3RSRYLFK(6*URGVND\D(%0\NKDLOLXN6/7KHFRQVWUXFWLRQ³RIIZHVWDUWHGKHUHPDLQLQJEHKLQG´
8'&¶
7+(&216758&7,21³2)):(67$57('+(5(0$,1,1*%(+,1'´
$6$1³$%62/87(´81,72)7+(/$1*8$*(
3RSRYLFK(6*URGVND\D(%0\NKDLOLXN6/
2GHVD1DWLRQDO3RO\WHFKQLF8QLYHUVLW\
7KHDUWLFOHUHSUHVHQWVGLIIHUHQWYLHZSRLQWVRIJUDPPDULDQVFRQVLGHULQJWKHLVVXHRIIXQFWLRQLQJRI³DEVROXWH´XQLWV
LQODQJXDJHDQGVSHHFK'XULQJWKHFRQVLGHUDWLRQRIWKLVSUREOHPVFKRODUVDUHDGGXFLQJSURDQGFRQWUDDUJXPHQWV
IURPWKHSHUVSHFWLYHRIERWKWKHRUHWLFDODQGSUDFWLFDOJUDPPDU
.H\ZRUGVDEVROXWHXVDJH$EVROXWH3DUWLFLSOH&RQVWUXFWLRQFRQFHSWWHUP
ɉɨɩɨɜɢɱ Ɉ ɋ Ƚɪɨɞɫɶɤɚ ȿ Ȼ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɸɤ ɋ Ʌ Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿɹ ɈII ZH VWDUWHG KH UHPDLQLQJ EHKLQG ɹɤ
©ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɚªɨɞɢɧɢɰɹɦɨɜɢɋɬɚɬɬɹɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɽɪɿɡɧɿɬɨɱɤɢɡɨɪɭɝɪɚɦɚɬɢɫɬɿɜɡɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ
©ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɢɯªɨɞɢɧɢɰɶɭɦɨɜɿɬɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɿȼɯɨɞɿɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɭɰɶɨɝɨɩɢɬɚɧɧɹɜɱɟɧɿɜɢɫɭɜɚɸɬɶɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɢ©ɡɚªɬɚ
©ɩɪɨɬɢªɡɩɨɡɢɰɿɣɹɤɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɧɨʀɬɚɤɿɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɨʀɝɪɚɦɚɬɢɤɢ
Ʉɥɸɱɨɜɿɫɥɨɜɚɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɟɜɠɢɜɚɧɧɹɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɢɣɞɿɽɩɪɢɤɦɟɬɧɢɤɨɜɢɣɡɜɨɪɨɬɩɨɧɹɬɬɹɬɟɪɦɿɧ
ɉɨɩɨɜɢɱ ȿ ɋ Ƚɪɨɞɫɤɚɹ ɗ Ȼ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɸɤ ɋ Ʌ Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ 2II ZH VWDUWHG KH UHPDLQLQJ EHKLQG ɤɚɤ
©ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɚɹªɟɞɢɧɢɰɚɹɡɵɤɚɋɬɚɬɶɹɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟɬɨɱɤɢɡɪɟɧɢɹɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɫɬɨɜɩɨɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɟ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ©ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɯª ɟɞɢɧɢɰ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɢ ɪɟɱɢ ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɭɱɟɧɵɟ
ɜɵɞɜɢɝɚɸɬɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ©ɡɚªɢ©ɩɪɨɬɢɜªɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɣɤɚɤɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɬɚɤɢɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɢ
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟɫɥɨɜɚɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɟɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɣɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɧɵɣɨɛɨɪɨɬɩɨɧɹɬɢɟɬɟɪɦɢɧ
3UREOHP VWDWHPHQW DQG LWV UHODWLRQVKLS ZLWK
LPSRUWDQWVFLHQWL¿FDQGSUDFWLFDOWDVNV1RWDVLQJOH
JUDPPDULDQ KDV JLYHQ D GH¿QLWLRQ RI WKH WHUP ©DEVR
OXWHªLQ(QJOLVKSKLORORJ\6XFKGH¿QLWLRQFDQEHIRXQG
LQVRPH(QJOLVKH[SODQDWRU\GLFWLRQDULHVRQO\>±@
+RZHYHU DV DQ\ WHUP GHVLJQDWLQJ WKH PRVW PHDQ
LQJIXO ORJLFDO FRQFHSWV UHTXLUHV H[DFW GH¿QLWLRQ DQG
JURXQG WKH PRUH VR VLQFH WKLV FRQFHSW DQG LWV GHVLJ
QDWHGWHUPLVRIWHQIRXQGLQZRUNVRIJUDPPDULDQV
7KH DXWKRUV RI WKLV UHVHDUFK SDSHU ZLOO PDNH DQ
HIIRUWWRSUHVHQWWKHSRLQWVRIYLHZRIWKHPRVWOLQJXLVWV
WKDWVSRNHRXWRQLVVXHRIWKHWHUP³DEVROXWH´DQGWKRVH
HOHPHQWVWKDWDFFRUGLQJWRWKHLURSLQLRQFDQEHDGRSWHG
E\LW
$QDO\VLVRIWKHODVWUHVHDUFKHVDQGSXEOLFDWLRQV%\
LPSOLFDWLRQWKHWHUP³DEVROXWH´LQDQ\FDVHLVH[SODLQHG
E\VRPHJUDPPDULDQVDVLWDSSOLHVWRDFHUWDLQFRQVWUXF
WLRQRURQHRUDQRWKHURILWVFRPSRQHQW)RUH[DPSOH)LV
FKOHU$UNDGLHYVND\DDQGFRDXWKRUVDQGRWKHUV>@
$ YDULHW\ RI WKH WHUPV LQ SDUWLFXODU XVHG E\ WKH
DXWKRUVLVH[SODLQHGE\WKHIDFWWKDWWKH\H[DPLQHGWKLV
SUREOHPWRGHWRQDWHWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQ³:HDWKHUSHUPLW
WLQJZHIRUDZDON´XQGHUOLQHGLQWKHVHQWHQFH6RLWLV
FDOOHG
± $EVROXWH3DUWLFLSOH&RQVWUXFWLRQV>@
± 1RPLQDWLYH$EVROXWH>@
± $EVROXWH3DUWLFLSOH&RQVWUXFWLRQ>@
± $EVROXWH1RPLQDWLYH3DUWLFLSOH&RQVWUXFWLRQ>@
± ,QGHSHQGHQW3DUWLFLSOH3KUDVH>@
0RVWDXWKRUVRIWKHRUHWLFDODQGSUDFWLFDOJUDPPDUV
H[DPLQLQJ WKH DEVROXWH XVH RI ODQJXDJH XQLWV DUH OLP
LWHGWRWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQWUDGLWLRQDOO\FDOOHG1RPLQDWLYH
‹3RSRYLFK(6*URGVND\D(%0\NKDLOLXN6/7KHFRQ
VWUXFWLRQ³RIIZHVWDUWHGKHUHPDLQLQJEHKLQG´DVDQ³DEVROXWH´
