Size Segregated Characterisation
of Main Components in Kerbside Particulates
in Dresden, Germany
Holger Gerwig1,
Erika Brüggemann2, Thomas Gnauk2, Konrad Müller2,
Antje Plewka2, Hartmut Herrmann2
1 Saxon State Agency for Environment and Geology, Dresden
2 Leibniz – Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig
Saxon State Agency for Environment and Geology
Holger Gerwig et al.: Size Segregated Characterisation of Main
EAC Ghent,, August 28 – September 2, 2005
Components in Kerbside Particulates in Dresden, Germany
1. Introduction: Why detecting PM10- exceedences ?
2. Measurements in Dresden
3. Results
•
•
•
•
Characterisation of size segregated particles
3 types of size distributions
Sea salt + coarse nitrate: Long-range transport
New Year's Day
4. Conclusions
22 Air Quality
Department 2 - Integrative Environmental Protection, Air/Climate, Radiation
Saxon State Agency for Environment and Geology, Dresden, Germany
Slide 2
Holger Gerwig et al.: Size Segregated Characterisation of Main
EAC Ghent,, August 28 – September 2, 2005
Components in Kerbside Particulates in Dresden, Germany
• EU-directive for protection of health
EU/1999/30 + in Germany: 22. BImSchV
(PM10)
size dependent
depth of penetration of
particulate matter into human
mucous
membrane of
Nose
>10 µm
• Limit value: 35 x > 50 µg/m³ PM10 daily
av.
larynx
4.7 – 6.8 µm
• Dresden traffic
2003: 53 x > 50 µg/m³
2005: 39 x > 50 µg/m³ (until 08-2005)
-> air quality plan for 2005 necessary
trachea and
bronchial tubes
3.3 – 4.7 µm
sec. + terminal
bronchial tubes
1.1 – 3.3 µm
• Contents of main components varies in
time, place, particle diameter:
Ammonia, sulphate, nitrate, soot, earth crust,
sea salt, organic matter
alveole
< 1.1 µm
• Project:
“Korngrößendifferenzierte Feinstaubbelastung
in Straßennähe in Ballungsgebieten Sachsens”
22 Air Quality
Department 2 - Integrative Environmental Protection, Air/Climate, Radiation
Saxon State Agency for Environment and Geology, Dresden, Germany
Slide 3
Holger Gerwig et al.: Size Segregated Characterisation of Main
EAC Ghent,, August 28 – September 2, 2005
Components in Kerbside Particulates in Dresden, Germany
1. Introduction: Why detecting PM10- exceedences ?
2. Measurements in Dresden
3. Results
•
•
•
•
Characterisation of size segregated particles
3 types of size distributions
Sea salt + coarse nitrate: Long-range transport
New Year's Day
4. Conclusions
22 Air Quality
Department 2 - Integrative Environmental Protection, Air/Climate, Radiation
Saxon State Agency for Environment and Geology, Dresden, Germany
Slide 4
Holger Gerwig et al.: Size Segregated Characterisation of Main
EAC Ghent,, August 28 – September 2, 2005
Components in Kerbside Particulates in Dresden, Germany
Measurements in Dresden
11-08-2003 - 08-08-2004
•Impactor
12 * BERNER 24h
9 * MOUDI 96h
outskirts (no impactor)
urban background
400 m Northeast
roadside
55 000 vehicles per day
22 Air Quality
Department 2 - Integrative Environmental Protection, Air/Climate, Radiation
Saxon State Agency for Environment and Geology, Dresden, Germany
Slide 5
Holger Gerwig et al.: Size Segregated Characterisation of Main
EAC Ghent,, August 28 – September 2, 2005
Components in Kerbside Particulates in Dresden, Germany
1. Introduction: Why detecting PM10- exceedences ?
2. Measurements in Dresden
3. Results
•
•
•
•
Characterisation of size segregated particles
3 types of size distributions
Sea salt + coarse nitrate: Long-range transport
New Year's Day
4. Conclusions
22 Air Quality
Department 2 - Integrative Environmental Protection, Air/Climate, Radiation
Saxon State Agency for Environment and Geology, Dresden, Germany
Slide 6
Holger Gerwig et al.: Size Segregated Characterisation of Main
EAC Ghent,, August 28 – September 2, 2005
Components in Kerbside Particulates in Dresden, Germany
Main components in roadside particulates (MOUDI)
average of 9 * 96 h
soot
org. mat.
