s
regat
reg&mus
reg&tis
regant
audiam
audi&s
audiat
audi&mus
audi&tis
audiant
capiam
capi&s
capiat
capi&mus
capi&tis
capiant
imperfect
subjunctive
am&rem
am&r's
am&ret
am&r'mus
am&r'tis
am&rent
mon'rem
mon'r's
mon'ret
mon'r'mus
mon'r'tis
mon'rent
reg$rem
reger's
regeret
reger'mus
reger'tis
regerent
aud(rem
aud(r's
aud(ret
aud(r'mus
aud(r'tis
aud(rent
cap$rem
caper's
caperet
caper'mus
caper'tis
caperent
perfect
subjunctive**
N.B. syncopated forms
e.g. am#r"s
am&u$rim
am&uer(s
am&uerit
am&uer(mus
am&uer(tis
am&uerint
monu$rim
monuer(s
monuerit
monuer(mus
monuer(tis
monuerint
r'x$rim
r'xer(s
r'xerit
r'xer(mus
r'xer(tis
r'xerint
aud(u$rim
aud(uer(s
aud(uerit
aud(uer(mus
aud(uer(tis
aud(uerint
c!perim etc.
pluperfect
subjunctive
N.B. syncopated forms
e.g. am#ss!s
am&uissem
am&uiss's
am&uisset
am&uiss'mus
am&uiss'tis
am&uissent
monuissem
monuiss's
monuisset
monuiss'mus
monuiss'tis
monuissent
r'xissem
r'xiss's
r'xisset
r'xiss'mus
r'xiss'tis
r'xissent
aud(uissem
aud(uiss's
aud(uisset
aud(uiss'mus
aud(uiss'tis
aud(uissent
INDICATIVE
present
indicative
SUBJUNCTIVE
IMPERATIVE
2nd
3rd
am& or
am&t"
am&t"
am&te or
am&t"te
amant"
mon' or
mon't"
mon't"
mon'te or
mon't"te
monent"
reg$ or
reg%t"
regit"
reg%te or
regit"te
regunt"
aud( or
aud(t"
aud(t"
aud(te or
aud(t"te
audiunt"
cap$ or
cap%t"
capit"
cap%te or
capit"te
capiunt"
INFINITIVE
present
perfect
future
GERUND
SUPINE
PARTICIPLES
am&re
am&uisse
am&t*rus esse
amandum
am&tum, am&t*
mon're
monuisse
mon%t*rus esse
monendum
mon%tum, mon%t*
reg$re
r'xisse
r'ct*rus esse
regendum
r'ctum, r'ct*
present
am&ns
mon'ns
reg'ns
future
am&t*rus, -a, -um
mon%t*rus, -a, -um
r'ct*rus, -a, -um
* -!runt can scan as -$runt in poetry.
** The -i- in the perfect subjunctive and future perfect suffixes can be long or short in poetry.
aud(re
aud(uisse
aud(t*rus esse
audiendum
aud(tum, aud(t*
cap$re
c'pisse
capt*rus esse
captum
captum, capt*
audi'ns
aud(t*rus, -a, -um
capi'ns
capt*rus, -a, -um
1st conjugation
ămŏr
amāris or amāre
amātur
amāmur
amāmĭnī
amantur
2nd conjugation
mŏnĕŏr
monēris or monēre
monētur
monēmur
monēmĭnī
monentur
3rd conjugation
rĕgŏr
regĕris or regĕre
regĭtur
regĭmur
regĭmĭnī
reguntur
4th conjugation
audĭŏr
audīris or audīre
audītur
audīmur
audīmĭnī
audiuntur
mixed conjugation
căpĭŏr
capĕris or capĕre
capĭtur
capĭmur
capĭmĭnī
capiuntur
future
indicative
amābor
amābĕris or amābĕre
amābitur
amābimur
amābiminī
amābuntur
monēbor
monēbĕris or monēbĕre
monēbitur
monēbimur
monēbiminī
monēbuntur
regar
regēris or regēre
regētur
regēmur
regēminī
regentur
audiar
audiēris or audiēre
audiētur
audiēmur
audiēminī
audientur
capiar
capiēris or capiēre
capiētur
capiēmur
capiēminī
capientur
imperfect
indicative
amābar
amābāris or amābāre
amābātur
amābāmur
amābāminī
amābantur
monēbar
monēbāris or monēbāre
monēbātur
monēbāmur
monēbāminī
monēbantur
regēbar
regēbāris or regēbāre
regēbātur
regēbāmur
regēbāminī
regēbantur
audiēbar
audiēbāris or audiēbāre
audiēbātur
audiēbāmur
audiēbāminī
audiēbantur
capiēbar
capiēbāris or capiēbāre
capiēbātur
capiēbāmur
capiēbāminī
capiēbantur
perfect
indicative
(pleonastic
form in
brackets)
amātus (a, um) sum (fuī)
amātus es (fuistī)
amātus est (fuit)
amātī sumus (fuimus)
amātī estis (fuistis)
amātī sunt (fuērunt)
monĭtus (a, um) sum (fuī)
monitus es (fuistī)
monitus est (fuit)
monitī sumus (fuimus)
monitī estis (fuistis)
monitī sunt (fuērunt)
rēctus (a, um) sum (fuī)
rēctus es (fuistī)
rēctus est (fuit)
rēctī sumus (fuimus)
rēctī estis (fuistis)
rēctī sunt (fuērunt)
audītus (a, um) sum (fuī)
audītus es (fuistī)
audītus est (fuit)
audītī sumus (fuimus)
audītī estis (fuistis)
audītī sunt (fuērunt)
captus (a, um) sum etc.
future
perfect
indicative
amātus erō (fuerō)
amātus eris (fueris)
amātus erit (fuerit)
amātī erimus (fuerimus)
amātī eritis (fueritis)
amātī erunt (fuerint)
monitus erō (fuerō)
monitus eris (fueris)
monitus erit (fuerit)
monitī erimus (fuerimus)
monitī eritis (fueritis)
monitī erunt (fuerint)
rēctus erō (fuerō)
rēctus eris (fueris)
rēctus erit (fuerit)
rēctī erimus (fuerimus)
rēctī eritis (fueritis)
rēctī erunt (fuerint)
audītus erō (fuerō)
audītus eris (fueris)
audītus erit (fuerit)
audītī erimus (fuerimus)
audītī eritis (fueritis)
audītī erunt (fuerint)
pluperfect
indicative
amātus eram (fueram)
amātus erās (fuerās)
amātus erat (fuerat)
amātī erāmus (fuerāmus)
amātī erātis (fuerātis)
amātī erant (fuerant)
monitus eram (fueram)
monitus erās (fuerās)
monitus erat (fuerat)
monitī erāmus (fuerāmus)
monitī erātis (fuerātis)
monitī erant (fuerant)
rēctus eram (fueram)
rēctus erās (fuerās)
rēctus erat (fuerat)
rēctī erāmus (fuerāmus)
rēctī erātis (fuerātis)
rēctī erant (fuerant)
audītus eram (fueram)
audītus erās (fuerās)
audītus erat (fuerat)
audītī erāmus (fuerāmus)
audītī erātis (fuerātis)
audītī erant (fuerant)
present
subjunctive
amer
amēris or amēre
amētur
amēmur
amēminī
amentur
monear
moneāris or moneāre
moneātur
moneāmur
moneāminī
moneantur
regar
regāris or regāre
regātur
regāmur
regāminī
regantur
audiar
audiāris or audiāre
audiātur
audiāmur
audiāminī
audiantur
capiar
capiāris or capiāre
capiātur
capiāmur
capiāminī
capiantur
imperfect
subjunctive
amārer
amārēris or amārēre
amārētur
amārēmur
amārēminī
amārentur
monērer
monērēris or monērēre
monērētur
monērēmur
monērēminī
monērentur
regĕrer
regerēris or regerēre
regerētur
regerēmur
regerēminī
regerentur
audīrer
audīrēris or audīrēre
audīrētur
audīrēmur
audīrēminī
audīrentur
capĕrer
caperēris or caperēre
caperētur
caperēmur
caperēminī
caperentur
perfect
subjunctive
amātus sim (fuerim)
amātus sīs (fuerīs)
amātus sit (fuerit)
amātī sīmus (fuerīmus)
amātī sītis (fuerītis)
amātī sint (fuerint)
monĭtus sim (fuerim)
monitus sīs (fuerīs)
monitus sit (fuerit)
monitī sīmus (fuerīmus)
monitī sītis (fuerītis)
monitī sint (fuerint)
rēctus sim (fuerim)
rēctus sīs (fuerīs)
rēctus sit (fuerit)
rēctī sīmus (fuerīmus)
rēctī sītis (fuerītis)
rēctī sint (fuerint)
audītus sim (fuerim)
audītus sīs (fuerīs)
audītus sit (fuerit)
audītī sīmus (fuerīmus)
audītī sītis (fuerītis)
audītī sint (fuerint)
captus sim etc.
pluperfect
subjunctive
(also with
forem etc.)
amātus essem (fuissem)
amātus essēs (fuissēs)
amātus esset (fuisset)
amātī essēmus (fuissēmus)
amātī essētis (fuissētis)
amātī essent (fuissent)
monitus essem (fuissem)
monitus essēs (fuissēs)
monitus esset (fuisset)
monitī essēmus (fuissēmus)
monitī essētis (fuissētis)
monitī essent (fuissent)
rēctus essem (fuissem)
rēctus essēs (fuissēs)
rēctus esset (fuisset)
rēctī essēmus (fuissēmus)
rēctī essētis (fuissētis)
rēctī essent (fuissent)
audītus essem (fuissem)
audītus essēs (fuissēs)
audītus esset (fuisset)
audītī essēmus (fuissēmus)
audītī essētis (fuissētis)
audītī essent (fuissent)
amāre or
amātor
amātor
monēre or
monētor
monētor
regĕre or
regĭtor
regĭtor
audīre or
audītor
audītor
INDICATIVE
present
indicative
SUBJUNCTIVE
IMPERATIVE
2nd
3rd
amāmĭnī
amantor
monēmĭnī
monentor
regĭmĭnī
reguntor
audīmĭnī
audiuntor
capĕre or
capĭtor
capĭtor
capĭmĭnī
capĭuntor
INFINITIVE
present
perfect
future
amārī (archaic amārĭĕr)
amātus esse (fuisse)
amātum īrī
monērī (archaic monērĭĕr)
monitus esse (fuisse)
monitum īrī
regī (archaic regĭĕr)
rēctus esse (fuisse)
rēctum īrī
audīrī (archaic audīrĭĕr
audītus esse (fuisse)
audītum īrī
capī (archaic capĭĕr)
captus esse (fuisse)
captum īrī
amātus, -a, -um
amandus, -a, -um
monitus, -a, -um
monendus, -a, -um
rēctus, -a, -um
regendus, -a, -um
audītus, -a, -um
audiendus, -a, -um
captus, -a, -um
capiendus, -a, -um
PARTICIPLES
perfect
future
present
indicative
sum
es
est
sumus
estis
sunt
sum
e!
