HERITAGE
Professor Stanley D. Beck:
Outstanding Scientist and Hero of the Human Spirit
Gene R. DeFoliart
I
n1968, the Department of Entomology
at the University of Wisconsin submitted
Stan Beck's name in nomination for a
named professorship in recognition of his
many scientific achievements. In 1969, he was
named the W. A. Henry Distinguished Professor. One of the outside scholars who had
been asked to submit a letter in support of
this nomination was Reginald H. Painter of
Kansas State University. In his letter, Dr.
Painter stated: "Ever since he went back to
his research [after being stricken with polio
in 1952], with its outstanding contributions,
I have considered that beyond his scientific
contribution he is one of the heroes of the
human spirit and as such has been an inspiration to his older colleagues as well as the
younger ones." That statement probably
sums up as well as one statement can why
Stan Beck has been such an inspiration to a
generation of entomologists. Although Stan
was physically confined to a wheelchair the
last 45 years of his life, his spirit and his
intellect continued to roam free. And his scientific accomplishments continued to build.
Stanley D. Beck was born October 17,
1919, in Portland, Oregon, and died July 8,
1997, of post-polio syndrome in Madison,
Wisconsin. Isabel Beck, Stan's wife of 54
years, said that it became very hard for him
near the end, but he never gave up. Isabel
was, undoubtedly, one reason why he never
gave up. To many people who knew the
Becks, Isabel also qualified as one of the heroes of the human spirit. She worked tirelessly to make sure he was able to travel and
work, and that he had a loving, caring family. In fact, about a year after the onset of
Stan's illness, which came within one degree
of being fatal, Wallace Wikoff, well-known
writer for the Madison-published newspaper, Wisconsin State journal, wrote an article entitled "The Becks: Heroes Without
Medals":
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Volume 46, Number 3
correspondence (Chippendale and Reese
1998). The "SDB/me" at the end of a letter
meant literally "Stanley D. Beck, me."
His hospital quarters began to look like
an office with stacks of books and notes
strewn all around the bed. Between naps and
therapy sessions, Stan met with graduate students and worked on papers for publication. "Had to earn my salt," he said. It helped
facilitate his work when the university loaned
him a dictating machine. Wikoff quoted Stan
as follows:
Once you have adjusted yourself to the realization that you are-slightly incapacitated,
then the road back is lessdifficult.For,sooner or
later, you wake up to the realization that there
are not many alternatives. You either must readjust your life or give up completely.
Professor Stanley D. Beck, 1970.
In the service you get medals for displaying
courage. At home there are no medals ... But if
medals were struck for what StanleyBeckdid in
conqueringalmost total paralysisand at the same
time continuing his work for the University of
Wisconsin of which he is a faculty member, a
duplicate should be struck for his pretty redhaired wife, Isabelle [sic],who refused to let her
husband get despondent and showed a devotion
in his darkest hours that should be a challengeto
any married couple.
During the long months of therapy and
convalescence, as his stricken limbs and
muscles gradually became stronger, Stan
taught himself to stab at a typewriter with a
pencil gripped in his partly usable left hand
and to type with one finger. He attained such
a high degree of typing proficiency that he
prepared all of his own manuscripts and
Stan Beck grew up in the State of Washington, living in several towns near Mt.
Ranier. He loved hiking and fishing in the
mountains. Former students say that some
of his funnier stories dealt with out-witting
the wildlife agents in order to hike back to
some of the best fishing spots in the Cascades. His interest in insects developed during a biology course in high school. After
high school he worked for a year in a lumber
mill to earn money for college, and he worked
for two summers in the apple orchards of an
experiment station in Wenatchee, Washington. Stan graduated in 1942 from Washington State College (now Washington State
University) as a Phi Beta Kappa and magna
cum laude. He served in the Navy from 1942
to 1945 as a lieutenant on a mine sweeper.
He gained a master's degree and a doctorate,
both in zoology from the University of Wisconsin in 1947 and 1950, respectively. He
also served as an instructor of entomology
from 1948 to 1950 and then received an
appointment as Assistant Professor of Entomology.