XQLWRIWKHODQJXDJH
73
$EVROXWHRQO\>@6RPHDXWKRUVZULWHDERXWWKH
XVH RI WKH DGMHFWLYH QRXQ DGYHUE ZRUG FRPELQDWLRQ
LQFOXGLQJDSUHSRVLWLRQDOSKUDVHLQWKLVFRQVWUXFWLRQ
7KHDQDO\VLVRIWKHGH¿QLWLRQRIWKHWHUP³DEVROXWH´
JLYHQDERYHDOORZVWRVLQJOHRXWSUHOLPLQDU\DWOHDVWWZR
GHVFULSWLRQVRILWVFRQWHQWVQDPHO\±V\QWDFWLFLQGHSHQ
GHQFHRIRQHRUDQRWKHUODQJXDJHXQLWIURPRWKHUFRP
SRQHQWVRIWKHVHQWHQFHDQGLWVXVDJHZLWKRXWDFRPSR
QHQWLWXVXDOO\FRPELQHVZLWK,WLVHDV\WRQRWLFHWKDW
WKHVHFRQGRXWRIWKHVHGHVFULSWLRQVFRQWDLQVLQLWVHOIWKH
¿UVWRQHVHPDQWLFDOO\2QWKLVEDVLVWKHFRQWHQWRIWKH
JUDPPDWLFDOFRQFHSWRIWKHWHUP³DEVROXWHXQLW´FDQEH
GH¿QHGDWWKLVVWDJHRIUHVHDUFKDV³XVHGZLWKRXWDQ\
WKLQJLWXVXDOO\FRPELQHVZLWK´
$OODERYHVDLGVKRZWKDWLQ(QJOLVKSKLORORJ\WKHUH
LVQRVLQJOHRSLQLRQRIV\QWDFWLFIXQFWLRQVRIFRQVWLWXHQ
FLHVRIWKLVFRQVWUXFWLRQDQGDOVRV\QWDFWLFVWDWXVRIWKH
ZKROHFRQVWUXFWLRQRQWKHZKROH>@
([FHSW IRU WKLV FRQVWUXFWLRQ WKH WHUP ³DEVROXWH´
RIWHQDSSOLHVWRVRPHDQJOLFL]HVPDUNWKHDEVROXWHXVH
RI LQ¿QLWLYH SDUWLFLSOH YHUE LQ WKH ,PSHUDWLYH 0RRG
DGMHFWLYHV VXEVWDQWLYH DGMHFWLYHV LQ D VXSHUODWLYH
GHJUHH UHÀH[LYH DQG UHFLSURFDO YHUEV LQ WKH FDVHV RI
SURQRXQV RPLVVLRQ DQG VRPH GLDOHFWV IRU H[DPSOH
ɋȿ*XUVN\FDOOVWKHPUHODWLYHV
$VHYLGHQWIURPWKHSRLQWVRIYLHZJLYHQDERYHFRQ
WUDGLFWLRQV LQ VWDWHPHQWV QRW RQO\ PDNH D WHUP ³DEVR
OXWH´FOHDUEXWHYHQGRGRXEWIXOLWVXVDJHIRUWKRVHZKR
DUHJRLQJWRXQGHUWDNHVHULRXVOLQJXLVWLFVWXGLHVRIWH[W
FRUSVRIGLIIHUHQWIXQFWLRQDOVW\OHVDLPHGDWWKHDQDO\VLV
RI DEVROXWH XQLWV )RU VXFK UHVHDUFKHUV GH¿QLWHQHVV DW
DQREMHFWRIUHVHDUFKVHOHFWLRQLVQHHGHG
7KHDLPRIWKHSDSHULVWRDWWHPSWWREHJLQFRQVLGHU
DWLRQRIRQHRIWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQVWKDWDFFRUGLQJWRWKH
RSLQLRQRIJUDPPDULDQVEHORQJVWRWKHJURXSRIDEVR
ɇɚɭɤɨɜɢɣɜɿɫɧɢɤȾȾɉɍɿɦɟɧɿȱɎɪɚɧɤɚɋɟɪɿɹ³Ɏɿɥɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɿɧɚɭɤɢ´ɆɨɜɨɡɧɚɜɫɬɜɨɌɨɦʋ
5HVHDUFK-RXUQDORI'URKRE\FK,YDQ)UDQNR6WDWH3HGDJRJLFDO8QLYHUVLW\6HULHV³3KLORORJ\´/LQJXLVWLFV9ROXPHʋ
OXWHV\QWDFWLFFRQVWUXFWLRQVRI(QJOLVKDQGWRPDNHFOHDU
DWOHDVWRQHRIWKHVSHHFKXQLWVUHJDUGLQJLWV³DEVROXWH´
GHVFULSWLRQV
3UHVHQWDWLRQ RI WKH PDLQ UHVHDUFK PDWHULDO :H
ZLOOWU\WRDQDO\]HWKHODQJXDJHXQLWVDOOJUDPPDULDQV
