3LNO American Plaice (depleted or rare species) within the PBGB LOMA
Potentially Harmful Activity (X)
Fishing
Other
harvest
Seabed
alteration
Coastal
alteration
Disturbance
Bottom trawl
Scallop dredges
Clam dredges
Midwater trawl
Gillnets (bottom)
Gillnets (pelagic)
Longline
Seine (pelagic)
Recreational cod fishery
Crab pots
Lobster pots
Whelk pots
Other (specify)
Potentially Harmful Stressor (X)
X
Marine
pollution
X
X
X
Otter trapping
Seal hunt
Seabird hunt
Seaweed harvest
Anchor drops/drags
Ore spill
Fish offal dumping
Finfish aquaculture
Dredge spoil dumping
Dredging
Climate
Change
Mining/Oil & gas drilling
Cables
Freshwater diversion
Subtidal construction
Intertidal/coastal
construction
Harmful
species
Other (specify)
Vessel traffic
Ship strikes
Ecotourism
Marine construction
Seismic surveys
Navy sonar
Other (specify)
Oil pollution
Industrial effluent
Fishplant effluent
Sewage
Historic military waste
Long range transport of nutrients
Acid rain
Persistent Organic Pollutants
(
)
Eutrophication
Ghost nets
Litter
Other contaminants (specify)
Ice distribution
X
Temperature change
Sea-level rise
Ocean acidification
Current shifts
Increased storm events
Increased UV light
Oxygen depletion
Changes in freshwater runoff
Other (specify)
Green crab
X
Membranipora
Golden Star Tunicate
Violet Tunicate
Vase Tunicate
Codium fragile
Clubbed Tunicate
Didemnum
Harmful Algal Blooms
Disease organisms (human waste)
Disease organisms (aquaculture)
Other (specify)
Other
1
Background Information
Biology:
Settled juveniles prefer depths of 100-200 m and small particle sediments that they can use to
partially or fully bury themselves. Adult plaice have less stringent habitat requirements. They
have been collected from areas with a broad range of salinities and temperatures. In the wild,
preferred temperatures appear to be between -0.5-4°C, with individuals perhaps actively
avoiding temperatures much colder than -1°C. Like juveniles, adults prefer areas with
sediment suitable for burrowing but the range of suitable particle sizes probably increases
with fish size. Plaice may occupy non-preferential physical habitats (temperature, sediment
type, etc.) in order to gain access to abundant prey (Barot et al., 2005; Johnson et al., 1999;
Rideout et al., 2008; Walsh et al., 2004).
American plaice eggs and larvae are pelagic so habitat requirements are probably primarily
related to temperature and prey availability. Increased temperature results in increased larval
development rate for American plaice, which could lead to less time spent at the highly
vulnerable larval stage. However, excessive temperature (≥14°C) results in mortality during
the egg stage. Juveniles regularly burrow in the sediment as a means of predator avoidance.
Thus sediment type is likely an important habitat consideration and might be particularly
important for juvenile flatfish. Small juvenile fish are likely only capable of generating small
forces and thus only capable of burying in finer sediments. Juvenile American plaice on the
Grand Bank have been found in highest numbers on sand/shell hash sediments and less
abundant on (or in some cases almost absent from) mud, muddy sand, rock/sand and
boulder/rock (Walsh et al., 2004). On the Grand Bank, juvenile plaice tend to occupy
restricted habitats within the range of the adults and are found mostly in the 100 to 200 m
depth range in the northern area and in waters less than 100 m in the southern areas.
Population Trend:
There has been no directed fishing for American plaice in the LOMA since 1993, but bycatch
is still a major threat. Bycatch has been reduced in recent years due mainly to a lack of
fishing of yellowtail flounder in 2006 (Morgan & Rideout, 2008). American plaice also
occurred as bycatch in the skate, redfish and Greenland halibut fisheries.