141
A Stanley Beck Photo Album
Clockwise from upper left. A young Stanley Beck with his dog, Jinx. Isabel Beck shortly before her marriage to Stan in 1943. Stanley
Beck, Ensign, U.S. Navy, Chicago, IL, 1943. This photograph of Isabel and Stan accompanied a Madison newspaper article, "The
Becks: Heroes Without Medals; published in the "Wisconsin State Journal," June 7, 1953. Portrait of Stan and Isabel on their 35th
wedding anniversary in 1978, with their grown children. From left, Bruce, Diana, Stan, Marianne, Isabel, Karen.
142
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ENTO~10I.OGIST
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Fal/2000
not last long, but will give rise to other ideas. In
the same way, although he would probably like
knowing that he is missed, it would please him
far more to know that his contributions to his
family, his science, and his professional society
have stimulated others to continue to make these
kinds of contributions. These continuing contributions may be the greatest tribute we can pay
to the memory of Stanley D. Beck.
That Stan emerged from his illness with
his sense of humor intact is shown in a thankyou note written to his colleagues in the Department of Entomology, which was at that
time located in old King Hall; the note was
addressed to Dwellers of King Hall:
Dear Dwellers,
Just a left-handed note to thank you for the
radio and birthday cards. The radio is a lovely
instrument, and I am looking forward to many
hours of enjoyable music, quiz programs, and
murder miseries [intentional; not a misspelling
of mysteries]. I can now reckon time by FM as
well as AM and PM. The feature I particularly
like is the exclusive memory circuit, which operarcs on a feed-back principle and is used to cut
out singing commercials and to edit repititious
material out of political speeches-Stevenson's
don't come through at all.
Thank you for the fudge, Norma-it
was
very good.
Beck was a pioneer in researching the relationships between insects, their host plants,
nutritional
requirements,
feeding behavior,
orientational
behavior, and developmental
characteristics
as well as their responses to
plant-borne factors such as allelochemics. His
research career boasted many firsts. He developed the first meridic dietary medium on
which a plant-chewing
insect could be cultured through successive generations under
aseptic conditions. He was the first to formulate an artificial diet on which a plantsucking bug could be reared successfully. He
was the first to elucidate the roles and relative importance of nutritional, chemosensory,
contact sensory, and allelochemic factors in
the establishment
and survival of an insect
larva [the European corn borer, Ostrinia
nubilalis (Hiibner)) on its host plant. He was
the first to demonstrate the role of growthinhibiting allelochemics in plant resistance
(i.e., the involvement of the benzoxazolinone
family of compounds
in the resistance of
maize to the corn borer). Further development of his original findings by other workers led to significant improvements
in the
breeding of borer-resistant
genetic lines of
maize.
Beck's contributions
had significant impact on the development and perfection of
mass-rearing methods used in pest management programs
and improvements
in the
development of insect-resistant
plant lines.
As John Reese noted in his "Tribute" and
others also have pointed out, all of the rearing of lepidopterous
insects started with
Beck's 1949 and 1950 papers on artificial
diets for successfully rearing the European
corn borer (Beck et a!. 1949, Beck 1950, Beck
and Stauffer 1950). States Reese, "Those
agar-based diets, utilizing both crude plant
materials and specific nutrients, laid the foundation for countless projects across the country." Reese adds:
The kindness you all have extended to me
and my family during my illness has been deeply
appreciated.
Stan Beck
The "Stevenson"
referred to was presidential candidate
Adlai Stevenson;
and
"Norma" was Norma Itten, who for many
years was the head secretary of the Department of Entomology.
During his long professional career, Dr.
Beck authored or co-authored
138 research
papers (Wedberg 1998) plus a variety of
books, monographs,
and reviews on scientific, theological, and even fictional subjects.
He was not merely a researcher; he was a
man of many dimensions. Two of his former
graduate students, Michael Chippendale and
John Reese (1998), attempted a concise characterization, saying:
It is difficult to capture the multifaceted contributions of this remarkable scientist and man.
For those who knew Dr. Beck, his legacy extends far beyond the written record of his accomplishments, his cutting edge research, and
his exemplary teaching. He taught us a lot about
life and how to persist in the face of seemingly
insurmountable difficulties. [n 1980 he wrote:
'Research may be characterized as the process
of opening an infinite regression of black boxes.'