"s
it
"mus
"tis
eunt
fi!
f"!
f"s
fit
[f"mus] not attested
[f"tis] not attested
f"unt
fer! active
fer!
fers
fert
ferimus
fertis
ferunt
feror passive
feror
ferris or ferre
fertur
ferimur
ferimin"
feruntur
future
indicative
er!
eris
erit
erimus
eritis
erunt
"b!
"bis
"bit
"bimus
"bitis
"bunt
f"am
f"#s
f"et
f"#mus
f"#tis
f"ent
feram
fer#s
feret
fer#mus
fer#tis
ferent
ferar
fer#ris or fer#re
fer#tur
fer#mur
fer#min"
ferentur
imperfect
indicative
eram
er$s
erat
er$mus
er$tis
erant
"bam
"b$s
"bat
"b$mus
"b$tis
"bant
f"#bam
f"#b$s
f"#bat
f"#b$mus
f"#b$tis
f"#bant
fer#bam
fer#b$s
fer#bat
fer#b$mus
fer#b$tis
fer#bant
fer#bar
fer#b$ris or fer#b$re
fer#b$tur
fer#b$mur
fer#b$min"
fer#bantur
perfect
indicative
fu"
fuist"
fuit
fuimus
fuistis
fu#runt or fu#re
i" ("ui forms rare)
"st" ("uist"; -iist" in cmpnds)
iit ("uit)
iimus ("uimus)
"stis ("uistis; -iistis in cmpnds)
i#runt or i#re ("uerunt)
use sum for “I have become”
or factus sum for “I have
been made”
tul"
tulist"
tulit
tulimus
tulistis
tul#runt or tul#re
l$tus sum (fu")
l$tus es (fuist")
l$tus est (fuit)
l$t" sumus (fuimus)
l$t" estis (fuistis)
l$t" sunt (fu#runt)
future
perfect
indicative
fuer!
fueris
fuerit
fuerimus
fueritis
fuerint
"er! ("uer!)
"eris ("uer"s)
"erit ("uerit)
"erimus ("uer"mus)
"eritis ("uer"tis)
"erint ("uerint)
use er! or factus er!,
etc.
tuler!
tuleris
tulerit
tulerimus
tuleritis
tulerint
l$tus er! (fuer!)
l$tus eris (fueris)
l$tus erit (fuerit)
l$t" erimus (fuerimus)
l$t" eritis (fueritis)
l$t" erunt (fuerint)
pluperfect
indicative
fueram
fuer$s
fuerat
fuer$mus
fuer$tis
fuerant
"eram ("ueram)
"er$s ("uer$s)
"erat ("uerat)
"er$mus ("uer$mus)
"er$tis ("uer$tis)
"erant ("uerant)
use eram or factus eram,
etc.
tuleram
tuler$s
tulerat
tuler$mus
tuler$tis
tulerant
l$tus eram (fueram)
l$tus er$s (fuer$s)
l$tus erat (fuerat)
l$t" er$mus (fuer$mus)
l$t" er$tis (fuer$tis)
l$t" erant (fuerant)
present
subjunctive
sim (arch. fuam & siem)
s"s (fu$s, si#s)
sit (fuat, siet)
s"mus
s"tis
sint (fuant, sient)
eam
e$s
eat
e$mus
e$tis
eant
f"am
f"$s
f"at
f"$mus
f"$tis
f"ant
feram
fer$s
ferat
fer$mus
fer$tis
ferant
ferar
fer$ris or fer$re
fer$tur
fer$mur
fer$min"
ferantur
imperfect
subjunctive
essem (forem)
ess#s (for#s)
esset (foret)
ess#mus
ess#tis
essent (forent)
"rem
"r#s
"ret
"r#mus
"r#tis
"rent
fierem
fier#s
fieret
fier#mus
fier#tis
fierent
ferrem
ferr#s
ferret
ferr#mus
ferr#tis
ferrent
ferrer
ferr#ris or ferr#re
ferr#tur
ferr#mur
ferr#min"
ferrentur
perfect
subjunctive
fuerim
fuer"s
fuerit
fuer"mus
fuer"tis
fuerint
ierim (iuerim)
ier"s (iuer"s)
ierit (iuerit)
ier"mus (iuer"mus)
ier"tis (iuer"tis)
ierint (iuerint)
use sim or factus sim,
etc.
tulerim
tuler"s
tulerit
tuler"mus
tuler"tis
tulerint
l$tus sim (fuerim)
l$tus s"s (fuer"s)
l$tus sit (fuerit)
l$t" s"mus (fuer"mus)
l$t" s"tis (fuer"tis)
l$t" sint (fuerint)
pluperfect
subjunctive
fuissem
fuiss#s
fuisset
fuiss#mus
fuiss#tis
fuissent
"ssem (iissem, "uissem)
"ss#s (iiss#s, "uiss#s)
"sset (iisset, "uisset)
"ss#mus (iiss#mus, "uiss#mus)
"ss#tis (iiss#tis, "uiss#tis)
"ssent (iissent, "uissent)
use essem or factus essem,
etc.
tulissem
tuliss#s
tulisset
tuliss#mus
tuliss#tis
tulissent
l$tus essem (fuissem)
l$tus ess#s (fuiss#s)
l$tus esset (fuisset)
l$t" ess#mus (fuiss#mus)
l$t" ess#tis (fuiss#tis)
l$t" essent (fuissent)
" or "t!
"te or "t!te
"t!
eunt!
f" or
f"t!
n/a
fer or
fert!
fert!
INDICATIVE
e!
SUBJUNCTIVE
IMPERATIVE
2nd
3rd
es or
est!
est!
este or
est!te
sunt!
f"te
n/a
ferte or
fert!te
ferunt!
ferre
ferimin"
n/a
n/a
INFINITIVE
present
perfect
future
GERUND
SUPINE
PARTICIPLES
present
future
esse
fuisse
fut%rus esse (fore)
not attested
not attested
"re
"sse (iisse & iuisse rare)
it%rus esse
eundum
itum, it%
fier"
esse or factus esse
fore or factum "r"
not attested
not attested
ferre
tul"sse
l$t%rus esse
ferendum
l$tum, l$t%
ferr"
l$tus esse
l$tum "r"
-#ns only in compounds
fut%rus, -a, -um
i#ns
it%rus, -a, -um
not attested
fut%rus or faciendus
fer#ns
l$t%rus
perfect l$tus
ferendus
present
indicative
possum
potes
potest
possumus
potestis
possunt
possum
uol!
uol!
u#s
uult also uolt
uolumus
uultis also uoltis
uolunt
n!l!
n!l!
n!n u#s (arch. neu#s)
n!n uult (neuolt)
n!lumus
n!n uultis
n!lunt
m"l!
m"l! (arch. mauol!)
m"u#s
m"uult
m"lumus
m"uultis
m"lunt (mauolunt)
future
indicative
poter!
poteris
poterit
poterimus
poteritis
poterunt
uolam
uol$s
uolet
uol$mus
uol$tis
uolent
n!lam
n!l$s
n!let
n!l$mus
n!l$tis
n!lent
m"lam
m"l$s
m"let (mauolet)
m"l$mus
m"l$tis
m"lent
imperfect
indicative
poteram
poter"s
poterat
poter"mus
poter"tis
poterant
uol$bam
uol$b"s
uol$bat
uol$b"mus
uol$b"tis
uol$bant
n!l$bam
n!l$b"s
n!l$bat
n!l$b"mus
n!l$b"tis
n!l$bant
m"l$bam
m"l$b"s
m"l$bat
m"l$b"mus
m"l$b"tis
m"l$bant
perfect
indicative
potu#
potuist#
potuit
potuimus
potuistis
potu$runt or potu$re
uolu#
uoluist#
uoluit
uoluimus
uoluistis
uolu$runt or uolu$re
n!lu#
n!luist#
n!luit
n!luimus
n!uistis
n!lu$runt or n!lu$re
m"lu#
m"luist#
m"luit
m"luimus
m"luistis
m"lu$runt or m"lu$re
future
perfect
indicative
potuer!
potueris
potuerit
potuerimus
potueritis
potuerint
uoluer!
uolueris
uoluerit
uoluerimus
uolueritis
uoluerint
n!luer!
n!lueris
n!luerit
n!luerimus
n!lueritis
n!luerint
m"luer!
m"lueris
m"luerit
m"luerimus
m"lueritis
m"luerint
pluperfect
indicative
potueram
potuer"s
potuerat
potuer"mus
potuer"tis
potuerant
uolueram
uoluer"s
uoluerat
uoluer"mus
uoluer"tis
uoluerant
n!lueram
n!luer"s
n!luerat
n!luer"mus
n!luer"tis
n!luerant
m"lueram
m"luer"s
m"luerat
m"luer"mus
m"luer"tis
m"luerant
present
subjunctive
possim (arch. possiem)
poss#s (possi$s)
possit (possiet)
poss#mus
poss#tis
possint
uelim
uel#s
uelit
uel#mus
uel#tis
uelint
n!lim
n!l#s
n!lit
n!l#mus
n!l#tis
n!lint
m"lim (mauelim)
m"l#s (mauel#s)
m"lit (mauelit)
m"l#mus
m"l#tis
m"lint
imperfect
subjunctive
possem
poss$s
posset
poss$mus
poss$tis
possent
uellem
uell$s
uellet
uell$mus
uell$tis
uellent
n!llem
n!ll$s
n!llet
n!ll$mus
n!ll$tis
n!llent
m"llem (mauellem)
m"ll$s
m"llet
m"ll$mus
m"ll$tis
m"llent
perfect
subjunctive
potuerim
potuer#s
potuerit
potuer#mus
potuer#tis
potuerint
uoluerim
uoluer#s
uoluerit
uoluer#mus
uoluer#tis
uoluerint
n!luerim
n!luer#s
n!luerit
n!luer#mus
n!luer#tis
n!luerint
m"luerim
m"luer#s
m"luerit
m"luer#mus
m"luer#tis
m"luerint
pluperfect
subjunctive
potuissem
potuiss$s
potuisset
potuiss$mus
potuiss$tis
potuissent
uoluissem
uoluiss$s
uoluisset
uoluiss$mus
uoluiss$tis
uoluissent
n!luissem
n!luiss$s
n!luisset
n!luiss$mus
n!luiss$tis
n!luissent
m"luissem
m"luiss$s
m"luisset
m"luiss$mus
m"luiss$tis
m"luissent
INDICATIVE
SUBJUNCTIVE
IMPERATIVE
2nd
3rd
[potis es]
[potis est!]
[potis este]
[potis sunt!]
[fac uel#s]
[facit! uelit]
[facite uel#tis]
[faciunt! uelint]
n!l# or n!l#t!
n!l#t!
n!l#te or n!l#t!te
n!lunt!