The primary factor thought to be responsible for the decline of American plaice stocks is
overfishing, although there is some suggestion that increased natural mortality due to
unusually cold water conditions may also have played a role (Shelton & Morgan, 2005).
With fishing moratoria in most areas, the only current targeted fisheries for this species exist
on the Scotian Shelf, where they are managed as part of a stock complex along with
yellowtail flounder, witch flounder and winter flounder. Levels of bycatch of American
plaice in Newfoundland directed fisheries (cod, yellowtail flounder, redfish, Greenland
halibut, witch flounder, shrimp) are such that they likely currently pose the greatest threat to
population recovery. There is also concern for the potential number of illegally discarded
American plaice in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and on the Scotian Shelf (Walsh et al., 2004).
In 2005, the total bycatch of American plaice in 3LNO was 4100 t. Canadian vessels
accounted for 1464 tons of this bycatch, primarily (97%) from the directed fishery for
yellowtail flounder. In 2006, total bycatch of plaice was 2800 t. Only 92 t of this was taken
2
by Canadian vessels. Canadian bycatch in this year was primarily from the 3O redfish
fishery, since there was virtually no fishery for yellowtail flounder (Rideout et al., 2008).
Although there appears to be no spatial separation between juveniles and adults, juvenile
plaice occupy a restricted habitat (< 200 m) within the range of adults (40-1500 m) (Walsh et
al., 2004). Although the range of American plaice along the coast of North American lies
primarily within Canada’s 200 mile jurisdictional limit, the ‘nose’ and ‘tail’ of the Grand
Bank, which are outside of Canada’s jurisdiction, appear to be important nursery areas.
Scoping
Bottom trawl:
There has been no directed fishery for American plaice within the LOMA since 1993, but
bycatch in bottom trawl fisheries for yellowtail, redfish, skate and turbot is considered a
major threat to the recovery of the stock. Based on logbook data from 2000 to 2003, average
annual landings (directed and by catch) of American plaice was 1,530 tonnes (Fisheries and
Oceans Canada, 2007). Screened in.
Gillnets (bottom):
American plaice is not considered a substantial bycatch species in gillnet (bottom) fisheries
within the LOMA (Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 2007). Therefore, gillnet is not considered
a key stressor. Screened out.
Longline:
American plaice is not considered a substantial bycatch species in longline fisheries within
the LOMA, and longline groundfish landings are minor compared to those from bottom
trawls. Therefore, longline is not considered a key threat (Fisheries and Oceans Canada,
2007). Screened out.
Seining:
The main directed fisheries using Scottish seine in the LOMA are for cod and yellowtail with
a moderate bycatch of American Plaice. Based on logbook data from 2000 to 2003, average
annual landings (directed and bycatch) of American plaice was 40 tonnes (Fisheries and
Oceans Canada, 2007). Screened out.
Ghost nets:
American plaice do not travel in schools and adult movement appears to be limited to
seasonal movement from deeper waters in winter and shallower water in summer. Adults and
juveniles prefer small particle sediments that they can use to partially or fully bury
themselves. These habitats are less likely to snag and retain lost nets than more structured
habitats, although nets may become buried in sandy habitats. Due to their solitary, sedentary
habits, and preference for soft unstructured habitats, ghost net mortalities of American plaice
are not likely to be significant. Screened out.
3
Temperature change:
There is some suggestion that increased natural mortality due to unusually cold water
conditions in the 1990s may have played a role the decline of American plaice stocks
(Rideout et al., 2008). American plaice is generally considered a coldwater species, with a
preference for temperatures from just below 0oC to 1.5 oC, but they occur in much warmer
waters (0-15 oC on the Scotian Shelf), and it is not anticipated that the predicted 0.2 oC
change in temperature over the next decade will have a major impact on the survival and
recovery of the stock. Screened out.