He helped those around h\m to open their eyes
to the full potential life has to offer... We were
fortunate to be advised by Dr. Beck in our doctoral programs ... and learned much of lasting
value from observing his analytical approach to
research problems, his skill in formulating hypotheses, designing and interpreting experiments, and from his philosophy of life.
One of those projects was in his own [Beck's]
lab and used the diet as a way to bioassay plant
compounds as possible resistance factors [Beck
and Smissman 1961]. Once again, his approach
served as the model for the systematic bioassay
of resistance factors by testing fractions extracted
serially, as opposed to a more empirical testing
of compounds known to be in a plant.
Similarly, in an unpublished
"Tribute to
Stanley D. Beck" presented at the 1997 Entomological Society of America (ESA) meetings in Nashville, Tennessee, Reese stated:
Beck's 1965 paper, "Resistance of plants
to insects," was an excellent synthesis of the
existing state of knowledge on the subject.
Dr. Beck used to talk about the bionomics of
ideas and how a good idea or hypothesis may
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3
Insect seasonal development is determined
in part by its host-plant relationships
but
also in part by the insects' adaptations
to
environmental
factors such as temperature
and day-length. Beck (1963, 1968, 1980)
was fascinated with the effect of daylength
(photoperiodism)
on insect development. In
addition to studying its role in determination of diapause in the European corn borer,
Beck and coworkers demonstrated
the existence of geographical populations
of the
species in North America. Their results were
of great significance, leading to the establishment of an important regional project (NC
20) by the U.S. Department
of Agriculture
and several state experiment stations in the
Corn Belt. This cooperative project contributed greatly to understanding
local differences in the behavior and seasonal development of the insect.
Chippendale and Reese (1998) mention
that while Beck was working on insect photoperiodism,
he immersed himself in the
theory and experimental
protocols for doing seasonal-time-measurement
research:
He worked on a mathematical model for the
production, and subsequent breakdown, of two
purely hypothetical substances thought to be
involved in insect time-measurement. The required mathematics quickly outgrew his 128step programmable calculator, and he enrolled
in a course in Fortran, becoming one of the first
faculty members at [UW-Madison] to connect
to the main-frame computer from his office. This
work led to a large number of experiments with
real European corn borers and a series of publications on what he called the Dual System
Theory (Beck 1985).
Another area that Beck investigated was
retrogression, or when, in certain beetle species, individuals get smaller with each molt
(Beck 1973). According to John Reese, in
this project Stan weighed the Trogoderma
beetle larvae and adults himself rather than
asking his technician to do it. He explained
that he needed a project of his own so he
wouldn't
"bug" his students
too much
about the details of their projects.
Stan's main teaching assignment was a
course in the histology and physiology of
insects, which he taught from 1949 onward.
In 1965, he introduced
"Proseminar,"
a
graduate level course in the preparation and
presentation of oral scientific reports, and in
1977 he introduced
"Theory and Practice
of Biological Research," also a graduate level
course. The latter course started with philosophical discussions
and ended with the
preparation of a grant proposal. He also did
occasional teaching in the University's Biocore
Curriculum. Professor Beck was considered
an excellent teacher and mentor, witty and
cogent, and one who challenged his students
to think critically. According to John Reese,
143
no matter how many times he had taught a
topic, he always reviewed and revised his
notes one more time immediately before giving his lecture.
Considering the wide impact of Beck's
research program, it is not surprising that
he was invited to be a participant in many
conferences, symposia, public lectures, and
other professional activities. Considering his
disability and the difficulty of traveling, however, it is amazing that he had the energy and
strength to actually be a participant in such
a great magnitude of professional activity.
