An Introductory Guide
to the
Bulgarian Language
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AN INTRODUCTORY GUIDE TO THE BULGARIAN LANGUAGE
For those who are interested in facts and information, the following is a short description of the Bulgarian
Language.
Bulgarian is a Slavonic language, like Russian, Czech, Polish, and Serbian. Its history is centuries old and it is
the earliest written language. It is a phonetic language, i.e. you pronounce what is written. Of course, first you
get familiar with the Cyrillic alphabet! Overall, it is easy to be mastered by English speakers: its structure is
similar to English; besides so many Volunteers have learned it and speak it fluently. Naturally there are some
distinctive features like the gender of nouns and the verb system.
The Old Bulgarian period dates back to the creation of the alphabet, the Glagolitsa, (circa 862 - 863 AD) by the
Thessaloniki monks, Cyril and Methodius. The invention of the Glagolitic alphabet, comprised of 41 letters,
constituted an original creative act. It was a new graphic system and ingenious creation, exactly adapted to the
phonetic peculiarities of the Old Bulgarian language. Between the ninth and eleventh centuries yet another
script was created in Bulgaria - the Cyrillic alphabet, or Kirilitsa. It includes the 24 letters of the Greek titular
code lettering to which several new signs have been added for the sounds peculiar to the Old Bulgarian tongue.
The Cyrillic script is used by (among others) Bulgarians, Russians, Ukrainians, Byelorussians, Serbians,
Macedonians and Mongolians, who adopted it from the Russians.
The Modern Bulgarian period is the third phase in the historical evolution of the traditional language of the Old
Bulgarian and Middle Bulgarian periods. It has all the characteristic features of the Bulgarian of today. Thus, in
a variety of ways, the language of Cyril and Methodius lived through the centuries, and conveyed the literary
and language traditions, from the time of Cyril and Methodius to that of the modern Bulgarian literary language.
Bulgarian is an easy language to learn for speakers of English, as its structure is similar to English. However,
there are some differences: the alphabet and sound system, the verb system, the place of the definite article,
and the gender of nouns.
PLEASE BE AWARE THAT YOU ARE EXPECTED to know the Bulgarian alphabet when you arrive. As soon
as you master the sounds and the letters you will be able to read Bulgarian. What follows are several phonetic
assignments for you, for this purpose.
CONTENTS
The text accompanies the following seventeen (17) audio tracks:
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BG_Bulgarian_Lesson_1.mp3
BG_Bulgarian_Lesson_2.mp3
BG_Bulgarian_Lesson_3.mp3
BG_Bulgarian_Lesson_4.mp3
BG_Bulgarian_Lesson_5.mp3
BG_Bulgarian_Lesson_6.mp3
BG_Bulgarian_Lesson_7.mp3
BG_Bulgarian_Lesson_8.mp3
BG_Bulgarian_Lesson_9.mp3
BG_Bulgarian_Lesson_10.mp3
BG_Bulgarian_Lesson_11.mp3
BG_Bulgarian_Lesson_12.mp3
BG_Bulgarian_Lesson_13.mp3
BG_Bulgarian_Lesson_14.mp3
BG_Bulgarian_Lesson_15.mp3
BG_Bulgarian_Lesson_16.mp3
BG_Bulgarian_Lesson_17.mp3
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A LANGUAGE GUIDE TO BULGARIAN
Lesson 1: THE BULGARIAN (CYRILIC) ALPHABET
Letter
Аа
Бб
Вв
Гг
Дд
Ее
Жж
Зз
Ии
Йй
Кк
Лл
Мм
Нн
Оо
Пп
a
b
v
g
d
e
zh
z
i
y
k
l
m
n
o
p
Pronunciation
as in "far"
as in "bag"
as in "van"
as in "good"
as in "dog"
as in "men"
as in "s" in "pleasure"
as in "zoo"
as in "tin"
as in "yes"
as in "key"
as in "lip"
as in "man"
as in "not"
as in "or"
as in "pen"
Letter
Рр
Сс
Тт
Уу
Фф
Xx
Цц
Чч
Шш
Щщ
Ъъ
Ьь
r
s
t
oo
f
h
ts
ch
sh
sht
u
Юю
Яя
yu
ya
Pronunciation
as in "risk"
as in "sit"
as in "tin"
as in "boot"
as in "fill"
as "hot"
as in "cats"
as in "chin"
as in "short"
as "-shed" in "washed"
as in "but"
this letter has no sound,
it softens the preceding
consonant
as in "youth"
as in "yard"
PHONETIC DRILLS
1. Listen to the alphabet as many times as you need.
2. Listen to the alphabet and repeat it as many times as you feel comfortable with the sounds.
Lesson 2
Look at the alphabet and find the letters that are written the same as the English letters. Say the
Bulgarian sounds. Now listen and repeat them. Did you discover any differences?