Key Activities/Stressors:
 Bottom trawl
4
Reference List
1. Barot, S., Heino, M., Morgan, M. J., & Dieckmann, U. (2005). Maturation of
Newfoundland American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides): long-term trends in
maturation reaction norms despite low fishing mortality? ICES Journal of Marine
Science: Journal du Conseil, 62, 56-64.
2. Fisheries and Oceans Canada The Grand Banks of Newfoundland: Atlas of Human
Activities. The Grand Banks of Newfoundland: Atlas of Human Activities, (in press).
3. Fisheries and Oceans Canada. (2008). 1998-2007 3LMNOP4R Effort and Catch. Policy
and Economics Branch. [Newfoundland and Labrador Region Catch and Effort].
Fisheries and Oceans Canada.
Ref Type: Data File
4. Johnson, D. L., Berrien, P. L., Morse, W. W., & Vitaliano, J. J. (1999). American
Plaice, Hippoglossoides platessoides, Life History and Habitat Characteristics. NOAA
Technical Memorandum, NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NE-123, 1-40.
5. Morgan, M. J. & Rideout, R. M. (2008). The impact of intrapopulation variability in
reproductive traits on population reproductive potential of Grand Bank American plaice
(Hippoglossoides platessoides) and yellowtail flounder (Limanda ferruginea). Journal
of Sea Research, 59, 186-197.
6. Rideout, R. M., Morgan, M. J., & Busby, C. (2008). COSEWIC Status Report on
American plaice Hippoglossoides platessoides.
7. Shelton, P. A. & Morgan, M. J. (2005). Is Bycatch Mortality Preventing the Rebuilding
of Cod (Gadus morhua) and American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides) Stocks on
the Grand Bank? Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Science, 36, 1-17.
8. Walsh, S. J., Simpson, M., & Morgan, M. J. (2004). Continental shelf nurseries and
recruitment variability in American plaice and yellowtail flounder on the Grand Bank:
insights into stock resiliency. Journal of Sea Research, 51, 271-286.
5
3LNO American Plaice (depleted or rare species) within the PBGB LOMA
Bottom trawl
Magnitude of Interaction
Areal extent:
 Adult and juvenile American plaice are commonly found within depths of 100-200 m
in the Grand Banks and are considered to be very sedentary. They are concentrated
for spawning on the northeastern and eastern slopes of the Grand Bank (Morgan et
al., 2000).
 Although there appears to be no spatial separation between juveniles and adults,
juvenile plaice occupy a restricted habitat (< 200 m) within the range of adults (401500 m) (Walsh et al., 2004).
 Spawning occurs mainly at depths of 50-200m (Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 2007c;
Shelton & Morgan, 2005).
Figure 1. Distribution of American plaice (Brown et al., 2005)
Figure 2. Persistent areas of high intensity trawling in the Atlantic over the period 1980
2000 are show to the left, and locations where >100% of the area was trawled in the
Atlantic in any year (centroids of areas where total area trawled exceeded extent of the
area) are shown on the right (Kulka & Pitcher, 2001).
Figure 3. Areal extent of bottom trawl use, Newfoundland Region fisheries in Division
3LNO, 1998 -2007 (Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 2008)



Based on this information, the areal extent of the CP is considered to be divisions
3LNO of the EBSA (470,900 km2)
Bottom trawling is concentrated above 800m depth within an area estimated at
234,290 km2 of the EBSA
We have therefore estimated an area of overlap as 234,290 km2 / 470,900 km2 % =
50%.
Score 5.0
Contact:
 In relation to bottom trawl, Quantitative Fishing Gear Scores (Fisheries and Oceans
Canada, 2007a) for “contact” are high (75-100%) for bony fish species.
 There is no directed fishery for American plaice. It is caught as bycatch in other
fisheries using bottom trawl in the EBSA, which include redfish, yellowtail, skate,
white hake and Greenland halibut. Fisheries and Oceans publication ‘The Grand
Banks of Newfoundland: Atlas of Human Activities’ (Fisheries and Oceans Canada,
2007c) shows average annual landings of American plaice within the LOMA by
bottom trawl (2000-2003) are 1,530t. In comparison, the greatest landings were for
yellowtail at 11,040t.