Some major participations, more or less chronologically, included the following:
• Oregon State University Biology Colloquium Series, 1962;
• AAAS Symposium on Biological Time
Measurement, 1964;
• Working Conference on Radiation, Ra-
dioisotopes, and Rearing Methods in the
Control of Insect Pests, Tel Aviv,Israel, 1966;
• Peabody Symposium on Evolution and
Environment, Yale University, 1966;
• All Campus Lecturer, Coe College, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, 1967, 1968;
• Invitational Lectures Series, Kansas State
University, 1967;
• International Biological Program, International Conference on Insect-Plant Relationships, Santa Barbara, California, 1968;
• Summer Institute on Biological Control, Mississippi State University, 1971;
• Member, Organizing Committee and
Executive Committee of the NSFrrRP Project
"Principles, Strategies, and Tactics of Pest
Population Regulation" (Huffaker Project),
1971-1973;
• Chairman, Cotton Study Team, National Academy of Sciences Study Panel on
Pest Control Strategies, 1973-1975;
• Conference on Host Plant Resistance
to Insects, Academy of Science of Hungary,
Tihany, Hungary, 1974;
• Conference on Plant Resistance, Tucson, Arizona, 1975;
• North American Phytochemical Society, Conference and Symposium on InsectPlant Relationships, Tampa, Florida, 1975;
• Member, Editorial Committee, Annual
Review of Entomology, 1975-1979;
• Entomological Society of Canada, Symposium on Overwintering Strategies, Quebec City, 1980;
• Sigma Xi Lecturer, Virginia Polytechnic
Institute and State University, 1981;
• Provost's Invitational Lecturer, University of Notre Dame, 1981;
• Keynote Speaker, Pennsylvania Association of State College and University Biologists, 1984;
• Hatfield Lecturer, Georgetown College,
Georgetown, Kentucky, 1986. In one of his
first extracurricular endeavors, Stan served
144
from 1957 to 1960 as Editor of the Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters.
Stan's physical disability did not prevent
him from rendering outstanding service to
the Entomological Society of America, including serving as its president in 1982. Throughout his career, he was active in Section B matters (Section of Physiology and Biochemistry) and served as secretary, vice-chair, and
chair of the Section in 1973, 1974, and 1975,
respectively. He served as a member of the
Board of Directors of ESA's Thomas Say
Foundation, 1974-1976; on the ESA Governing Board, 1976-1978, 1981-1983; on
the Executive Committee, 1981-1983; and
as president-elect and past-president in 1981
and 1983, respectively. After his presidency,
Stan served on the Editorial Board of the
Advancement of Science in 1964. He received
an honorary degree (D.Sc.) from Luther
College, Decorah, Iowa, in 1972 and the Distinguished Achievement Award from Washington State University Alumni Association
in 1981. In 1988, he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences.
Stan Beck had a good, often subtle, sense
of humor. I believe it also would be accurate
to say that he did not suffer fools lightly.
John Reese noted in his "Tribute" that Dr.
Beck was thought to be a little on the stern
side by some graduate students and faculty
colleagues. Reese relates a humorous incident, however, showing Beck's tolerance for
the antics of other people's children. Reese's
five-year-old son, Andy, equated Professor
Beck's W. A. Henry Distinguished Professor
Chair with his wheelchair. Andy proudly in-
Bulletin of the Entomological
Society of
formed Dr. Beck that as soon as his dad fin-
America, 1983-1985; on the Honorary
Membership Committee, 1983-1988; and
on the Committee on Endowments, 19861988.
Dr. Beck was the 1962 recipient of the
Founders' Memorial Award of the Entomological Society of America and delivered the
Founders' Memorial Lecture, discussing the
physiology and ecology of insect photoperiodism and honoring S. A. Forbes, a pioneer in insect ecology. The Founders' Award
is bestowed by the ESA in recognition of excellence in research, and Professor Beck was
the fifth person to be so honored by the society. An honor bestowed on Beck posthumously in 1997 was establishment by the
ESA Foundation of the Stanley D. Beck Fellowship to benefit disabled students. A dinner/dance fundraiser is held each year as part
of the society's annual meeting.
The Founders' Memorial Award came full
circle in 1999 when Beck was chosen as the
honoree. The ESA meeting this past year was
in Atlanta in December and the Memorial Lecturer was Dr. David Denlinger (Denlinger
2000), professor and chair of the Department
of Entomology at Ohio State University. In
addition, at this meeting, there was an ESA
Symposium entitled "Insect Photoperiodism:
A Tribute to Stanley D. Beck." A poster session was associated with the six-speaker symposium, and it was followed by a wine and
cheese reception sponsored by the Journal of
Insect Physiology (which is not an ESA publication). It added greatly to these events honoring Stan that Isabel and daughter Marianne
were in attendance. They also attended the
Stan Beck Fellowship Dinner Dance and were
able to meet the 1999 recipient of the fellowship, a young man who had sustained injuries
in an automobile accident.