А
В
Е
К
М
Н
0
Р
С
Т
У
X
Some letters are written the same as in English, but pronounced differently. Say the Bulgarian sounds
of the letters from ex. 3 that differ most from the English ones. Now repeat the following letters.
E
H
P
У
X
C
B
Others are pronounced and written very differently from English. Look at the alphabet and find these
letters. Now repeat them.
Ж
Ц
Ч
Ш
Щ
Basic Language Lessons for Bulgarian, Peace Corps/Bulgaria
Ъ
Ю
Я
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2
Some of these letters are written differently from English, but have a similar pronunciation. These are:
Б
В
Г
Д
Ж
З
И
Л
П
Ф
Ч
Ш
Щ
Ъ
Ю
Я
Lesson 3
Listen to the words and repeat them:
America
Florida
Nevada
Bulgaria
Sofia
Europe
Америка
Флорида
Невада
България
София
Европа
First look at the script and read the words. Did you guess their meaning? Now listen and repeat.
БАНКА
ДОЛАР
КОКА КОЛА
ВИНО
ПАСПОРТ
ТЕЛЕФОН
ФАКС
БАР
АПАРТАМЕНТ
ОФИС
ПРЕЗИДЕНТ
РЕПУБЛИКА
БАНАН
ПИЦА
ШОКОЛАД
КАФЕ
Word dictation. Listen to the words, repeat them and try to write them. Check the spelling below.
МАМА
ТАКА
ОСЕМ
КОЛА
ТОК
ТОР
МЕК
КАК
САК
САМ
СОС
САКО
ОКО
ОС
КОС
МОСТ
ТО
ТАМ
ТОКА
ТЕКА
ДАТА
ДАМА
МЕД
КАНАДА
Introduce yourself following the model.
I am ….....
( your name)
I am from America
'az sum...
Аз съм...
'as sum ot.Amerika.
Аз съм от Америка.
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Lesson 4: SOME USEFUL EXPRESSIONS IN BULGARIAN
Greetings/Wishes:
Good morning!
Good afternoon!
Good evening!
Good night!
Hello!
Good bye!
Welcome to Bulgaria!
Here you are.
All the best!
Have a nice day!
dob'ro 'ootro!
'dobur den!
'dobur 'vecher!
'leka nosht!
zdra'vey! (sg./informal)
zdra'veyte! (pl./formal)
do'vizhdane!
dob're dosh'li v Bulgaria!
Zapoviadaite.
'fsichko 'hoobavo!
pri'yaten den!
Добро утро!
Добър ден!
Добър вечер!
Лека нощ!
Здравей!
Здравейте!
Довиждане!
Добре дошли в България!
Заповядайте.
Всичко хубаво!
Приятен ден!
Lesson 5:
Meeting Somebody/Your Host Family:
What is your name?
My name is...
How do you do?
Glad to meet you!
Where are you from?
I am from...
How are you?
I am fine, thanks.
And you?
Not too well.
Do you speak
English/Bulgarian?
A little.
I am sorry, I don't.
Do you understand?
I don't understand.
I don't know.
Please, speak more
slowly.
I am married.
I am single.
kak se 'kazvash?
(sg./informal)
kak se 'kazvate?
(pl./formal)
'kazvam se..../
'az sum...
(or tell the name only)
pri'yatno mi e!
pri'yatno mi e!
ot ku'de si? (sg./informal)
ot ku'de ste? (pl./formal)
'as sum ot... / ot... (sum).
'kak si? (sg./informal)
'kak ste? (pl./formal)
blagoda'rya, dob're sum.
a 'ti? (sg./informal)
a 'vie? (pl./formal)
ne 'mnogo dob're.
go'vorite li
an'gleeski/'bulgarski?