 In 2005, the total bycatch of American plaice in 3LNO was 4100 t. Canadian vessels
accounted for 1464 tons of this bycatch, primarily (97%) from the directed fishery for
yellowtail flounder. In 2006, total bycatch of plaice was 2800 t. Only 92 t of this was
taken by Canadian vessels. Canadian bycatch in this year was primarily from the 3O
redfish fishery, since there was virtually no fishery for yellowtail flounder (Rideout et
al., 2008).
 Since American plaice is not targeted, but bycatch is high, we have selected a score
lower than that for a directed fishery (10) but at the high end of the high range, 85%.
Score 8.5
Duration:
 American plaice in this area exhibit a low degree of movement, studies have shown
that they have been reported to move very little even after multiple years (Morgan &
Brodie, 1991; Morgan & Walsh, 1996).
 The use of bottom trawl depends on the species targeted in 3O (Appendix D, Table
5): Greenland halibut - May 1-March 31 = 11 months, Skate - April 1-March 31 = 12
months, Redfish – April 1-March 31 = 12 months, Yellowtail - Aug 1-May 31 = 10
months (3NO is closed to directed fishing for yellowtail June 15-July 31).
 Based on these fishing seasons (FAM, 2005; FAM, 2007; FAM, 2008), the activity of
bottom trawling occurs year round and the CP is distributed in the LOMA throughout
the year.
 Average annual duration = 100%.
Score 10
Intensity:
 Global maps (Halpern et al., 2008) for demersal destructive fisheries, which includes
bottom trawling were created by Halpen et. al. (see figure below). This map can be
used to provide guidance in scoring the intensity of a stressor in relation to maximum
(Fisheries and Ocean Canada, 2007) intensity in a global context, in accordance with
the scale provided below. Bottom trawling shows a high intensity (80-100%) along
the eastern slope of the northern and southern Grand Banks, but lower levels on the
southwest slope. Halpern’s fishing maps are based on (Cole et al., 2005) data, and
better represent NAFO fisheries, which are notoriously variable year to year, rather
than Canadian fisheries, and are not as spatially precise on a local scale as long term
local data is.
Figure 4. Global Intensity of demersal destructive fisheries (adapted from (Halpern et al.,
2008)




Kulka and Pitcher (2001) found that trawling occurred in a continuous band along the
southwest slope of the Grand Banks, and it was identified as the only place on the
Grand Banks where fishing was sustained over the entire study period (Kulka et al.,
2003) (Kulka & Pitcher, 2001). Numerous locations in the EBSA were trawled over
100%, in any year of the study- that is, where all of the area was trawled at least once
during the year ("over-trawled areas") (see Fig. 1 above).
Bottom trawl is responsible for 22% of total landings from Newfoundland Region
fisheries 1997 – 2007, which is second only to pot gear at 36% (Fisheries and Oceans
Canada, 2008)
American plaice is under moratorium, therefore there is no directed harvest of
American plaice in the LOMA.
Based on both global and local data, we have estimated intensity in the middle of the
high range (90%).
Score 9
Magnitude of Interaction: (5.0 x 8.5 x 10 x 9)/1000 = 3.8
Sensitivity
Sensitivity of the CP to acute impacts:
 In relation to bottom trawl, Quantitative Fishing Gear Score (Fisheries and Oceans
Canada, 2007a) for “harm” are variable (1-100%) for bony fish species, depending on
the fishery, and without greater detail on the rationale behind the scores, they do not
provide particularly useful guidance.




Bottom trawl was assigned an ecological rating of “high impact” (the highest of 5
categories) in relation to groundfish (Fuller et al., 2008).
