Chapter 22- Solutions
22.1 How Solutions Form
A. What is a solution?
1. A _____________________________ is a homogeneous mixture that has the same composition, color,
density, and taste throughout.
a. The ______________________________ is the substance being dissolved.
b. The ______________________________ is the substance doing the dissolving.
c. Solutions can be liquids, gases, or _____________________.
d. Solid solutions are known as _________________________.
** Question 1: How do you know which substance is the solute in a solution?
B. How Dissolving Happens
1. Water molecules are ________________; they have a positive area and a negative area.
2. Water molecules cluster around ________________ molecules, with their negative ends attracted to the
positive ends of the solids.
3. Water molecules _______________ the solid particles into solution.
4. The moving __________________ molecules and the moving _______________ molecules spread out and
mix evenly to form a ___________________________.
5. To mix solids to make an alloy, you must ______________________________________________________.
C. Rate of Dissolving
1. ________________________ speeds up dissolving by bringing more fresh solvent into contact with more
solute.
2. _____________________ _____________
a. When dissolving a solid, the dissolving takes place at the ___________________.
b. Breaking a solid into pieces or grinding it into a powder increases its _______________________,
which will speed up dissolving.
3. _______________________ ______ __________________________ causes the particles to move faster and
more solvent particles bump into the solute. As a result, solute particles break loose and dissolve faster.
22.2 Solubility and Concentration
A. ________________________________ is the maximum amount of a solute that can dissolve in a given amount of
solvent at a given temperature.
B. Concentration
1. A ___________________________ solution has a large amount of solute in the solvent.
2. A __________________________ solution has a small amount of solute in the solvent.
C. Types of Solutions
1. A _________________________ solution contains all the solute it can hold at a given temperature.
a. As the temperature of a liquid solvent increases, the more solid solute it can __________________.
b. ________________________ _________________- line on a graph used to figure how much solute can
dissolve at any temperature on the graph.
2. A ___________________________________ solution is any solution that can dissolve more solute at a given
temperature. Generally, when a saturated solution is ___________________ it becomes unsaturated.
3. A ______________________________________ solution is one that contains more solute than a saturated
solution at the same temperature.
a. They are formed by ___________________ a saturated solution, adding more ________________, and
cooling it down without ______________________________ the solution.
b. They are ______________________; they will crystallize if disturbed.
D. Solubility of Gases
1. To make a gas dissolve more quickly in a liquid, _______________ the liquid and ____________________the
pressure of the gas.
**Question 2: How does keeping a carbonated drink capped help keep it from going “flat?”
22.3 Particles in Solution
A. ________________ are charged particles.
1. ________________________________ are compounds that form charged particles and conduct electricity in
water.
2. ________________________________ are substances that do not form ions and do not conduct electricity in
water.
B. How Ions Form
1. ______________________________- the process of forming ions when electrolytes dissolve in water and
separate into charged particles.
2. ______________________________- the process in which an ionic solid separates into its positive and
negative ions.
C. Effects of Solute Particles
1. Adding a solute to a solvent _____________________ the freezing point of the solvent because added solute
particles interfere with the formation of an orderly freezing pattern.
2. Adding solute to a solvent _____________________ the boiling point of the solvent because fewer solvent
molecules can reach the surface and vaporize.
**Question3: What are the differences and similarities between dissociation and ionization?
**Question 4: How does antifreeze work?
22.4 Dissolving Without Water
A. ___________________________ materials have no ________________ or ________________ areas.
1. These solutes are not attracted to polar molecules, therefore they do not _____________________in water.
2. Examples: _________________________________ are mixtures of hydrogen and carbon atoms. They share
their electrons equally and do ________ have separate positive and negative areas.
3. Drawbacks:
a. Many nonpolar solvents are ________________________________.
b. Some are _________________________; dangerous to touch or smell.
B. “ _________________ dissolves ________________.”
1. Nonpolar solvents dissolve ____________________________ solutes.
2. Polar solvents dissolve ________________________ solutes.
3. Soap has a polar end and a nonpolar end. The nonpolar end dissolves nonpolar ______________ and the
polar end dissolves in the polar ___________________.
**Question 5: How can alcohol dissolve both polar and nonpolar substances?
**Question 6: Why don’t oil spills in the ocean dissolve into the water?
C. Polarity and Vitamins
1. Vitamins B and C are ____________________; they dissolve in the _____________ in your body cells.
2. Vitamin A is _________________________; it dissolves in the ___________ of some body cells and can
sometimes accumulate to dangerous levels in your body.