ZLWKRXW DQ H[FHSWLRQ WDON DERXW DV DEVROXWHO\ XVHG
7KH FRQVWUXFWLRQV OLNH ³2II ZH VWDUWHG KH UHPDLQLQJ
EHKLQG´FDQEHUHIHUUHGWRVXFKXQLWV,QWKLVVHQWHQFHDV
-&HUPH>@H[SODLQVWKHSURQRXQµKH¶LVDEVROXWHO\XVHG
DVDSURQRXQLQWKH1RPLQDWLYH&DVHLQWKHIXQFWLRQRID
VXEMHFWXVXDOO\FRPELQHVZLWKDYHUELQWKHSHUVRQDOIRUP
ZKLOHLQWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQVOLNHWKHVHDSURQRXQLQDQRPL
QDWLYHFDVHLQWKHIXQFWLRQRIDVXEMHFWFRPELQHVZLWKSDU
WLFLSOHVDGMHFWLYHVGLDOHFWVDQGQRXQV6XFKH[SODQDWLRQ
IXOO\FRPSOLHVZLWKWKHGH¿QLWLRQRIFRQWHQWRIQRWLRQIRU
WKHWHUP³DEVROXWH´JLYHQDERYH
,IDSURQRXQLVDEVROXWHO\XVHGLQVLPLODUFRQVWUXF
WLRQV DFFRUGLQJ WR - &HUPH WKHQ - 1HV¿HOG LQ RQH
SODFHRIWKHZRUN>@VXSSRVHVWKDWWKHSDUWLFLSOHLV
DEVROXWHO\ XVHG KHUH DQG OLWHUDOO\ RQ WKH QH[W SDJH KH
H[SODLQVWKDWWKHZKROHSKUDVHLVDEVROXWHO\XVHG
7RDQVZHUWKHTXHVWLRQZKHWKHUDSDUWLFLSOHLVXVHG
LQ VXFK FRQVWUXFWLRQV DEVROXWHO\ LW LV QHFHVVDU\ WR
WDNHLQWRDFFRXQWJUDPPDWLFDOVWDWXVRIDOOFRQVWUXF
WLRQVDQGWKHLUFRPSRQHQWV7KHPDWHULDOPHQWLRQHG
VKRZVWKDWFRQVWUXFWLRQVOLNH³KHUHPDLQLQJ´DUHWKH
VHFRQGDU\VWUXFWXUHVRISUHGLFDWLRQFRQVLVWLQJRIWKH
VHFRQGDU\ VXEMHFW KH DQG WKH VHFRQGDU\ SUHGLFDWH
UHPDLQLQJLQWKLVFDVH$FFRUGLQJO\-&HUPHFDOOV
WKHVHFRPSRQHQWVDVXEMHFWDQGDSUHGLFDWHDOWKRXJK
KH GRHV QRW XVH WHUP ³VHFRQGDU\´ ,W LV WKLV JUDP
PDWLFDOVWDWXVRIWKHH[DPLQHGFRQVWUXFWLRQDQGWKHLU
FRPSRQHQWVWKDWLVXQGHUVWRRGE\VXFKDQJOLFL]HVDV
ɈɆ)LVFKOHU>@=96XOLPRYVND\D>@
%RWKFRDXWKRUVDQG54XLUNFDOOVXFKFRQVWUXFWLRQV
³$EVROXWH&ODXVHV´>@7KHUHIRUHWKHSDUWLFL
SOHµUHPDLQLQJ¶DSSHDUVLQWKHIXQFWLRQRIDSUHGLFDWH
LQ WKLV FRQVWUXFWLRQ +RZHYHU PRVWO\ D SUHGLFDWH LV
H[SUHVVHG E\ HLWKHU D YHUE LQ WKH SHUVRQDO IRUP RU
YHUELQWKHSHUVRQDOIRUPSOXVFRPSOHPHQWWRLWSUL
PDU\SUHGLFDWH,QDFFRUGDQFHZLWKWKHGH¿QLWLRQRI
FRQWHQWRIQRWLRQUHJDUGLQJWKHWHUP³DEVROXWH´JLYHQ
DERYHDSDUWLFLSOHLVQRWDEVROXWHO\XVHGLQVXFKFRQ
VWUXFWLRQV
2QWKHFRQWUDU\*6KRZGRHVQRWFDOOWKHFRQVWUXF
WLRQV OLNH ³P\ ZRUN FRPSOHWHG´ LQ WKH VHQWHQFH ³0\
ZRUNFRPSOHWHG,OHIWIRUKRPH´DFODXVHDVWUXFWXUH
RISUHGLFDWLRQEXWDSKUDVHH[DFWO\EHFDXVHLWFRQWDLQV
QHLWKHUDVXEMHFWQRUDSUHGLFDWH>@*6KRZFDOOV
WKHJURXSRIZRUGVQRWFRQWDLQLQJDVXEMHFWDQGDSUHG
LFDWHWKHSKUDVH
%XW*6KRZDVZHOODV54XLUNZLWKWKHFRDXWKRUV