'malko.
suzha'lyavam, ne go'vorya.
raz'birate li?
ne raz'biram.
ne 'znam.
'molya, govo'rete 'po 'bavno.
o'muzhena sum.
(said by a woman)
'zhenen sum.
(said by a man)
ne 'sum o'muzhena.
(said by a woman)
ne 'sum 'zhenen.
(said by a man)
Basic Language Lessons for Bulgarian, Peace Corps/Bulgaria
Как се казваш?
Как се казвате?
Казвам се...
Аз съм...
Приятно ми е!
От къде си?
От къде сте?
Аз съм от... / От... съм.
Как си?
Как сте?
Благодаря, добре съм.
А ти?
А вие?
Не много добре.
Говорите ли
английски/български?
Малко.
Съжалявам, не говоря.
Разбирате ли?
Не разбирам.
Не знам.
Моля, говорете по-бавно.
Омъжена съм.
Женен съм.
Не съм омъжена.
Не съм женен.
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I am divorced.
Do you have children?
I have one child.
I have two children.
I have a son/a daughter.
raz'vedena sum.
(said by a woman)
raz'veden sum.
(said by a man)
'imate li de'tsa?
'imam ed'no de'te.
'imam dve de'tsa.
'imam sin/dushte'rya.
Разведена съм
Разведен съм.
Имате ли деца?
Имам едно дете.
Имам две деца.
Имам син/дъщеря.
Lesson 6:
Forms of Address:
Mrs.
Miss
Mr.
gospo'zha
gos'pozhitsa
gospo'din
Госпожа
Госпожица
Господин
Members of the Family:
man
woman
boy
girl
father
muzh
zhe'na
mom'che
mo'miche
ba'shta
мъж
жена
момче
момиче
баща
mother
son
daughter
brother
sister
'maika
sin
dushte'rya
brat
ses'tra
майка
син
дъщеря
брат
сестра
Lesson 7:
Some Basic Questions and Answers ( Initial Community Exchanges):
What is this?
This is a hotel.
What does it mean?
How do you say table in
Bulgarian?
Where is the hotel?
It is over there.
Go...
...straight
...to the right
...to the left
How can I get to the
hotel
How can I get to...
the center?
the station?
To/on the right.
To/on the left.
Straight ahead.
Where can I buy coffee?
Have you got coffee?
Yes, we have.
No, we haven't.
Please, give me a coke.
kak'vo e to'va?
to'va e ho'tel.
kak'vo 'znachi to'va?
'kak e na 'bulgarski table?
Какво е това?
Това е xотел.
Какво значи това?
Как е на български table?
ku'de e ho'tela?
tam e.
vur'vete...
...na'pravo
...na'dyasno
...na'lyavo.
'kak da 'stigna do ho'tela?
Къде е xотелът?
Там е.
Вървете...
...направо
...надясно
...наляво.
Как да стигна до хотела?
'kak da 'stigna do...
'tsentura?
'garata?
na'dyasno.
na'lyavo.
na'pravo.
ku'de 'moga da 'koopya ka'fe?
'imate li ka'fe?
da, 'imame.
ne, 'nyamame.
'molya, 'dayte mi 'kola.
Как да стигна до...
центъра?
гарата?
Надясно.
Наляво.
Направо.
Къде мога да купя кафе?
Имате ли кафе?
Да, имаме.
Не, нямаме.
Моля, дайте ми кола.
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How much is it?
Here you are.
Thank you.
You're welcome.
'kolko 'stroova?
zapo'vyadayte.
blagoda'rya.
'nyama zash'to./
'molya.
Sorry. (it is my fault)
izvi'nete.
Excuse me, may I ask
izvi'nete, 'mozhe li da vi
you something?
po'pitam 'neshto?
Excuse me, may I ask
izvi'nete, 'mozhe li da vi
you for something?
po'molya za 'neshto?
Yes, please.
da, ka'zhete.
Yes, of course.
da, raz'bira se.
I have a problem.
'imam prob'lem.
I need help.
'imam 'noozhda ot 'pomosht./
pomog'nete mi!
I've lost my way.
iz'goobih se.