[fac m"l#s]
[facit! m"lit]
INFINITIVE
present
perfect
future
GERUND
SUPINE
posse
potuisse
not attested
not attested
not attested
uelle
uoluisse
not attested
uolendum late
not attested
n!lle
n!luisse
not attested
nolendum late
not attested
m"lle
m"luisse
not attested
not attested
not attested
pot$ns
not attested
uol$ns
not attested
n!l$ns
not attested
m"l$ns late
not attested
PARTICIPLES
present
future
[facite m"l#tis]
[faciunt! m"lint]
conspectus of Ancient Greek and Latin subordinate clauses
Subordinate or dependent clauses are traditionally (Smyth §2189 and Kennedy §410) classified in
three ways:
1. substantival clauses behave like nouns
2. adverbial clauses disclose information that is adverbial (i.e. predicate) to the action at hand
3. adjectival clauses disclose information that is adjectival (i.e. attributive) to the agent or item at
hand
This classification is based on an analogy: clauses are being compared to words. Subordinate clauses are
taken to modify the main clause like nouns, adverbs, and adjectives:
1a. Jim annoys me.
1b. The fact that Jim does that annoys me.
1c. I can't stand Jim.
1d. I can't stand the fact that Jim does that.
2a. Jim ran quickly.
2b. Jim ran when he realized he was late.
2c. Jim ran because he realized he was late.
2d. Jim ran although he didn't need to.
3a. I've made an unforgivable mistake.
3b. I've made a mistake which is unforgivable.
In each of these examples, a clause underlined in a (b), (c) or (d) sentence plays the same role as the
word underlined in the (a) sentence. Each kind of clause has further subclasses:
1. substantival clauses
a. relative clauses (best treated as adjectival—see below)
b. indirect speech
c. indirect question
d. indirect command
2. adverbial clauses
a. purpose (a.k.a. "final") clauses
b. object clauses (really belong under substantives but resemble purpose clauses very closely)
—with verbs of effort
—with verbs of fear
c. causal clauses
d. result (a.k.a. "consecutive") clauses
e. proviso clauses
f. conditional clauses
g. concessive clauses
h. temporal clauses
i. comparison
3. adjectival clauses: relative clauses
a. definite
b. indefinite
[c. "conditional" relative clauses in Gk]
a survey of Latin conjunctions (Kennedy §§176–179)
1. COORDINATING (some are conjunctive particles or adverbs)
a. connective:
ac
atque
et
-que
etiam
"tem
qu#qu!
and
et…et
-que…-que
-que…et
n!c
neque
n$ue
(also neu)
also
nor
nec…nec
neque…neque
n$ue…n$ue
(also neu)
both…and
neither…nor
b. separative:
aut
uel
-ue
s%ue
seu
or, either
whether, or
c. adversative:
s%ue…s%ue
seu…seu
whether…or
d. causal:
at (archaic ast)
attamen
autem (postpositive)
c$terum
sed
u$rum
u$rumtamen
u$r&
enim (usu. postpositive)
enimu$r& (prepositive)
etenim
nam (prepositive in prose)
namque
but, etc.
for, etc.
e. conclusive:
erg&
itaque
igitur
therefore
qu'r$
quamobrem
qu'propter
qu&circ'
for which (or this) reason
2. SUBORDINATING
a. consecutive or resultative (freq. with s%c, ita, tam, ade&, t'lis and tantus, etc. leading):
ut
so that
ut n&n so that not
qu%n
that not (also used with negated expressions of prevention)
b. final or purposive:
qu&
whereby, in order that
n$
lest, so that not
ut
in order that
n$ue or neu
and lest, and that not
qu&minus
“by which the less” (also with positive expressions
c. causal:
of prevention)
c(m + subj.
quand&qu"dem + ind.
qu") + ind. for facts, subj. for assumptions
quippe + ind. and subj. , freq. with qui
because, since, insofar as etc.
quod usu. + subj. for alleged cause
qu#n"am + ind. and subj. , for grounds
s%quidem + ind. (also “if indeed”)
d. temporal:
cum + ind. or subj.
antequam
before
d&nec
usu.
quand&
pr"usquam
dum
while +
quoti$ns
when,
qu#ad
indic.,
s"m(l ac
what time,
postquam
after
qu'tenus
until +
(bı !
etc.
subj.
ut
these are frequently in tmesis, i.e.: prius…quam; post…quam
e. conditional:
s% + ind. or subj.
s%ue (seu)
s%n
if
whether
but if
f. concessive:
n"s" (n%)
s% n&n
(dum)m#d#
(tantum)m#d#
unless
if not
provided that
only, just
g. comparative:
cum + subj.
ets%
etiams%
quamquam
quamu%s
utut (archaic)
although,
however, etc.
(usu. + ind. with facts,
+ subj. with hypotheses)
ceu
quam, qu)s"
quemadmodum, qu&m#d#
s%c(t, s%c(t%
tamquam
u!l(t, u!l(t%, uelut s%
(t, ut%, ut s%
utp#t!
N.B. relative forms (e.g. qui) can express result, purpose, cause, condition, concession and comparison, particularly + subj.
as, as if,
as though,
how, etc.
101 critical Latin principal parts
1 s. pres. ind.
!piscor (more freq.
ad-ipiscor)
!g#
aptus sum
!g$re (3)
%g"
arc'"
c!d#
arc%re (2)
arcess$re (3) (also
arcess"re [4])
c!d$re (3)
caed#
caed$re (3)
c%d#
arcess# also accers#
20
30
40
1 s. pf. ind.
!pisc" (3)
arc$#
10
pres. inf.
supine
English gloss
get
do
&ctum
———
keep off
arcess"u"
arcess"tum
send for
c$c(d"
c&sum
fall
c$c"d"
caesum
beat
c%d$re (3)
cess"
cessum
yield
cern#
cern$re (3)
cr%u"
cr%tum
sift
c)l#
c)l$re (3)
c)l'"
cultum
cultivate
cresc#
in-c'b#
(cf. r$c'b# etc.)
in-cumb#
(cf. r$cumb# etc.)
disc#
cresc$re (3)
cr%u"
cr%tum
grow (intransitive)
inc'b&re (1)
inc'b'"
inc'b(tum
lie on (intransitive)
incumb$re (3)
inc'b'"
inc'b(tum
lay oneself upon
disc$re (3)
d(d(c"
d)c$#
d)c%re (2)
d)c'"
doctum
teach
$d#
%sse (3)
%d"
%sum
eat
%d#
%d$re (3)
%d(d"
%d(tum
bring forth
$g$#
$g%re (2)
$g'"
$m#
$m$re (3)
%m"
%mptum
buy
fall#
fall$re (3)
f$fell"
falsum
trick
f!t$or
f!t%r" (2)
fassus sum
f!u$o
-fend# simplex of
d%-fendo and
of-fendo etc.
f"d#
f!u%re (2)
f&u"
fautum
favour
-fend$re (3)
-fend"
-fensum
strike
f"d$re (3)
f"sus sum
f"g#
f"g$re (3)
f"x"
f"xum
fix
findo
find$re (3)
f(d"
fissum
split
fingo
fing$re (3)
finx"
fictum
form
f)u$#
f)u%re (3)
f#u"
f#tum
warm
f)r
f&r" (1)
f&tus sum
fr'or
fr'" (3)
fr*ctus sum
f'g(#
f'g$re (3/4)
f*g"
f'g(tum
flee
f'g#
f'g&re (1)
f'g&u"
f'g&tum
rout
fund#
fund$re (3)
f*d"
f*sum
pour
fund#
fund&re (1)
fund&u"
fund&tum
found
fungor
fung" (3)
f*nctus sum
i!c$#
i!c%re (2)
i!c'"
[fut. ptcp. i!c(t*rus]
lie
i!c(#
i!c$re (3/4)
i%c"
iactum
hurl
iung#
iung$re (3)
i*nx"
i*nctum
join
i'u#
i'u&re (1)
i*u"
i*tum
help
l&bor (cf. l!bor work)
l&b" (3)
lapsus sum
l$g# (d%ligo, d"ligo)
l$g$re (3)
l%g"
l%ctum
collect
l%g#
l%g&re (1)
l%g&u"
l%g&tum
appoint
l(g# (r$l"go, subl(go)
l(g&re (1)
l(g&u"
l(g&tum
bind
ment(or
m%t(or (syn. m%tor
[1])
m$t#
ment"r" (4)
ment"tus sum
deceive
m%t"r" (4)
m%nsus sum
measure
m$t$re (3)
mess'"
m#l(or
m#l"r" (4)
m#l"tus sum
m)r(or
m)r" (3/4)
mortuus sum
m)ror
m)r&r" (1)
m)r&tus sum
delay
nanciscor
nancisc" (3)
na(n)ctus sum
obtain
———
———
learn
need
confess
———
trust
speak
enjoy
perform
glide
messum
reap
exert oneself
[fut. ptcp. morit*rus]
die
50
60
70
80
90
100
be born
nascor
n#t$% (cf. &-niteo &
&nitescor)
n!tor
opp$r#or (cf.
ex-perior)
ord#or
nasc! (3)
n"tus sum
n#t&re (2)
[&-n#t'!]
n!t! (3)
n!sus (nixus) sum
lean on
opp$r!r! (4)
opper(!)tus sum
wait for
ord!r! (4)
orsus sum
begin
(r#or
(r!r! (4 but sts as 3)
ortus sum
arise
pand%
pand$re (3)
pand!
pang%
pang$re (3)
p$p#g! or p&g!
parc%
parc$re (3)
p"r$%
p)r#% (aperio, operio
& reperio)
p)r%
p"r&re (2)
———
shine
spread
p$p$rc!
passum
pactum
(also for paciscor
agree)
parsum
p"r'!
p"r#tum
come forth or obey
p)r$re (3/4)
p$p$r!
partum
produce
p)r"re (1)
p)r"u!
p)r"tum
prepare
p"sc% (also pascor)
p"sc$re (3)
p"u!
p"stum
feed
p)t$%
p)t&re (2)
p)t'!
p)t#or
pat! (3/4)
passus sum
pend$%
pend&re (2)
p$pend!
pend%
porr#g% (contr. porg%;
cf. porr!g% dandruff)
p(t#or
pend$re (3)
p$pend!
pensum
hang (transitive)
porr#g$re (3)
porr&x!
porr&ctum
stretch forth
p(t!r! (4)
p(t!tus sum
quaer%
quaer$re (3)
quaes!u! or quaes#!
quaes!tum
seek
que%
qu!re (4 but sts as 2)
qu!u! or qu#!
qu#tum
be able
qu$ror
qu$r! (3)
questus sum
r$or
r&r! (2)
r)tus sum
r'%
r'$re (3)
r'!
r'tum
rush or fall
scand%
scand$re (3)
[a-scend!]