There were other major honors in addition to those already mentioned. He became
a Fellow of the American Association for the
ished his degree, he too would get a chair like
that. After several exchanges of, "Your dad
probably doesn't need a chair like this," and
"Yes, my dad is going to get a chair like
yours," Dr. Beck finally told Andy that he
was "full of prunes," and they both gave up
the futile exchange. Reese slowly came from
behind the laboratory bench and tried to
whisk Andy out of there.
Another former graduate student of
Beck's, Arthur Retnakaran, recounts that
(personal communication 1999):
Stan always whistled while he was wheeling
himself from lab to lab, which was a way to
announce his impending arrival. When I look
back at all the pranks that we used to pull as
grad students in the lab, that whistle served as
an alarm bell and many a caper came to a premature end!
Retnakaran, in reminiscing about several
humorous incidents involving Stan and students, noted that Stan has always been perceived as an intimidating intellectual, while his
lighter side is often overlooked. The author
has noticed in this connection that people who
were more closely associated with Stan are
more likely to mention his humorous side.
Don Swinton, for example, who was Beck's
laboratory assistant for many years and accompanied and assisted him on many of his
travels, stated (personal communication 1999)
that "In the 28 years I worked for Dr. Beck we
never had a disagreement and I admired his
humor and humility."
Stan was devoted to his family and spoke
of them often. Reading, listening to music
(he played a trumpet in high school), attending plays, traveling, playing games, and having theological discussions were all part of a
very active family life. The Becks had four
children, a son, Bruce, and three daughters,
Diana, Marianne, and Karen. Tragically,
Karen preceded her father in death. She had
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Fa1l2000
received a Ph.D. in theoretical mathematics
at the University of Iowa and then served on
the faculty as an instructor at the University
of Utah; shortly before her death she had
accepted an assistant professor position at
the University of Texas, Arlington. Understandably, Stan never stopped grieving over
this tragic loss.
As noted by two of his students, Chippendale and Reese (1998), Dr. Beck had a
life-long interest in the philosophy of science
and devoted much effort to the communication of science to non-scientists.
His first
book, The Simplicity of Science, was nontechnical, written after he came home from
the hospital, and published in 1959. He believed, as noted by Chippendale and Reese,
that scientists should vigorously
counter
anti science, anti-intellectual groups, which are
becoming increasingly vocal in our society.
He made his concern for academic and scientific freedom a major theme of his 1982
presidency of the ESA. His presidential address, Science and Politics (Beck 1983), addressed the problem and cited examples of
legislative and partisan political interference
in science, which led to passage of a resolution by the ESA membership expressing "its
conviction that scientific judgement remain
free of political bias and that the selection of
individuals charged with making these decisions be based solely upon their scientific
competence. "
Beck also had strong interest in theological matters, authoring the book Modern Science and Christian Life published in 1970.
As an active member of his church, Bethel
Lutheran, in Madison, Stan served on task
forces dealing with ethical and disability issues. In 1982, he authored
an article in
BioScience titled "Natural Science and Creationist Theology." Here, he forcefully makes
the case that creationism
is merely
pseudoscience.
Following reasoned discussion of both the scientific and theological
premises of creationism,
Beck, typically,
wastes few words in conclusion: "Since it
has neither scientific nor theological credibility, the continued survival of creationism
is dependent on its appeal to the scientifically uninformed
and theologically
naive,
combined with a great deal of fanatic politiclli activity."
After his retirement in 1989, Stan was able
to realize a lifelong dream, writing fiction. His
novel, Two in the Game, was published in
1993. It is about a two-career married couple
in academic li·e, deating with love, tenure, publish or perish, and the joy of teaching. He had
just completed a mystery novel prior to his
death, but it has not been published.
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Voillme 46, Number 3
I was asked to say a few words at Professor Beck's funeral service. I began by noting
that Stan was much more than just an outstanding scientist-he
was a man of many
dimensions and wherever he was and whatever the situation, Stan Beck was always a
"presence" that could be felt. One instance I
remember well that illustrates this was at an
annual meeting of the ESA, probably 20 years
ago more or less. The annual dinner is held
on the second or third evening of these meetings. On this particular occasion, seated to
my right was a young professor from, if
memory serves me correctly, Stanford University. I had not met him before, but it took
only a few minutes of conversation
to discern that he was a very sharp young man,
very articulate, and brimming with enthusiasm for science and with confidence in his
own capabilities as an up-and-coming young
researcher. As the dinner was about to begin, the M.e. asked for all to rise for the
invocation, which would be delivered by Professor Stanley Beck. I still remember Stan's
vibrant voice in that great hall. As we resumed our seats, there was a long moment
of silence, finally broken by the young professor who said, with a bit of awe in his voice,
"So far, that was the high point of these meetings."