Please, show me the way 'molya vi, poka'zhete mi 'putya
na 'kartata.
on the map.
I don't feel well.
ne se 'chufstvam dob're.
I'm sick.
'bolen sum.
I'm tired.
oomo'ren sum.
What time is it?
'kolko e cha'sa?
It's two o'clock.
cha'sa e dva.
Would you like a coffee? 'iskate li ka'fe?
With pleasure.
s oodo'volstvie.
No, thanks.
ne, blagoda'rya.
Where can I get a taxi?
ku'de 'moga da 'vzema tak'si?
Can I get a receipt,
'mozhe li da mi da'dete
please?
kasova belezhka, 'molya?
Where can I change
ku'de 'moga da obme'nya
dollars?
'dolari?
What is the exchange
ka'kuf e 'koorsa?
rate?
Колко струва...?
Заповядайте.
Благодаря.
Няма защо./
Моля.
Извинете.
Извинете, може ли да Ви
попитам нещо?
Извинете, може ли да Ви
помоля за нещо?
Да, кажете.
Да, разбира се.
Имам проблем.
Имам нужда от помощ. /
Помогнете ми!
Изгубиx се.
Моля Ви, покажете ми пътя
на картата.
Не се чувставм добре.
Болен съм.
Уморен съм.
Колко е часът?
Часът е два.
Искате ли кафе?
С удоволствие.
Не, благодаря.
Къде мога да взема такси?
Може ли да ми дадете
касова бележка, моля?
Къде мога да обменя
долари?
Какъв е курсът?
Lesson 8:
In a Restaurant:
A table for one/two,
please.
Are the seats available?
What would you like?
I would like...
...a glass of mineral water
...juice/coffee/tea/milk
...a bottle of wine
'masa za e'din/'dvama,
'molya.
svo'bodno li e?
kak'vo shte zhe'laete?
'molya, 'dayte mi...
...'chasha mine'ralna vo'da
...sok/ka'fe/chay/'mlyako
...bu'tilka 'vino
...beer
...'bira
...a coke
...a salad
...'kola
...sa'lata
Свободно ли е?
Какво ще желаете?
Моля, дайте ми...
...чаша минерална вода
...сок/кафе/чай/мляко
...бутилка вино
...бира
...кола
...салата
...пържола
...омлет
...a steak
...an omelette
We don't have any.
...pur'zhola
...om'let
'nyamame.
Нямаме.
Basic Language Lessons for Bulgarian, Peace Corps/Bulgaria
Маса за един/двама, моля.
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I'm a vegetarian.
Do you serve vegetarian
food?
Here you are!
Thank you!
Enjoy your meal!
Cheers!
Where is the bathroom?
Can I have the bill,
please?
Here you are!
Thank you!
az sum vegetari'anets.
(said by a man)
az sum vegetari'anka.
(said by a woman)
ser'virate li vegetari'anska
Hra'na?
zapo'vyadayte!
blagoda'rya!
do'bur ape'tit!
naz'drave!
ku'de e toa'letnata?
'mozhe li 'smetkata?
Аз съм вегетарианец.
zapo'vyadayte!
blagoda'rya!
Заповядайте!
Благодаря.
Аз съм вегетарианка.
Сервирате ли
вегетарианска xрана?
Заповядайте!
Благодаря!
Добър апетит!
Наздраве!
Къде е тоалетната?
Може ли сметката?