[a-scensum]
climb
scind%
scind$re (3)
sc#d!
scissum
tear
s$r% (cf. s&ro! late)
s$r$re (3)
s&u!
s)tum
sow
s$r%
s$r$re (3)
s$r'!
sertum
weave
seru#%
seru!re (4)
seru!u! or seru#!
seru!tum
be a slave
seru%
seru"re (1)
seru"u!
seru"tum
preserve
s#n%
s#n$re (3)
s!u!
s#tum
allow
sist%
sist$re (3)
st#t!
st)tum
stand (usu. transitive)
st)t'%
st)t'$re (3)
st)t'!
st)t*tum
to set up
st%
st)re (1)
st$t! [-st#t! in cmpds]
st)tum
stand (intransitive)
stringo
string$re (3)
strinx!
strictum
draw tight or graze
str'%
str'$re (3)
strux!
structum
build
tang%
tang$re (3)
t$t#g!
tactum
touch
t$g%
t$g$re (3)
tex!
tectum
cover
terg$% (also tergo [3])
terg&re (2)
ters!
tersum
wipe
tex%
tex$re (3)
tex'!
textum
weave
tend%
tend$re (3)
t$tend!
tentum or tensum
stretch
t$n$%
t$n&re (3)
t$n'!
tentum
hold
t$r%
t$r$re (3)
tr!u!
tr!tum
rub
ting% (also ting'%)
ting$re (3)
tinx!
tinctum
moisten
u$h%
uersor (also uorsor;
mid. of uers% [1])
uert% (also uort%)
ueh$re (3)
uex!
uectum
carry
uers"r! (1)
uers"tus sum
uert$re (3)
uert!
uersum
turn
uinc#%
uinc!re (4)
uinx!
uinctum
bind
uinc%
uinc$re (3)
u!c!
uictum
conquer
u!u%
u!u$re (3)
u!x!
u!ctum
live
uolu%
uolu$re (3)
uolu!
u(l*tum
roll
*tor
*t! (3)
*sus sum
———
fix
spare
lie open
suffer
———
hang (intransitive)
acquire
complain
think
be (engaged in)
use
AS Latin: Vocabulary List
• this document has been created verbatim from the OCR online materials for Latin
• the list comprises 799 words (gratias ago appears twice in the original 800)
• links to online flashcards etc. can be found here: http://tinyurl.com/languagepacks2012
a; ab + abl
absum abesse afui
ac; atque (indeclinable)
accido accidere accidi
accipio accipere accepi acceptus
acer acris acre
acies aciei f.
ad + acc
addo addere addidi additus
adeo (indeclinable)
adhuc (indeclinable)
adipiscor adipisci adeptus sum
adiuvo adiuvare adiuvi adiutus
adsum adesse adfui
advenio advenire adveni
aedificium aedificii n.
aedifico aedificare aedificavi aedificatus
aequus aequa aequum
ager agri m.
aggredior aggredi aggressus sum
agmen agminis n.
agnosco agnoscere agnovi agnitus
ago agere egi actus
agricola agricolae m.
aliquis aliquid
alius alia aliud
alter altera alterum
altus alta altus
ambulo ambulare ambulavi
amicus amici m.
amitto amittere amisi amissus
amo amare amavi amatus
amor amoris m.
an (indeclinable)
ancilla ancillae f.
animus animi m.
annus anni m.
ante + acc
antea (indeclinable)
antequam (indeclinable)
aperio aperire aperui apertus
appareo apparere apparui
appropinquo appropinquare appropinquavi + dat
apud + acc
aqua aquae f.
ara arae f.
arbor arboris f.
arcesso arcessere arcessivi arcessitus
arma armorum n.pl.
ars artis f.
ascendo ascendere ascendi ascensus
at (indeclinable)
attonitus attonita attonitum
audax audacis
audeo audere ausus sum
audio audire audivi auditus
aufero auferre abstuli ablatus
aut (indeclinable)
autem (indeclinable)
auxilium auxilii n.
avidus avida avidum
bellum belli n.
bene (indeclinable)
from; by; (in compounds) away (preposition; topic: general)
be out; be absent; be away; be distant (verb irreg; topic: general)
and (conjunction; topic: general)
happen (verb 3; topic: general)
accept; take in; receive (verb 3; topic: general)
keen; sharp; fierce (adjective; topic: general)
line; battle line; army (noun 5; topic: military)
to; towards; at; about; near (preposition; topic: general)
add; join (verb 3; topic: general)
so much; so greatly (adverb; topic: general)
till now; still (adverb; topic: general)
obtain (verb 3 dep; topic: general)
help (verb 1; topic: general)
be here; be present (verb irreg; topic: general)
arrive (verb 4; topic: general)
building (noun 2; topic: general)
build (verb 1; topic: general)
equal; fair; favourable; calm (adjective; topic: general)
field; land; territory (noun 2; topic: general)
attack; approach (verb 3 dep; topic: military)
column of men; army; procession (noun 3; topic: military)
recognise (verb 3; topic: general)
do; act; drive (verb 3; topic: general)
farmer (noun 1; topic: general)
someone; something (pron; topic: general)
other; one; another; else (pron. / adjective; topic: general)
the other; one (of two); another; a second (pron. / adjective; topic: general)
high; deep (adjective; topic: general)
walk (verb 1; topic: general)
friend (noun 2; topic: general)
lose (verb 3; topic: general)
love; like (verb 1; topic: general)
love (noun 3; topic: general)
or (conjunction; topic: general)
slave-girl; slave-woman (noun 1; topic: domestic)
spirit; soul; mind; courage (noun 2; topic: general)
year (noun 2; topic: general)
before; in front of (preposition; topic: general)
before; previously (adverb; topic: general)
before (conjunction; topic: general)
open; reveal (verb 4; topic: general)
appear (verb 2; topic: general)
approach; come near to (verb 1; topic: general)
among; at the house of; according to (preposition; topic: domestic)
water (noun 1; topic: general)
altar (noun 1; topic: religious)
tree (noun 3; topic: general)
summon; send for (verb 3; topic: general)
arms; weapons; armour (noun 2; topic: military)
art; skill (noun 3; topic: general)
climb (verb 3; topic: general)
but (conjunction; topic: general)
astonished (adjective; topic: general)
bold; daring (adjective; topic: military)
dare (verb 2; topic: military)
hear; listen to (verb 4; topic: general)
take away; carry off; steal (verb 3; topic: general)
or; either (conjunction; topic: general)
but; however (conjunction; topic: general)
help (noun 2; topic: military)
greedy; eager (adjective; topic: general)
war (noun 2; topic: military)
well (adverb; topic: general)
bibo bibere bibi
bonus bona bonum
brevis breve
cado cadere cecidi casus
caedes caedis f.
caelum caeli n.
canis canis m.
canto cantare cantavi cantatus
capio capere cepi captus
captivus captivi m.
caput capitis n.
carmen carminis n.
carus cara carum
castra castrorum n. pl.
causa causae f.
caus! gen +
caveo cavere cavi cautus
celer celeris celere
celo celare celavi celatus
cena cenae f.
centum (indeclinable)
centurio centurionis m.
certamen certaminis n.
certus certa certum
certiorem facere
ceteri ceterae cetera
cibus cibi m.
circum + acc
civis civis m.f.
civitas civitatis f.
clades cladis f.
clamo clamare clamavi clamatus
clamor clamoris m.
clarus clara clarum
coepi coepisse coeptus
cogito cogitare cogitavi cogitatus
cognosco cognoscere cognovi cognitus
cogo cogere coegi coactus
cohors cohortis f.
colo colere colui cultus
comes comitis m.f.
committo committere commisi commissus
comparo comparare comparavi comparatus
con- col- com- corcondemno condemnare condemnavi condemnatus
confero conferre contuli conlatus
conficio conficere confeci confectus
confido confidere confisus sum
coniunx coniugis m.f.
conor conari conatus sum
consilium consilii n.
consisto consistere constiti constitus
conspicio conspicere conspexi conspectus
constituo constituere constitui constitutus
consul consulis m.
consulo consulere consului consultus
consumo consumere consumpsi consumptus
contendo contendere contendi contentus
contra + acc
copiae copiarum f.pl.
corpus corporis n.
corripio corripere corripui correptus
cotidie (indeclinable)
cras (indeclinable)
credo credere credidi creditus + dat
crimen criminis n.
crudelis crudele
cubiculum cubiculi n.
culpa culpae f.
culpo culpare culpavi culpatus
drink (verb 3; topic: domestic)
good (adjective; topic: general)
short; brief (adjective; topic: general)
fall; perish (verb 3; topic: general)
slaughter; killing; murder (noun 3; topic: military)
sky; heaven (noun 2; topic: religious)
dog (noun 3; topic: domestic)
sing; chant (verb 1; topic: general)
take; catch; capture; choose (verb 3; topic: military)
captive; prisoner (noun 2; topic: military)
head (noun 3; topic: general)
song; poem; spell (noun 3; topic: general)
dear (adjective; topic: domestic)
camp (noun 2; topic: military)
cause; reason; case (noun 1; topic: legal)
for the sake of (noun 1; topic: general)
beware (of); take care (verb 2; topic: general)
quick (adjective; topic: general)
hide (verb 1; topic: general)
dinner (noun 1; topic: domestic)
a hundred (adjective; topic: general)
centurion (noun 3; topic: military)
contest; battle; struggle (noun 3; topic: military)
certain; sure (adjective; topic: general)
inform (verb phrase; topic: general)
the rest; the others (adjective; topic: general)
food (noun 2; topic: domestic)
around (preposition; topic: general)
citizen (noun 3; topic: pol)
citizenship; state; city (noun 3; topic: pol)
disaster; loss; defeat (noun 3; topic: military)
shout; exclaim; proclaim (verb 1; topic: general)
shout; uproar; noise (noun 3; topic: general)
clear; famous; distinguished (adjective; topic: general)
began (verb defective; topic: general)
think; consider (verb 1; topic: general)
get to know; find out; learn (verb 3; topic: general)
force; compel; drive; assemble (verb 3; topic: general)
cohort; company (noun 3; topic: military)
cultivate; worship; honour (verb 3; topic: general)
comrade; companion (noun 3; topic: military)
commit; fight (verb 3; topic: military)
prepare; provide; obtain; compare (verb 1; topic: general)
(in compounds) together (prefix; topic: general)
convict; condemn (verb 1; topic: legal)
collect; compare; confer (verb irreg; topic: general)
complete; wear out (verb 3; topic: general)
trust; believe; have confidence (verb 3; topic: general)
husband; wife; spouse (noun 3; topic: domestic)
try (verb 1 dep; topic: general)
council; plan; advice; prudence (noun 2; topic: pol)
halt; stand; stand firm (verb 3; topic: military)
notice; observe; see (verb 3; topic: general)
decide; establish (verb 3; topic: general)
consul (noun 3; topic: pol)
consult; consider; advise (verb 3; topic: general)
eat; consume; spend (verb 3; topic: general)
hurry; march; contend (verb 3; topic: military)
against (preposition; topic: military)
troops; forces; supplies (noun 1; topic: military)
body (noun 3; topic: general)
seize; carry off (verb 3; topic: military)
every day; daily (adverb; topic: general)
tomorrow (adverb; topic: general)
believe; trust; entrust (verb 3; topic: general)
accusation; charge; crime (noun 3; topic: legal)
cruel (adjective; topic: general)
bedroom (noun 2; topic: domestic)
fault; blame (noun 1; topic: general)
blame (verb 1; topic: general)
cum (indeclinable)
cum + abl
cunctus cuncta cunctum
cupidus cupida cupidum
cupio cupere cupivi cupitus
cur? (indeclinable)
cura curae f.
curro currere cucurri cursus
custodio custodire custodivi custoditus
custos custodis m.f.