SO42-
NO3-
NH4+
Na, Mg, Cl
unknown mat.
5
µg/m³
4
3
2
1
PM10
PM2,5
00
10
.0
00
diameter particles in µm
5.
6
00
3.
2
1.
80
0
1.
00
0
60
0.
5
0.
32
0
0.
18
0
00
0.
1
0.
0
56
0
22 Air Quality
Department 2 - Integrative Environmental Protection, Air/Climate, Radiation
Saxon State Agency for Environment and Geology, Dresden, Germany
Slide 7
Holger Gerwig et al.: Size Segregated Characterisation of Main
EAC Ghent,, August 28 – September 2, 2005
Components in Kerbside Particulates in Dresden, Germany
Main components in roadside particulates (MOUDI)
average of 9 * 96 h
soot
org. mat.
SO42-
NO3-
NH4+
Na, Mg, Cl
unknown mat.
100%
earth crust
in coarse
particles
80%
sec. ae
accumu rosol in
lation m
ode
60%
carbon in
ultrafine
particles
40%
20%
sea s
alt
10
6
2
3.
–
5.
6
–
–
8
1.
0
1.
5.
3.
2
8
–
1.
1.
00
0.
56
–
–
0.
32
–
0.
18
–
10
0.
0.
32
0.
0.
18
00
0.
1
–
6
05
0.
56
0%
Dp (µm)
22 Air Quality
Department 2 - Integrative Environmental Protection, Air/Climate, Radiation
Saxon State Agency for Environment and Geology, Dresden, Germany
Slide 8
Holger Gerwig et al.: Size Segregated Characterisation of Main
EAC Ghent,, August 28 – September 2, 2005
Components in Kerbside Particulates in Dresden, Germany
soot
org. mat.
SO42-
NO3-
NH4+
Na, Mg, Cl
unknown mat.
100%
Winter
more Na, Cl, Mg
in the coarse mode
winter
•
80%
60%
40%
more soot
in the ultrafine mode
20%
0%
100%
summer
80%
60%
40%
20%
10
–
6
5.
2
3.
–
8
1.
–
3.
5.
6
2
8
1.
–
0
1.
56
0.
0.
32
–
–
0.
1.
00
56
32
0.
–
0.
18
–
10
0.
05
6
–
0.
0.
10
18
0
0%
0.
•
22 Air Quality
Department 2 - Integrative Environmental Protection, Air/Climate, Radiation
Saxon State Agency for Environment and Geology, Dresden, Germany
Slide 9
Holger Gerwig et al.: Size Segregated Characterisation of Main
EAC Ghent,, August 28 – September 2, 2005
Components in Kerbside Particulates in Dresden, Germany
1. Introduction: Why detecting PM10- exceedences ?
2. Measurements in Dresden
3. Results
•
•
•
•
Characterisation of size segregated particles
3 types of size distributions
Sea salt + coarse nitrate: Long-range transport
New Year's Day
4. Conclusions
22 Air Quality
Department 2 - Integrative Environmental Protection, Air/Climate, Radiation
Saxon State Agency for Environment and Geology, Dresden, Germany
Slide 10
Holger Gerwig et al.: Size Segregated Characterisation of Main
EAC Ghent,, August 28 – September 2, 2005
Components in Kerbside Particulates in Dresden, Germany
Maximum in coarse fraction
Na, Mg, Cl, Ca, Al, Si, Fe, Cu
0.20
Na
Mg
Ca
µg/m³
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
0.01
Fe
0.10
DP in µm
1.00
10.00
22 Air Quality
Department 2 - Integrative Environmental Protection, Air/Climate, Radiation
Saxon State Agency for Environment and Geology, Dresden, Germany
Slide 11
Holger Gerwig et al.: Size Segregated Characterisation of Main
EAC Ghent,, August 28 – September 2, 2005
Components in Kerbside Particulates in Dresden, Germany
Maximum in fine fraction
NH4+, SO42-, soot, organic material, Pb, Zn, K, Br, anthracen, BaP, oxygenated PAH, n-alkanes
SO42-
NH4+
10
Pb
OC
0.8
8
0.6
6
0.4
4
0.2
2
0.0
0.01
n g /m ³
µg/m³
1.0
0
0.10
AeD in µm 1.00