American plaice in this area have been protected by a moratorium since 1993, but
bycatch from directed fisheries for yellowtail and witch flounder have increased
substantially since 1995. Bycatch of American plaice in the St. Pierre Bank region,
Subdivision 3Ps, is considered to be a serious threat to the stock and stock recovery.
(Busby et al., 2007). From 1999-2005, 25 to 30% of the total American plaice catch
has been taken in the directed witch flounder fishery being conducted by the bottom
trawl fleet (Rideout et al., 2008). While the allowable bycatch of American plaice in
this fishery is 50%, compared to 10% in other fisheries, actual bycatch rates have
been in the range of 49 to 143% (Morgan & Rideout, 2005).
In 2005, the total bycatch of American plaice in 3LNO was 4100 t. Canadian vessels
accounted for 1464 tons of this bycatch, primarily (97%) from the directed fishery for
yellowtail flounder. In 2006, total bycatch of plaice was 2800 t. Only 92 t of this was
taken by Canadian vessels. Canadian bycatch in this year was primarily from the 3O
redfish fishery, since there was virtually no fishery for yellowtail flounder (Dwyer et
al., 2007).
The otter trawl yellowtail fishery captured the greatest proportion of both cod and
plaice: 84% of plaice bycatch and 63% of cod bycatch within the 200 mile limit in
Div. 3LNO (Kulka, 2009).
Score 10
Sensitivity of the CP to chronic impacts:
 In the Newfoundland and Labrador population maturity appears to be later than in the
Gulf of St. Lawrence and on the Scotian Shelf but recent maturity data is generally
lacking for the latter two populations. Where maturity data are available a decline in
age at maturity from 10-11 years or older down to 6-8 years appears to have occurred
over the past several decades. Generation time is 15-16 years. Eggs are generally 1.52.8 mm in diameter. The number of eggs produced by an individual female plaice
depends on body size. A 30 cm female can produce as many as 400,000 eggs, while a
60 cm female can produce in excess of 1 million eggs. However, fecundity is highly
variable over time and across areas (Rideout et al., 2008).
 American plaice are batch or serial spawners, with only a portion of the total number
of potential eggs being spawned in any single batch and the potential to spawn as
many as 10 egg batches. An individual female can spawn for more than a month
(Rideout et al., 2008).
 The fact that estimates of total mortality for Newfoundland American plaice stocks
continued to be high after the introduction of the fishing moratorium in 1995
suggested that natural mortality might be unusually high and contributing to
population decline (Bowering et al., 1997; Morgan et al., 2002)
 American plaice continue to be taken as bycatch in the yellowtail fishery because of
their spatial overlap at an average annual rate of 1,156 t (Kulka, 2009).





There are no defined spawning grounds for American plaice on the Grand Bank but
rather spawning is widely distributed over the bank with most intense spawning
coincident with areas where the higher abundance of adults are found (Kulka, 2009).
There were catches of 30,000 t or more taken from this stock annually for almost 30
years. Even with a moratorium catch was less than 1,000 t only in 1995 and 1996.
Catch during the moratorium has averaged 3,700t per year.
In Division 3Ps stock of American plaice, recent recruitment has been weak and
catches at recent levels are contributing to the lack of stock recovery (Fisheries and
Ocean Canada, 2008).
Therefore, we have therefore selected a moderate score (8) within the high range.
American plaice are listed as a ‘depleted and rare species’(Fisheries and Oceans
Canada, 2007b), and will therefore rank higher on this scale than other CPs because
they are already in need of recovery (add one point).
Score 9
Sensitivity of ecosystem to harmful impacts to the CP:
 Historically, American plaice have had a major influence on the ecosystem of the
LOMA, mainly because of their large biomass, broad distribution (compared to other
species), and their role as both predator and prey at all trophic levels as they grow and
move from one trophic level to another. Even though they are currently at less then
their former biomass, they still represent a significant component of the total
groundfish population.