de + abl
dea deae f.
debeo debere debui debitus
decipio decipere decepi deceptus
defendo defendere defendi defensus
defessus defessa defessum
deinde (indeclinable)
deleo delere delevi deletus
denique (indeclinable)
densus densa densum
descendo descendere descendi descensus
desino desinere desii desitus
despero desperare desperavi desperatus
deus dei m.
dextra dextrae f.
dico dicere dixi dictus
dies diei m.
difficilis difficile
dignitas dignitatis f.
dignus digna dignum + abl
diligens diligentis
dimitto dimittere dimisi dimissus
dirus dira dirum
discedo discedere discessi
disco discere didici
dissimilis dissimile
diu (indeclinable)
dives divitis
divitiae divitiarum f.pl.
divido dividere divisi divisus
divus diva divum
do dare dedi datus
doceo docere docui doctus
doleo dolere dolui
dolor doloris m.
dolus doli m.
domina dominae f.
dominus domini m.
domus domus f.
donum doni n.
donec (indeclinable)
dormio dormire dormivi
dubito dubitare dubitavi dubitatus
duco ducere duxi ductus
dulcis dulce
dum (indeclinable)
durus dura durum
dux ducis m.
e; ex + abl
ecce! (indeclinable)
efficio efficere effeci effectus
effugio effugere effugi
ego mei
egredior egredi egressus sum
emo emere emi emptus
enim (indeclinable)
eo ire i(v)i
epistula epistulae f.
eques equitis m.
equus equi m.
when; since; although (conjunction; topic: general)
with (preposition; topic: general)
all; whole (adjective; topic: general)
eager; greedy (adjective; topic: general)
desire; wish; want (verb 3; topic: general)
why? (adverb; topic: general)
care; charge; anxiety (noun 1; topic: general)
run (verb 3; topic: general)
guard (verb 4; topic: military)
guard (noun 3; topic: military)
about; from; down from (preposition; topic: general)
goddess (noun 1; topic: religious)
owe; ought (verb 2; topic: general)
deceive (verb 3; topic: general)
defend (verb 3; topic: military)
tired (adjective; topic: general)
then; next; afterwards (adverb; topic: general)
destroy (verb 2; topic: military)
at last; finally (adverb; topic: general)
thick; dense; crowded (adjective; topic: general)
descend; come down (verb 3; topic: general)
cease (verb 3; topic: general)
despair (verb 1; topic: general)
god; deity (noun 2; topic: religious)
right hand; right side (noun 1; topic: general)
say; speak; tell (verb 3; topic: general)
day (noun 5; topic: general)
difficult (adjective; topic: general)
rank; dignity; importance; honour (noun 3; topic: pol)
worthy (of); deserving (of) (adjective; topic: general)
careful; diligent (adjective; topic: general)
dismiss; scatter (verb 3; topic: military)
dreadful (adjective; topic: general)
depart; leave (verb 3; topic: general)
learn (verb 3; topic: general)
different (adjective; topic: general)
for a long time (adverb; topic: general)
rich (adjective; topic: general)
riches; wealth (noun 1; topic: general)
divide; separate (verb 3; topic: general)
divine (adjective; topic: religious)
give (verb 1; topic: general)
teach; inform (verb 2; topic: general)
hurt; be in pain; lament (verb 2; topic: general)
pain; sorrow; anger (noun 3; topic: general)
trick; fraud (noun 2; topic: general)
mistress (noun 1; topic: domestic)
master (noun 2; topic: domestic)
house; home (noun 4; topic: domestic)
gift; present (noun 2; topic: general)
until (conjunction; topic: general)
sleep (verb 4; topic: domestic)
doubt; hesitate (verb 1; topic: general)
lead; take; marry; consider (verb 3; topic: military)
sweet; pleasant (adjective; topic: general)
while; until (conjunction; topic: general)
hard; harsh; rough (adjective; topic: general)
leader; general; ruler (noun 3; topic: military)
from; out of; (in compounds) out (preposition; topic: general)
look; behold; see; here is (adverb; topic: general)
carry out; accomplish (verb 3; topic: general)
escape (verb 3; topic: military)
I; me (pron; topic: general)
go out; come out (verb 3 dep; topic: general)
buy (verb 3; topic: general)
for (conjunction; topic: general)
go (verb irreg; topic: general)
letter (noun 1; topic: general)
knight; horseman; (pl.) cavalry (noun 3; topic: military)
horse (noun 2; topic: military)
ergo (indeclinable)
erro errare erravi erratus
et (indeclinable)
etiam (indeclinable)
etsi (indeclinable)
excipio excipere excepi exceptus
excito excitare excitavi excitatus
exercitus exercitus m.
exilium exilii n.
exitium exitii n.
exspecto exspectare exspectavi exspectatus
extra + acc
fabula fabulae f.
facilis facile
facinus facinoris n.
facio facere feci factus
fama famae f.
familia familiae f.
faveo favere favi + dat
felix felicis
femina feminae f.
fere (indeclinable)
fero ferre tuli latus
ferox ferocis
ferrum ferri n.
festino festinare festinavi
fidelis fidele
fides fidei f.
filia filiae f.
filius filii m.
finis finis m.
fio fieri factus
flamma flammae f.
flos floris m.
flumen fluminis n.
foedus foederis n.
fortasse (indeclinable)
forte (indeclinable)
fortis forte
fortuna fortunae f.
forum fori n.
frango frangere fregi fractus
frater fratris m.
frumentum frumenti n.
frustra (indeclinable)
fuga fugae f.
fugio fugere fugi
fundo fundere fudi fusus
fur furis m.
furor furoris m.
gaudeo gaudere gavisus sum
gaudium gaudii n.
gens gentis f.
genus generis n.
gero gerere gessi gestus
gladius gladii m.
gratia gratiae f.
gratias ago
gravis grave
habeo habere habui habitus
habito habitare habitavi habitatus
hasta hastae f.
haud (indeclinable)
heri (indeclinable)
hic haec hoc
hic (indeclinable)
hiems hiemis f.
hinc (indeclinable)
hodie (indeclinable)
homo hominis m.
therefore (adverb; topic: general)
wander; make a mistake (verb 1; topic: general)
and; both (conjunction; topic: general)
also; even; still (adverb; topic: general)
although (conjunction; topic: general)
receive; take; welcome (verb 3; topic: general)
wake; rouse; excite (verb 1; topic: general)
army (noun 4; topic: military)
exile (noun 2; topic: pol)
ruin; destruction (noun 2; topic: general)
wait for; expect (verb 1; topic: general)
outside (preposition; topic: general)
story; play (noun 1; topic: general)
easy (adjective; topic: general)
crime; outrage; deed (noun 3; topic: legal)
make; do (verb 3; topic: general)
rumour; fame; glory (noun 1; topic: general)
family; household (noun 1; topic: domestic)
favour; support (verb 2; topic: general)
fortunate; happy; prosperous (adjective; topic: general)
woman (noun 1; topic: general)
nearly; about (adverb; topic: general)
bear; carry; say (verb irreg; topic: general)
fierce; cruel; brave (adjective; topic: military)
iron; sword (noun 2; topic: military)
hurry (verb 1; topic: general)
trustworthy; faithful; loyal (adjective; topic: general)
trust; faith; confidence; loyalty (noun 5; topic: general)
daughter (noun 1; topic: domestic)
son (noun 2; topic: domestic)
end; boundary (noun 3; topic: general)
become; be made; happen (verb irreg; topic: general)
blaze; flame; passion (noun 1; topic: general)
flower (noun 3; topic: general)
river (noun 3; topic: general)
treaty; agreement (noun 3; topic: military)
perhaps (adverb; topic: general)
by chance (adverb; topic: general)
brave; strong; bold (adjective; topic: military)
fate; luck; fortune (good or bad) (noun 1; topic: religious)
forum; market place (noun 2; topic: general)
break; crush (verb 3; topic: general)
brother (noun 3; topic: domestic)
corn; grain (noun 2; topic: general)
in vain (adverb; topic: general)
flight; escape (noun 1; topic: military)
flee; run away; avoid (verb 3; topic: military)
pour; shed; rout (verb 3; topic: military)
thief (noun 3; topic: legal)
rage; fury; madness; passion (noun 3; topic: general)
rejoice (verb 2; topic: general)
joy; delight (noun 2; topic: general)
race; people; family; tribe (noun 3; topic: general)
race; descent; birth; kind (noun 3; topic: general)
bear; wear; wage; manage (verb 3; topic: military)
sword (noun 2; topic: military)
favour; thanks (noun 1; topic: general)
thank; give thanks (verb phrase; topic: general)
heavy; serious (adjective; topic: general)
have; hold (noun 2; topic: general)
live; dwell (verb 1; topic: domestic)
spear (noun 1; topic: military)
not (adverb; topic: general)
yesterday (adverb; topic: general)
this (pron; topic: general)
here (adverb; topic: general)
winter; storm (noun 3; topic: general)
from here; hence; henceforth (adverb; topic: general)
today (adverb; topic: general)
man; person (noun 3; topic: general)
hora horae f.
hortor hortari hortatus sum
hortus horti m.
hospes hospitis m.
hostis hostis m.
huc (indeclinable)
humus humi f.
iaceo iacere iacui
iacio iacere ieci iactus (in compounds -icio)
iam (indeclinable)
non iam (indeclinable)
ianua ianuae f.
ibi (indeclinable)
idem eadem idem
igitur (indeclinable)
ignavus ignava ignavum
ignis ignis f.
ille illa illud
illic (indeclinable)
impedio impedire impedivi impeditus
imperator imperatoris m.
imperium imperii n.
impero imperare imperavi imperatus + dat
impetus impetus m.
in + abl
in + acc
incendo incendere incendi incensus
incipio incipere incepi inceptus
incito incitare incitavi incitatus
infelix infelicis
ingenium ingenii n.
ingens ingentis
ingredior ingredi ingressus sum
iniquus iniqua iniquum
initium initii n.
iniuria iniuriae f.
inquam inquit inquiunt
insidiae insidiarum f.pl.
insignis insigne
inspicio inspicere inspexi inspectus
instruo instruere instruxi instructus
insula insulae f.
intellego intellegere intellexi intellectus
inter + acc
interea (indeclinable)
interficio interficere interfeci interfectus
intra + acc
intro intrare intravi intratus
invenio invenire inveni inventus
invito invitare invitavi invitatus
invitus invita invitum
ipse ipsa ipsum
ira irae f.
iratus irata iratum
is ea id
iste ista istud
ita (indeclinable)
ita vero (indeclinable)
itaque (indeclinable)
iter itineris n.
iterum (indeclinable)
iubeo iubere iussi iussus
iudex iudicis m.f.
iungo iungere iunxi iunctus
iustus iusta iustum
iuvenis iuvene
labor labi lapsus sum
labor laboris m.
laboro laborare laboravi
lacrima lacrimae f.
