Name
Date
Note-taking
Worksheet
Section 1
Class
Substances, Mixtures, and Solubility
What is a solution?
A. A __________________ is matter that has a fixed composition.
1. An _________________is an example of a pure substance.
b. Only a _________________ process, such as burning or reacting with other chemicals,
can change a substance into one or more different substances.
2. Water is a substance that is a _________________, a chemical combination of two or more
elements.
B. _________________—combinations of substances that are not bonded together and can be
separated by physical processes
1. ______________________ mixtures contain substances that are not mixed evenly and have
different compositions in different areas.
2. Two or more substances evenly mixed on a molecular level but not bonded together are
called a homogeneous mixture or a _________________.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
C. The substance that dissolves in a solution is the solute; the ________________ is the substance
that dissolves the solute.
1. A solid that falls out of solution is called a ____________________.
2. Stalactites and stalagmites in caves are precipitates of _________________ that were
dissolved in water.
D. Solutions can be made of different _____________________ of solids, liquids, and gases.
1. In a _______________ solution, the solute can be another liquid, a solid, or a gas.
a. Salt water and sugar water are _____________________ solutions.
b. Carbonated beverages are ___________________ solutions.
c. Vinegar is a ______________________ solution made of water and acetic acid.
2. In a gas-gas solution such as air, the _______________ amount of gas (nitrogen) is the
solvent and the ________________ amount of gas (oxygen) is the solute.
3. A solid-solid solution made from two or more metals is called an ______________;
sometimes nonmetal elements are included in an alloy.
a. ______________ is an alloy of copper and zinc.
b. ______________ is an alloy of iron and _______________, which makes the steel
stronger and more flexible.
Substances, Mixtures, and Solubility 33
Meeting Individual Needs
a. A substance cannot be broken down into ________________ parts by ordinary physical
processes, such as boiling or grinding.
Name
Date
Class
Note-taking Worksheet (continued)
Section 2
Solubility
A. Water, called the universal solvent, forms an ________________ solution with a solute.
1. Some molecular compounds share electrons in a _________________ covalent bond; water
is a molecule with ______________ covalent bonds.
2. Some atoms in compounds lose or gain electrons and become charged atoms called
_____________.
4. Water dissolves molecular compounds like sugar by separating the _________________
and spreading them throughout the water.
B. Substances that dissolve in another substance are called ________________ in that substance;
substances that do not dissolve in another substance are termed __________________ in that
substance.
1. “Like dissolves like” means that ______________ molecules dissolve other polar molecules,
and nonpolar molecules dissolve other _________________ molecules.
2. Nonpolar molecules will not dissolve ______________ molecules, and vice versa.
C. ___________________—measurement that describes how much solute dissolves in a given
amount of solvent at a given temperature
1. Several factors, including time, motion, temperature, and contact area, affect the
_____________ of dissolving.
2. Some solid solutes become more soluble as the temperature of the liquid solvent
__________________.
3. An increase in temperature __________________ the solubility of gas in a liquid-gas solution.
4. A __________________ solution contains all of the solute it can hold under a given condition.
D. The ______________________ of a solution is how much solute is present compared to the
amount of solvent.
1. _____________________ solutions have more solute per given amount of solvent than
_______________ solutions.
2. Concentrations can be stated as a ___________________ of the volume of solution that is
solute.
34 Substances, Mixtures, and Solubility
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Meeting Individual Needs
3. When an ______________ compound is mixed with water, the different ions of the
compound are pulled apart, or dissolved, by the water molecules.
Name
Date
Class
Note-taking Worksheet (continued)
Section 3
Acidic and Basic Solutions
A. ______________—substances that dissolve in water and release positively charged hydrogen
ions that combine with water molecules to form positively charged hydronium ions
1. Acids taste _____________, conduct ____________________, are corrosive, and
______________ with certain metals.
3. ______________________, formed when carbon dioxide in soil dissolves in water, helps
form caves, stalagmites, and stalactites.
B. ______________—substances that accept hydrogen ions; when dissolved in water, a hydroxide
ion forms
1. Bases taste _______________, feel _________________, are corrosive, and conduct
____________________.
2. ______________ and cleaning products and ______________ in the human body
are basic.
C. ___________ is a measure of how acidic or basic a solution is and relates to the concentration
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
of hydronium ions and hydroxide ions.
1. The pH scale is not linear; a change of 1 pH unit represents a ________________ change in
acid or base strength or weakness.
2. The strength of an acid is related to the number of hydrogen ions it ________________ or
how many _______________________ it produces when dissolved in water.
3. The strength of a base is related to the number of hydrogen ions it can _______________
or the number of _______________________ it produces when dissolved in water.
D. Compounds called ___________________ react with acidic or basic solutions and produce
certain colors depending on the solution’s pH; _______________ paper turns blue when
placed in a basic solution.
E. _______________________—the interaction between the H+ of an acid and the OH– of a base
to form water and a salt; _________________ can help to neutralize excess acid in the stomach
Substances, Mixtures, and Solubility 35
Meeting Individual Needs
2. Acids are found in foods such as lemons and oranges that contain ______________ acid
and are used in many products such as batteries and plastics.