10.00
22 Air Quality
Department 2 - Integrative Environmental Protection, Air/Climate, Radiation
Saxon State Agency for Environment and Geology, Dresden, Germany
Slide 12
Holger Gerwig et al.: Size Segregated Characterisation of Main
EAC Ghent,, August 28 – September 2, 2005
Components in Kerbside Particulates in Dresden, Germany
Soot: Summer / Winter
particle agglomerates, about
0.4µm from wood burning
GWAZE et al. (2004)
primary soot particles 0.05µm
from traffic UFZ, FRANCK 2004
2.0
µg/m³
1.5
1.0
MOUDI-Impactor shows
higher resolution than
BERNER
0.5
0.0
0.01
0.1
DP in µm 1
10
22 Air Quality
Department 2 - Integrative Environmental Protection, Air/Climate, Radiation
Saxon State Agency for Environment and Geology, Dresden, Germany
Slide 13
Holger Gerwig et al.: Size Segregated Characterisation of Main
EAC Ghent,, August 28 – September 2, 2005
Components in Kerbside Particulates in Dresden, Germany
Several maxima
Cr, Ni, Mn, dicarboxylic acids
4
Cr
Ni
Mn
ng/m³
3
2
1
0
0.01
0.1 AeD in µm 1
10
22 Air Quality
Department 2 - Integrative Environmental Protection, Air/Climate, Radiation
Saxon State Agency for Environment and Geology, Dresden, Germany
Slide 14
Holger Gerwig et al.: Size Segregated Characterisation of Main
EAC Ghent,, August 28 – September 2, 2005
Components in Kerbside Particulates in Dresden, Germany
1. Introduction: Why detecting PM10- exceedences ?
2. Measurements in Dresden
3. Results
•
•
•
•
Characterisation of size segregated particles
3 types of size distributions
Sea salt + coarse nitrate: Long-range transport
New Year's Day
4. Conclusions
22 Air Quality
Department 2 - Integrative Environmental Protection, Air/Climate, Radiation
Saxon State Agency for Environment and Geology, Dresden, Germany
Slide 15
Holger Gerwig et al.: Size Segregated Characterisation of Main
EAC Ghent,, August 28 – September 2, 2005
Components in Kerbside Particulates in Dresden, Germany
Sea salt:
Long range transport
Air masses in Dresden coming
from North Atlantic on 9-10-2003
•relation Cl/Na:
sea
BERNER PM10
HVS
PM10
= 1,164
= 1.175
= 1.018
•15 – 20% sea salt (Na, Cl, Mg)
(total PM10 = 22.4 µg/m³)
Annual average Sea salt in PM10
(8-2003 – 4-2004):
3% urban traffic
5% urban background (2-2004)
Backward trajectories (96 h);
200, 500, 2000m Above Ground Level
22 Air Quality
Department 2 - Integrative Environmental Protection, Air/Climate, Radiation
Saxon State Agency for Environment and Geology, Dresden, Germany
Slide 16
Holger Gerwig et al.: Size Segregated Characterisation of Main
EAC Ghent,, August 28 – September 2, 2005
Components in Kerbside Particulates in Dresden, Germany
Nitrate (BERNER)
100%
3.5 - 10
75%
1.2 - 3.5
0.42 - 1.20 50%
0.14 - 0.42 25%
0%
av
er
ag
_2
e
609
-0
_0
3
910
-0
_2
3
310
-0
_0
3
611
-0
_2
3
311
-0
_0
3
101
-0
_1
4
202
-0
_1
4
103
-0
_0
4
804
-0
4
_0
107
-0
_2
4
907
-0
_0
4
808
-0
4
0.05 -0.14
•
•
•
Coarse NaNO3 1.2 - 10 µm particle diameter (77% 9-10-2003)
+ in summer
Air masses from the sea 9-10-03; 6-11-03; 29-7-04; (not 1-7-04 and 08-08-04)
Sea salt reacting on aerosol particles with HNO3
to coarse NaNO3) NaCl + HNO3 -> NaNO3 (s) + HCl (g)