Stan always had that kind of impact. Or,
as stated so eloquently by John Wedberg of
the U. W. Department of Entomology faculty
(unpublished manuscript 1999), "Those of
us who shared Stan's professional life will
never forget the sheer force of his will, determination, and intellect."
•
Acknowledgments
I am indebted to the following individuals for reading the first draft of the manuscript and offering suggestions for improvement: John Reese (Kansas State University,
Manhattan,
Kansas), Michael Chippendale
(University of Missouri,
Columbia,
Missouri), Arthur Retnakaran
(Great Lakes
Forestry Center, Canadian Forest Service,
Sault Ste. Marie, Canada), David L. Denlinger
(Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio),
John Wed berg and David Hogg (University
of Wisconsin, Madison,
Wisconsin),
and
Don Swinton (formerly
Department of
Entomology, now retired). I am grateful to
Isabel Beck for discussions concerning various aspects of Stan's life, especially pertaining to his illness, family, and early life. Isabel
also made available and helped choose the
photographs
that accompany this article. I
thank the Wisconsin State Journal for permission to reproduce
a photograph
that
appeared in that newspaper June 7, 1953,
u.w.
and I thank Walter Goodman (U.W. Department of Entomology) for computer-enhancing the photograph.
Finally, my thanks go
to Edward H. Smith for suggesting that a
tribute to Stan Beck should be a part of ESA's
Heritage Series.
References Cited
Beck, S. D. 1950. Nutrition of the European
corn borer, Pyrausta nubilalis (Hiibn.). II.
Some effects of diet on larval growth characteristics. Physiol. Zool. 23: 353-361.
1959. The simplicity of science. Doubleday, New
York.
1963. Animal photoperiodism. Holt, Rinehart
and Winston, New York ..
1965. Resistance of plants to insects. Annu. Rev.
Entomol. 10: 207-232.
1968. Insect photoperiodism. Academic Press,
New York.
1970. Modern science and Christian life.
Augsburg Publishing House, Minneapolis,
MN.
1973. Growth and retrogression in larvae of
Trogoderma
glabrum
(Coleoptera:
Dermestidae). 5. Effects of repeated retrogressions. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 66: 10511054.
1980. Insect photoperiodism, 2nd ed. Academic
Press, New York ..
1982. Natural science and creationist theology.
BioScience 32: 738-742.
1983. Science and politics. Bull. Entomol. Soc.
Am. 29: 21-24.
1985. Dual system theory of the biological clock.
J. Theor. BioI. 113: 93-115.
1993. Two in the game. Publishers Group, Los
Angeles, CA.
Beck, S. D., and J. F. Stauffer. 1950. An aseptic
method for rearing European corn borer larvae. J. Econ. Entomol. 43: 4-6.
Beck, S. D., and E. E. Smissman. 1961. The European corn borer, Pyrausta nubilalis, and its
principal host plant. IX. Biological activity
of chemical analogs of corn resistance factor
A (6-methoxybenzoxazolinone).
Ann.
Entomol. Soc Am. 54: 53-61.
Beck, S. D., J. H. Lilly, and J. F. Stauffer. 1949.
Nutrition
of the European corn borer,
Pyrausta nubilalis (Hiibn.). I. Development
of a satisfactory purified diet for larval
growth. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 42: 483496.
Chippendale, M., and J. Reese. 1998. Obituary.
.. Stanley D. Beck (1919-1997). J. Insect
Physiol. 44: 361-363.
Denlinger, D. 1. 2000. Confronting adversity: a
tribute to Stanley D. Beck. Am. Entomol. (in
press).
Wedbetg, J. 1. 1998. Stanley D. Beck [obituary]. Am. Entomol. 44: 127.
Gene R. DeFoliart is a professor emeritus of
the Department of Entomology, University
of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706.
145