Sustainable & Affordable Livability in the World Bank’s Urban Agenda
Abha Joshi‐Ghani, Sector Manager
Urban Development & Local Government Unit
The World Bank
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Key Developments Shaping Urban Agenda
• Rapid urban population growth.  For the first time in history, the world’s urban population has surpassed its rural population
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 90% of global urban growth will take place in developing world in next 2 decades
 2 billion new urban residents expected in next 20 years
• Poverty is urbanizing across all developing regions except ECA
• Secondary cities. (below 1 million) with least capacity are growing fastest
• Slum populations are expanding. Over 1 billion today ‐‐
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1 billi
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due to inadequate supply of land and housing and poor access to services
• Climate Change Agenda. Nearly 70% of energy consumption and over 70% of Greenhouse Gas emissions is attributable to cities
over 70% of Greenhouse Gas emissions is attributable to cities
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Vulnerability and an Aging Population
•
Populations across the world are aging
•
In slightly more than two decades, Sri Lanka’s population will grow to be as old as
Europe or Japan’s today, but its level of income will be much lower.
•
IIn many countries, women outnumber men by more than 5 to 3 among the ti
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th
population aged 60 or over.
Population aged 60 or over: world and development
regions, 1950 - 2050
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Source: UN
Sprawl is global phenomena
• Urban land area tripled over the decade of the 1990s according to World Bank study of 120 cities, such as in Accra, Ghana
• Densities in most cities surveyed were declining
• This will increase the cost of delivering infrastructure
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services
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Urban Growth Management Initiative Spatial & Urban Form Determine Cities’ Energy Efficiency
Energy Efficiency
Decisions today are limited by decisions in the past
Source: Bertaud, A., and T. Pode, Jr., Density in Atlanta: Implications for Traffic and Transit
(Los Angeles: Reason Founcation, 2007).
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Proactive Planning for Urbanization Matters
• Developing country
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t cities should aim for density by iti
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design not by default
• In Mumbai, urban planning regulations set in the 1990s aimed to keep density down
• This contributed to sprawl and shortages of land and housing supply housing
supply
• …which drove up prices and increased informality
• Today Mumbai has few high
Today Mumbai has few high‐‐rises for a city its size but th hi h t l
the highest slum population in the world
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Model of Sustainability: Curitiba, Brazil
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C itib t t d it
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Curitiba started its sustainable development trajectory at a population of 300,000 – it is now 1.7 million. Its approach was incremental and affordable. •
Brazil’s lowest rates of urban air pollution and 45% public transport use Brazil’s
lowest rates of urban air pollution and 45% public transport use
(investment cost $3million/km ‐ this is about 5% the cost of an underground)
•
In the year 2000, in USA, congestion in 75 metropolitan areas caused fuel In
the year 2000 in USA congestion in 75 metropolitan areas caused fuel
and time losses valued at US$ 67.5 billion … contrast this to Curitiba …
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Curitiba: fuel loss due to traffic congestion in 2002 was only US$ 930 000/year
930,000/year
•
Drainage: Parks and lakes manage the flooding challenges at 1/5th the cost of constructing canals – they also boosted real estate, tourism and public health
The New Urban Agenda‐‐
World
Bank assistance across 5 domains
World Bank assistance across 5 domains Encouraging
progressive land
and housing
markets
Promoting
P
ti a safe
f
and sustainable
urban
environment
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Supporting city
economies
Focusing on the
core elements of
the city system
Making pro-poor
policies a city
priority
The World Bank @ Work (Historic Trends)
Urban Engagement Expanding
Urban Engagement Expanding
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Cities & Economic Growth
• Urbanization and Economic Growth move in tandem
Growth move in tandem
• Across the landscape of East Asia, cities provide the economic density that attracts investment, creates jobs, and drives growth • In
In China, 50% of the China 50% of the
country’s GDP is generated in 20% of the land area –
mainly its port cities mainly its
port cities
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The Urbanization Review
• Transforming Cities– Policy Priorities for Urbanization
• Identifies main regulatory constraints and investment bottlenecks limiting fluidity of key g
y
y
factor markets
• Highlights tradeoffs and win wins among alternate policy and
among alternate policy and investment choices
•Matches policies to challenges at different stages of urbanization
•Pilots in China, Indonesia, ,
,
Vietnam, Colombia, and India
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Eco2 Cities Initiative
• Helping cities achieve ecological and economic sustainability in synergy.
• Integrated cross‐sector approach  energy resource efficient and low carbon emission.
• Optimal urban plan & land use
 Compact Cities.
• Combining multiple financial instruments C bi i
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(IBRD,IDA, GEF, CF, GEF,CTF, IFC,PPP etc).
www.worldbank/org/eco2
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Eco2 Cities Involve Both Retrofit and Green Field Projects
Singapore Closed Water Loop
Stockholm
Curitiba TOD
Yokohama 3Rs
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Cities and Climate Change
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An international standard for measuring city GHG emissions is essential for global mitigation
 A
A open, global protocol for attributing GHG emissions is needed in open global protocol for attributing GHG emissions is needed in
order to establish baselines and monitor progress
 Proliferation of protocols and methods for city GHG inventories
• e.g. ICLEI USA; Bilan
ICLEI USA Bil carbone
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(France); Project 2 Degrees (CCI); ) P j t2D
(CCI)
GRIP (Europe); CO2 Grobbilanz (Germany)  Draft international standard launched at World Urban Forum in Rio, M h 2010
March 2010
• WB partnered with UNEP, UN‐HABITAT and others
 Work ongoing with client cities, in conjunction with WBG regional operations
• Amman, Bangkok, Dar es Salaam, Jakarta, Mexico City, Quezon City, Sao Paulo
• Interest from EAP to work with a number of Chinese cities
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The City‐wide Approach to Carbon Finance enables aggregation of city GHG reductions
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Tokyo launched the world’s first city‐level emissions trading scheme (ETS) for CO2
( )
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



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Covers 1,400 large installations (commercial, industrial, public buildings, etc.)
Targets a 25% reduction below 2000 levels by 2020
Targets a 25% reduction
below 2000 levels by 2020
Tokyo’s ETS experience yields valuable lessons
•
Mandatory reporting provided baseline data on emissions
•
Simple, precise focus on energy‐based CO2
•
Two‐step process of stakeholder consultation in ETS design
Short case study forthcoming in Directions in Urban Development series, with full technical report also available
Significant global interest, e.g. through International Carbon Action Program (ICAP)
•
Interest also from Chinese cities, through EAP region colleagues
Partnerships
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Knowledge Partnership Platforms
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Singapore Urban Hub
Singapore
Urban Hub
Marseille Urban Hub
Urban Research Symposium
Global City Indicators Program
Expanded collaboration with universities and think tanks
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Scholar in Residence program
Can the World Bank do more on urban?
• WB as a broker of knowledge exchange of smart city business models between cities
• A trusted advisor on how cities can develop more sustainably
• Global knowledge center of best practices and evidences in Gl b l k
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planning, projects, techniques, organizations, reforms, accessible data, analytical resources eg indicators, benchmarks, etc of these city business models
• Understand how and why cities work, their innovations, critical success factors tipping points lessons and scaling up
critical success factors, tipping points, lessons and scaling up potential for cities in developing countries THE WORLD BANK
THANK YOU!
VISIT US AT WWW.WBURBANSTRATEGY.ORG
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