Cells and Systems List of Student Pages
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IS IT ALIVE scavenger hunt
The Science of life, the world of living Things
Learning about DNA: The Cell
Learning about DNA: Cell Reinforcement Activity
Venn Diagram
Cell, the Basic Unit of Life
Cells the Basic Unit of Life blackline masters
Cells the Basic Unit of Life quiz
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Learning about DNA: Cell Organization
Learning about DNA: Cell Organization Reinforcement Activity
Cell Structure SE
Cell Structures Table of notes
Cells: The Building Blocks of Life Test0001
Cells: The Building Blocks of Life Test0002
Learning about DNA: Cell Organization con’t
Learning about DNA: Cell Organization con’t Reinforcement activity
Cell Energy Gizmo
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration
Learning about DNA: Student Lab p. 18-20
RNA Protein Synthesis SE
specific cell types0001
specific cell types0002
pictures of cells, tissues, organs0001.jpg
pictures of cells, tissues, organs0002.jpg
pictures of cells, tissues, organs0003.jpg
pictures of cells, tissues, organs0004.jpg
pictures of cells, tissues, organs0005.jpg
pictures of cells, tissues, organs0006.jpg
BODY CELLS worksheet
The Basics of Biology, How Living Things are Structured quiz.docx
pictures of cells, tissues, organs0007.jpg
pictures of cells, tissues, organs0008.jpg
Body Organizational Diagram.doc
BODY WHEEL PT1
BODY WHEEL PT2
BODY OVERVIEW quiz
Disease Research project
Name _________________________________________________
Date _____________________
*T*U"MJWF
4DBWFOHFS)VOU
For each item, write the name of the item in the first column, then write “Yes” in each square if the
item meets the criteria in that column. The item is alive if you answered yes to all six questions. Be sure
you examine several different types of items including plants, animals, and non-living things.
Item
Does it
eat?
Does it
breathe?
Does it
grow?
Does it
reproduce?
Can it
move?
Does it
have cells?
Is it
alive?
1. Write the name of the item you are examining in the first column.
2. Answer each question with a yes, no, or don’t know.
3. If all of the answers are yes, then the item is alive.
-FTTPO
5IF8PSMEPG1MBOUT
$01:1&3.*44*0/(3"/5&%t$01:3*()5ª%FCCJFBOE3JDIBSE-BXSFODF
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Biology: The Science of Life: The World of Living Things
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Answers for the Pre-test, vocabulary and post-test activities.
Blackline Master 1, Pre-Test
Any five of the following:
a. Living things are composed of the same basic chemical components (these kind of
chemical components are not found in non-living rocks).
b. All living things are composed of cells. Rocks are not composed of cells.
c. All living things need water and a source of energy. Rocks do not need these things
to be rocks since they do not metabolize.
d. Living things can reproduce and grow. Rocks merely split apart and only grow by accretion.
e. Living things have limited lifespans. Rocks have no lifespan.
f. Living things can respond to their surroundings. Rocks do not respond to their surroundings.
g. Living things can move. Rocks only move if acted upon by an outside force.
h. Living things can repair injuries. If a rock is cracked, it cannot heal the crack.
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Blackline Master 3, Vocabulary Activity
1. prokaryotes
2. nucleic
3. carbon dioxide
4. viruses, bacteria, and protists
5. cells
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Blackline Master 7, Post-Test
1. Any eight of the following:
a. All are composed of the same basic chemical components.
b. All are composed of cells.
c. All need water and a source of energy.
d. All can reproduce and grow.
e. All have limited lifespans.
f. All can respond to their surroundings.
g. All can move.
h. All can repair injuries.
i. All species can undergo change over time
2. a. Homeostasis: Maintenance of stable internal environment
in the face of external environmental changes.
b. Nucleus: The nucleus is typically a rounded structure inside of cells where DNA is
stored.
c. DNA, or Deoxyribonucleic Acid, is a substance composed of long, twisted chemical
chains that store biological instructions.
d. Cells: Cells are the basic structural units of life. Cells are the complex structures of
which all living things are made. They are often called the "building blocks" of life.
e. Evolution: Evolution is the process whereby species of organisms undergo change
over time.
f. Autotrophic: Autrophic organisms, such as plants, have the ability to make their own
food, usually done using the sun’s energy.
3. A unicellular organism that has a nucleus and no cell wall must, by definition, be a
protist.