22 Air Quality
Department 2 - Integrative Environmental Protection, Air/Climate, Radiation
Saxon State Agency for Environment and Geology, Dresden, Germany
Slide 17
Holger Gerwig et al.: Size Segregated Characterisation of Main
EAC Ghent,, August 28 – September 2, 2005
Components in Kerbside Particulates in Dresden, Germany
1. Introduction: Why detecting PM10- exceedences ?
2. Measurements in Dresden
3. Results
•
•
•
•
Characterisation of size segregated particles
3 types of size distributions
Sea salt + coarse nitrate: Long-range transport
New Year's Day
4. Conclusions
22 Air Quality
Department 2 - Integrative Environmental Protection, Air/Climate, Radiation
Saxon State Agency for Environment and Geology, Dresden, Germany
Slide 18
Holger Gerwig et al.: Size Segregated Characterisation of Main
EAC Ghent,, August 28 – September 2, 2005
Components in Kerbside Particulates in Dresden, Germany
New Year's Day compared to the rest of year
higher concentrations in PM10 of
strontium(93), potassium(23), magnesium(6), lead(6), copper(3)
maximum of copper in:
50
ng/m³
40
01-01-04 accumulation
mode
rest of year coarse
mode
30
20
10
0
0.01
0.1
Dp in µm 1
10
22 Air Quality
Department 2 - Integrative Environmental Protection, Air/Climate, Radiation
Saxon State Agency for Environment and Geology, Dresden, Germany
Slide 19
Holger Gerwig et al.: Size Segregated Characterisation of Main
EAC Ghent,, August 28 – September 2, 2005
Components in Kerbside Particulates in Dresden, Germany
1. Introduction: Why detecting PM10- exceedences ?
2. Measurements in Dresden
3. Results
•
•
•
•
Characterisation of size segregated particles
3 types of size distributions
Sea salt + coarse nitrate: Long-range transport
New Year's Day
4. Conclusions
22 Air Quality
Department 2 - Integrative Environmental Protection, Air/Climate, Radiation
Saxon State Agency for Environment and Geology, Dresden, Germany
Slide 20
Holger Gerwig et al.: Size Segregated Characterisation of Main
EAC Ghent,, August 28 – September 2, 2005
Components in Kerbside Particulates in Dresden, Germany
Conclusions
•
•
•
•
•
Characterisation: soot increased with decreasing particle size
Na, Cl, Mg respectively the earth's crust material in coarse mode
ammonium, sulphate and nitrate mainly in accumulation mode
Soot concentration at roadside
before heating period max: 50 - 140 nm particle diameter (cars)
during heating period max: 420 – 1200 nm particle d. (domestic heating)
3 distribution groups with max. coarse, accumulation or several
Sea salt
9-10-2003 air masses from North Sea reached Dresden
3% in PM10 at traffic station; high amount of coarse nitrate
New Year's Day higher concentrations in PM10 occur
+ shift to accumulation mode magnesium(6), copper(3), strontium(93)
interpretations regarding PM10 + PM2,5 with HVS:
EAC-Poster: Near traffic source apportionment in the City of Dresden
full report at www.umwelt.sachsen.de/lfug/luft-laerm-klima_5356.html
22 Air Quality
Department 2 - Integrative Environmental Protection, Air/Climate, Radiation
Saxon State Agency for Environment and Geology, Dresden, Germany
Slide 21
Holger Gerwig et al.: Size Segregated Characterisation of Main
EAC Ghent,, August 28 – September 2, 2005
Components in Kerbside Particulates in Dresden, Germany
Acknowledgements
•
Department Umwelt Service, TÜV Bau und Betrieb GmbH, Dresden, Dr.
Bittner
› Analytics of PM10 und PM2.5 filter
•
Staatliche Umweltbetriebsgesellschaft
Mr. Lohberger, Dr. Müller et al.
› Sampling PM10 and PM2.5
Co-working with IfT regarding impactor sampling
•
Saxon State Agency for Environment and Geology, Dresden
› Financing the project
22 Air Quality
Department 2 - Integrative Environmental Protection, Air/Climate, Radiation
Saxon State Agency for Environment and Geology, Dresden, Germany
Slide 22
Holger Gerwig et al.: Size Segregated Characterisation of Main
EAC Ghent,, August 28 – September 2, 2005
Components in Kerbside Particulates in Dresden, Germany
22 Air Quality
Department 2 - Integrative Environmental Protection, Air/Climate, Radiation
Saxon State Agency for Environment and Geology, Dresden, Germany
Slide 23