 Since the sharp decline in groundfish biomass in the 1990s, biomass of invertebrates
such as shrimp and crab have expanded to record highs in what has been termed a
‘trophic cascade’ (Shelton & Morgan, 2005).
Score 6
Sensitivity: (10 + 9 + 6)/3 = 8.3
Risk of Harm: MoI x S = 3.8 x 8.3 = 31.5
Certainty Checklist
Answer yes or no to all of the following questions. Record the number of NO’s to the 9
questions, and record certainty according to the scale provided below:
1
No’s = High certainty
2 - 3 No’s = Medium certainty
No’s = Low certainty
>4
Y/N
Y Is the score supported by a large body of information?
Y Is the score supported by general expert agreement?
Y Is the interaction well understood, without major information gaps/sources of error?
Y
Is the current level of understanding based on empirical data rather than models,
anecdotal information or
probable scenarios?
Y Is the score supported by data which is specific to the region, (EBSA, LOMA, NW
Atlantic)?
Y Is the score supported by recent data or research (the last 10 years or less)?
Y
Is the score supported by long-term data sets (ten years or more) from multiple
surveys (5 years or more)?
Y Do you have a reasonable level of comfort in the scoring/conclusions?
N Do you have a high level of confidence in the scoring/conclusions?
Score: High
For interactions with Low certainty, underline the main factor(s) contributing to the
uncertainty:
Lack of comprehensive data
Lack of expert agreement
Predictions based of future scenarios which are difficult to predict
Other (provide explanation)
Suggest possible research to address uncertainty.
Reference List
1. Bowering, W. R., Morgan, M. J., & Brodie, W. B. (1997). Changes in the
population of American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides) off Labrador and
northeastern Newfoundland: A collapsing stock with low exploitation. Fisheries
Research, 30, 199-216.
2. Brown, S. K. R., Zwanenburg, K., & Branton, R. (2005). East Coast of North
America Strategic Assessment Project, Groundfish Atlas Bedford Institute of
Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia: OBIS Canada.
3. Busby, C., Morgan, M. J., Dwyer, K. S., Fowler, G. M., Morin, R., Treble, M. et
al. (2007). Review of the structure, the abudance and distribution of American
plaice in Atlantic Canada in a species-at-risk context (Rep. No. Research
Document 2007/069).
4. Cole, T. V. N., Hartley, D. L., & Merrick, R. L. (2005). Mortality and Serious
Injury Determinations for Northwest Atlantic Ocean Large Whale Stocks 19992003. Northeast Fisheries Science Center Reference Document, 05-08, 1-18.
5. Dwyer, K. S., Morgan, M. J., Parsons, D. M., Brodie, W. B., & Healey, B. P.
(2007). An assessment of American plaice in NAFO Div. 3LNO. Northwest
Atlantic Fisheries Organization, NAFO SCR Doc. 07/56, 1-72.
6. Fisheries and Ocean Canada (2007). Conservation Harvesting Plan (CHP),
Atlantic-wide for Mobile Gear Vessels 65-100', February 8, 2007 (unpublished)
Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Newfoundland & Labrador Region.
7. Fisheries and Ocean Canada (2008). Proceedings of the Review of DFO Science
Information for American plaice (Hippoglossoides
platessoides) Relevant to Status Assessment by COSEWIC (Rep. No. DFO Can.
Sci. Advis. Sec. Proceed. Ser. 2007/042).
8. Fisheries and Oceans Canada (2007a). Draft proceedings of the Workshop on
Qualitative Risk Assessment of Fishing Gears. In Government of Canada.
9. Fisheries and Oceans Canada (2007b). Placentia Bay-Grand Banks Large Ocean
Management Area Conservation Objectives (Rep. No. 2007/042). Canadian
Science Advisory Secretariat Science Advisory Report.