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Blackline Master 8, Video Quiz
1. False; heterotrophs cannot make food, only autotrophs
can make their own food.
2. True
3. True
4. True
5. False; mushrooms belong to the Kingdom Fungi.
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Quiz
Cells: The Basic Units of Life
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•1. Cells are made up of simple components that
work independently to keep the cell alive.
o A) true
o B) false
•2. Which of the following is NOT a cell structure
used for locomotion by unicellular organisms?
o A) cilium
o B) flagellum
o C) cell wall
o D) pseudopod
•3. Which of the following is true about tissues?
o A) Tissues are composed of unicellular organisms.
o B) Tissues are made of specialized groups of cells specific to each type of
tissue.
o C) Animal tissue is composed of cells, but plants do not have tissues.
o D) The cells of different kinds of tissues are the same.
•4. Which of the follow is NOT a part of the cell theory as developed by Schleiden and Schwann?
o A) All living organisms are made up of cells.
o B) All new cells are created from existing cells.
o C) All living organisms have a finite number of cells they are born with.
o D) Cells are the units of structure and organization in living organisms.
•5. Viewing onion cells under a light microscope,
you identify the outer membrane and the cell wall.
You also observe a darkly stained organelle and are
told that this structure contains the chromosomes
of the cell. Which structure are you most likely
looking
o A) the DNA
o B) the nucleus
o C) the nucleolus
o D) the messenger RNA
•6. Which of the following is an organelle that produces the energy necessary for cell function?
o A) RNA
o B) protein
o C) ribosome
o D) mitochondrion
•7. What structure do plant cells have that allows
them to convert light into energy via photosynthesis?
o A) vacuole
o B) cell wall
o C) chloroplast
o D) spindle fiber
•8. Which of the following is true regarding the life
of a cell?
o A) The biochemical reactions of all cells are diverse and complex.
o B) Only cells that make up multicellular organisms are complex.
o C) Cells are inactive, and very few processes are occurring in cells at a
given time.
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o D) The biochemical reactions of all cells are simple and easily understood.
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Name: ______________________________________
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Date: ________________________
Student Exploration: Cell Structure
Vocabulary: cell wall, centriole, chloroplast, cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosome, mitochondria, nuclear envelope, nucleolus, nucleus, organelle, plasma membrane, plastid, ribosome, vacuole, vesicle
!!
Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.)
!1. What are some of the structures inside a cell that help it to live and perform its role in an
organism? ________________________________________________________________
!!
2.
_________________________________________________________________________
How do you think plant cells differ from animal cells? (Hint: What can plants do that animals
cannot?)
__________________________________________________________________
!
_________________________________________________________________________
Gizmo Warm-up
The Cell Structure Gizmo™ allows you to look at typical animal and plant cells under a microscope. To start, click Sample to take a sample of an animal cell. Use the Zoom slider
to see the cell at a magnification of 1000x (1000 times larger
than normal).
!1.
!!
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2.
!
Use the up/down and left/right sliders to manipulate the
cell. Find the red arrow pointing to the centrioles. Make
a sketch of the centrioles in the space below.
Read the description of the centrioles. What is their function? ________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
!_________________________________________________________________________
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!Animal cells
Activity A:
Get the Gizmo ready:
• Check that an Animal cell is mounted on the microscope.
• Set the Zoom to 500x.
!Question: Organelles are specialized structures that perform various functions in the
cell. What are the functions of the organelles in an animal cell?
!1. Label: Locate each organelle in the animal cell. Label the organelles in the diagram below.
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2.
!
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Match: Read about each organelle. Then match each organelle to its function/description.
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____ Cytoplasm
A. Structure that organizes motion of chromosomes.
____ Lysosome
B. Stack of membranes that packages chemicals.
____ Mitochondria
C. Membrane that protects the nucleus.
____ Centriole
D. Membrane that surrounds and protects the cell.
____ Endoplasmic reticulum
E. Sac filled with digestive chemicals.
____ Vacuole
F.
____ Plasma membrane
G. Passageways where chemicals are made.
____ Nucleus
H. Jelly-like substance within the plasma membrane.
____ Ribosome
I.
Structure that manufactures ribosomes.
____ Nuclear envelope
J.
Structure that contains DNA and directs the cell.