hour (noun 1; topic: general)
urge; encourage (verb 1 dep; topic: military)
garden (noun 2; topic: domestic)
guest; host (noun 3; topic: domestic)
enemy (noun 3; topic: military)
here; to this place (adverb; topic: general)
ground; earth (noun 2; topic: general)
lie (verb 2; topic: general)
throw (verb 3; topic: military)
now; already (adverb; topic: general)
no longer (adverb; topic: general)
door (noun 1; topic: domestic)
there; then (adverb; topic: general)
the same (pron; topic: general)
therefore; and so (adverb; topic: general)
cowardly; lazy (adjective; topic: military)
fire (noun 3; topic: general)
that; he; she; it (pron; topic: general)
there (adverb; topic: general)
delay; hinder; prevent (verb 4; topic: military)
emperor; general; leader (noun 3; topic: pol)
command; power; empire (noun 2; topic: pol)
order; command (verb 1; topic: military)
attack; impulse (noun 4; topic: military)
in; on (preposition; topic: general)
into; onto; at; against (preposition; topic: general)
burn; set on fire; inflame (verb 3; topic: general)
begin (verb 3; topic: general)
urge on; arouse; encourage (verb 1; topic: military)
unlucky; unhappy (adjective; topic: general)
character; ability (noun 2; topic: general)
huge (adjective; topic: general)
enter; undertake (verb 3 dep; topic: general)
unfair; unjust; unfavourable (adjective; topic: general)
beginning (noun 2; topic: general)
injustice; injury; wrong (noun 1; topic: legal)
say (verb irreg; topic: general)
ambush; trap; trick (noun 1; topic: military)
distinguished; glorious (adjective; topic: general)
look at; inspect; examine (verb 3; topic: military)
draw up; prepare (verb 3; topic: military)
island; block of flats (noun 1; topic: domestic)
understand; perceive; realise (verb 3; topic: general)
between; among (preposition; topic: general)
meanwhile (adverb; topic: general)
kill (verb 3; topic: military)
inside; within (preposition; topic: general)
enter (verb 1; topic: general)
find; discover (verb 3; topic: general)
invite (verb 1; topic: general)
unwillling; reluctant (adjective; topic: general)
-self (pron; topic: general)
anger (noun 1; topic: general)
angry (adjective; topic: general)
this; that; he; she; it (pron; topic: general)
that (pron; topic: general)
in this way; so; thus (adverb; topic: general)
yes (adverb; topic: general)
and so; therefore (adverb; topic: general)
journey; march; way (noun 3; topic: military)
gain (adverb; topic: general)
order; command (verb 2; topic: general)
judge; juror (noun 3; topic: legal)
join; unite; fasten (verb 3; topic: general)
right; just; lawful (adjective; topic: legal)
young (adjective; topic: general)
glide; slip; fall (verb 3 dep; topic: general)
work; toil (noun 3; topic: general)
work; toil (verb 1; topic: general)
tear (noun 1; topic: general)
lacrimo lacrimare lacrimavi
laedo laedere laesi laesus
laetus laeta laetum
latus lata latum
latus lateris n.
laudo laudare laudavi laudatus
lectus lecti m.
legatus legati m.
legio legionis f.
lego legere legi lectus
lentus lenta lentum
leo leonis m.
levis leve
libens libentis
liber libera liberum
liber libri m.
liberi liberorum m. pl.
libero liberare liberavi liberatus
libertas libertatis f.
libertus liberti m.
littera litterae f. (usually plural with singular meaning)
litus litoris n.
locus loci m.
longus longa longum
loquor loqui locutus sum
ludus ludi m.
lumen luminis n.
luna lunae f.
lux lucis f.
magis (indeclinable)
magister magistri m.
magnopere (indeclinable)
magnus magna magnum
malo malle malui
malus mala malum
mando mandare mandavi mandatus
mane (indeclinable)
maneo manere mansi
manus manus f.
mare maris n.
maritus mariti m.
mater matris f.
medius media medium
mens mentis f.
mensa mensae f.
mercator mercatoris m.
metus metus m.
meus mea meum
miles militis m.
mille pl. milia
minor minari minatus sum + dat
mirabilis mirabile
miser misera miserum
mitto mittere misi missus
modo (indeclinable)
modus modi m.
moenia moenium n. pl.
mollis molle
moneo monere monui monitus
mons montis m.
monstro monstrare monstravi monstratus
mora morae f.
morbus morbi m.
morior mori mortuus sum
moror morari moratus sum
mors mortis f.
mos moris m.
moveo movere movi motus
mox (indeclinable)
mulier mulieris f.
cry (verb 1; topic: general)
hurt; injure; harm (verb 3; topic: military)
happy; glad (adjective; topic: general)
wide; broad (adjective; topic: general)
side; wing (noun 3; topic: military)
praise (verb 1; topic: general)
couch; bed (noun 2; topic: domestic)
(legionary) commander; ambassador; envoy (noun 2; topic: military)
legion (noun 3; topic: military)
read; choose (verb 3; topic: general)
slow (adjective; topic: general)
lion (noun 3; topic: general)
light; slight (adjective; topic: general)
willing; glad (adjective; topic: general)
free (adjective; topic: general)
book (noun 2; topic: general)
children (noun 2; topic: domestic)
free (verb 1; topic: legal)
freedom (noun 3; topic: legal)
reedman; ex-slave (noun 2; topic: legal)
letter (noun 1; topic: general)
sea-shore; beach (noun 3; topic: general)
place; position; situation (noun 2; topic: general)
long (adjective; topic: general)
peak; talk (verb 3 dep; topic: general)
game; school (noun 2; topic: general)
light (noun 3; topic: general)
moon (noun 1; topic: general)
light; daylight (noun 3; topic: general)
more; rather (adverb comp; topic: general)
teacher; master (noun 2; topic: general)
very much; greatly (adverb; topic: general)
big; large; great (adjective; topic: general)
prefer (verb irreg; topic: general)
evil; bad (adjective; topic: general)
commit; entrust; command (verb 1; topic: general)
in the morning; early (adverb; topic: general)
remain; stay; (verb 2; topic: general)
hand; band (noun 4; topic: military)
sea (noun 3; topic: general)
husband (noun 2; topic: domestic)
mother (noun 3; topic: domestic)
middle (of) (adjective; topic: general)
mind (noun 3; topic: general)
table (noun 1; topic: domestic)
merchant (noun 3; topic: general)
fear (noun 4; topic: general)
my (adjective; topic: general)
soldier (noun 3; topic: military)
thousand (noun irreg; topic: general)
threaten (verb 1 dep; topic: military)
strange; wonderful (adjective; topic: general)
miserable; wretched; sad (adjective; topic: general)
send; throw (verb 3; topic: general)
just; now; only (adverb; topic: general)
manner; way; kind (noun 2; topic: general)
city walls; city (noun 3; topic: military)
soft; tender; gentle (adjective; topic: general)
warn; advise; teach (verb 2; topic: general)
mountain (noun 3; topic: general)
show; point out; indicate; instruct (verb 1; topic: general)
delay (noun 1; topic: general)
sickness; disease (noun 2; topic: general)
die (verb 3 dep; topic: military)
delay (verb 1 dep; topic: general)
death (noun 3; topic: military)
habit; custom; (pl.) character; morals (noun 3; topic: general)
move (verb 2; topic: general)
soon (adverb; topic: general)
woman (noun 3; topic: general)
multitudo multitudinis f.
multus multa multum
munio munire munivi munitus
murus muri m.
muto mutare mutavi mutatus
nam (indeclinable)
narro narrare narravi narratus
natura naturae f.
nauta nautae m.
navigo navigare navigavi
navis navis f.
-ne (indeclinable)
ne (indeclinable)
ne…quidem (indeclinable)
nec; neque (indeclinable)
neco necare necavi necatus
neglego neglegere neglexi neglectus
nego negare negavi negatus
negotium negotii n.
nemo nullius
nescio nescire nescivi
nihil (indeclinable)
nimis (indeclinable)
nisi (indeclinable)
nobilis nobile
noceo nocere nocui
nolo nolle nolui
nomen nominis n.
non (indeclinable)
nondum (indeclinable)
nonne? (indeclinable)
nonnullus nonnulla nonnullum
nos nostrum
noster nostra nostrum
notus nota notum
novus nova novum
nox noctis f.
nullus nulla nullum
num (indeclinable)
numerus numeri m.
numquam (indeclinable)
nunc (indeclinable)
nuntio nuntiare nuntiavi nuntiatus
nuntius nuntii m.
nuper (indeclinable)
nusquam (indeclinable)
ob + acc
obliviscor oblivisci oblitus sum
obsideo obsidere obsedi obsessus
obviam eo ire i(v)i + dat
occasio occasionis f.
occido occidere occidi occisus
occupo occupare occupavi occupatus
oculus oculi m.
odi odisse
offero offerre obtuli oblatus
officium officii n.
olim (indeclinable)
omitto omittere omisi omissus
omnis omne
onus oneris n.
opera operae f.
oportet oportere oportuit
oppidum oppidi n.
opprimo opprimere oppressi oppressus
oppugno oppugnare oppugnavi oppugnatus
opus operis n.
opus est esse fuit + abl
ora orae f.
oratio orationis f.
crowd; multitude (noun 3; topic: general)
much; many (adjective; topic: general)
fortify; defend; guard (verb 4; topic: military)
all (noun 2; topic: general)
change; alter (verb 1; topic: general)
for (conjunction; topic: general)
tell; relate (verb 1; topic: general)
nature (noun 1; topic: general)
sailor (noun 1; topic: military)
sail (verb 1; topic: military)
ship (noun 3; topic: military)
(introduces question) (partic; topic: general)
lest; that not (conjunction; topic: general)
not…even (adverb; topic: general)
and not; nor; neither (conjunction; topic: general)
kill (verb 1; topic: military)
neglect; disregard (verb 3; topic: general)
say no; deny; refuse (verb 1; topic: general)
business (noun 2; topic: general)
no one; nobody (noun irreg; topic: general)
not know (verb 4; topic: general)
nothing (noun irreg; topic: general)
too; too much (adverb; topic: general)
unless; if not; except (conjunction; topic: general)
noble; famous (adjective; topic: pol)
hurt; harm (verb 2; topic: general)
not want; be unwilling; refuse (verb irreg; topic: general)
name (noun 3; topic: general)
not (adverb; topic: general)
not yet (adverb; topic: general)
surely? (adverb; topic: general)
some; several (adjective; topic: general)
we; us (pron; topic: general)
our (pron; topic: general)
known; well-known; famous (adjective; topic: general)
new; fresh; recent (adjective; topic: general)
night (noun 3; topic: general)
no; none; not any (adjective; topic: general)
surely…not; whether (partic; topic: general)
number (noun 2; topic: general)
never (adverb; topic: general)
now (adverb; topic: general)
announce; report (verb 1; topic: general)
messenger; message; news (noun 2; topic: military)
recently (adverb; topic: general)
nowhere (adverb; topic: general)
because of; on account of (preposition; topic: general)
forget (verb 3 dep; topic: general)
besiege; blockade (verb 2; topic: military)
meet; go to meet; oppose; resist (verb phrase; topic: military)
opportunity; occasion (noun 3; topic: general)
kill (verb 3; topic: military)
seize; take possession of; occupy (verb 1; topic: military)
eye (noun 2; topic: general)
hate (verb irreg; topic: general)
present; offer (verb irreg; topic: general)
duty; task; function (noun 2; topic: pol)
once; formerly; one day (adverb; topic: general)
neglect; disregard; make no mention of (verb 3; topic: general)
all; every (adjective; topic: general)
burden; load (noun 3; topic: general)
work; effort; attention (noun 1; topic: general)
be necessary; ought; must (verb 2 impersonal; topic: general)
town (noun 2; topic: military)
overwhelm; crush; weigh down (verb 3; topic: military)
attack (verb 1; topic: military)
work; toil; construction (noun 3; topic: general)
here is need (of) (verb phrase impersonal; topic: general)
coast (noun 1; topic: general)
speech (noun 3; topic: legal)
orior oriri ortus sum
orno ornare ornavi ornatus
oro orare oravi oratus
os oris n.