Lesson 9:
Food Items:
meat
me'so
месо
cheese
veal
pork
lamb
chicken
turkey
'teleshko
'svinsko
'agneshko
'pile
'pooyka
телешко
свинско
агнешко
пиле
пуйка
fish
ham
mushrooms
bread
cucumbers
tomatoes
'riba
'shoonka
'gubi
hlyab
'krastavitsi
do'mati
риба
шунка
гъби
хляб
краставици
домати
butter
salt
sugar
vinegar
black
pepper
fruits
apples
oranges
yoghurt
white wine
red wine
peppers
potatoes
'chooshki
kar'tofi
чушки
картофи
beer
soft drink
'sirene /
kashka'val
mas'lo
sol
'zahar
o'tset
'cheren pi'per
сирене/
кашкавал
масло
сол
захар
оцет
черен пипер
plodo've
'yabulki
porto'kali
'kiselo 'mlyako
'byalo 'vino
cher'veno
'vino
'bira
bezalko'holno
плодове
ябълки
портокали
кисело мляко
бяло вино
червено вино
бира
безалкохолно
Lesson 10:
The Days of the Week:
Sunday
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
ne'delya
pone'delnik
'ftornik
'sryada
chet'vurtuk
'petuk
'subota
Basic Language Lessons for Bulgarian, Peace Corps/Bulgaria
неделя
понеделник
вторник
сряда
четвъртък
петък
събота
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Lesson 11:
Numbers:
one
two
three
four
five
six
seven
eight
nine
ten
eleven
twelve
thirteen
fourteen
fifteen
sixteen
ed'no
dve
tri
'chetiri
pet
shest
'sedem
'osem
'devet
'deset
edi'nayset
dva'nayset
tri'nayset
chetiri'nayset
pet'nayset
shes'nayset
едно
две
три
четири
пет
шест
седем
осем
девет
десет
единайсет
дванайсет
тринайсет
четиринайсет
петнайсет
шестнайсет
seventeen
eighteen
nineteen
twenty
thirty
forty
fifty
sixty
seventy
eighty
ninety
one hundred
two hundred
three hundred
one thousand
sedem'nayset
osem'nayset
devet'nayset
'dvayset
'treeset
che'tiriset
petde'set
shey'set
sedemde'set
osemde'set
devetde'set
sto
'dvesta
'trista
hi'lyada
седемнайсет
осемнайсет
деветнайсет
двайсет
трийсет
четирийсет
петдесет
шейсет
седемдесет
осемдесет
деветдесет
сто
двеста
триста
xиляда
Lesson 12:
House Orientation:
House
Bedroom
Bathroom
'kushta
'spalnya
'banya
Toilet
Where is...
...the bedroom?
...the bathroom?
...the toilet?
cold water
hot water
toa'letna
ku'de e...
...'spalnyata?
...'banyata?
...toa'letnata?
stoo'dena vo'da
'topla vo'da
Kъща
Cпалня
Баня (where you wash and
have a shower; because in
some houses in Bulgaria the
bathroom and the toilet are
separate)
Tоалетна
Къде е...
...спалнята?
...банята?
...тоалетната?
студена вода
топла вода
Lesson 13:
Common Medical Problems:
I am sick.
I have a headache.
I have a cold.
I have a stomach ache.
'bolen sum. (said by a man)
'bolna sum. (said by a
woman)
bo'li me gla'va.
nas'tinal sum.
(said by a man)
nas'tinala sum.
(said by a woman)
bo'li me sto'maha.
Basic Language Lessons for Bulgarian, Peace Corps/Bulgaria
Болен съм.
Болна съм.
Боли ме глава.
Настинал съм.
Настинала съм.
Боли ме стомаxа.
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Call the Medical Officer.
I am tired.
oba'dete se na 'lekarya.
oomo'ren sum,
(said by a man)
oomo'rena sum,
(said by a woman)
I want to go to bed.
'iskam da si 'lyagam.
I cannot drink water from the ne 'mi e pozvo'leno da 'piya
tap.
vo'da ot chesh'mata i'li ot
'sudove za suHra'nenie.
Where is the bathroom?
ku'de e toa'letnata?
Обадете се на лекаря.
Уморен съм,
Уморена съм,
искам да си лягам.
Не трябва да пия вода от
чешмата.
Къде е тоалетната?
Lesson 14: Listening Exercises
Listening Exercise 1:
- Здравейте! Как се казвате?
- Аз съм Бил. А Вие?
- Аз съм Мария.
- Приятно ми е.
- Приятно ми е.
A: Hello! What's your name?
B: I'm Bill. And you?
A: I'm Maria.
B: Pleased to meet you.
A: Pleased to meet you.
Listening Exercise 2:
- Здравейте! Аз съм Бил.
- Аз съм Мария.
- Приятно ми е.
- Приятно ми е.
- Откъде сте?
- Аз съм от България. А Вие?
- Аз съм от Америка.
- Довиждане.
- Довиждане.
A: Hello! I'm Bill.
B: I'm Maria.
A: Pleased to meet you.