____ Golgi apparatus
K. Package created by the Golgi apparatus.
____ Vesicle
L. Small structure that synthesizes proteins.
____ Nucleolus
M. Sac that stores water, nutrients, or waste products.
Structures that converts nutrients to energy.
! !
Get the Gizmo ready:
Activity B:
!Plant cells
• Select View plant cell, and click Sample.
• Set the Zoom to 500x.
!Question: What functions do the organelles in a plant cell perform?
!1. Label: Locate each organelle in the plant cell. Label the organelles in the diagram below.
!!
2.
!
!Compare: What structures
are present in an animal cell, but not in a plant cell? __________
!_________________________________________________________________________
What structures are present in a plant cell, but not in an animal cell? __________________
!!
3.
!
!_________________________________________________________________________
Fill in: Name the organelle or organelles that perform each of the following functions.
A. _____________________ convert sunlight to chemical energy.
!B.
The _____________________ and the _____________________ help to support
the plant cell and help it to maintain its shape.
C. _____________________ store food or pigments.
!D.
The _____________________ converts food into energy. It is found in both plant
cells and animal cells.
!
NAME OF STRUCTURE
Plasma membrane
Cell wall
Cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Mitochondria
Vescicles
Lysosomes
Ribosomes
Ribonucleic acid
Vacuole
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Flagellum
Cilia
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
DESCRIPTION
FUNCTION
INTERESTING FACTS
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Cell Energy Cycle
!Vocabulary: aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, ATP, cellular respiration, chlorophyll,
chloroplast, cytoplasm, glucose, glycolysis, mitochondria, photosynthesis
!
Prior Knowledge Questions
1. What does a plant need to survive and grow?
__________ and _____________
2. What does an animal need to survive and grow? __________ and _____________
!
Gizmo Warm-up
3. What is the chemical formula of Oxygen?
_______
4. What is the chemical formula of glucose? _______________
5. What is the chemical formula of carbon dioxide? ______
6. What is the chemical formula of water? _______
!
Activity A: Photosynthesis
Click Reset. Check that the PHOTOSYNTHESIS tab is selected.
!Question: What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis?
!7. Where does photosynthesis occur? ________________________________
!
8. Drag each molecule from the CHEMICALS box to the chloroplast in the PHOTOSYNTHESIS
box.
If a molecule is a reactant, it will stay in the chloroplast.
Which molecules are reactants in photosynthesis?
___________
_____________ and
!9. Click Add light and look at the Output box.
What are the products of photosynthesis?
______________
______________ and
!
!
10. A chemical equation shows reactants on the left side of an arrow, and products on the right,
like this:
!
reactant + reactant ! product + product
Using your answers from 9 and 10, what is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?
__________ + _________ ! _________ + ___________
! (Turn on Show formula of chemical equation to check)
!11. How would this formula be written in words? Rewrite the sentence below
_____________ and ___________ plus _________ produces _____________ and
_____________.
(Turn on Show Description of Chemical Equation to check)
!
!
Activity B: Cellular respiration
Click Reset. Select the RESPIRATION tab
!Question: What are the reactants and products
of cellular respiration?
!
12. Drag each molecule from the CHEMICALS box to the RESPIRATION box.
Which molecules are reactants in cellular respiration? ____________ and
____________
!13. Click Next.!What happens in the cytoplasm (blue area)? Rewrite the sentences below.
GLYCOLYSIS:
ATP.
_______________ turns into _______________. __________ is released as
!
The output includes __________ as a product.
14. Click Next TWICE. What happens in the mitochondria (green area)? Rewrite the sentences
below.
AEROBIC:
released as ATP.
RESPIRATION
!
____________ enters the mitochondria. A large amount of _________ is
The output incudes
_________ and _________ as products
15. A chemical equation shows reactants on the left side of an arrow, and products on the right,
like this:
reactant + reactant ! product + product
Using your answers from 12 and 14, what is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?
__________ + _________ ! _________ + ___________
!
(Turn on Show Formula of Chemical Equation to check)
16. How would this formula be written in words? Rewrite the sentences below.
_____________ and ___________ react to produce _____________ and _____________
and release a
large amount of ____________ in the form of ATP.
(Turn on Show Description of Chemical Equation to check)
!
Activity C: The carbon-oxygen cycle
Click Reset. Select the CYCLE tab.
!Question: How is photosynthesis related to cellular
respiration?
!
Drag the Oxygen, Glucose, Carbon dioxide, and Water into the CYCLE pane.