ostendo ostendere ostendi ostentus
otium otii n.
paene (indeclinable)
par paris
parco parcere peperci + dat
parens parentis m.f.
pareo parere parui + dat
paro parare paravi paratus
pars partis f.
parvus parva parvum
pater patris m.
patior pati passus sum
patria patriae f.
pauci paucae pauca
paulatim (indeclinable)
paulisper (indeclinable)
pauper pauperis
pavor pavoris m.
pax pacis f.
pecunia pecuniae f.
pedes peditis m.
pello pellere pepuli pulsus
per + acc
perdo perdere perdidi perditus
pereo perire perii
perficio perficere perfeci perfectus
periculum periculi n.
permitto permittere permisi permissus
persuadeo persuadere persuasi + dat
perterritus perterrita perterritum
pervenio pervenire perveni
pes pedis m.
peto petere petivi petitus
pilum pili n.
placet placere placuit
plebs plebis f.
plenus plena plenum
poena poenae f.
poeta poetae m.
pono ponere posui positus
pons pontis m.
populus populi m.
porta portae f.
porto portare portavi portatus
portus portus m.
posco poscere poposci
possum posse potui
post (indeclinable)
post + acc
postea (indeclinable)
postquam (indeclinable)
postremus postrema postremum
postridie (indeclinable)
postulo postulare postulavi postulatus
potestas potestatis f.
potius (indeclinable)
praebeo praebere praebui praebitus
praeda praedae f.
praemium praemii n.
praesidium praesidii n.
praeter + acc
praeterea (indeclinable)
praetor praetoris m.
precor precari precatus sum
pretium pretii n.
primus prima primum
rise; start; originate (verb 4 deponent; topic: general)
adorn; decorate (verb 1; topic: general)
beg (verb 1; topic: general)
mouth; face (noun 3; topic: general)
show; point out; indicate (verb 3; topic: general)
leisure; idleness (noun 2; topic: general)
almost; nearly (adverb; topic: general)
equal (adjective; topic: general)
spare (verb 3; topic: military)
parent; (pl.) relations (noun 3; topic: domestic)
obey (verb 2; topic: general)
prepare; provide (verb 1; topic: general)
part; some; direction (noun 3; topic: general)
small (adjective; topic: general)
father (noun 3; topic: domestic)
suffer; endure; allow (verb 3 dep; topic: general)
homeland; native land (noun 1; topic: pol)
few; a few (adjective plural; topic: general)
gradually; little by little (adverb; topic: general)
for a short time (adverb; topic: general)
poor (adjective; topic: general)
fear; terror (noun 3; topic: general)
peace (noun 3; topic: military)
money (noun 1; topic: general)
infantry (noun 3; topic: military)
push; drive; rout (verb 3; topic: military)
through; throughout; along (preposition; topic: general)
destroy; lose (verb 3; topic: general)
die; perish; be ruined (verb irreg; topic: general)
bring about; complete; perfect (verb 3; topic: general)
danger (noun 2; topic: general)
hand over; entrust; permit; allow (verb 3; topic: general)
persuade (verb 2; topic: general)
terrified (adjective; topic: general)
reach; arrive (verb 4; topic: general)
foot; paw (noun 3; topic: general)
seek; ask for; make for; attack (verb 3; topic: general)
javelin (noun 2; topic: military)
please; suit (verb 2 impersonal; topic: general)
the people; common people (noun 3; topic: pol)
full; filled (adjective; topic: general)
punishment; penalty (noun 1; topic: legal)
poet (noun 1; topic: general)
put; place; put up (verb 3; topic: general)
bridge (noun 3; topic: general)
people; nation (noun 2; topic: pol)
gate (noun 1; topic: general)
carry; bear; take (verb 1; topic: general)
harbour; port (noun 4; topic: general)
demand; ask for (verb 3; topic: general)
can; be able (verb irreg; topic: general)
afterwards; next (adverb; topic: general)
behind; after (preposition; topic: general)
afterwards; then (adverb; topic: general)
after; when (conjunction; topic: general)
last (adjective; topic: general)
on the next day (adverb; topic: general)
demand; ask (verb 1; topic: general)
power; authority (noun 3; topic: pol)
rather; more (adverb; topic: general)
provide; give; show (verb 2; topic: general)
booty; plunder (noun 1; topic: military)
prize; reward (noun 2; topic: general)
protection; garrison; fortification (noun 2; topic: military)
beyond; except; besides (preposition; topic: general)
besides; moreover; in addition (adverb ; topic: general)
praetor (noun 3; topic: pol)
pray; pray to; beg (verb 1 dep; topic: religious)
price; value (noun 2; topic: general)
first; chief (adjective; topic: general)
princeps principis m.
prior prioris
prius (indeclinable)
priusquam (indeclinable)
pro + abl
procedo procedere processi
procul (indeclinable)
proelium proelii n.
proficiscor proficisci profectus sum
progredior progredi progressus sum
promitto promittere promisi promissus
prope + acc
propter + acc
provincia provinciae f.
proximus proxima proximum
publicus publica publicum
pudor pudoris m.
puella puellae f.
puer pueri m.
pugna pugnae f.
pugno pugnare pugnavi
pulcher pulchra pulchrum
punio punire punivi punitus
puto putare putavi putatus
quaero quaerere quaesivi quaesitus
qualis quale
quam (indeclinable)
quamquam (indeclinable)
quando? (indeclinable)
quantus? quanta quantum
quasi (indeclinable)
-que (indeclinable)
queror queri questus sum
qui quae quod
quia (indeclinable)
quidam quaedam quoddam
quidem (indeclinable)
quies quietis f.
quis? quid
quisquam quicquam
quisque quaeque quidque
quisquis quicquid
quo? (indeclinable)
quod (indeclinable)
quomodo? (indeclinable)
quoniam (indeclinable)
quoque (indeclinable)
quot? (indeclinable)
quotiens (indeclinable)
rapio rapere rapui raptus
ratio rationis f.
re- (indeclinable)
recens recentis
recipio recipere recepi receptus
se recipere
recito recitare recitavi recitatus
reddo reddere reddidi redditus
redeo redire redii
refero referre rettuli relatus
reficio reficere refeci refectus
regina reginae f.
regnum regni n.
rego regere rexi rectus
regredior regredi regressus sum
relinquo relinquere reliqui relictus
reliquus reliqua reliquum
repente (indeclinable)
res rei f.
res publica rei publicae f.
resisto resistere restiti + dat
emperor; chief; chieftain (noun 3; topic: pol)
previous; former; superior (adjective; topic: general)
before; previously (adverb ; topic: general)
before; until (conjunction; topic: general)
in front of; for; on behalf of; in return for (preposition; topic: general)
advance; proceed (verb 3; topic: general)
far away; distant (adverb; topic: general)
battle (noun 2; topic: military)
set out; depart (verb 3 dep; topic: general)
advance; proceed (verb 3 dep; topic: general)
promise (verb 3; topic: general)
near (preposition; topic: general)
on account of; because of (preposition; topic: general)
province (noun 1; topic: pol)
nearest; next; last (adjective; topic: general)
public; common (adjective; topic: pol)
shame; modesty; honour; disgrace (noun 3; topic: general)
girl (noun 1; topic: general)
boy (noun 2; topic: general)
fight; battle (noun 1; topic: military)
fight (verb 1; topic: military)
beautiful; handsome; fine (adjective; topic: general)
punish (verb 4; topic: legal)
think; consider; reckon (verb 1; topic: general)
search for; ask for; ask; inquire (verb 3; topic: general)
what sort of (adjective; topic: general)
how; than; as (adverb; topic: general)
although (conjunction; topic: general)
when? (adverb; topic: general)
how big? how much? (adjective; topic: general)
as if; just as; nearly (adverb; topic: general)
and (conjunction; topic: general)
complain (verb 3 dep; topic: general)
who; which (pron; topic: general)
because (conjunction; topic: general)
one; a certain; some (pron; topic: general)
indeed; in fact; however (adverb; topic: general)
rest; peace; quiet (noun 3; topic: general)
who? what? any (pron; topic: general)
anyone; anything (pron; topic: general)
each; each one; every (pron; topic: general)
whoever; whatever (pron; topic: general)
where to? (adverb; topic: general)
because; (as to) the fact that (conjunction; topic: general)
how? in what way? (adverb; topic: general)
since (conjunction; topic: general)
also; too (conjunction; topic: general)
how many? (adjective; topic: general)
how often? as often as (adverb; topic: general)
seize; grab; carry off; plunder (verb 3; topic: military)
account; reckoning; manner; reason (noun 3; topic: general)
(in compounds) back; again (prefix; topic: general)
recent; fresh (adjective; topic: general)
regain; receive; welcome (verb 3; topic: general)
retreat; withdraw (verb phrase; topic: military)
recite; read aloud (verb 1; topic: general)
give back; restore; hand over; make (verb 3; topic: general)
return; go back; come back (verb irreg; topic: general)
bring back; report; refer (verb irreg; topic: general)
repair; restore; refresh (verb 3; topic: general)
queen (noun 1; topic: pol)
kingdom; reign; rule (noun 2; topic: pol)
rule; direct (verb 3; topic: pol)
go back; return (verb 3 dep; topic: general)
leave; leave behind; abandon (verb 3; topic: general)
the rest of; the other (adjective; topic: general)
suddenly (adverb; topic: general)
thing; affair; matter; business (noun 5; topic: general)
state; republic (noun phrase; topic: pol)
resist; oppose (verb 3; topic: military)
respondeo respondere respondi responsus
responsum responsi n.
retineo retinere retinui retentus
rex regis m.
rideo ridere risi
ripa ripae f.
rogo rogare rogavi rogatus
rumpo rumpere rupi ruptus
ruo ruere rui
rursus (indeclinable)
rus ruris n.
sacerdos sacerdotis m.f.
saepe (indeclinable)
saevus saeva saevum
salus salutis f.
saluto salutare salutavi salutatus
salve salvete
sanguis sanguis m.
sapiens sapientis
sapientia sapientiae f.
satis (indeclinable)
saxum saxi n.
scelus sceleris n.
scio scire scivi scitus
scribo scribere scripsi scriptus
scutum scuti n.