FRQVLGHUV WKDW QHLWKHU WKLV VLQJOH QRU WKDW FRPSRQHQW LV
DEVROXWHO\XVHGLQVXFKFDVHVEXWDOOFRQVWUXFWLRQRQWKH
ZKROH$VIRUWKHV\QWDFWLFIXQFWLRQRIDSDUWLFLSOHFRP
SOHWHGWKHQ*6KRZGHWHUPLQHVLWDVDPRGLI\LQJDJHQW
RIDQRXQɈ6$KPDQRYDLQWKH³/LQJXLVWLFGLFWLRQDU\´
DOVR FRQVLGHUV WKDW WKH DGMHFWLYH ³GHDG´ LQ WKH VHQWHQFH
³+HQU\GHDGWKHFURZQZDVVHL]HGE\KLVXQFOH´LVDGH¿
QLWLRQLQDQDEVROXWHFRQVWUXFWLRQ>@
2QHRIWKHV\QWDFWLFVWUXFWXUHVWKDWZLOOEHFRQVLG
HUHG LQ WKH SDSHU LV D VWUXFWXUH RI PRGL¿FDWLRQ FRQ
VLVWLQJRIDPDMRUWHUPDQGDPRGLI\LQJDJHQWWRLW$
74
PRGLI\LQJDJHQWZLOOEHUHDOL]HGLQVSHHFKHLWKHUDQ
DWWULEXWH FROG ZHDWKHU RU DQ DGYHUELDO PRGLI\LQJ
DJHQW7KHVWXGHQWVWXGLHVZHOO$VLWZDVVWDWHGWKH
VHFRQGFRPSOLPHQWRIWKHH[DPLQHGFRQVWUXFWLRQVLV
QRWDQDWWULEXWHEXWDVHFRQGDU\SUHGLFDWH
)XUWKHU H[DPLQLQJ WKH VDPH FRQVWUXFWLRQV PRVW
DQJOLFL]HVDUHTXLWHULJKWVD\LQJWKDWDOORIWKHPDUHXVHG
LQ WKH IXQFWLRQ RI GLIIHUHQW DGYHUELDO PRGL¿HUV WLPH
UHDVRQPDQQHUSXUSRVHDQGFRQVHTXHQFHHWF>@,W
IROORZV IURP KHUH WKDW WKH H[DPLQHG FRQVWUXFWLRQ LV D
PRGLI\LQJDJHQWLQWKHVHQWHQFHDQGIXQFWLRQDOO\EDVLF
FRPSRQHQWV * 6KRZ JLYHV DV DQ H[DPSOH LQ WKH VHQ
WHQFHFDQEHSUHVHQWHGDVIROORZV0\ZRUNFRPSOHWHG
PRGLI\LQJDJHQW,OHIWIRUKRPHPDMRUPHPEHU$QG
VLPXOWDQHRXVO\DPDMRUPHPEHUGHSHQGVRQDPRGLI\
LQJDJHQWLQWKLVVHQWHQFH7KLVLVDVWUXFWXUHRIPRGL¿
FDWLRQ
/39LQRNXURYDLQ³*UDPPDURI(QJOLVK´XVHVWZR
WHUPV WR GHQRWH WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ OLNH ³1R DJUHHPHQW
KDYLQJ EHHQ UHDFKHG´ QDPHO\ WKH 1RPLQDWLYH$EVR
OXWH3DUWLFLSOH&RQVWUXFWLRQDQGWKH$EVROXWH3DUWLFLSOH
&RQVWUXFWLRQ VXSSRVLQJ WKDW WKH ¿UVW ³DSSHDUV RXWRI
GDWHIRUDPRGHUQODQJXDJHDVDQ(QJOLVKQRXQGRHVQRW
KDYHDQRPLQDWLYH´>@
+RZHYHU VXFK VWDWHPHQW GRHV QRW DIIHFW WKH PRU
SKRORJLFDO HVVHQFH RI D FRPSRQHQW VWDQGLQJ EHIRUH D
SDUWLFLSOHDQGWKHXVHRIWKHWHUP³1RPLQDWLYH´DSSHDUV
PRUHVXFFHVVIXOEHFDXVHWKHSHUVRQDOSURQRXQWKDWRIWHQ
IXQFWLRQVLQVXFKFRQVWUXFWLRQVLVDOZD\VLQWKH1RPL
QDWLYH &DVH KH VKH ZH HWF7KHVH SURQRXQV LQ WKH
1RPLQDWLYH&DVHFDQUHSODFHVXFKQRXQVLQWKHPDVWKH
PDQ WKH ZRPDQ WKH SHRSOH HWF7KH WHUP µ&RPPRQ
&DVH¶FRXOGEHXQGHUVWRRGDVWKH2EMHFWLYH&DVHWKDWLV
QHYHUXVHGLQVXFKFRQVWUXFWLRQV
7KHUHIRUHLWLVIXOO\FOHDUWKDW(QJOLVKJUDPPDULDQV