!17. Which substances are reactants in photosynthesis? ____________ ____________
!
18. Which substances are products of photosynthesis? ____________ ____________
19. Which substances are reactants in respiration?
!
____________ ____________
20. Which substances are products of respiration?
____________ ____________
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!21-25 Draw the picture of the Photosynthesis and Cell Respiration Cycle.
!Name: ______________________________________ Date: ________________________
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Student Exploration: Cell Energy Cycle
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Vocabulary: aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, ATP, cellular respiration, chlorophyll,
chloroplast, cytoplasm, glucose, mitochondria, photosynthesis
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Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.)
!1. What does a plant need to survive and grow? ____________________________________
!! _________________________________________________________________________
2. What does an animal need to survive and grow? _________________________________
!________________________________________________________________________
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3. How do animals and plants depend on each other? _______________________________
!________________________________________________________________________
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Gizmo Warm-up
The Cell Energy Cycle Gizmo™ illustrates two processes that are essential to life: photosynthesis and
cellular respiration.
!Although both of these reactions involve a series of
complex steps, the basic reactants and products in
each process are four relatively simple molecules.
!1.
!2.
What is the chemical formula of oxygen? _______
(Hint: The chemical formula for water is H2O)
Glucose is a simple sugar. What is the chemical formula
of glucose? _________________________
!3.
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What is the chemical formula of carbon dioxide? _______
4. What is the chemical formula of water? _______
!Photosynthesis
Activity A:
Get the Gizmo ready:
• If necessary, click Reset.
• Check that the PHOTOSYNTHESIS tab is selected.
!
!Introduction:
Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplast, an organelle found in plant and algae
5.
cells. Within the chloroplast, a green pigment called chlorophyll converts the energy of light
into a chemical form that the plant can use.
!Question: What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis?
!1. Predict: Of the molecules shown on the CHEMICALS pane, which do you think are reactants in pho-
tosynthesis (reactants are the “ingredients” like flour, yeast, milk and sugar make bread, the product)?
Which do you think are products?
!2.
2.
3.
!
!Reactants: ___________________________
Products: ___________________________
Explore: Drag each molecule from the CHEMICALS pane to the chloroplast on the PHOTOSYNTHESIS pane. If a molecule is a reactant, it will stay in the chloroplast.
!Which molecules are reactants in photosynthesis? _________________________________
!!
Observe: Click Add light and look at the Output. What are the products of photosynthesis?
!_________________________________________________________________________
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Summarize: A chemical equation shows reactants on the left side of an arrow, and products on the
right, like this: reactant + reactant à product + product.
Based on your observations, what is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?
!_________________________________________________________________________
Turn on Show formula of chemical equation to check. Were you correct? YES NO
!
Label with the words for Photosynthesis
!
Activity B:
Cellular
respiration
Get the Gizmo ready:
• Click Reset.
• Select the RESPIRATION tab.
!!
Introduction: Cellular respiration occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell and in mitochondria, organelles found in all complex cells. (Bacteria and other simple organisms do not contain mitochondria; they are _______________________) The Gizmo shows a green mitochondrion surrounded by blue cytoplasm.
!Question: What are the reactants (ingredients) and products of cellular respiration?
!1. Predict: Of the molecules shown on the CHEMICALS pane, which do you think are reactants (ingredients) in cellular respiration? Which do you think are products?
!Reactants:
___________________________ Products: ___________________________
! !
2. Explore: Drag each molecule from the CHEMICALS pane to the RESPIRATION pane.
!Which molecules are reactants in cellular respiration? ______________________________
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2. Observe: Click Next. What happens in the cytoplasm? _____________________________
! _________________________________________________________________________
! This entire process is called cellular respiration. Most living cells, PLANTS and animals get
their cellular energy E from the process of cellular respiration. This is a several stepped
process. The energy
E that is formed and released is which is stored in the form of
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) molecules.
3.
!!
4.
!!
Observe: Click Next two more times to complete the process of cellular respiration.
Where does cellular respiration take place in the cell? __________________________
!That’s
why we call it the P__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ of the cell, because it makes the energy
for the cell.
!Energy from the mitochondrion is also stored in the form of ATP. Thirty ATP molecules are
produced for every two molecules of pyruvic acid.
!5.
Analyze: Cellular respiration involves two phases. Anaerobic respiration does not involve oxygen,
while aerobic respiration does. Where does each phase take place?