se sui
secundus secunda secundum
sed (indeclinable)
sedeo sedere sedi
sedes sedis f.
semper (indeclinable)
senator senatoris m.
senatus senatus m.
senex senis m.
sententia sententiae f.
sentio sentire sensi sensus
sequor sequi secutus sum
servo servare servavi servatus
servus servi m.
si (indeclinable)
sic (indeclinable)
sicut (indeclinable)
signum signi n.
silentium silentii n.
silva silvae f.
similis simile
simul (indeclinable)
simulac simulatque
sine + abl
sinistra sinistrae f.
sino sinere sivi situs
sive seu
socius socii m.
sol solis m.
soleo solere solitus sum
solum (indeclinable)
solus sola solum
somnus somni m.
sonus soni m.
soror sororis f.
specto spectare spectavi spectatus
sperno spernere sprevi spretus
spero sperare speravi speratus
spes spei f.
statim (indeclinable)
sto stare steti
studium studii n.
stultus stulta stultum
suavis suave
answer; reply (verb 2; topic: general)
answer; reply (noun 2; topic: general)
hold back; restrain; keep (verb 2; topic: general)
king (noun 3; topic: pol)
laugh; smile (verb 2; topic: general)
bank (noun 1; topic: general)
ask; ask for (verb 1; topic: general)
break; burst; break through (verb 3; topic: general)
rush; collapse (verb 3; topic: general)
back; again (adverb; topic: general)
country (noun 3; topic: general)
priest; priestess (noun 3; topic: religious)
often (adverb; topic: general)
savage; cruel (adjective; topic: general)
health; safety; greeting (noun 3; topic: general)
greet (verb 1; topic: general)
hello (verb imperative; topic: general)
blood (noun 3; topic: general)
wise; sensible (adjective; topic: general)
wisdom; good sense (noun 1; topic: general)
enough (adjective; topic: general)
rock (noun 2; topic: general)
crime; wickedness (noun 3; topic: legal)
know (verb 4; topic: general)
write (verb 3; topic: general)
shield (noun 2; topic: military)
himself; herself; itself; themselves (pron; topic: general)
following; next; second; favourable (adjective; topic: general)
but (conjunction; topic: general)
sit (verb 2; topic: general)
seat; temple; home (noun 3; topic: domestic)
always (adverb; topic: general)
senator (noun 3; topic: pol)
senate (noun 4; topic: pol)
old man (noun 3; topic: general)
opinion; judgement; sentence (noun 1; topic: legal)
feel; notice; hear; judge (verb 4; topic: general)
follow; pursue; attend (verb 3 dep; topic: general)
save; protect; keep (verb 1; topic: general)
slave (noun 2; topic: domestic)
if (conjunction; topic: general)
thus; in this way (adverb; topic: general)
just as; like; as; as if (adverb; topic: general)
sign; signal; standard (noun 2; topic: military)
silence (noun 2; topic: general)
wood; forest (noun 1; topic: general)
similar; like (adjective; topic: general)
at the same time; together (adverb; topic: general)
as soon as (conjunction; topic: general)
without (preposition; topic: general)
left hand; left side (noun 1; topic: general)
allow; permit (verb 3; topic: general)
or if; whether (conjunction; topic: general)
ally; comrade; companion (noun 2; topic: military)
sun; sunlight (noun 3; topic: general)
be accustomed (verb 2; topic: general)
only (adverb; topic: general)
alone; only; alone (adjective; topic: general)
sleep (noun 2; topic: general)
noise; sound (noun 2; topic: general)
sister (noun 3; topic: domestic)
look at; watch (verb 1; topic: general)
despise; reject; scorn (verb 3; topic: general)
hope; expect (verb 1; topic: general)
hope (noun 5; topic: general)
at once; immediately (adverb; topic: general)
stand; stand firm (verb 1; topic: general)
eagerness; study; devotion (noun 2; topic: general)
stupid; foolish (adjective; topic: general)
sweet; pleasant (adjective; topic: general)
sub + abl or + acc
subito (indeclinable)
sum esse fui
summus summa summum
sumo sumere sumpsi sumptus
superbus superba superbum
supero superare superavi superatus
supremus suprema supremum
surgo surgere surrexi
suscipio suscipere suscepi susceptus
suspicor suspicari suspicatus sum
suus sua suum
taberna tabernae f.
taceo tacere tacui
tacitus tacita tacitum
talis tale
tam (indeclinable)
tamen (indeclinable)
tamquam (indeclinable)
tandem (indeclinable)
tango tangere tetigi tactus
tantum (indeclinable)
tantus tanta tantum
telum teli n.
tempestas tempestatis f.
templum templi n.
tempus temporis n.
teneo tenere tenui tentus
tergum tergi n.
terra terrae f.
terreo terrere terrui territus
terror terroris m.
timeo timere timui
tollo tollere sustuli sublatus
tot (indeclinable)
totus tota totum
trado tradere tradidi traditus
traho trahere traxi tractus
trans + acc
tristis triste
tu tui
tum (indeclinable)
tumultus tumultus m.
turba turbae f.
tutus tuta tutum
tuus tua tuum
ubi (indeclinable)
ullus ulla ullum
ultimus ultima ultimum
umquam (indeclinable)
una (indeclinable)
unda undae f.
unde (indeclinable)
undique (indeclinable)
urbs urbis f.
usque (indeclinable)
ut (indeclinable) + indic.
ut (indeclinable) + subjunc.
uter? utra utrum
uterque utraque utrumque
utrum (indeclinable)
utor uti usus sum + abl
uxor uxoris f.
vale valete
validus valida validum
-ve (indeclinable)
vehementer (indeclinable)
veho vehere vexi vectus
vel (indeclinable)
velut (indeclinable)
under; beneath (preposition; topic: general)
suddenly (adverb; topic: general)
be (verb irreg; topic: general)
highest; greatest; top (of) (adjective; topic: general)
take; take up (verb 3; topic: general)
proud; arrogant (adjective; topic: general)
overcome; overpower (verb 1; topic: military)
highest; last; final; supreme (adjective; topic: general)
get up; stand up; rise (verb 3; topic: general)
take up; undertake; begin; bear (verb 3; topic: general)
mistrust; suspect (verb 1 dep; topic: legal)
his (own); her (own); its (own); their (own) (pron; topic: general)
shop; inn (noun 1; topic: general)
be quiet; be silent (verb 2; topic: general)
quiet; silent; in silence (adjective; topic: general)
such (adjective; topic: general)
so (adverb; topic: general)
however; nevertheless; yet (adverb; topic: general)
just as; like; as; as if (adverb; topic: general)
at last; finally (adverb; topic: general)
touch (verb 3; topic: general)
only (adverb; topic: general)
so great; such a great; so much (adjective; topic: general)
weapon; javelin; missile (noun 2; topic: military)
weather; storm; time (noun 3; topic: general)
temple (noun 2; topic: religious)
time (noun 3; topic: general)
hold; keep; maintain (verb 2; topic: general)
back; rear (noun 2; topic: military)
ground; land; earth (noun 1; topic: general)
frighten (verb 2; topic: general)
terror (noun 3; topic: general)
fear; be afraid (verb 2; topic: general)
raise; lift up; remove (verb 3; topic: general)
so many (adjective; topic: general)
the whole; entire; all (adjective; topic: general)
hand over; entrust; hand down (verb 3; topic: general)
pull; drag; draw (verb 3; topic: general)
across; over (preposition; topic: general)
sad; gloomy; grim (adjective; topic: general)
you (singular) (pron; topic: general)
then; next (adverb; topic: general)
uproar; disturbance; civil war (noun 4; topic: military)
crowd; mob; disturbance; multitude (noun 1; topic: general)
safe (adjective; topic: military)
your; yours (pron; topic: general)
where? where; when (adverb; topic: general)
any (adjective; topic: general)
furthest; last; utmost (adjective; topic: general)
ever (adverb; topic: general)
together (adverb; topic: general)
wave (noun 1; topic: general)
from where; whence (adverb; topic: general)
from all sides; on all sides (adverb; topic: general)
city; town; Rome (noun 3; topic: general)
all the way; right up to; continuously (adverb; topic: general)
as; where; when; how (adverb; topic: general)
that; so that (conjunction; topic: general)
which (of two)? (pron; topic: general)
each (of two); both (pron; topic: general)
whether (adverb; topic: general)
use; enjoy (verb 3 dep; topic: general)
wife (noun 3; topic: domestic)
goodbye; farewell (verb imperative; topic: general)
strong; powerful (adjective; topic: general)
or (conjunction; topic: general)
violently; loudly; strongly (adverb; topic: general)
carry; bear; convey (verb 3; topic: general)
or; either (conjunction; topic: general)
just as; like; as; as if (adverb; topic: general)
vendo vendere vendidi venditus
venio venire veni
ventus venti m.
verbum verbi n.
vereor vereri veritus sum
vero (indeclinable)
verto vertere verti versus
verus vera verum
vester vestra vestrum
vestis vestis f.
veto vetare vetui vetitus
vetus veteris
via viae f.
victor victoris m.
victoria victoriae f.
video videre vidi visus
videor videri visus sum
villa villae f.
vinco vincere vici victus
vinum vini n.
vir viri m.
virtus virtutis f.
vis pl. vires f.
vita vitae f.
vito vitare vitavi vitatus
vivo vivere vixi
vivus viva vivum
vix (indeclinable)
voco vocare vocavi vocatus
volo velle volui
volvo volvere volvi volutus
vos vestrum
vox vocis f.
vulnero vulnerare vulneravi vulneratus
vulnus vulneris n.
vultus vultus m.
sell (verb 3; topic: general)
come (verb 4; topic: general)
wind (noun 2; topic: general)
word (noun 2; topic: general)
fear; be afraid (verb 2 deponent; topic: general)
indeed; in fact; however (adverb; topic: general)
turn (verb 3; topic: general)
true; real (adjective; topic: general)
your; yours (pron; topic: general)
clothes (noun 3; topic: general)
forbid; order…not (verb 1; topic: general)
old (adjective; topic: general)
street; road; way; path (noun 1; topic: general)
victor; conqueror (noun 3; topic: military)
victory (noun 1; topic: military)
see (verb 2; topic: general)
seem; appear; be seen (verb 2 deponent; topic: general)
country-house; estate; farm (noun 1; topic: domestic)
conquer; defeat; win; be victorious (verb 3; topic: military)
wine (noun 2; topic: general)
man; husband (noun 2; topic: general)
courage; virtue (noun 3; topic: military)
force; violence; (pl.) strength; forces (noun irreg; topic: military)
life (noun 1; topic: general)
avoid (verb 1; topic: general)
live; be alive (verb 3; topic: general)
alive; living (adjective; topic: general)
hardly; scarcely; with difficulty (adverb; topic: general)
call; summon; invite; name (verb 1; topic: general)
want; wish; be willing; intend (verb irreg; topic: general)
turn; roll; consider (verb 3; topic: general)
you (plural) (pron; topic: general)
voice; shout; word (noun 3; topic: general)
wound; injure (verb 1; topic: military)
wound; injury (noun 3; topic: military)
face; expression (noun 4; topic: general)