IRU H[DPSOH - &HUPH FDOO WKH VLPLODU FRQVWUXFWLRQV
WKH1RPLQDWLYH$EVROXWH>@RU$EVROXWH1RPL
QDWLYH>@
$V WR WKH VHFRQG WHUP XVHG E\ /3 9LQRNXURYD
QDPHO\ ± WKH $EVROXWH 3DUWLFLSOH &RQVWUXFWLRQ LW FDQ
EHXQGHUVWRRGLQWZRZD\V³$EVROXWH3DUWLFLSOH&RQ
VWUXFWLRQ´ DQG ³$EVROXWH 3DUWLFLSOH &RQVWUXFWLRQ´ LH
HLWKHU DV D FRQVWUXFWLRQ ZLWK D SDUWLFLSOH WKDW LV XVHG
DEVROXWHO\RUDVDFRQVWUXFWLRQLQZKLFKDSDUWLFLSOHLV
DEVROXWHO\XVHG)LUVWERWKPHDQLQJVRIWKHWHUPUHÀHFW
WKH VWUXFWXUH RI WKHVH FRQVWUXFWLRQV LQDGHTXDWHO\ DV D
VXEVWDQWLYHFRPSRQHQWLVDQREOLJDWRU\SDUWLQWKH1RP
LQDWLYH&DVH6HFRQGLWZDVDOUHDG\VKRZQDERYHWKDW
WKHH[DPLQHGFRQVWUXFWLRQVWDNHQRQWKHZKROHDUHQRW
DEVROXWHO\XVHGDQGWKDWWKHSDUWLFLSOHLVQRWDEVROXWHO\
XVHGLQWKHPHLWKHU
&RQFOXVLRQV IURP WKLV UHVHDUFK DQG SURVSHFW
/DQJXDJH DQG WH[W XQLWV¶ VHDUFK WKDW FDQ EH QDPHG
³DEVROXWH´LVRQHRIWKHLQWHUHVWLQJDQGQHFHVVDU\ZRUNV
FRQGXFWHGE\WKHJUDPPDULDQV6XFKXQLWVVKRZFHUWDLQ
SURFHVVHV LQ KXPDQ FRQVFLRXVQHVV DQG WKH\ PXVW EH
FRQVLGHUHGFDUHIXOO\DQGREMHFWLYHO\
5HVHDUFK UHVXOWV VKRZHG WKDW WKH GHVFULEHG FRQ
VWUXFWLRQVOLNH³2IIZHVWDUWHGKHUHPDLQLQJEHKLQG´
IRUPDQ\JUDPPDULDQVUHPDLQGHEDWDEOHLIZHH[DP
LQH WKHP LQ WKH DVSHFW RI UHVHDUFK RI DEVROXWH XQLWV
,I VRPH UHVHDUFKHV ¿QG HOHPHQWV LQ WKHP WKDW FDQ EH
DGRSWHG E\ ³DEVROXWH´ LH XVHG DEVROXWHO\ WKHQ RWK
3RSRYLFK(6*URGVND\D(%0\NKDLOLXN6/7KHFRQVWUXFWLRQ³RIIZHVWDUWHGKHUHPDLQLQJEHKLQG´
HUVKDYHIXOO\UHDVRQDEOHDUJXPHQWVWRFRQWHVWDEVROXWH
GHVFULSWLRQVIRXQG
1HYHUWKHOHVV D VLPLODU GLVFXVVLRQ DSSHDUV XVHIXO
HQRXJKWRRPDQ\OLQJXLVWVDVLWJLYHVDQRSSRUWXQLW\
WRDFFHSWRQHRUDQRWKHUSRLQWRIYLHZDQGEHJLQIUXLW
IXO UHVHDUFK RI WKH ³DEVROXWH´ HOHPHQWV RI D WH[W LQ
RUGHUWRSURYHWKHFRUUHFWQHVVLQFRUUHFWQHVVRIGLIIHU
HQWSRVLWLRQV
,Q IXWXUH LW LV DVVXPHG WR XQGHUWDNH D VWXG\ RI
RWKHU XQLWV XVHG DEVROXWHO\ RU LQ DEVROXWH FRQVWUXF
WLRQV ± LQ¿QLWLYH YHUEDO IRUPV LQ WKH LPSHUDWLYH
PRRGDQGVRRQ
REFERENCES
Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɫ ɭɩɪɚɠɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ >Ʉ Ⱥ Ⱥɪɤɚɞɢɟɜɫɤɚɹ Ʌ Ȼ ɋɚɪɚɬɨɜɫɤɚɹ Ɍ ɋ Ʌɚɪɢɧɚ
ȼəȻɟɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɢɣ@±Ɇȼɵɫɲɲɤɨɥɚ±ɫ
ȻɚɪɯɭɞɚɪɨɜɅɋȽɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɚɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɝɨɹɡɵɤɚɅɋȻɚɪɯɭɞɚɪɨɜȾȺɒɬɟɥɢɧɝ±Ɇȼɵɫɲɲɤɨɥɚ±ɫ
ȻɟɥɹɟɜɚɆȺȽɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɚɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɝɨɹɡɵɤɚɆȺȻɟɥɹɟɜɚ±Ɇȼɵɫɲɲɤɨɥɚ±ɫ
Ȼɥɢɧɞɭɫȿɋɗɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɵɩɪɢɞɚɬɨɱɧɵɯɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɣɜɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɛɟɥɥɟɬɪɟɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɫɬɢɥɟɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɝɨɹɡɵɤɚȿɋȻɥɢɧɞɭɫȼɨɩɪɨɫɵɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚɢɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɫɚɏȱȱȱɧɚɭɱɧɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ±ɇɨɜɨ
ɫɢɛɢɪɫɤ±ɋ±
ȻɭɪɥɚɤɨɜɚȼȼɋɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɝɨɹɡɵɤɚȼȼȻɭɪɥɚɤɨɜɚ±Ɇɉɪɨɫɜɟɳɟ
ɧɢɟ±ɫ
ȼɢɧɨɤɭɪɨɜɚɅɉȽɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɚɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɝɨɹɡɵɤɚɅɉȼɢɧɨɤɭɪɨɜɚ±Ʌɍɱɩɟɞɝɢɡ±ɫ
ȽɚɪɞɨɧȿɆɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɩɨɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɸɧɟɥɢɱɧɵɯɮɨɪɦɝɥɚɝɨɥɚȿɆȽɨɪɞɨɧɂɉɄɪɵɥɨɜɚ±
ɆɆɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ±ɫ
ȽɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɚɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɝɨɹɡɵɤɚȼɅɄɚɭɲɚɧɫɤɚɹɊɅɄɨɜɧɟɪɈɇɄɨɠɟɜɧɟɤɨɜɚɩɨɞɪɟɞȻȺɂɥɶɢɲɚ±
Ʌɉɪɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ±ɫ
ȾɭɧɞɭɤɨɜɚɘȻȺɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɚɹɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹɫɩɪɟɞɥɨɝɨɦ©ɫªɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɚɹɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹɛɟɡɩɪɟɞɥɨɝɚɜɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧ
ɧɨɦɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɦɹɡɵɤɟɘȻȾɭɧɞɭɤɨɜɚɄɜɨɩɪɨɫɭɨɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɢɢɍɱɟɧɵɟɡɚɩɢɫɤɢȱɆȽɉɂɂə±Ɇ
±ɋ±
ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢɣɹɡɵɤȼɇɀɢɝɚɞɥɨɂɉɂɜɚɧɨɜɚɅɅɂɨɮɢɤ±ɆɂɅɂə±ɫ
ɌɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɚɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɝɨɹɡɵɤɚɂɉɂɜɚɧɨɜɚȼȼȻɭɪɥɚɤɨɜɚȽȽɉɨɱɟɩɰɨɜ±
Ɇȼɵɫɲɲɤɨɥɚ±ɫ
ɋɦɢɪɧɢɰɤɢɣȺɂɋɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɫɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɝɨɹɡɵɤɚȺɂɋɦɢɪɧɢɰɤɢɣ±ɆɂɅɂə±ɫ
ɋɭɥɢɦɨɜɫɤɚɹ Ɂ ȼ Ʉɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ
ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɦɹɡɵɤɟɁȼɋɭɥɢɦɨɜɫɤɚɹɂɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɚɹɮɢɥɨɥɨɝɢɹ±±ȼɵɩ±ɋ±
ɎɢɲɥɟɪɈɆɎɭɧɤɰɢɢɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɣɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ1LQ1ɢɟɟɨɬɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟɨɬɜɧɟɲɧɟɫɯɨɞɧɵɯɫɢɧɬɚɤ
ɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣɈɆɎɢɲɥɟɪɆɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵɏɏȱɧɚɭɱɧɨɣɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ±ɑɢɬɚ±ɋ±
ɎɪɨɥɨɜɚɌȼȽɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɚɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɝɨɹɡɵɤɚɌȼɎɪɨɥɨɜɚ±Ɇɍɱɩɟɞɝɢɡ±ɫ
ɍɱɟɛɧɢɤɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɝɨɹɡɵɤɚɅɋəɦɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɣȽɉəɬɟɥɶȿȿɊɟɝɨɥɹɧɬ±ɟɢɡɞɢɫɩɪɢɞɨɩ±Ʌɶɜɨɜȼɢɳɚ
ɲɤɨɥɚ±ɫ
&XUPH*2(QJOLVK*UDPPDU*2&XUPH±1<%DUQHVDQG1REOH,QF±S
+RRN-10RGHUQ$PHULFDQ*UDPPDUDQG8VDJH-1+RRN(*0DWKHZV±1<7KH5RQDOG3UHVV&RPSDQ\
±S
1HV¿HOG-&(QJOLVK*UDPPDU3DVWDQG3UHVHQW-&1HV¿HOG±/RQGRQ0F0LOODQDQG&R±S
3RXWVPD+$*UDPPDURI/DWH0RGHUQ(QJOLVK3DUW+3RXWVPD±/RQGRQ*URQLQJHQ±S
$*UDPPDURI&RQWHPSRUDU\(QJOLVK54XLUN6*UHHQEDXP*/HHFK-6WDUWYLN±/RQGRQ/RQJPDQ±
S
ȺɯɦɚɧɨɜɚɈɋɋɥɨɜɚɪɶɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜɈɋȺɯɦɚɧɨɜɚ±Ɇɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɚɹɷɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢɹ±ɫ
(YDQV%$'LFWLRQDU\RI&RQWHPSRUDU\(QJOLVK%(YDQV6(YDQV±1<5DQGRP+RXVH±S
$'LFWLRQDU\RI$PHULFDQ(QJOLVK8VDJH±1<7KH1HZ$PHULFDQ/LEUDU\±S
7KH8QLYHUVDO(QJOLVK'LFWLRQDU\±/RQGRQ5RXWOHGJHDQG.HJDQ3RXO±S
:HEVWHU¶V1HZ:RUOG'LFWLRQDU\RIWKH$PHULFDQ/DQJXDJH±&OHYHODQGDQG1HZ<RUN7KH:RUOG3XEOLVKLQJ&R
±S
7KH:RUOG%RRN'LFWLRQDU\±/RQGRQ:RUOG%RRN&R±S
75