!Anaerobic respiration: _______________________________________________________
!
Aerobic respiration: _________________________________________________________
!Activity
B (continued from previous page)
6. Summarize: Based on what you have seen, what is the overall chemical equation for cellular respiration? _______________________________________________________________
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!7.
Turn on Show formula of chemical equation to check. Were you correct? _____________
On your own: If no oxygen is present in the cells then ANAEROBIC respiration takes place and Lactic acid is formed. You can feel the effects of lactic acid if you exercise very hard. One way to produce lactic acid is to do a
“wall sit,” supporting yourself against a wall in a sitting position. Try doing
this for a few minutes. What do you feel in your thigh muscles?
!___________________________________________________
!___________________________________________________
!___________________________________________________
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Activity C:
Get the Gizmo ready:
!The carbon• Click Reset.
• Select the CYCLE tab.
oxygen cycle
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Question: How is photosynthesis related to cellular respiration?
!1. Form a hypothesis: How do you think photosynthesis is related to cellular respiration?
!_________________________________________________________________________
!_________________________________________________________________________
! !
2. Predict: Look at the red arrows, and think about the photosynthesis and respiration reactions. Each red
arrow connects a set of reactants to the products of the reaction.
! A. Which chemicals would you expect to find at the top of the diagram? Explain.
___________________________________________________________________
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!
B. Which chemicals would you expect to find at the bottom of the diagram? Explain.
!
! ! ___________________________________________________________________
2. Observe: Drag the Oxygen, Glucose, Carbon dioxide, and Water into the CYCLE pane.
!
A. Which substances are reactants in photosynthesis? ____________ ____________
!
!
3.
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4.
5.
!
!B.
Which substances are products of photosynthesis? ____________ ____________
C. Which substances are reactants in respiration? ____________ ____________
!! D. Which substances are products of respiration? ____________ ____________
Draw conclusions: How are respiration and photosynthesis related to each other?
!_________________________________________________________________________
!_________________________________________________________________________
Think and discuss: In what ways are plants and animals dependent on each other?
!_________________________________________________________________________
!_________________________________________________________________________
!Complete the diagram below on Cell respiration/photosynthesis:
What’s the energy produced?
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Name: ______________________________________
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Date: ________________________
Student Exploration: RNA and Protein Synthesis
Vocabulary: amino acid, anticodon, codon, gene, messenger RNA, nucleotide, ribosome, RNA,
RNA polymerase, transcription, transfer RNA, translation
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Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.)
!1. Suppose you want to design and build a house. How would you communicate your design
plans with the construction crew that would work on the house?
!
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2.
_________________________________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Cells build large, complicated molecules, such as proteins. What do you think cells use as
their “design plans” for proteins?
!
_________________________________________________________________________
Gizmo Warm-up
Just as a construction crew uses blueprints to build a house, a
cell uses DNA as plans for building proteins. In addition to DNA,
another nucleic acid, called RNA, is involved in making proteins.
In the RNA and Protein Synthesis Gizmo™, you will use both
DNA and RNA to construct a protein out of amino acids.
!1.
!
2.
!
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DNA is composed of the bases adenine (A), cytosine (C),
guanine (G), and thymine (T). RNA is composed of adenine,
cytosine, guanine, and uracil (U).
Look at the SIMULATION pane. Is the shown molecule DNA
or RNA? How do you know?
!________________________________________________
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RNA polymerase is a type of enzyme. Enzymes help chemical reactions occur quickly.
Click the Release enzyme button, and describe what happens.
_________________________________________________________________________
!
!
!Transcription
Activity A:
Get the Gizmo ready:
• If necessary, click Release enzyme.
!Introduction: The first stage of building a protein involves a process known as transcription.
In transcription, a segment of DNA serves as a template to produce a complementary strand of
RNA. This complementary strand is called messenger RNA, or mRNA.
!Question: What occurs during transcription?
!1. Experiment: Like DNA, RNA follows base-pairing rules. Experiment to find which RNA nu!
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!2.
!
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cleotide on the right side of the Gizmo will successfully pair with the thymine at the top of
the template strand of DNA. (NOTE: The DNA on the right side is the template strand.)
Which RNA base bonded with the thymine? ______________________________________
Experiment: The next three bases on the DNA template strand are adenine, cytosine, and
guanine. Use the Gizmo to answer the following questions:
A. Which RNA base bonds with adenine? ____________________________________
!