B: Pleased to meet you.
A: Where are you from?
B: I'm from Bulgaria. And you?
A: I'm from America.
B: Good bye!
A: Good bye!
Lesson 15:
Listening Exercise 3:
- Добър ден!
- Аз съм Мери. Аз съм от Америка.
- Аз съм от Флорида.
- Аз съм учителка.
- Аз съм доброволка от Корпус на мира.
Good afternoon!
I'm Mary. I'm from America.
I'm from Florida.
I'm a teacher.
I'm a Peace Corps Volunteer.
- Добър ден!
- Аз съм Бил. Аз съм от Америка.
- Аз съм от Невада.
- Аз съм учител.
- Аз съм доброволец от Корпус на мира.
Good afternoon!
I'm Bill. I'm from America.
I'm from Nevada.
I'm a teacher.
I'm a Peace Corps Volunteer.
Basic Language Lessons for Bulgarian, Peace Corps/Bulgaria
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- Добър ден!
- Аз съм Джими. Аз съм от Америка.
- Аз съм от Тексас.
- Аз съм бизнесконсултант.
- Аз съм доброволец от Корпус на мира.
Good afternoon!
I'm Jimmy. I'm from America.
I'm from Texas.
I'm a business consultant.
I'm a Peace Corps Volunteer.
- Добър ден!
- Аз съм Дона. Аз съм от Америка.
- Аз съм от Монтана.
- Аз съм екоспециалист.
- Аз съм доброволка от Корпус на мира.
Good afternoon!
I'm Dona. I'm from America.
I'm from Montana.
I'm an environmentalist.
I'm a Peace Corps Volunteer.
Listening Exercise 4:
- Извинете, къде е тоалетната?
- Ей там.
A: Excuse me, where is the bathroom
(toilet)?
B: Over there.
- Извинете, къде е пощата?
- Ей там.
A: Excuse me, where is the post office?
B: Over there.
Lesson 16:
Listening Exercise 5:
- Добро утро!
- Добро утро!
- Как сте?
- Добре.
- Заповядайте, седнете! Искате ли
кафе?
- Да, благодаря.
- А мляко?
- Не, не обичам мляко.
- Искате ли салам?
- Не, благодаря. Аз съм вегетарианец.
- Искам сирене и масло.
- Моля, още кафе.
A: Good morning!
B: Good morning!
A: How are you?
B: I'm fine.
A: Please, have a seat! Would you like
some coffee?
B: Yes, please.
A: What about milk?
B: No, I don't like milk.
A: Would you like sausages?
B: No, thanks. I'm a vegetarian.
I'd like some cheese and butter.
Some more coffee, please.
Listening Exercise 6:
- Обичате ли кафе?
- Да, обичам кафе.
A: Do you like coffee?
B: Yes, I do.
- Обичате ли мляко?
- Да, обичам мляко.
A: Do you like milk?
B: Yes, I do.
- Обичате ли сирене?
- Да, обичам сирене.
A: Do you like cheese?
B: Yes, I do.
Basic Language Lessons for Bulgarian, Peace Corps/Bulgaria
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Lesson 17:
Listening Exercise 7:
- Обичате ли кафе?
- Не, не обичам кафе.
A: Do you like coffee?
B: No, I don't.
- Обичате ли мляко?
- Не, не обичам мляко.
A: Do you like milk?
B: No, I don't.
- Обичате ли сирене?
- Не, не обичам сирене.
A: Do you like cheese?
B: No, I don't.
Listening Exercise 8:
- Може ли чаша вода?
- Да, заповядайте!
A: Can I have mineral water?
B: Yes, here you are!
- Може ли едно кафе?
- Да, заповядайте!
A: Can I have tea?
B: Yes, here you are!
- Може ли един сандвич?
- Да, заповядайте!
A: Can I have a sandwich?
B: Yes, here you are!
Listening Exercise 9:
- Eдно кафе, mоля.
- Заповядайте!
- Благодаря. Колко струва?
- 50 стотинки.
A: Coffee, please.
B: Here you are!
A: Thank you. How much is it?
A: 50 stotinki.
Basic Language Lessons for Bulgarian, Peace Corps/Bulgaria
Hosted for free on livelingua.com
11