10. Fisheries and Oceans Canada. (2007c). The Grand Banks of Newfoundland: Atlas
of Human Activities. The Grand Banks of Newfoundland: Atlas of Human
Activities . Fisheries and Oceans Canada.
11. Fisheries and Oceans Canada. (2008). 1998-2007 3LMNOP4R Effort and Catch.
Policy and Economics Branch. [Newfoundland and Labrador Region Catch and
Effort]. Fisheries and Oceans Canada.
12. Fuller, S. D., Picco, C., Ford, J., Tsao, C.-F., Morgan, L. E., Hangaard, D. et al.
(2008). How we fish matters: Addressing the Ecological Impacts of Canadian
Fishing Gear Ecology Action Centre, Living Oceans Society, and Marine
Conservation Biology Institute.
13. Halpern, B. S., Walbridge, S., Selkoe, K. A., Kappel, C. V., Micheli, F.,
D'Agrosa, C. et al. (2008). A Global Map of Human Impact on Marine
Ecosystems. Science, 319, 948-952.
14. Kulka, D. (2009). Spatial analysis of plaice and cod byactch in the yellowtail
flounder fishery on the Grand Bank WWF-Canada.
15. Kulka, D. W., Antle, N. C., & Simms, J. M. (2003). Spatial Analysis of 18
Demersal Species in Relation to Petroleum License Areas on the Grand Banks
(1980-2000) (Rep. No. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic
Sciences 2473). Fisheries and Oceans Canada.
16. Kulka, D. W. & Pitcher, D. A. (2001). Spatial and Temporal Patterns in Trawling
Activity in the Canadian Atlantic and Pacific (Rep. No. ICES CM 2001/R:02).
17. Morgan, M. J. & Brodie, W. B. (1991). Seasonal distribution of American plaice
on the northern Grand Banks. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 75, 101-107.
18. Morgan, M. J., Brodie, W. B., & Kulka, D. W. (2002). Was over-exploitation the
cause of the decline of the American plaice stock off Labrador and northeast
Newfoundland? Fisheries Research, 57, 39-49.
19. Morgan, M. J. & Rideout, R. M. (2005). A preliminary examination of spawning
suppression in relation to recruitment in NAFO Subdivision 3Ps cod (Gadus
morhua) (Rep. No. 2005/085).
20. Morgan, M. J., Shelton, P. A., Stansbury, D. P., Brattey, J., & Lilly, G. R. (2000).
An examination of the possible effect of spawning stock characteristics on
recruitment in 4 Newfoundland groundfish stocks (Rep. No. Research Document
2000/028). Fisheries and Oceans Canada.
21. Morgan, M. J. & Walsh, S. J. (1996). Tracking movements of juvenile yellowtail
flounder in the nursery areas on the southern Grand Bank, NAFO Divisions
3LNO. Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization, Serial No. N2742.
22. Rideout, R. M., Morgan, M. J., & Busby, C. (2008). COSEWIC Status Report on
American plaice Hippoglossoides platessoides.
23. Shelton, P. A. & Morgan, M. J. (2005). Is By-catch Mortality Preventing the
Rebuilding of Cod (Gadus morhua) and American plaice (Hippoglossoides
platessoides) Stocks on the Grand Bank? Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fisheries
Science, 36, 1-17.
24. Walsh, S. J., Simpson, M., & Morgan, M. J. (2004). Continental shelf nurseries
and recruitment variability in American plaice and yellowtail flounder on the
Grand Bank: insights into stock resiliency. Journal of Sea Research, 51, 271-286.
Summary Table: 3LNO American Plaice (depleted or rare species) within the PBGB
LOMA.
Key
Activity/Stressor
a
Bottom trawl
5.0 8.5 10
c
d
i
MoI
as
cs
es
(a x c x d x i)
1000
9
3.8
S
(as+cs+es)
3
10
9
6
8.3
Risk
of
Harm
31.5
Cumulative CP Score 31.5
Certainty
L