B. Which RNA base bonds with cytosine? ____________________________________
C. Which RNA base bonds with guanine? ____________________________________
!
!! !
4. Build: Continue building the molecule of mRNA until you have used all of the RNA nucleotides. What is the nucleotide sequence of the mRNA strand you built?
!_________________________________________________________________________
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5. Apply: Suppose a template strand of DNA had the following sequence:
! TAC GGA TAA CTA CCG GGT ATT CAA
! What would be the complementary strand of mRNA?
! __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
!!
6. Predict: How would a change in the sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule affect the
3. Analyze: In molecules of RNA, uracil takes the place of the DNA base _________________.
mRNA transcribed from the DNA molecule? ______________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
!
!Translation
Activity B:
Get the Gizmo ready:
• Once the mRNA strand has been built, click Continue.
!Introduction: After a strand of mRNA has been built, the strand exits the cell’s nucleus. The
second stage of protein synthesis, called translation, occurs next. During translation, the strand
of mRNA is used to build a chain of amino acids.
!Question: What occurs during translation?
!!
1. Observe: Examine the strand of mRNA
on the SIMULATION pane. Every group
of three bases of mRNA is called a
codon.
!
Codon
1
!In the table at right, list the nitrogen
!2.
!
!
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3.
!
bases in each codon. (Hint: Start from
the top of the strand and read down.)
The first mRNA codon is called the universal start codon.
mRNA bases
2
3
!
4
Predict: Translation starts when a ribosome (the purple structure on the SIMULATION
pane) binds to a strand of mRNA. Transfer RNA, or tRNA, begins bringing amino acids into
the ribosome. Each tRNA molecule carries only one kind of amino acid. This amino acid is
determined by the tRNA’s anticodon, a set of three unpaired bases.
Which anticodon do you think would attach to the mRNA’s start codon? ________________
Use the Gizmo to check your answer.
Observe: Place the next two anticodons on the mRNA strand. What happens?
_________________________________________________________________________
!_________________________________________________________________________
!As each tRNA molecule binds to the mRNA, the ribosome joins the amino acid carried by
the tRNA to the growing amino acid chain.
!
4. Describe: UAG (as well as UAA and UGA) is an example of a stop codon. Molecules called
release factors bind to stop codons. Place the release factor on the mRNA molecule.
!
What happens? ____________________________________________________________
!_________________________________________________________________________
!Click Continue. Your protein is now complete. Most actual proteins consist of sequences of
hundreds of amino acids.
!
(Activity B continued on next page)
!
Activity B (continued from previous page)
!
!_________________________________________________________________________
!_________________________________________________________________________
!_________________________________________________________________________
!!
6. Summarize: Describe the processes of transcription and translation in your own words,
based on what you have observed in the Gizmo.
!Transcription:
______________________________________________________________
!_________________________________________________________________________
!_________________________________________________________________________
!_________________________________________________________________________
!_________________________________________________________________________
!_________________________________________________________________________
!Translation: _______________________________________________________________
!_________________________________________________________________________
!_________________________________________________________________________
!_________________________________________________________________________
!_________________________________________________________________________
!_________________________________________________________________________
! !!
!!
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5. Infer: Why do you think stop and start codon signals are necessary for protein synthesis?
!
!Genes and
Extension:
traits
Get the Gizmo ready:
• You will not need to use the Gizmo for this activity.
!Introduction: Inside a ribosome, amino acids are linked together to form a protein molecule. As
the chain of amino acids grows, it tends to coil and form a three-dimensional shape. The complex shape that results determines the properties of the protein. Proteins have a wide variety of
structures and perform many essential functions in living things.
!A sequence of DNA that codes for a specific protein is called a gene. By coding for proteins,
genes determine an organism’s inherited traits.
!Question: How do genes code for specific proteins and traits?
!!
1. Translate: Each codon codes for one of 20 amino acids. This code is universal among all
living things. For example, the mRNA codon GGU codes for the amino acid glycine in every
living thing, from a bacteria to an elephant.
!Examine the codon chart below. The amino acid coded for by a specific mRNA codon can
be determined by finding the first base of the codon along the left side of the table, the second base along the top of the table, and the third base along the right side of the table.
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_________________________________________________________________________
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What amino acids do the following codons code for?
!AUG: _____________ CUG: _____________ ACC: _____________ UAG: _____________
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(Extension continued on next page)
!
Extension (continued from previous page)
!2.
!
3.
4.
!
5.
!
Apply: Suppose you wanted a protein that consists of the amino acid sequence methionine,
asparagine, valine, and histidine. Give an mRNA sequence that would code for this protein.
!! ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
Summarize: How do genes determine the traits of an organism? Explain in detail.
!_________________________________________________________________________
!_________________________________________________________________________
!_________________________________________________________________________
!_________________________________________________________________________
!_________________________________________________________________________
!!
Extend your thinking: Sometimes errors occur during transcription or translation. Examine
the codon chart on the previous page. Notice that each amino acid is coded for by several
different codons. For example, alanine is coded for by GCU, GCC, GCA, and GCG.
!How might this offset transcription or translation errors? ____________________________
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Think and discuss: Consider the two following statements:
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The theory of evolution states that all living things had a single common ancestor.
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The translation between mRNA and amino acids is the same for all living things. (For
example, the mRNA codon CAG codes for glutamine in all living things.)
!Does the second statement support the theory of evolution? Explain why or why not. If possible, discuss your answer with your teacher and classmates.
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The Basics of Biology: How Living Things are Structured
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1. Which of the following is arranged from simplest to most complex?!
o A) tissue, cell, organ, organism !
o B) cell, organ, tissue, organism !
o C) cell, tissue, organ, organism !
o D) organism, tissue, organ, cell !
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2. ALL cells contain which two basic parts?!
o A) DNA and cytoplasm !
o B) nucleus and chromosomes !
o C) cytoplasm and chloroplasts !
o D) chloroplasts and chromosomes !
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3. Cells within a colony communicate with each other to move as a single organism.!
o A) true !
o B) false !
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4. How is a multicellular organism, such as a sponge, different from a cell colony?!
o A) Sponge cells don’t communicate. !
o B) A sponge has more Thanksgiving one cell. !
o C) Sponge cells don’t have nuclei. !
o D) A sponge has more than one cell type. !
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5. Why are a hydra’s endoderm cells defined as a tissue?!
o A) The endoderm is located below the ectoderm. !
o B) The endoderm cells are involved with digesting food. !
o C) The endoderm is made of similar cell types working together. !
o D) The endoderm is made of different cell types working together. !
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6. Which of the following structures is found in a plant cell, but not in an animal cell?!
o A) nucleus !
o B) cytoplasm !
o C) chloroplasts !
o D) chromosomes !
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7. A flower is considered to be _____.!
o A) a tissue !
o B) an organ !
o C) a chromosome !
o D) an organ system !
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Name _________________________________________________ Date
_____________________
Quiz 1: Overview
Lessons 1–3
Fill in the blanks with the correct term.
1.
Many cells working together are called a
____________________________________. 2.
_________________________________________ cells carry
oxygen to the body. 3.
_________________________________ cells stretch and contract
to allow for movement. 4.
The ________________________________________ acts like the
skin of a cell. 5.
The _______________________________________ is the brain
or control center of a cell. 6.
Vacuoles are where cells store
_______________________________________. 7.
Mitochondria break down food to provide
________________________________ for the cell. 8.
Humans were created in _________________________________
image. 9.
The ____________________________________ system provides
strength for the body. 10.
__________________________________ cells can be over a yard
long. 11.
Nutrients are provided to the body through the
_______________________________ system. 12.
___________________________ protects the body from harmful
substances outside the body. 13.
___________________________ cells have a criss-cross shape. 14.
Several tissues working together are called an
_____________________________. 15.
A system is made up of _______________________,
_______________________, and _______________________ all working together to perform a
specific function. Quiz 1 1 The Human Body COPY PERMISSION GRANTED • COPYRIGHT © 2009 Debbie & Richard Lawrence
Name _________________________________________________ Date
_____________________ Challenge
questions
Fill in the blanks with the correct term.
21. The ____________________ system produces chemical messengers
to control body functions. 22. Waste products are removed from the
body by the _____________________________.
23. A mother carries the unborn baby in her
_____________________________.
24. Bones are _____________________________ tissue.
25. ______________________________ tissue covers the inside of your
stomach. 26. Your brain is made up of
_______________________________ tissue.
Quiz 1 2 The Human Body COPY PERMISSION GRANTED • COPYRIGHT © 2009 Debbie & Richard Lawrence
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